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π 2 EI π 2 EA
Pcr = or using I = Ar ,
2
Pcr =
L (L / r)
2 2
L / r : Slenderness ratio
Large displacements
• Slenderness ratio and yield stress govern type of
post-buckling response
d2y M P
= =− y
dx 2
EI EI
d2y P
+ y=0
dx 2
EI
Try : y ( x) = A cos(ω x) + B sin(ω x)
d2y
= − ω 2
( A cos(ω x) + B sin(ω x))
dx 2
P
Substitute into ODE :ω =
EI
⎛ P ⎞ ⎛ P ⎞
⎜
y ( x) = A cos⎜ x ⎟ + B sin ⎜⎜
⎟ x ⎟⎟
⎝ EI ⎠ ⎝ EI ⎠
Apply boundary conditions
y (0) = 0 and y ( L) = 0
⎛ P ⎞ P
⎜
B sin ⎜ ⎟
L⎟ =0 → L = nπ n =1,2,3,..
⎝ EI ⎠ EI
n 2π 2 EI
P= n is the integer defining the buckling mode.
L2
I
I = Ar 2 where r = is the radius of gyration.
A
For a column with both ends pinned, n = 1 defines the critical buckling load
π 2 EI π 2 EI
Pcr = or using I = Ar , Pcr =
2
L 2
(L / r)2
L / r :Slenderness ratio
Pcr π 2E
Compressive (normal) stress at critical buckling load : σ cr = =
A (L / r)2
Example 1
A 3m column with the cross section shown is constructed from two
pieces of timber, that act as a unit. If the modulus of elasticity of timber
is E=13 GPa, determine a) The slenderness ratio b) Critical buckling
load c) Axial stress in the column when the critical load is applied
• Propertiesof the cross section
A = 2(150)(50) =15,000 mm2
25(50)(150) + (50 + 75)(50)(150)
yc = = 75mm from bottom
15,000
• Momentsof inertia about the centroid of the cross section
150(50)3 50(150)3
Ix = +150(50)(50) +
2
+150(50)(50) 2 = 53.13 x 106 mm4
12 12
50(150)3 150(50)3
Iy = + =15.625 x 106 mm4 L 3000
12 12 a ) Slenderness ratio = = 93
• Radii of inertia r 32 .3
π 2 EA
Ix Iy b) Critical Buckling Load Pcr = = 222.75 kN
rx = = 59.51 mm and ry = = 32.3 mm (L / r)2
A A Pcr π 2E
c) Critical Buckling Stress σ cr = = =14.85 MPa
⇒ r = rmin = 32.3 mm A (L / r)2
Example 2
C229 x 30 structural steel channels with E=200 GPa are used for a 12
m column. Determine the total compressive load required to buckle
the column if a) One channel is used b) Two channels are laced 150
mm back to back as shown
A = 2(3975) = 7590mm 3
Moments of inertia about the centroid of the cross section :
I x = 2 I x c = 50.6 x 106 mm 4
[ ]
I y = 2 I yc + A(75 + 14.8) 2 = 63.23 x 106 mm 4
Radii of inertia :
Ix Iy
rx = = 81.7 mm and ry = = 91.3 mm → r = rmin = 81.7 mm
A A
L 12000
Slenderness ratio : = = 146.9
r 81.7
π 2 EA
Critical Buckling load : Pcr = = 694.3 kN
(L / r) 2
Higher buckling modes
• With appropriate boundary
conditions can get higher
modes
π 2 EI
P =4 = 4 Pcr
L 2
P π 2E
σ cr ( 2 ) = =4
A (L / r) 2
⎛ sin k x x ⎞
y = e ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟
⎝ sin k L L ⎠
Reading assignment
Sections 12.3-4: Question: Why equation 12.26 does not really
guarantee buckling? What does it guarantee?