Astronomy 7A

Lecture 4
Stars: Radial velocities and Blackbody Radiation
 Today’s Agenda

• Review: Solid angle, specific intensity,

small angles

• Radial Velocities, total velocity

• Wave Nature of Light
• Blackbody radiation
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Review: Solid Angle and Specific Intensity

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 10 2 10
rad ⇥ rad =d⌦ = ⇥ 10
sin ✓ rad
d✓ d = ✓d⌦
cos ⇥ 10= steradiansin ✓(9) cos ✓d✓ d
5 206265 4 4 0 0
picture of the day
he
the day
full Review:
intensity
Review: Solid
equation:
specific Angle and
intensity
have the RA and DEC and then you have to derive 0the solid Specific Z ✓Intensity
= 2⇡ sin ✓ d sin ✓
resh our memory. In this question E d you can assume 0small angle
I ⌘  ✓0

}
d dt dA cos ✓ d⌦ 1
= 2⇡ sin2 ✓
ntensity
dE
2 0
⌘ngle approximation
proximation
d
L from 0 to 2⇡ and theta ' from 2
⇡✓0 0 to ✓ . No we integ
all solid angle
I = with 0 (10)
onfollowing
the board.on the 2 cos ✓ d⌦
4⇡Rboard.
L
dA Z
⇣ s ⌘2 2⇡ dA Z ⇣✓0s ⌘2 dA I '
2 ⌦ ' 2
4⇡dA (11)
⌦ 'cos⇡✓✓d⌦ '⌦⇡'=⇡✓ R ''⇡ 2 sin ✓'cos 2✓d✓ d (1)
R2 0 R0 R R
3 L
Classical R doppler
Z L shift
llclearI
of you '
to why
all of2I you
couldwhy '
make ✓
thatmake
I could 0 first approximation. So let’s(12)
that first approximation. write
So let’s w
4⇡R cos ✓=dA2⇡ 4⇡ dA sin ✓ d sin ✓
ust theWe luminosity
know how divided
to determine0
by thethe brightness
angle in of and distance to a star.
steradian
 ✓0
the velocity of a star. We
Intensity 1 already
is
2 know whoof
independent to distance!
measure the proper m
pendent d⌦distance
of = sin ✓=d⌦ d✓ 2⇡
d= the
once sin ✓sin d✓ d✓ become smaller than a pixe (2)
sources
for the parallax. 2 0
nsity
he fullequation:
intensity equation:
' ⇡✓2 0
E d E d 35 min;1 13:15 pm(3)
I ⌘
Specific intensity, extended source
Review: Specific Intensity, extended source
side view front view

r1
side view front view
r2

f ∝ r-2 area ∝ r2
Review: Specific Intensity, unresolved source
Review: specific intensity, non-resolved source

side view front view

side view front view

 How we measure light
• Luminosity: L (W)
• Specific Intensity

• Flux:
F =
L
(W / m2)
• Iλ (W / m2 / nm / sr)

4⇡r2

• Flux Density:
• Iν (W / m2 / Hz / sr)

• Fλ (W / m2 / nm)
• Surface Brightness

• Fν (W / m2 / Hz)
• S = m + 2.5 log (dΩ)

(mag / square arcsecond)

• Magnitudes (relative between two objects)

• Apparent: m1 - m2 = 2.5 log(F2 / F1)

• Absolute: M1 - M2 = 2.5 log(L2 / L1)

Review:absolute
Review: Absolutevs. vs. apparent
apparent magnitude
magnitude

L1

r1

L2 Same apparent magnitude

if f1 = f2 (L/r2)1 = (L/r2)2

r2
Same absolute magnitude if
L1 = L2
Stellar Velocities
 1obs= 1rest obs =vrest
restv c
= =
obs obs rest v
est obs obs rest rest cc 1 = =
Total Velocity of a Star
rest1 = rest = c (23
Total velocity of a starrest
c rest
torest
measure radialrest velocity and proper motion. Together th
easure
adial
r radial
velocity velocity
and and propermotion.
proper motion. Together
Together they give
they
wre we know
radial howqtoand
velocity measure
proper radial
p motion.velocity and
Together proper
they motio
give the
velocity of qva = star vr2 +pv✓2 = vq 2 + (µr)2
qvq= v2 + vp 2p = v 2 + (µr)
r
2 p
r ✓ r v = v 2 + v 2 = v 2 + (µr)2
2 2
=v =v 2 v++v v == vv 2 ++(µr)
2 2
(µr)2 r ✓
2 r (24
r r ✓✓ rr
6
6
6 6
r
6
What isthe
What is theradial
radial velocity
velocity of Arcturus?
of Arcturus?
What isthe
What is theradial
radial velocity
velocity of Arcturus?
of Arcturus?

