1.

3 Moles, Equations and Qualitative MS

1.4 Energetics MS
1.5-1.6 Structure, Bonding and Periodicity MS
1.7 Organic Alkanes and Alkenes MS
2.03-2.05 Shapes, Structure and Bonding MS
2.07 Groups 2 and 7 MS
2.08-2.09 Kinetics and Equilibria MS
2.10 Organic Halogenoalkanes and Alcohols MS
4.3 Rates of Reactions MS
4.4 Entropy MS
4.5-4.7 Equilibria and Acids and Bases MS
4.8-4.9 Organics, Spectroscopy and Mechanisms MS
5.3 Calculation Questions MS
5.3.1 Electrode Potentials MS
5.3.2 Complexes, Ligands, Colour Changes and Entropy MS
5.3.2 Transition Metals and Redox MS
5.4 Organics, Synthesis and Enthalpy MS

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95
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96
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Reect ³under standard conditions´
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Accept + 46.5 with working  
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c #

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c QDc
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c
c
97
 PMT

c 
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c 64c
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cc
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Reect ust ³more ammonia´
c c

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98
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Accept stronger or withstand high pressure for thicker
Accept vessel/container/plant /equipment/reaction vessels for
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Reect ³ust more expensive´
Reect ³ust thicker pipes etc´
Reect apparatus
è 
c

$ c  å  


c Q+cc(c>#c ‘4*&/)&
D
c
 ccc@c(.c@c.&(c*c‘
cc
ccc
+ c c

)c
c- c


cc

c c c
f use 100g answer is 1063(4)
And gives as the final answer
f use 4 g gives 425.2 and gives 14.2 kJ mol±1
cc
.
c 5 cc c‘c.&&(c
.
Accept 0.03
,
cc  
c £ c‘
  
c c(&c )*cc‘
Accept ±369 (kJ mol±1) with some working 
c $


c

 c 
,

c c,
c5
c c
Accept ±369000 J mol±1  
Reect ±369000 kJ mol±1 does not score 3rd marking point
è
c
 

c  c
99
 PMT

´ c
c c '"

cTc"
c‘

 c-c‘
'"
 cTc"
c
cc 
c ..c
'"
 Tc"
c  
"
 Tc"
c‘ c 
c
 c-c
"
Tc"
c
c c
Reect wrong halogen or use of ³X´  
cc
c $
c
 c, c‘‘
Accept heat or enthalpy for energy;
energy released instead of energy change
Reect ³energy required´
c  c
c0

0
 c‘
c c 
 c
cc 
 c
 cc‘
9F764$c


c
 c c
Just balanced equation
e.g. Na+(g) + Cl±(g) $NaCl(s)
can score only last two marks
cc
-c 5#c
c
c 
c cc1
 c



c‘
·ention of ³atoms´ or ³molecules´ scores  for all of (b)(ii)
c  cc


c c c
c‘
-c·g! 
c c
Reect ust ³·g 2+ (strongly) polarising´
c c

c 
c
100
 PMT

c c
c   c

c c·! c

 c
64c
c

 c‘
Accept reverse arguments
Accept ³size´ instead of ³radius´
Reect mention of atoms (e.g. ·g atoms) or
molecules (·gCl2 molecules) scores  for all of part (c)
c #

 ccc

c c
 0!c‘
Accept correct formulae of cationfor charge mark
Accept ³charge density decreases´ scores one of the first two
marks
c ,c
c,
)
c 
 c c - , c‘c c
Reect ³weaker bonds´
OR ³weaker bonding´
è

c

½ c
c c cc,cc
 c
c c

c, c
cc,c cc
) c

cc c

c c
Reect an ion which does not change its state
Reect use of word ³element´ instead of ³ion´
cc
c =6c c
cc
c Vc!c#!cMcV!c!c#c
NOR’ state symbolsc c
Accept Zn + Cu++ M Zn++ + Cu
Accept Zn + Cu2+ = Zn 2+ + Cu
c c

