Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Copy 3
FM 30-30
WAR DEPARTMENT
MILITARY INTELLIGENCE
IDENTIFICATION OF
U. S. GOVERNMENT AIRCRAFT
February 21, 1942
FM 30-30
MILITARY INTELLIGENCE
IDENTIFICATION OF
U. S. GOVERNMENT AIRCRAFT
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON: 1942
II
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraph Page
LIST OF ILnLUsTaaONs _................
. . .. . .... V
SECTION I. GENERAL.
Purpose .... ______________ _ I .. 1
Necessity_________________________ 2 1
Training _-_______________ _.__ 3 1
Methods of identification .-
.- ... 4 ..1
Use of field glasses _-______________ 5 2
Classification of aircraft _._._ .-. 6 2
Types of U. S. Government airplanes- 7 7
L. vrsIMLE FATUrES.
Distinctive markings .------------
- 8 8
Characteristic features _ __ 9 9
Analysis of visible features noted___ 10 12
Overhead flight- .----------------- 11 14
Passing flight--. _ ___.__ 12 15
Coming or going flight _ .-. .__.__
13 15
Maneuvering flight .- _ .-... 14 16
Influence of flight conditions -. .15 ... 16
III. MIrHODS OF OOPEATION.
Pursuit airplanes- .----------- ____ 16 16
Heavy and medium bombardment
airplanes …-------------- 17 17
Light bombardment airplanes ---- - 18 17
Corps and division reconnaissance
airplanes __________________
.-. 19 17
Observation airplanes_ .-. ......20 17
IV. SomNDs.
General ___ ____________________
… .. 21 18
Pursuit airplanes ----------- _ _ 22 18
Heavy and medium bombardment
airplanes ….._-_________-
____ 23 18
Light bombardment airplanes _ __ 24 18
Other types…------------------- - 25 18
V. MODni. DESIGNATION.
Model designation of Army aircraft__ 26 19
m
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
UNrTED STATS ARMY
Pursuit. Page
P-35 (Seversky) .. ......................
22
P-36 (Curtiss) ____.__...............__-
.-... ... 24
P-38 (Lockheed)- .-................................ 26
P-39 (Bell)-- ______________________________ 28
P-390C, P-39D (Bell) _._ 30
P-40 (Curtiss) …_................. 32
P-40E (Curtiss)--- ----------------- 34
P-43 (Republic) ________________-------------------- 36
P-47B (Republic) ----------------------------------- 38
Light bombardment.
A-20 (Douglas) ------------------------------------- 40
A 24 (Douglas)_ --------------------
_ __ ______ - 42
Medium bombardment.
B-10, B-10B (Martin) ------------------------------ 44
B-18 (Douglas) ---------------------------------- 46
B-18A (Douglas) . ... . ...........--.
........... 48
B-23 (Douglas) --------------------------------- 50
B-25, B-25A, B-25B, B-25C (North American) ------- _ 52
B 26, B-26A, B 26B (Martin) ------------------ - 54
Heavy bombardment.
B-17 (Boeing) --------------------------------- _ _ 56
B-17C (Boeing) ------------------------
_ _________ 58
B-17E and F (Boeing) -----------------
__ ______ 60
XB-19 (Douglas) ------------------------------- _ 62
B-24 (Consolidated) _--__- _______--_____________ 64
Observation.
O-46A (Douglas) --------------------------------- 66
O-47A (North American) ---- . ___ ...---------- 68
0-49, O-49A (Stinson) ------- -------------------- _ 70
0-52 (Curtiss) ----------------------------- 72
Observation amphibians.
OA-9 (Grumman) .------------------------------- 74
OA-10 (Consolidated) . . ...........---------.76
Reconnaissance (photographic).
F-2 (Beech) -____________.._ ........ 78
Transport.
C-40 (Lockheed) ----------------------------------- 80
C-42 (Douglas) . ... . ...........----.......82
0-45, 0-45A (Beech) ----------------------------. 84
C-56 (Lockheed) ---------------------------------- _ 86
Primary training.
PT 17, PT-18 (Stearman) --------------------------- 88
PT-S19, PT-19A (Fairchild) _._.__.__.----__ _ 90
PT-21 (Ryan) ____------------ ----------------------- 92
Basic training.
