Sie sind auf Seite 1von 24

4.

BENDING MOMENT AND


SHEAR FORCE IN BEAMS
4.1 Introduction
X X
x x

α α
X P X P

Resisting axial force or normal force → N = P sin α

Resisting shear force → S = P cos α

Resisting moment → M = P sin α . x

The diagram giving the variation of the bending moment with the position of the
section is called the bending moment diagram (BMD).

The diagram giving the variation of the shear force with the position of the section
is called the shear force diagram (SFD).
Note that SFD and BMD are functions only of the external loads acting on a beam
and not depend on material properties or sectional dimensions.
4.2 Sign convention for shear force and bending
moment
Hogging bending moment is considered as positive and sagging
bending moment is considered as negative.

Sagging bending moment : Negative

Hogging bending moment : Positive


Shear force is considered postive if it makes a clockwise moment
with the resultant load acting parallel to the section

W W
S

S
Clockwise shear - Positive

W
S

S
Anticlockwise shear - Negative
4.3 Bending moment and shear force diagrams

Example 1: Draw the bending moment and shear force


diagram for the cantilever beam

A B

L
Example 2:

Draw the bending moment and shear force diagram for the
Simply supported beam

A B

a b
L
Example 3:

Draw the bending moment and shear force diagram for the
Simply supported beam with distributed load.

w per unit length

A B

L
Example 4:

Draw the bending moment and shear force diagram for the
cantilever beam with distributed load.

w per unit length

A B

L
Example 5:

MA MB
A B

l
Example 6:

F
A B
F d

a b

L
Example 7:

4 kN 1 kN/m
Hinge

A B
D
E C

2m 2m 2m 4m
Note 1

𝑑𝑑𝑀𝑀𝑥𝑥
= 0 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑆𝑆 = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
We will prove that this is valid for the case of a distributed load
only.

Note 2
In order to verify maximum hogging and sagging moment, it is
necessary to draw BMD. The use of;
𝑑𝑑𝑀𝑀𝑥𝑥
= 0 will also give a turning point, which may or may not be a
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

maximum.
Example 8:

A beam ABC with an overhang at the left-hand end is shown in the


following figure. The beam is subjected to a uniform load of
intensity q = 1.0 kN/m on the overhang AB and a counterclockwise
couple Mo = 12 kNm acting midway between the supports at B and
C. Construct bending moment and shear force diagrams for this
beam and determine maximum BM and SF values

1 kN/m
Mo = 12 kNm
B
A C
D

4m 8m 8m
Example 9:

A small retaining wall 2.4 m high is


constructed of vertical wood planks ABC, as
0.6m
shown in the figure. The planks are 125 mm
wide and are simply supported at B and C
by horizontal steel beam and a concrete
2.4m
foundation wall, respectively. The steel
beam is 0.6 m from the top of the wall. The 1.8m
soil pressure against the wall is assumed to
vary linearly from zero at the top (point A)
to p = 18 kN/m² at the bottom (point C).
Draw the BMD and SFD for a wood plank
and determine maximum bending moment
and shear force of a typical plank.
4.3 Relation between bending moment, shear
force and intensity of loading for the case of
distributed load
w = w(x) w+δw
w

M M+δM
A B
x δx S δx S+δS

(S+δS) – S + ½ (w + w + δw ) δx = 0
δS+ w δx + ½ δw δx = 0
Neglecting 2nd order term
δS+ w δx = 0

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= -w ------- (1)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
i.e. rate of change of shear force = - (load intensity)
δ𝑥𝑥 1 2
(M+δM) – M + (S+δS).δx + w.δx. + .δw.δx. .δx = 0
2 2 3

Neglecting 2nd order term


δM+ S δx = 0

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= -S ------- (2)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
i.e. rate of change of bending moment = - (shear force)

𝑑𝑑 2 𝑀𝑀 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= − = 𝑤𝑤
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑑 2 𝑀𝑀
i.e. = 𝑤𝑤 ------- (3)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
Note 1
For a distributed load system, when S = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
=0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

i.e. the BM has a stationary value when SF is zero.

Note 2
Equation (1), (2) and (3) can be applied only in region of
distributed load, where w = 0 or w = constant or w = f(x)
Example 10:

w
60 N/mm
40 N/mm

A B

400 mm

Determine
i. The total load carried by the beam
ii. The end reaction
iii. BM at mid span
iv. The position and the magnitude of the maximum BM
4.5 Use of the principle of superposition to
construct SFD and BMD

Valid for
• Linearly elastic materials
• Subjected to loads causing displacements, which are
small compared to the dimensions of the member

The “effect” of the system of loads acting on a body is equal


to the sum of the “effects” of these same loads applied to the
body in succession and in any other.

“Effects” means - internal forces such as BM, SF


- deformation such as deflections, rotations
Principle of super position states that it is possible to add the
SF and BM.

The proof is obvious because the SF and BM are linear


function of load.

When superpose graphically, if the 1st loading mark with the


positive quantities upwards from the axis, the 2nd loading
must be marked with the positive quantities in the opposite
direction. The vertical intercept between the two sets of
curves gives the required shear force and bending moment.
Note 1
The SF or BM changes sign when the curve cross each other.

Note 2
Each system has to be considered with its corresponding
reaction.

Note 3
Since the base is not horizontal it may be to sometimes
necessary to transfer the vertical ordinated to a horizontal
base line.
w per unit length
MA MB

A B

≡ wL/2

L wL²/8
wL/2

MA MB (MB-MA)/L
MA MB

L
Note 1
At points, where the BM changes sign; such points are
referred to as “points of contraflexure”

Note 2
Reduction in maximum BM by providing rotational stiffness
at the ends.

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen