Design and experimentation of a low-power IoT
embedded system for wireless underwater sensing
Redouane Es-sadaoui1, Lahoucine Azergui2, Youssef Ghanam3, Jamal Khallaayoune4
1,4
National Institute of Posts and Telecommunications, Rabat, Morocco
2
National School of Applied Sciences, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
3
Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco.
Emails: red.essadaoui@gmail.com, 2lahoucine.azergui@edu.uca.ma, 3youssefghanam@gmail.com, 4laayoune@inpt.ac.ma
1
Abstract—This paper aims at presenting an
experimented low power Internet of Things architecture,
that could be integrated to underwater monitoring
systems like Autonomous Underwater Vehicles for
wireless underwater sensing. The proposed hardware
architecture of the sensor nodes is based on an ultra-
low-power Flash Micro-controller that takes
measurements from water sensors, and synchronizes the
network by means of a GPS. The receiver board
incorporates a Digital Signal Processor and a Flash
MCU that communicates data to a local server
implemented on a RaspberryPI unit. Moreover, this
paper proposes mechanisms to minimize the power
consumption of the realized system. Laboratory
experiments and sea trials have been conducted
successfully with water depth and temperature sensors
and showed the capability of the developed system to
measure the real temperature and depth of the water
and gather the measured data to the local server with
the minimum power consumption.
Keywords—IoT; power saving; underwater sensors;
wireless communication
I. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, there is an increasing demand of battery-
operated IoT applications in underwater environment.
Indeed, battery power saving and optimization become one
of the major concerns in the IoT sector view that IoT
devices mostly operate on batteries and need to reach
lifetimes of several years without battery replacement [1].
Hence, there are extensive researches happening both in
hardware and networking areas to optimize the power
consumption of IoT devices.
Various IoT embedded systems have been studied in
terrestrial, however, they cannot be applied directly to
underwater because of attenuation of Global Positioning
System (GPS) and Radio Frequency (RF) signals
underwater, making the communication between sensors
underwater particularly challenging [2].
Recently, we proposed novel architectures and
realizations that allow to sensors to communicate
underwater through acoustic waves [3] [4]. In the present
paper, we follow up by proposing an experimented low
978-1-5386-2123-3/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE
power IoT platform that integrates underwater sensors. The
rest of the paper is structured as follows. Section II presents
the related works to low power IoT schemes. Section III
describes the proposed architecture. In section IV, the
implemented low power communication protocols are
described. The experimental results are presented in Section
V. Finally, conclusions are given in Section VI.
II. RELATED WORKS
A. IoT Technologies
The number of IoT applications is growing in many
areas including smart home, healthcare monitoring, smart
city, utilities, smart agriculture, security, smart water,
industrial control, environmental monitoring, and more.
Recent advancements in wireless communication and
embedded systems make wireless sensor networks as a
prominent asset of Internet of Things [5].
Many relevant works have been published in relation to
IoT technologies: The paper [6] gave a survey of IoT
platforms, protocols and applications and proposed a
framework integrating different protocols. In the paper [7],
authors proposed a wireless temperature monitoring system
based on ZigBee module that showed the capability to solve
wiring issues, limited adaptability, and other issues related
to distributed wireless temperature monitoring system.
Moreover, there are a number of hardware platforms
developed for IoT purpose, as listed by [8], [9] and [10].
B. Power saving in IoT
Many researchers have been carried out for power
saving of IoT devices. Methodologies were presented in
[11] [15] [16] to characterize the power consumption of
embedded applications and operating systems based on
high-level specifications and physical measurements in
order to build power models.
The work [12] proposed an execution driven simulation
testbed that measures the execution behavior and power
consumption of embedded applications and RTOS. A
comprehensive model for the power consumption of
wireless sensor nodes was examined in [21].
The paper [13] conducted a general study on aspects of
Operating System design and implementation. They
investigated low power modes of embedded devices and
proposed energy efficient techniques to use operating
system functionalities. Furthermore, the energy
consumption analysis of the "C/OS RTOS when running
several embedded applications can be found in [14].
In [17], the influence of cycle-accurate energy
consumption models was presented to explore compiler and
source code optimizations for reducing energy consumption.
The paper [18] proposed a method that selectively and
dynamically changes the membership of nodes and
rearranges their traffic to maximize overall sleeping
intervals without causing delay to data delivery. As well as,
a temporary membership change scheme and a traffic
scheduling algorithm is proposed in order to reduce overall
power consumption. Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the sensor nodes components