c c
101
 PMT

-c 

c
c c
Accept burette
Accept pipette
Accept volumetric pipette
Accept graduated pipette
Accept 50 cm3 pipette
Accept pipette = pipette filter
Accept reasonable phonetic spelling e.g. pipet, biurette
Reect beaker
Reect biuret
Reect graduated flask
Reect volumetric flask
Reect beaker or a pipette
Reect pepite
Reect conical flask
cc
c c,c
c 
 cc
c c, c
c 
0 c
cc
c

c‘c
Accept discussion of either polystyrene or metal
c 
c
c,
c   c
c

0
-
-c c
c 
c‘c
c D
c
c,

c 
c

cc

c ,c#=6c‘c c
cc
c Vc0(.cc .'(0.?0.'(0.''c‘c
c #
c
 c0cc.c‘c
c #
c
 c0c#!c0c#=6c‘c
Accept consequential on copper being less than zinc
Accept zinc is in excess
c 9F764$cc c c
 

c c
102
 PMT

c c

'

,c 

(



+ 



0W#








 cc ? c c( c c
+ c0c c


c cc‘cc c'c ccc

c- c

c c
c cB c-c
- c c‘c
Accept curve/straight lines
c G9 cc
c c
c c )c, c ccc1- c cc

1 ,c
cc cHc c
cc
c

cc
c0cc c c- 
c
c
c

c

 0

c‘c
Accept energy lost
c  


c ,c  c
c
c 
c1 cc
c c

c‘c c
Reect no temp change for first 60 s because zinc has not been
added.
low to start
Reect temp slowly declines because reaction is complete
Reect no marks for describing shape of graph without
explanation
cc
c ((cc(&c>#c c
Reect 65.5 and less and 69.5 and more
c c

c c
103
 PMT

c c c@c.c@ccc&c *c 

c('>#c
c 9
cc c1
 c
cc

c
- c ..c
&c)*c c
&.c*c c c
Accept T’ from e(iii)
e.g.
66 = 44 ° rise = 9240
68 = 46 ° rise = 9660
69 = 47 ° rise = 9870
65 = 43 ° rise = 9030
(Allow minus sign) ignore sign
70 = 48 ° rise = 10080
65.5 = 43.5 ° rise = 9135
allow use of 65° even if different value in (iii)
Reect 55 for mass of solution + zinc
cc
c c 5
c+ c
&?'
cUc&'cc&'c)*cc (&c
.
&((
cUc&cc&c)*cc (?c
.
&
cUc?&cc?&c)*cc ('c
.
&
cUc?cc?c)*cc ((c
.
&
cUc?(cc?c)*cc (c
.
c +c 
c

)cc 
c1c-c.c‘c
c R
 c
cc‘c
c
cc
c c‘c c
Accept if ÷ 0.08 only 1st mark lost
è 
c
 

c c
104
 PMT


c
c c 3
  
 c
9
c
c #
c
c c
c- c

 c c
Accept 2,4,4 - trimethylpentane
Reect pentan for pentane
2-dimethyl-4
methylpentane
2,2-dimethyl-4-methyl
pentane
2-methyl-4,4-dimethyl
pentane
2,4-trimethylpentane
cc
c #D&c c
Accept C8H18 ĺ C 4H9
cc
c #Dc c
Reect CH2CH2
cc
1c D1 c- 
 c 
cc
/
cc-

)c ##c-c

cc  c

 c
c ,c-c
 c
64cD1 c- 
 c

)c
/
c cc c

ccc- c 
c c
Accept two C±C bonds are broken and one C=C made
Reect positive because it only occurs at high temperature
cc
1c #?D?c!c'0c6cTc?#6c!c&D6c
c 64c#?D?c!c'c6cTc(#6c!c?D6c
c 64c#?D?c!c&0c6cTc?#c!c&D6c 
c- c
c 6 cc c
c