883.85 nm 884.00 nm
 ⇣ ⌘
What is
c +the
v radial velocity of
v Arcturus?
What iscthe
obs =
What is theradial
radial velocity
rest = 1 +
velocity
c of of Arcturus?
Arcturus?
rest (22)

star is moving away from us. So now we can write this as:

obs obs rest v

1= = (23)
rest rest c

to measure radial velocity and proper motion. Together they give the
v = c (884.0 / 883.85 -1)
r p51000 p
≃ m/s = 51 km/s
v = (vr + v✓ ) = (vr2 + (µr)2 )
2 2
(24)

6 883.85 nm 884.00 nm
883.85 nm 884.00 nm
 Example
• Arcturus has a distance modulus of m-M = 0.254 and a
proper motion of 1” / yr. What is its total velocity? (1pc =
3.085 x 1016 m)

Wave Nature of Light

Crab Nebula
Crab Nebula
Interference Interference
Blackbody Radiation
 Blackbody
Blackbody radiation Radiation
Solar radiation spectrum
Solar Spectrum
BlackbodyBlackbody
Blackbody
• We
radiation
radiation
also call Radiation
this thermal radiation

• Draw: the characteristic shape on the board for di↵erent Temperatures

• The peak of the spectrum and temperature are related to each other follow
pacement law:
max T = 0.002897755 m K ' (500 nm)(5800 K)

• Draw: a dotted line indicating Wien’s law

• Example: We have learned that the Sun has a surface temperature of 5

wavelength is it strongest?
0.0029 m K 7
max = = 5.016 ⇥ 10 m = 501.6nm = 5016Å
5777 K

• Question: I take an photo of the sky at 7000 Å or 700 nm, and observe t
Star A is brighter than star B. (a) A is hotter than B (b) B is hotter than A
say which one is hottest.

• Question: I now take a second photo with a blue filter at 4000 Å, and obse
again. This time star B is brigher. Which star is hotter: (a) B is hotter
hotter than B (c) We can still not say which one is the hottes
 Question

• The Sun has a surface temperature of 5777 K. At what

wavelength is the Sun most intense?

‣ (a) ~400 nm

‣ (b) ~500 nm

‣ (c) ~600 nm

‣ (d) ~ 700 nm
 Question

• The Sun has a surface temperature of 5777 K. At what

wavelength is the Sun most intense?

‣ (a) ~400 nm

‣ (b) ~500 nm

‣ (c) ~600 nm

‣ (d) ~ 700 nm
 Question

• You take a photo of the sky at 700 nm and observe two

stars: A & B. Star A is brighter than star B. Which of the
following statements is true?

‣ (a) Star A is hotter

‣ (b) Star B is hotter

‣ (c) We cannot say which is hotter.

 Question

• You take a photo of the sky at 700 nm and observe two

stars: A & B. Star A is brighter than star B. Which of the
following statements is true?

‣ (a) Star A is hotter

‣ (b) Star B is hotter

‣ (c) We cannot say which is hotter.

 Question

• You take a second photo of the same two stars with a

blue filter at 400 nm. This time star B is brighter than star
A. Which is hotter?

‣ (a) Star A

‣ (b) Star B

‣ (c) We cannot say which is hotter.

 Question

• You take a second photo of the same two stars with a

blue filter at 400 nm. This time star B is brighter than star
A. Which is hotter?

‣ (a) Star A

‣ (b) Star B

‣ (c) We cannot say which is hotter.

 Which star
Which star is hottest? is hottest?
A

B
 Blackbody
Blackbody radiation Radiation
 Question
• Sirius A has an effective temperature of ~9400 K and is at a
distance of 2.64 pc. Which of the following statements is
true?

‣ (a) The surface flux of is lower than the surface flux of the
Sun.

‣ (b) The surface flux of Sirius A is similar to the surface

flux of the Sun.

‣ (c) The surface flux of Sirius A is higher than the surface

flux of the Sun.

‣ (d) There is now way of telling, we need to know the radii.

 Question
• Sirius A has an effective temperature of ~9400 K and is at a
distance of 2.64 pc. Which of the following statements is
true?

‣ (a) The surface flux of is lower than the surface flux of the
Sun.

‣ (b) The surface flux of Sirius A is similar to the surface

flux of the Sun.

‣ (c) The surface flux of Sirius A is higher than the surface

flux of the Sun.

‣ (d) There is now way of telling, we need to know the radii.

 Question
• Sirius A has an effective temperature of ~9400 K and is at a
distance of 2.64 pc. Which of the following statements is
true?

‣ (a) The flux we receive on Earth from the Sun is higher

than from Sirius A.

‣ (b) The flux we receive on Earth from the Sun is similar

to the flux we receive from Sirius A.

‣ (c) The flux we receive on Earth from the Sun is lower

than from Sirius A.

‣ (d) There isn’t enough information.

 Question
• Sirius A has an effective temperature of ~9400 K and is at a
distance of 2.64 pc. Which of the following statements is
true?

‣ (a) The flux we receive on Earth from the Sun is higher

than from Sirius A.

‣ (b) The flux we receive on Earth from the Sun is similar

to the flux we receive from Sirius A.

‣ (c) The flux we receive on Earth from the Sun is lower

than from Sirius A.

‣ (d) There isn’t enough information.