The paper [19] presented a framework to reduce power
consumption of M2M / IoT devices by buffering data,
which keeps IoT devices and gateway nodes in sleep mode
as long as possible. Potsh et al [20] proposed a measurement
solution for tracking the highly dynamic power
consumption of modern wireless embedded systems found
in many IoT devices.
In [22], a network assistance platform was proposed for
saving power consumption of IoT devices. The platform
enables a server and smart devices to monitor and control
operation modes of the IoT devices. Besides, researchers
presented in [23] a comparison of the expected lifetime for
IoT devices operating in several wireless networks: IEEE
802.15.4/e, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), IEEE 802.11
Power Saving Mode (PSM), IEEE 802.11ah, as well as in
new emerging long-range technologies such as LoRa and
SIGFOX.
III. PROPOSED ARCHITECTURE
A. Sensor nodes architecture
The sensor nodes architecture, presented in Fig. 1, is
based on an ultra-low-power consumption flash
microcontroller (Flash MCU) that features a powerful 16-bit
Reduced Instruction Set Computing "RISC" architecture,
16-bit registers, and constant generators that contribute to
maximum code efficiency.
The Flash MCU manages the communication with the
water sensors, the GPS module and the acoustic transmitter.
The water sensors are immersed underwater to measure the
physical characteristics such as the temperature of water and
the depth of the seafloor. A Time synchronization is
required for many reasons: (1) Coordination and
collaboration of sensor nodes need a common timescale. (2)
Sensor nodes need synchronization to manage sleep and
wake up times. (3) Many scheduling algorithms need time
synchronization. The GPS module is used to provide the
time synchronization to sensor nodes on the surface. The
measured battery level and the sensed temperature and
depth are transmitted through water to a distant receiver by
means of an acoustic transmitter that incorporates a piezo-
ceramic sensor to transform electrical signals to mechanical
vibrations transmitting through water.
B. Receiver host architecture:
The receiver host architecture, presented in Fig. 2,
incorporates a fixed-point digital signal processor (DSP)
[24] based on an advanced modified Harvard architecture
which provides an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) with a high
degree of parallelism, application-specific hardware logic,
on-chip memory, and additional on-chip peripherals.
The GPS module provides the time synchronization to
the receiver host. Once immersed, the acoustic pulses
coming from the sensor nodes are received through the
acoustic receiver chain. The DSP computes the Time of
Arrival (ToA) of received pulses, interprets the values of
battery level, temperature and water depth received from
each sensor node, and sends the computed data to the Flash
MCU which transfers it to the local server through TCP/IP.
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the receiver host components
Inter-processor communications were implemented
between the Flash MCU and the DSP based on the Host
Port Interface link (HPI) [25]: A high speed parallel port
through which the Flash MCU can directly access to DSP
memory space. An HPI software has been developed on the
Flash MCU to perform inter-processor communications
between the Flash MCU and DSP. The main C functions
that were developed are:
HPI_init(): Initialize HPI link.
HPI_read(): Read a 16-bits from DSP memory.
HPI_write(): Write a 16-bits to DSP memory.
 HPI_isr(): Handle interrupts from DSP.
HPI_dspInt(): Interrupt DSP through HPI link.
C. GPS Time Synchronization
The hardware architecture of GPS synchronization,
shown in Fig. 3, is based on the Flash MCU and a GPS
module. An embedded software has been developed on the
Flash MCU to manage the interface to the GPS receiver
through Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
(UART) link. This allows to synchronize the clock of each
sensor in reference to the UTC time, received from GPS
module.. Because of the disability of GPS underwater, the
process of GPS time synchronization is performed in
i Air,
before launching sensor nodes into the water.
Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of the UART link between the GPS and the
Flash MCU.
IV. IMPLEMENTATION OF LOW POWER COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATI
PROTOCOLS
A. Acoustic Communication Protocol
Acoustic communication protocols were designed to
provide collision-free