c 

c c
c‘
-

c‘
= c

)c  cc 
c
c
c - c


-c


cc- c .c c
Accept balanced equations including CO and/or C with CO2
17/2 can be written 8.5 or 8½
Allow balanced equations based on C8H18 with a smaller
alkane in the products for 1 mark eg
C8H18 + O2 ĺ CO + C 7H16 +H2O 
c c

c c
105
 PMT

-c c 9

 cc

Cc7c c
c-
c c
 0  c  c
c <c
 c
c

c‘c
c 9

 cc 


Cc&)
c 
,

c

c

c6 ++$c‘c
c 6 c

)c 
c,c

c
c,c

c 

c c
Reect increase in temperature moves equilibrium to the right
cc
c 4
 c

 c
c1

c c
c
c

cc

c c
cc
c 7c0c
 cc 
B
c

c c

0c7c

1 0cc
0cc
c
 c
c0cc
c c
Accept correct harmful properties of other 3 gases
cc
1c 8 c
c 1 c c


cc
c
-  c$ c‘c
c #
1 c c

c
 c
-1 c c
1 c

c
c
c
c
 c 1 c,c
c
-1 c

c
c‘c c
è 
c

‘ c
c ö #c
c 
c0c 
c0c
c
 c, ccc c
c-
 c‘
Accept heat / energy / enthalpy released
Accept both ³element and compound´ instead of substance
Reect energy etc required
Reect ³reactant´ instead of substance
c c-
cc  0-
c  cc !‘
Accept complete combustion with air/oxygen
OR reacts completely with air/oxygen
Reect reacts with oxygen
c c cc
0cc)D
0c)D
c

c
c
   c 


0&?cAc‘c c
Reect room temperature
c c

c c
106
 PMT

-c c "c-c

#6 c!cD6 c
-

 c
 c-c‘c
c 8 c

,c
- c
2¨HcC !c3¨HcH2
64c cc&c!c cc?(c )*ccc  
c
64c'????c
64c((c)*c‘c
c
c

,c
- c
QD#D6Dc
64c'c )*c‘c c

c QD #D6Dcc cc&c!c cc?(cc 'c‘
c c'c )*cc‘
64c
c

)c 
c c
c

,cc
c
c

,c
c 
c

c / 
cc
c
,

c 
Wrong unit negates last mark (but allow kJ)
è
c

 c
c 9c
 c c
c c 
 c=%cc c 
c
c.c
##$D+cXc=%c
c 5
c 
c-
cc.c c‘
.
c cc.(c‘c c

Accept 0.011, 0.01063, 0.010625
CQ on incorrect calculation of mass
Correct answer with some working 
cc
c + 


c
 cc.ccc c.c >#c‘
. £ .? £ 
c D
c 
cc cc.&c )*c‘

c + c 


c
 c

)c
c- c
c
c c
c

c 
c c
Accept CQ on incorrect calculation of temp.
Correct answer with some working 
Reect answer in Joules
c c

c c
107
 PMT

c ,
c  .& c‘
,
c  .(
Accept CQ on (i) and ii)
c c.&c )*ccG


c
c1
 Hc
Accept answers in the range ±420 to ±424
c 64c
c.(c )*ccGc
 c1
 Hc‘
!"5 c
Correct answer with some working 
c 9 c c 
c
,
cc

c cc

)ccc

 - c c 
cc1 c-c cc 
c

c c

c c
cc
.
-c c c@ccc .(c:c
.
9F764$c=%c c
cc
c .c!c.cc.c >#c
64c
cc..c >#c
64c
 .( 
 . £
cc.c >#c
  
c #öcc:c


cc- c ccc cc

 c c 


c c
Reect all other values
cc
c c $1


c  c 
0
c c
Accept turns to vapour
OR methanol volatile
Reect balance faulty or spills or ·ethanol reacts
cc
c #

