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Our Objective
Qualitative Analysis
Our objective is to determine ofpresent
the anion Anionsin the given salt.
The Theory
What is Qualitative Inorganic Analysis?
The qualitative inorganic analysis is a method of analytical chemistry that seeks to find out the elemental composition of
inorganic compounds through various reagents. It is mainly focused on detection of ions in an aqueous solution, so the
substances in other states need to be converted into an aqueous solution before starting the experiment.
The procedure for detecting ions (cations and anions) in aqueous solutions are called Cation Analysis and Anion Analysis.
Let's discuss the Qualitative Analysis of Anions.
Thus, these anions may be identified by performing the following tests below:
1) Dil. H2SO4 Tests
Treat a pinch of the salt with dil. H2SO4 and identify the gas evolved.
Chemical Reactions Involved in Dil.H2SO4 Test:
Dilute H2SO4 decomposes carbonates, sulphides, sulphites and nitrites in cold to give gases. These gases on identification
indicate the nature of the anion present in the salt.
(a) Carbonate: On treating the solid carbonate, CO2 is given off in the cold with brisk effervescence.
(b) Sulphide: Sulphides when treated with dil. H2SO4 give H2S gas.
(c) Sulphite: On heating solid sulphite with dil.H2SO4, SO2 gas is evolved
(d) Nitrite: On treating solid nitrite with dil. H2SO4, nitric oxide (NO) gas is evolved which readly gives brown fumes of NO2
with the oxygen of the air.
2) Conc. H2SO4 Test
If no action takes place with dil. H2SO4, warm a pinch of the salt with conc. H2SO4 and identify the gas evolved.
Chemical Reactions Involved in Conc. H2SO4 Test
(a) Chlorides: Chloride salts react with conc. H2SO4 to evolve hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas.
(b) Bromides: Bromide salts react with conc. H2SO4 to evolve bromine gas.
(c) Iodides: Iodide salts react with conc. H2SO4 to evolve vapours of iodine.
(d) Nitrates: Upon reaction with conc.H2SO4 nitrates evolve NO2 gas.
(e) Acetates: Acetates react with conc. H2SO4 to produce vapours of acetic acid.
(f) Oxalates: Oxalates salts react with conc. H2SO4 to evolve a mixture of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.
The colour of potassium permanganate is discharged when it reacts with sulphite. The reaction is given below.
Sulphides react with a suspension of cadmium carbonate to form a yellow precipitate of cadmium sulphide.
The overall reaction is the reduction of nitrate ion by iron (II) which reduced to iron (I) and formation of a nitrosonium complex
where nitric oxide is oxidised to NO+.
Note: Carbon tetrachloride, cyclohexane, chloroform etc can be used instead of carbon disulphide.
Confirmation of Acetate (CH3COO-)
(a) Oxalic acid test
Oxalic acid reacts with acetate salt to form acetic acid which has a characteristic vinegar like smell.
Note: To prepare magnesia mixture, add solid NH4Cl to magnesium chloride solution. Boil, cool and add NH4OH till a strong
smell of ammonia ia obtained.
Learning Outcomes:
Students understand different types of anions.
Students understand various tests to identify the anion present in a given salt.
Students understand the chemical reactions and their balanced equations that takes place during each test.
Students acquire the skill to perform the experiment in the real lab once they understand different steps in the procedure.
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