free and fair channel usage. Exhaustive
studies have been performed on three most popular
communication protocols [26] [27] [28]] [29]
[ [30]. (1)
Frequency Division Multiple Access
ccess (FDMA), (2) Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA), (3) Code C Division
Multiple Access (CDMA).
The FDMA gives advantage of algorithmic simplicity
and efficiency when dealing with a small number of sensor
nodes in uniformly constant traffic. However, this scheme is
not suitable for underwater sensor nodes,, given the limited
bandwidth of underwater acoustic channels and the
existence of prevalent fading.
The CDMA enables multiple nodes to operate
concurrently over the entire frequency band. Different nodes
access the channel based on unique pseudo seudo noise
noi (PN)
codes. This scheme presents some algorithms
algorithm complexity
and a power control algorithm is necessary to reduce the
output power level of each sensor node in order to establish
reliable acoustic data transfer without creating excessive
interference and to improve the battery autonomy.
autonomy
The TDMA divides a time interval into multiple time
slots and uniquely assigns each time slot to an individual
node. In this scheme, data is buffered by each sensor node
and transmitted during its assigned time slot. Since
hardware configuration is not required, TDMA provides a
great deal of flexibility and tthe sensor nodes can be turned
off during idle periods, there
thereby prolonging the battery life.
However, a strict time synchron
synchronization is required amongst
all sensor nodes, which implies that sensor nodes must
remain synchronized even during node failures or node
movement in order to maintain the transmissions schedule
schedule.
Hence, the TDMA is adopted for the actual sy system. The
time synchronization is provided by GPS. Moreover, the
acoustic communications
cations presents a large propagation
delays, thus, each time slot must be long enough to avoid
collisions,, which increases the turn
turn-around time depending
the number of sensor nodes. Fig. 4 shows an example of
implementation of TDMA scheduling protocol for five
sensor nodes. The turn-around
around time is defined as the period
between two successive transmittions of the same sensor
node.
Fig. 4. Diagram showingng the allocation of TDMA slot. Example of five
sensor nodes. The start of turn-around
round time is provided by the GPS time.
The TDMA slot number progresses in clock-wise.
B. Proposed power saving solutions
The following three solutions were implemented in the
actual system.
1) Low power MCU: Reducing the power consumption
of the embedded microcontroller is a key. However,
choosing a low-power
power MCU requires investigation beyond
datasheet bullet points. Most MCU silicon vendors have
low-power
power offerings, but choosing the best one for your
application is usually challenging
challenging. The Flash MCU was
chosen to comply the lowest
lowest-power features, including
power-down
down modes, clocking systems, event event-driven
capability, on-chip
chip peripherals
peripherals, pin leakage current, and
processing efficiency. Temperature and water depth sensors
were also selected to meet the low power specifications.
2) MQTT Communication protocol
protocol: The receiver host
board implements one of the low power communication
protocols between the Flash MCU and the local server
server: The
(Message Queue Telemetry Transport) MQTT messaging
protocol, known as a lightweight protocol that optimizes the
power consumption at the MCU level [31].
3) Duty cycle: The sensor node operating cycle was
divided into three modes: (1) Data acquisition mode, during
which the Flash MCU collects and buffers measurements
from sensors. (2) Data Transmission, when sensor node consumption: The current consumption was measured
transmits its own data in the corresponding
nding TDMA Slot. (3) during the three states: (1) The Flash MCU reads data from
Deep sleep mode, during which the sensor node enters in a temperature sensor. (2) The FFlash MCU transmits data. (3)
low power mode and the majority of peripherals are The Flash MCU enters in deep sleep sleep. Fig. 7 shows the
obtained battery autonomy measurements depending the
switched off. As shown in Fig. 5, thehe current consumption
variation of the turn-around
around time
time. The experimentation
level is commonly higher during Transmission, and very parameters are listed in Table I.
lower during deep sleep mode.
TABLE I. BATTERY AUTONOMY EXPERIMENTATION PARAMETERS