-c‘
c 8,
0 c 
c‘
c

 cc  c
-c c
Accept soot
Reect any other substance
è 
c
 

c  c
108
 PMT

 c
c c 5! c !c6 c c

Reect if state symbols missing
Reect if 2e± included in box
cc
c QHc $
c c 

c  c56c‘c
c QHc $
c c

c  c5c‘
c QHc ccc  
c
c  c6c
64c c
cc  
c
c  c6c‘c c
Accept recognisable abbreviation such as ³’A´ for electron
affinity.
cc
c QHf cc(cc !c!c !?(c!c !&c!c !('c!cL’
64c
8$cc !(' !& !?( !! (‘
Doubling electron affinity and/or atomisation values scores  
c 8$cc?c )*cc‘
c #

c
,
cc,cc,
)c‘c c
Reect any incorrect sign in algebraic expression  
cc
-c c + c  
c

c c cc

c

,c
,

c c
 cc c
Accept (·g2+) polarises (± ion)
Accept ³distortion´ if clearly linked to the iodide ion
Accept ³·g  ´
Accept ³  ´ OR ³iodine  ´
Reect any reference to atoms or molecules
e.g. ³·g polarises«..´
Reect ³iodine//2 is polarised´
Reect wrong polarisation e.g.
³magnesium ion is polarised´
³± polarises ·g2+´
cc
c 4
02 c  cc‘c
Accept distance between ions
OR
um of (ionic) radii
OR Type of crystal structure
OR ·adelung constant
Reect ³
radius´
c 

 c cc‘c c
Accept ³Charge density´
cc
c 8 c 
c‘c

c  c
109
 PMT

Accept
maller
OR more endothermic
OR Less negative
OR Lower
Reect higher/greater
c 1
 c



c 
 c
 c‘
Accept theoretical value based on purely/100 % ionic model
Reect any implication of magnesium iodide being


covalent
c 5

)c
c
 c   c c
è 
c

 c
c c $G#
6DHcc.c@c.c@c(.cc'c *c
$G#
6Hcc.c@c.c@c.cc(?c *c
Ú

c 
cc

)c
9
c 
1 ccc
c c1
 c0c0,
cc c
Accept 1732.5 / 1733 / 1700 J
Accept 2677.5 / 2678 / 2700 J
Answers in kJ acceptable
Reect 1732 J
Reect 2677 J
cc
.
c cc.cc
'.
,
cc- c 
 c c
Accept 0.014
1
Reect / 0.01
74
cc
'.
c QDcc ù ccc )*cc cc. .c
.
(''.
QDcc ù ccc )*cc cc. .c
.
c

)c 
c c 1c 
c-c-
c c c
c

)c 
c-c
,
c1 cccc c
cc
 
1 c.c
c

)cc  
cc c c
Allow T’ from (a)(i) and (a)(ii)
c c

c 
c
110
 PMT

-c c QD

 ccQDccQDc0
 1
c1
 c- c-

 c‘
 ccc cc!c'c)*cc‘
5

)c   c
%
cc

)Cc

c

 cc
cc  c 
Allow T’ from (a)(iii)
gnore sig. figs.
cc
c Ec
c!#0cccc) cc
cc
cc‘

c#
c 
c
c

c‘
7c


c )c
 cc 
c
c#
6Dc,
c
 c
c 0 cc),c, 
c#
6Dc,
c c  c‘
+ c) c c c
c  c


 c‘
c+ 6c1
c
c

c
 c c


c 
cc
c 5

c 


c cc,c
c
-c
 

<c


 c0cc c‘
" 0c 


c

c11 c
-1 c-.c c
D0 
cc
-c
 
c
<c- c c‘
 cc),c, c#
6Dc
c c  c‘
F1 cc 


c11 c- cc c

 
cc

c 
c
) cc-c c#
6Dc‘
c67$c c  c 
è

c

 c
c 707c c
ccccc
c‘c
D0Dc c
ccc !cc
c‘c c
f ³the oxidation number of N goes down hence reduced and the
oxidation number of H goes up and hence oxidised´ ( )
f all O.N. correct but fails to state which is oxidation and
which is reduction scores 1.
f all O.N. correct but both reactions misclassified, scores zero.
Any answer not referring to nitrogen or hydrogen scores zero.
cc
-c c #