BT-9 (North American) ___________
----- ------------ 94
BT-9D, BT-14 (North American) - -------------------- 96
BT-13 (Vultee) _----------- ---------------------- 98
· BT-15 (Vultee) --.--------------.-------------------- 100
V
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
VI
FM 30-30
1-4
SECTION I
GENERAL
a
7 MILITARY INTELLIGENCE
4
IDENTIFICATION U. S. AIRCRAFr 7
open cockpit and fixed landing gear. It is specially designed
for primary instruction of student pilots.
(b) The basic traineris usually a medium or high-powered
single-engine, two-place monoplane airplane with enclosed
cockpit and retractable landing gear. It is designed for
transitional instruction from primary to larger size airplanes
and is also used for incidental flying.
(c) The advance trainer is usually a medium or high-
powered single- or twin-engine, low-wing monoplane airplane
with closed cabin and retractable landing gear. It is
equipped with navigational instruments, armament, and radio
for training advance student pilots in navigation, bombard-
ment, and combat flying.
(3) The Army also employs certain miscellaneous special
purpose types of airplanes. These are not sufficiently nu-
merous to warrant consideration in this manual.
c. Combat types, Navy.-Most of the combat airplanes of
the Navy normally operate with the United States Fleet and
hence are generally beyond the field of observation of Army
personnel. However, personnel on duty in oversea posses-
sions, units engaged in joint operations, and personnel on
duty near naval air stations must be able to identify Navy
as well as Army aircraft. In the Navy, lines of demarcation
between special types of combat aircraft for particular clazses
of missions are not so sharply drawn as in the Army. For
example, nearly all fighter (pursuit) types may also be em-
ployed as light bombers and are designed and equipped for
such missions; nearly all scout, observation, and patrol types
are designed and equipped to perform medium or heavy
bombardment missions; others are equipped as torpedo
planes, as well as for patrol missions. Bearing in mind this
overlapping of types and functions, combat types of Navy
airplanes may be classified as follows:
(1) Fighters (class VF) are single-engine airplanes de-
signed for operation from aircraft carriers. They include
both biplane and monoplane types with performance char-
acteristics generally similar to pursuit airplanes of the Army;
that is, high speed, high ceilings, high rate of climb, and a
high degree of maneuverability. They may also be employed
as light bombers. Their tactical operations and formations
are similar to those of Army pursuit airplanes.
5
7 IIMILITARY INTELLIGENCE
6
IDENTIFICATION U. S. AIRCRAFT 7-8
engine patrol airplanes. They include both biplanes and
monoplanes. Army personnel on duty in the vicinity of Coast
Guard air stations should become familiar with the Coast
Guard airplanes operating therefrom.
f. Forest Service airplanes.-The United States Forest
Service operates a few airplanes-they are high-wing cabin
monoplanes designed for good visibility forward and down.
They are painted forest green and are marked with the United
States Forest Service insignia. The airplanes used by other
United States Government agencies are usually commercial
types operating under contract.
SECTION fl
VISIBLE FEATURES
* 8. DIs'ncnTrvr MARKINGs.-a. Airplanes of the United
States Army, Navy, and Coast Guard may be identified when
very close at hand by distinctive markings and insignia
(fig. 1).
(1) Army.-(a) Noncombat types.-On both top and bot-
tom wing surfaces, at the outer end of each, is a five-pointed
white star with red center, all superimposed on a blue field.
At the forward edge of the rudder is a vertical blue stripe.
On the remainder of the rudder surface are 13 alternating red
and white horizontal stripes.
(b) Combat types.-The star insignia appears on the upper
left and the lower right wing tips, and on the sides of the
fuselage about midship. The rudder is painted a dark olive
drab, which is the same color as the upper and side portions
of the airplanes.
(2) Navy-(a) Noncombat type-On both top and bottom
wing surfaces, at the outer edge of each, is a five-pointed
white star with red center, superimposed on a blue circle.
Tail markings are three vertical stripes, one blue, one white,
and one red, with the blue on the forward edge of the rudder.
(b) Combat types.-Naval aircraft are painted in non-
specular color for purpose of concealment. Star insignia
appear on the upper left and lower right wing tips and on
the side of the fuselage, about midship. The rudder is painted
the same nonspecular color as the remainder of the body.
