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Passage of Radiation
Subatomic Physics Solutions Manual Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
Through Matter
by WSPC on 01/31/13. For personal use only.
3.1 From Fig. 3.5 we notice that the logarithm of the energy loss, dE/dx, is
approximately a straight line for the range of kinetic energy required. That
is, dE/dx satisfies a power law. A reasonable fit for Pb is:
−dE/(ρ dx)(MeV cm2 /g) = 1.15 p−1.39 (p in GeV/c)
= 89.5 E −0.694 (E in MeV).
For C, we have approximately
−dE/(ρ dx)(MeV cm2 /g) = 212 E −0.757 (E in MeV).
If dE/d(ρ x) = −CE −a , then the thickness, L, required to achieve a loss of
energy from Ei to Ef is
Ei Ei
−1
Eia+1 − Efa+1
L= dE/|dE/d(ρ x)| = C E a dE =
Ef Ef C(a + 1)
1
For Pb, we obtain L = 89.5×1.69 (1001.694 − 501.694 ) = 11.1 g/cm2 ; for C, we
find L = 6.17 g/cm2 . Because the density of Pb is 11 g/cm3 , and that of C is
2.25 g/cm3 , we obtain L(Pb) ≈ 1 cm and L(C) = 2.74 cm.
3.3 Nuclear interactions become important when the kinetic energy of the particle
(in the c.m. system) is higher than the Coulomb barrier of the nucleus, so
that nuclear reactions can occur with ease.
3.5 dE/dx is approximately constant, dE/d(ρ x) ≈ −1.3 × 10−3 GeV cm2 /g; if
3
we use a density of about 7.5 g/cm (somewhat less than iron), dE/dx ≈
−10−2 GeV/cm or 103 GeV/km. Thus, we require E 1 TeV. Cosmic-ray
protons or pions are not observed because their ranges are much shorter due
to their strong nuclear interactions.
6
Chapter 3. Passage of Radiation Through Matter 7
3
3.8 dE/d(ρ x) = −1.6 MeV cm2 /g or −1.6 MeV cm2 /g × 8.9 g/cm =
−14.2 MeV/cm. 1 mA ≡ 10−3 A/(1.6 × 10−19 C/proton) = 6.25 ×
1015 protons/s. Thus, d2 E/dxdt = −14.2 MeV/cm × 6.25 × 1015 /s =
8.9 × 1016 MeV/(cm s). The maximum energy deposited per second is then
approximately 1017 MeV/s.
To compute the temperature rise, we require the specific heat; for Cu it
is cT = 0.39 Joule/(g K); hence T = Heat/(m cT ) = 1017 MeV/s 1.6 ×
10−13 Joule/MeV/(8.9 g × 0.39 Joule/(g K)) = 4.6 × 103 K.
3.10 (a) To zeroth order, we need (zp /vp ) = (zα /vα ), or vp = vα /2. Therefore, the
approximate kinetic energy of the proton beam that has the same energy
loss is Ep ≈ Eα /4 × mp /mα ≈ Ep /16 = 12.5 MeV. We can do better by
Subatomic Physics Solutions Manual Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
now using this energy (or the equivalent proton velocity) in the formula
dE Z z 2 c2 2me v 2 v2
− =C ρ ln −
dx A v2 I(1 − v 2 /c2 ) c2
The constant C is C = (4πNA e4 )/(me c2 ) = 0.31 MeV cm2 /g; here NA
by WSPC on 01/31/13. For personal use only.