c c-c-
) c(c@cc!c&0c cc‘c
#

c c-c
 c??@(0c c?c‘c
QH c'(c )*cc‘c


)c / 
cc

c1
 c

 c
-1 c c
Correct answer with some working scores 3 marks
Correct answer alone scores 2 marks
c c

c c
111
 PMT

c 1

 c0c
c-c 
c c 
c&(6 c c
Reect ust ³average bond enthalpies used´
cc
c +

Cc

c 1 c c
c,
c
c
c c


c
64c

c

 cc-c 

cYc 
c cc-

)c-c‘c
Accept ¨H negative / reaction exothermic
c ) Cc
!
1
c 
c‘c
c - 
 c
c7U7c‘c
G c- , c

c
c) c c 
cc

)H.c c
Accept because NŁN is 944/ total bond breaking energy is
high/2252(kJ mol±1)
cc
c c ö #
6 c,
c
 


c

 c

c  c
1 c


c
1

 c
) c 
c‘c
Accept moving faster
c 
c  0c
1 c$cXc$
 c‘c
c +

c
c


c 0c
c~c

c
  c‘c
9
c


c
/ c cc
Accept ’ > ’act particles for molecules
greater frequency of successful collisions/ more successful
conditions per unit time
Reect ust ³more successful collisions´
c 
c,
c

c c 
c

c‘c
Accept platinum catalyst
Reect incorrect catalyst
c 
1 c


1 c
 c c,
c
1
c 
c‘c
c $9+D$4Cc
c


c

c c0
c c c  0c
1 c$cXc$
 0c

c


c

c cc

c  c
Reect ust ³more successful collisions´
c 64c
1 c
1 c c ,
c


c  c
c
-c0c- c

- c‘c
c 9
c
c
,
c

cc

c
c 

.c
cc 
 cBcL
cc

c  Mc
c

c c (c
cc
c 70

 

 c 


c‘c

c c
112
 PMT

- 
 c 
,

c

c 
c‘c


 c

c‘c
- 
 c
c c  c
cc c‘c c
Accept low temperature ¨H is negative
Answer based on endothermic reaction scores 0
Accept high pressure
Accept molecules for moles
è

c

ë c
c c 5
ccc!c.'cc'.'c‘c
cc /
c- ,c
'.'c@c.?c@c.cc&(c *c‘c
c *c
 / 
cc

 c
c c
Accept correct answer with some working 
se of incorrect mass (e.g. m = 1 g) can gain 2nd mark
Accept answer changed to kJ
cc
 £ .
c 5 c ,

c cc.'c‘

&(
jDcc ù c‘
 £ .'
1c.&c )*cc‘
-c1
 cc)*cc
cc  c
G
c=%Hc c
Accept correct answer ±55.9 or ±56.0 kJ mol±1 with some
working (3)
2100
jH = ( ù ) 
(1000 £ .0375)
±56.0 (kJ mol±1) 
scores full marks
Conversion to kJ can be at final stage
cc
-c c c c
7c
ccc c c

c
64c
D
 cc
c
 
c
1 c - c
c

c
64c
c c
c,
c



c
c c-
)
cc c
 cc c
Accept takes up negligible heat
è
c

$ c
c c QH(c c
cc

c c
113
 PMT

c jD   c c
c
 c jD 
 
Reect j H5
cc
-c $
c
QHf = QHc+ QHc+ QHc+ QHc+ QH(c
c 64c
QHf c !'?c!c 'c!cc@c !?c!cc@c 'c!c ?&c
c c?(c )*cc‘c
c #

c
,
c,cc,
)c c
c gnore kJc c
[irst mark only if doubles both ¨Hat and electron affinity for
hydrogen]
[2nd mark is only consequential on failure to multiply either
¨Hat or electron affinity or both giving: ²404 / ²113 /²331
(kJ mol±1)]
+186 scores  
+404 / +113 /+331 scores  
c c