During sleep current 1 milli

milli-Ampers
Transmission current 150 milli-Ampers
Period of transmission 5 seconds
Battery Specifications 3x
3x1.5V, 2050Ah AA Alkaline

3500
3000

Autonomy (Hours)
2500
2000
Fig. 5. Schematic diagram showing the implementation of the duty cycle 1500
mechanism on three the sensor nodes. The Horizontal axis is divided 1000
following the TDMA slots allocations. The vertical axis illustrates the 500
variation of the current consumption during each level.
0

V. EXPERIMENTS
Turn around time (hours)
A. Temperature monitoring
The laboratory setup of temperature monitoring system Fig. 7. Battery autonomy measurements plots (Horizontal axis) depending
the TDMA turn-around time:: from 1 hour to 48 hours (Vertical axis).
contains a Flash MCU, a temperature sensor and a local
server. The Flash MCU collects the sensed
ensed data from the We notice that the battery autonomy increases when the
temperature sensor, and sends measurements to the server turn-around
around time increases. The current consumption of the
through MQTT protocol. Fig. 6 illustrates the plot of a set of sensor nodes depends significantl
significantly to the amount of current
temperature measurements stored by the server database. consumed during transmission.
sion. This confirms the benefits of
These measurements were qualified and validated in implementing the duty cycle modemode, which minimizes the
reference to a calibrated temperature sensor. transmission current. The autonomy becomes less sensitive
to the TDMA turn-around
around variation where values of the
Measurements have been performed to qualify the
turn-around exceed 10 hours
hours. An autonomy of 3000 hours
benefits of using the MQTT protocol compared to the t
could be obtained.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).. The obtained results
showed that the MQTT reduces (by a factor of five) the time C. Battery level measurements
required for transmitting data from the Flash MCU to the
server, which reduces notably the power consumption of the The objective of these measurements is to qualify the
receiver host. ability of the sensor node to monitor the voltage level
supplied by its batteries power supply. Fig. 8 shows the
measured battery discharge rate
rate.

Fig. 6. Plot of temperature measurements stored in the server database.

database
measured by a single temperature sensor during around 25 minutes.

B. Power consumption measurements

Fig. 8. Battery discharge rate obtained with 3 x 1.5Volts 2050Ah AA
Experiments have been performed in order to qualify the batteries, mounted in parallel. The turn
turn-around time was set to one minute.
performance of sensor nodes in terms of power
 Based on the obtained measured battery discharge rate,
and with taking into consideration
ation the requirements
requiremen of the
Flash MCU in terms of power supply voltage, a low battery
alarm was implemented on the sensor node in order to
notify the user when the battery voltage of the sensor node
goes low, down to 3.3Volts.. In this case, the sensor node
no
can be automatically turned to a permanent deep sleep
mode.
D. Sea trials setup
The developed system was tested during sea trials, trials
performed in BOUREGREG MARINA, located at the
mouth of the Bouregreg River, on the shore of SALE,
Morocco. This location provides ides an easy-to-access
easy
environment for experimental tests (Fig. 8). The sensor node Fig. 10. Schematic diagram
iagram showing the receiver host setup.
and the receiver host were spaced with a maximum range of
500 meters. E. Water depth measurements
Fig. 11 shows a set of water depth measurements logs,
obtained at the Marina of Bouregrag, by means of an
ultrasonic water depth sensor, connected to the sensor node,
and immersed at 520 centimeters.

