Berikut ini adalah daftar kelas bintang dari yang paling panas hingga yang paling dingin

(dengan massa, radius dan luminositas dalam satuan Matahari) :[1]

Warna Garis-garis
Kelas Temperatur Massa Radius Luminositas
Bintang Hidrogen
30,000 - 60,000
O Biru 60 15 1,400,000 Lemah
K
10,000 - 30,000
B Biru-putih 18 7 20,000 Menengah
K
A 7,500 - 10,000 K Putih 3.2 2.5 80 Kuat
F 6,000 - 7,500 K Kuning-putih 1.7 1.3 6 Menengah
G 5,000 - 6,000 K Kuning 1.1 1.1 1.2 Lemah
K 3,500 - 5,000 K Jingga 0.8 0.9 0.4 Sangat lemah
M 2,000 - 3,500 K Merah 0.3 0.4 0.04 Hampir tidak terlihat
A star collapses when the fuel is used up and the energy flow from the core of the star stops.
Nuclear reactions outside the core cause the dying star to expand outward in the "red giant"
phase before it begins its inevitable collapse.

If the star is about the same mass as the Sun, it will turn into a white dwarf star. If it is
somewhat more massive, it may undergo a supernova explosion and leave behind a neutron
star. But if the collapsing core of the star is very great -- at least three times the mass of the
Sun -- nothing can stop the collapse. The star implodes to form an infinite gravitational warp
in space -- a black hole.

The Fate of a Star Depends on its Mass

For a source moving to the right, a stationary observer to the right would perceive a higher
tone and one to the left would perceive a lower tone.

The non-relativistic Doppler shifted frequency of an object moving with speed v with respect
to a stationary observer, is:

and the Doppler shifted wavelength can be shown to be:

In these two equations, c0 is the speed of the wave in a stationary medium (the speed of sound
in this case), and the velocity is the radial component of the velocity (the part in a straight
line from the observer). Both these formulas are non-relativistic approximations that are true
as long as the velocity of the moving object is much less than the speed of light.

As a convention, the velocity is positive if the source is moving away from us and negative if
the source is moving towards the observer.