c c
114
 PMT

c ,*6.
#8
5
 05c

c

c
c
0#
c
6
c
 cc c cc

cc5Dc

c 
cc#
Dc‘
Accept magnesium ion has greater charge density than calcium
ion for first mark.
Reect reference to µatoms¶ or µmolecules¶ or µH2¶ scores zero
.
c 4 #8
-c

 c c
 c‘
c *#8
c

c 
 c c - , c c·gHc‘
c G#

c
1
 c

 c
c
c-c

)Hc
Accept ³stronger  bonding´ for 3rd mark in either case.
f ³H+ ions´ or ³hydrogen ions´ referred to, 3rd mark cannot
be awarded in either case
f ust ³stronger bonding in ·gH2´, 3 rd mark cannot be
awarded in either case
c ).
 # 8
·g!c c
c·g! 
c

c

c
cCa!c 
c *#8
c

c 
 c c - , c c·gHc‘
c G#

c
1
 c

 c
c
c-c

)Hc
c 9
c

 cc


c c c
 cc
cL1
 c




Mcc c
 .c
c 9
c

 ccL 
c
/
cc 


 c0-

)c-Mc c
è
c

´ c
c 5 c!c# 

 c!c'6 cc-c c
c- c
"

c‘

 c-c 
c50#06cc- c
 c
c

c
c
c c‘c c

Accept C(s)
Accept everything in all boxes doubled (allow 2HCl rather than
4HCl)
Reect equation with CO or CO2 in it
c c

c c
115
 PMT

-c c  . cc.'c@c c0c.'c c


Accept 0.00416 (recurring)
Accept 0.0042
Reect 0.004
Reect 0.00416
cc
c 5 c cD#c
c c

cc.c ‘
5 c cD#c

 ccc@c.'c
c c.?c‘c
c 5 c cD#c cc.cc.?c
c cc.&((c‘

c c c c
Accept transferred error from (b)(i)
’gc 0.192
c 0.1917
Reect 0.2
Accept 0.196
(forgetting to multiply by 2)
Worth max of 2
cc
c  c
-  c
c
- c
 ccc1
c
c
c
 c
 c
1 c
c
c cc- cc c
2
c
c‘
cc c


 c
c
- c
1 0

c c‘
%
cccc cc- c

c
2
c .c
%
cccc c1

c
cc cc.c
c

-1 .c%
ccc(c c

c c
cc
1 .c c
Reect temperature scale starting at 0°C (1 max)
cc
1c $
c
 cc.c@cc@c.c
c.?&c )*c c
Accept 1890 (J)
Accept 1.9 (kJ)
Accept 1900 (J)
Accept with either + or ± or no sign
Reect answers using mass = 100.1g
iving 1891.89 (J)
Reect J mol±1 kJ mol±1
c c

c c
116
 PMT

1c jDcc ù .?& c

.'
cc)*cc c
c

)c 
c-
c
cc 
cc
cc c
Accept T’ from (b)(i) and (iv)

econd mark dependent on the first
cc
1c $
c c

,cc

cc,c
c 


c

 cc- c.c
6
c
= c
cc
cc c

c c.c,
cc
c c
Accept max temperature between 1 and 2 minutes
Reect rounded up to nearest 0.5
cc
c c c!cc!ccc(cc?c c‘
7-
c c cc.0?cc.(c0c.(&c‘
9
c c  c ccc . .c.c c
Accept 0.026
Reect 0.0261
Reect 0.02
cc
ù .
c QDcc c
.(
cc.c)*cc c
Accept correct sign and units needed for mark
Allow K instead of k ±40.131
Allow T’ from (c)(i)
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1. (i) Experiments 1 & 2, [R–CH2–Cl] × 3, Rate × 3 (1)

∴ 1st order w.r.t. [R–CH2–Cl] (1)
Experiments 1 & 3, [R–CH2–Cl] and [OH–] × 2, rate × 4 (1)
∴ 1st order w.r.t. [OH–] (1) 4
(ii) Rate = k [R–CH2–Cl] [OH–] consequential on (i) 1

rate 4.0 × 10 –4 mol dm –3s –1

(iii) k= = = 0.080 (1) mol–1 dm3 s–1 (1)
[RCH 2 Cl][OH – ] 0.050 × 0.10 mol 2 dm – 6
2
(iv) (SN2)
–
R R R
HO– C Cl HO C Cl HO C + Cl
–