Fig. 9. Map image showing the location of the experimental setup

Schematic diagrams of the experimental

erimental platform are
shown in Fig. 9 and Fig. 10. The sensor node electronic
board was set on the deck, while its watertight
water acoustic
transmitter ceramic was immersed at 2 meters depth. The
receiver host electronic
lectronic board, connected to a Laptop, was
also set on the deck, 280 meters far away from the sensor
node. The acoustic receiver antenna was immersed at a
depth of 2 meters. the sensor node and the receiver host
were put in line of sight. The water sensors of the sensor
node is immersed at about 520 centimeters.
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram
iagram showing the sensor node test setup.
Fig. 11. Experimental
xperimental measurement of water depth. The obtained depth
value is read at the vertical axis in centimeter, the horizontal axis gives the
number of measurements. The true depth (reference) is estimated around
520 centimeters.
Globally,, the obtained measurements are slightly close
to the true depth (reference) an
and the accuracy was estimated
around +/- 140 centimeters.. However, the implementation
of a more accurate depth sensor is the subject of our future
works.
VI. CONCLUSION
Reducing the power consumption of the embedded
applications is becoming more and more import
important. This
paper proposed a real time, low power and low cost IoT
embedded system architecture, applied to wireless
underwater sensing.. The proposed system is battery
powered and implements a set of embedded interfaces that
facilitate its integration to und
underwater monitoring systems
like Autonomous Underwater Vehicles and Sonar diving. So
far, we focalized on some of the most important points of
IoT platforms and sensor networks
networks: Water depth and
temperature sensing, synchronization between sensors using
GPS and the implementation of power saving mechanisms
in order to minimize the power consumption of the realized
system. The proposed design integrates a combination of an
ultra-low-power MCU, the MQTT communication protocol
and the duty cycle mechanism. The Laboratory and sea
water tests results illustrated the ability of the system to
gather the sensed depth and temperature measurements to a
local host server, installed on a Raspberry PI unit. In our
future work, we are intending to develop a complete IoT
platform, that integrates both easy access to data by the end
user, and the scalability to add more sensors such as
underwater cameras, underwater GPS, and more.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Authors would like to thank the Bouregrag Marina staff, for
giving us permission and support to conduct sea trials.
REFERENCES
[1] Mike Mitchel, “Choosing An Ultralow-Power MCU”, Texas
Instrument, Jun 2004.
[2] Akyildiz, I.F.; Pompili, D.; Melodia, T. Underwater acoustic sensor
networks: Research challenges. Ad Hoc Netw. 2005, 3, 257-279
[3] R. Es-sadaoui, J. Khallaayoune and T. Brizard, "A Real Time
Embedded System Architecture for Autonomous Underwater Sensors
Localization" Transactions on Machine Learning and Artificial
Intelligence. Volume 5, No 4, August 2017, pp. 499-508. doi:
10.14738/tmlai.54.3224.
[4] R. Es-sadaoui, J. Khallaayoune and T. Brizard, "Design and
performance measurement of a digital embedded system
implementing a I/Q demodulator for AoA range-based localization in
underwater environment" 2017, In Proceedings of the 1st
International Conference on Smart Digital Environment (pp. 107-
115). doi: 10.1145/3128128.3128145. ACM.
[5] T. Ahmad, X.J. Li, B-C. Seet, " Parametric Loop Division for 3D
Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks," Sensors 2017, 17(7),
1697; doi:10.3390/s17071697.
[6] S. H. Shah and I. Yaqoob, "A survey: Internet of Things (IOT)
technologies, applications and challenges," 2016 IEEE Smart Energy
Grid Engineering (SEGE), Oshawa, ON, 2016, pp. 381-385. doi:
10.1109/SEGE.2016.7589556
[7] Lai Wei et al., "Wireless temperature monitoring system based on
FBG and Zigbee," 2016 15th International Conference on Optical
Communications and Networks (ICOCN), Hangzhou, 2016, pp. 1-3.
doi: 10.1109/ICOCN.2016.7875806
[8] K. J. Singh and D. S. Kapoor, "Create Your Own Internet of Things:
A survey of IoT platforms.," in IEEE Consumer Electronics
Magazine, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 57-68, April 2017. doi:
10.1109/MCE.2016.2640718
[9] A. Polianytsia, O. Starkova and K. Herasymenko, "Survey of