(3) Marine Corps.-Noncombat and combat type same as
for the Navy.
7
8 DMILITARY INTELLIGENCE
(D U. S. Army.
( U. S. Coast Guard.
Wing Rudder
FIURE 1.-Distinctive markings and insignia (noncombat).
8
IDENTIFICATION U. S. AIRCRAFT 8-9
RUDDER
TRLINGIG LON'
h WI} SLOTS2
SPIN
A m 2-oeCO TPIT
WING TIP
STRAIGHT
ROUND TIP
S WE PT B3ACK
SWEPTBACK
TAPERED
TRAILING
K U
RA
TIP
ELLIPTICAL
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IDENTIFICATION U. S. AIRCRAFT 9
UL WIINNER
TA
PERED
/ AROOAE TIP
RTRAIDT TAPERED
WS____T DIHEDRALGH
INN R OUTER
SECSTION ECTiNd
INNER
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TAPERED
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12
IDENTIFICATION U. S. AIRCRAFT 10
HIGH-WING
MIDWING
LOW-WING
PARASOL MONOPLANE
FIowr= 4.-Monoplanes.
13
10-11 MIITARY INTEIGCENCE
15
13-16 MILITARY INTELLIGENCE
17
21-25 MILITARY INTELLIGENCE
SECTION IV
SOUNDS
· 21. GENERAL.-a. The sound of airplanes in flight is fre-
quently the first indication of their presence. Observers
hearing such sounds should immediately search the sky in
the direction of the apparent source of the sound. They
should also note carefully the characteristics of sUch sounds
in order to connect them with the types of airplanes observed.
b. Recognition of airplane types by sound alone is difficult
and uncertain except for highly skilled observers who have
constant practice. However, most persons can readily recog-
nize the difference between the sounds made by a single air-
plane and those made by a formation. They can also be
trained to detect the more outstanding differences in the
sounds made by different types of airplanes by noting care-
fully such things as the rhythm, volume, tone, and varia-
tions in these. This training can be accomplished only by
actual experience and by a conscious effort to analyze these
sound effects at every opportunity.
* 22. PURsmT AIRPLANES.-The sounds generated by pursuit
airplanes are characterized by a fast rhythm, high pitch,
moderate volume, and by extreme variations in quality of
tone during such maneuvers as diving and climbing.
* 23. HEAVY AND MEDIUM BOMBARDMENT AIRPLANES.-The
sounds from bombardment airplanes are generally charac-
terized by a fairly deep pitch, moderately heavy volume, and
steady tone and rhythm.
* 24. LIGHT BOMBARDMENT AIRPLANES.-The outstanding fea-
ture of sounds from light bombers (not including dive bomb-
ers) is the very heavy volume of sound because of their low
altitudes of operation. In regular flight the pitch is fairly
deep, and tone and rhythm are steady but fluctuate con-
siderably if the airplanes dive or climb.
* 25. OTHER TYPrs.-It is difficult to point out and analyze
sound features generally characteristic of other types of air-
planes. However, observers who have frequent opportunities
to hear and see particular types of airplanes in operation can
by careful attention and study soon learn to pick out certain
characteristic sound effects which are of great assistance in
recognizing those types.
18
IDENTIFICATION . S. AIRCRAFT 26
SECTION V
MODEL DESIGNATION
* 26. MODEL DESIGNATION OF ARMY AIRCRAFT.
Type Designaton
Bombardment (light) _____-________________--- A
Bombardment (medium and heavy) -------__-- B
Pursuit (interceptor) _______________.-----_____ P (I)
Pursuit (fighter) -___________________________ P (F)
Observation -............................ 0
Observation amphibian --------------- _-_____ OA
Army reconnaissance (photographic) .--------- F
Training (primary)-____________________ .-- PT
Training (basic).---------------------------- BT
Training (advance) . . ..................---
AT (BC)
Transport (cargo and personnel) .-............ C
Miscellaneous:
Autogiro -.......................... G
Glider (cargo) ---------------------------- CO
Glider (training) ------------------------- To
Rotary wing ______--____________________- R
19
IDENTIFICATION U. S. AIRCRAFT
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