H H H H H H
(1) (1) (1)
3
Note SN1: allow if first order deduced from parts (1) and (ii) for full marks.
[10]

PSO2 × PO2
2

2. (a) (i) Kp = 2 (1)

PSO3
[ ] no mark
( ) OK 1

(ii) 2SO3 → 2SO2 + O2

Mols at start 2 0 0
mols at equ 0.5 1.5 0.75 (1)
Mark by process
1 mark for working out mole fraction
1 mark for × 10
1 mark for correct substitution in Kp and answer
1 mark for unit

1
346
 PMT

1.5
i.e. PSO2 = × 10 = 5.46
2.75
0.7
PO2 = × 10 = 2.73
2.75
0.5
PSO3= × 10 = 1.83
2.75
n.b. could show mole fraction for all 3 and then × 10 later to
give partial pressure.
Kp = (5.46)2 × (2.73) / (1.83)2 = 24.5 (1) atm (1) 5

(b) (i) No effect (1) 1

(ii) No effect (1) 1
[8]

3. (a) (i) Working to show first order with respect to [S2O82] (1)
Working to show first order with respect to [l−] (1)
overall equation (1) 3
Consequential

(ii) Sum of power of the concentration terms (for thio and iodide)
in rate equation / number of each species involved up to and
including or, in, the rate–determining step in the reaction
mechanism / Sum of the partial / individual orders / general
equation of the form [thio]m[iodide]n overall order = m + n (1) 1

(iii) 36 (1) dm3mol – 1s−1 (1) 2

Consequential on part (i)

(iv) Rate equation depends on mechanism / rate equation only

involves those species in the rate determining step / slowest step (1) 1

(b) (i) Colorimetry / conductivity / remove samples and titrate with

(standard) sodium thiosulphate solution (1) 1

(ii) Constant temperature (1) 1

2
347
 PMT

(iii) Colorimeter / conductivity adv that monitoring is continuous /

does not need removal of samples
or
disadv of titration is problems with timing (1) 1
[10]

4. (a) (i) • Rate of reaction - Rate of decrease / change in concentration

of reactants (1)
• Overall order of a reaction - sum of the powers to which
concentration terms are raised in the overall rate equation (1) 2

(ii) (The stoichiometric equation includes all the reactants ) the rate
equation only includes those species involved in the rate
determining step / rate depends on mechanism (1) 1

H H
+ –
C2 H 5 C CH 3 C2 H 5 C CH 3 + Br
Br
(1) :OH –
Intermediate(1) (1)

(b) (i) 3
H
C2 H 5 C CH 3
OH

(ii) • The reaction goes through a planar intermediate and this can be
attacked from either side (1)
• producing an equal mixture of the two optical isomers /racemic
mixture / 50-50 mixture (1) 2

(iii) • Double conc. bromo compound rate double ∝ power 1 (1)

• Treble conc of bromo compound and double cone OH rate
only up three times thus not dependant on conc of OH (1)
Rate = rate constant [bromoalkane] (1)
Must show use of data 3

3
348
 PMT

(c) After given time remove sample (1)

neutralise with nitric acid / quench / stop by adding specified reagent (1) 3
add silver nitrate and observe extent of ppt.
/ as above and titrate solution with silver nitrate / titrate with
specified reagent (1)
Allow 1 mark for continuous method based on conductivity or pH
[14]

5. (a) (i) 200 × 0.05 / 330 = 30.3 × 10−3 = 3.03 × 10−2 (1) 1

(ii) graph linear axes at a sensible scale (1)

all points correct (1)
sensible smooth curve (1)
calculate 2 rates correctly (2)
1.25 × 10−6 (1.0-1.5) 5
2.5 × 10−5 (2.0 – 4. 0)