hardware IoT platforms," 2016 Third International Scientific-
Practical Conference Problems of Infocommunications Science and
Technology (PIC S&T), Kharkiv, Ukraine, 2016, pp. 152-153. doi:
10.1109/INFOCOMMST.2016.7905364
[10] A. Raza, A. A. Ikram, A. Amin and A. J. Ikram, "A review of low
cost and power efficient development boards for IoT applications,"
2016 Future Technologies Conference (FTC), San Francisco, CA,
2016, pp. 786-790. doi: 10.1109/FTC.2016.7821693
[11] Dhouib, Saadia, et al. "Energy and power consumption estimation for
embedded applications and operating systems." Journal of Low
Power Electronics. 5.4 (2009), 416-428.
[12] Baynes, K., Collins, C., Fiterman, E., Ganesh, B., Kohout, P., Smit,
C., ... & Jacob, B. (2003). The performance and energy consumption
of embedded real-time operating systems. IEEE transactions on
computers, 52(11), 1454-1469.
[13] Vahdat, A., Lebeck, A., & Ellis, C. S. (2000, September). Every joule
is precious: The case for revisiting operating system design for energy
efficiency. In Proceedings of the 9th workshop on ACM SIGOPS
European workshop: beyond the PC: new challenges for the
operating system (pp. 31-36). ACM.
[14] R. P. Dick, G. Lakshminarayana, A. Raghunathan, and N. K. Jha,
Power analysis of embedded operating systems. Proceedings of the
37th Conference on Design Automation, pp. 312–315.
[15] T. K. Tan, A. Raghunathan, and N. K. Jha, Energy macromodelling
of embedded operating systems. ACM Transactions on Embedded
Computing Systems 4, 231 (2005)
[16] Hyvärinen, J. Methods for Energy Modelling of Embedded Operating
System.
[17] Simunicy, T., Benini, L., & De Micheliy, G. Energy-E cient Design
of Battery-Powered Embedded Systems.
[18] Kim, T., & Chang, J. M. (2017). Enhanced Power Saving Mechanism
for Large-Scale 802.11 ah Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE
Transactions on Green Communications and Networking.
[19] Taneja, M. (2014, September). A framework for power saving in IoT
networks. In Advances in Computing, Communications and
Informatics (ICACCI, 2014 International Conference on (pp. 369-
375). IEEE.
[20] Pötsch, A. Berger and A. Springer, "Efficient analysis of power
consumption behaviour of embedded wireless IoT systems," 2017
IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology
Conference (I2MTC), Turin, 2017, pp. 1-6
[21] Martinez, B., Montón, M., Vilajosana, I., & Prades, J. D. (2015). The
power of models: Modeling power consumption for IoT
devices. IEEE Sensors Journal, 15(10), 5777-5789.
[22] H. Park, E. S. Jung, W. Lee, H. Lee and Y. T. Lee, "Network
assistance platform for saving power consumption of IoT devices and
set-top boxes," 2017 IEEE International Conference on Consumer
Electronics (ICCE), Las Vegas, NV, 2017, pp. 316-318
[23] É. Morin, M. Maman, R. Guizzetti and A. Duda, "Comparison of the
Device Lifetime in Wireless Networks for the Internet of Things,"
in IEEE Access, vol. 5, no. , pp. 7097-7114, 2017.
doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2688279.
[24] Texas Instruments, “TMS320C54x DSP Functional Overview”.
September 1998 – Revised May 2000.
[25] Texas Instruments, “TMS320C54x DSP Reference Set, Volume 5:
Enhanced Peripherals”. March 2007.
[26] T. Watteyne, S. Lanzisera, A. Mehta, and K. Pister, “Mitigating
Multipath Fading Through Channel Hopping in Wireless Sensor
Networks,” in IEEE International Conference on CoMmunications
(ICC). Cape Town, South Africa: IEEE, 23-27 May 2010.
[27] T. Watteyne, A. Mehta, and K. Pister, “Reliability Through
Frequency Diversity: Why Channel Hopping Makes Sense,” in 6th
ACM International Symposium on Performance Evaluation of
Wireless Ad Hoc, Sensor, and Ubiquitous Networks (PE-WASUN),
Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, 26-30 October 2009.
[28] IEEE Standard for a Precision Clock Synchronization Protocol for
Networked Measurement and Control Systems, IEEE Instrumentation
and Measurement Society Std. IEEE Std 1588- 2008, 24 July 2008.
[29] J. Han and D.-K. Jeong, “A Practical Implementation of IEEE 1588-
2008 Transparent Clock for Distributed Measurement and Control
Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement,
vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 433–439, February 2010.
[30] S. Lanzisera, D. Zats, and K. S. J. Pister, “Radio Frequency Time-of-
Flight Distance Measurement for Low-Cost Wireless Sensor
Localization,” IEEE Sensors Journal, 2011.
[31] "MQTT 3.1.1 specification". OASIS. December 10, 2015. Retrieved
April 25, 2017.