(b) (i) 0.0300 – 0.0150 = 800

0.0150 – 0.00750 = 900
0.0080 – 0.0040 = 800
Any 2 half life correctly calculated (1)
constant half life = 800 (1) 3
first order (1)

(ii) • second reaction faster than first at beginning (1)

• first speeds up when product present (1) 2

(c) (i) Presence of potassium (ions) or K+ 1

(ii) Add NaOH to solution until in excess (1)

Buff / cream / beige ppt. (turning brown) shows
manganese(II) (1) 2
[14]

6. (a) Measure (volume/ amount of gas) with a gas syringe / inverted burette
OR Loss in mass with (top pan) balance
OR Described titrimetric method (1)
..........at regular time intervals (1) 2

4
349
 PMT

(b) (i) Rate is proportional to (hydrogen peroxide) concentration

OR Index of (hydrogen peroxide) concentration in rate equation is 1 1
(ii) Rate = k(1)[H2O2((aq))] 1
(iii) Measure/ calculate/ find several/two hal-lives (1)
(Check) half–lives are constant (1) 2

(c) (i)
T1
Number of
molecules
with kinetic
energy, E T2

Energy E
EA
General shape of T1 graph (1)
General shape of T2 graph: higher temperature peak lower
and moved to the right (1)
Check that graphs start at zero – penalise once
Check that graphs do not meet energy axis – penalise once.
(Many) more molecules with energy in excess of EA/ Emin / a certain value (1)
Can be shown (as shading) on the diagram
Activation energy shown (1) 4

5
350
 PMT

(ii)
1/T /10 –3 K–1

In (rate)

Axes correct with correct labels (1)

Sensible Scales – as shown
but can be shifted up/down or right/left (1)
Points correct with best fitting straight line (1) 3

6
351
 PMT

(iii) Gradient = –9700 (allow –9200 to –10200) (1)

Ea = – gradient / Ea = –8.31 × gradient (1)
R
= +81 kJ mol–1 / +81000 J mol–1 ALLOW 76 to 86
Correct answer, units, sign, 2SF (1) 3
[16]

7. (a) rate = k[A][B] (1) or any other where m+n = 2

rate = k[A]² (1)
rate = k[B]² (1) 3

(b) (i) Working to show first order with respect to H2 (1)

Working to show second order with respect to NO (1)
Overall rate equation (must be consequential)
rate k [H2] [NO]2 (1) 3

(ii) 0.02 = k (1.0)²(1.0) or correct use of either of the other two rows
of data
k = 0.02 /1.0 = 0.02 (1)
mol-2dm6s–1 (1) 2
Consequential on (b)(i)

(c) • Molecules move faster/have more kinetic energy (1)

• More molecules / collisions have at least Eact (1)
• Greater proportion/fraction of collisions are successful OR more
of the collisions are successful (1) 3

(d) k increases 1

(e) • Catalyst provides an alternative route (1)

• With a lower activation energy (consequential on first mark) (1)
• Rate increases because more collisions have enough energy to
overcome the lower activation energy (1)
[Accept argument based on Arrhenius equation for third mark] 3
[15]

7
352
 PMT

8. (a) (i) The reaction produces ions (H+ and Br–) / the number of ions increases 1
(ii) To enable the halogenoalkane to mix with water / to dissolve / to increase
solubility 1
(iii) The rate doubles 1
(iv) Order 1/first order 1
(v) Water a possible reactant is present in excess 1

0.75
(b) (i) = 0.15 / 0.150 (× 10–3)
5
1.5
= 0.17 / 0.167 (×10–3)
9
2.25
= 0.16 / 0.161 (×10–3)
14
Method (1)
Answers (1) 2
(ii) Rate is unaffected / very little affect 1
(iii) Zero 1

(c) (i) Rate = k(1) [C5H11Br] 1

(ii)
C5H11Br → C5H11+ + Br– (1)
slow

C5H11+ + OH– → C5H11OH (1)

fast

No speeds (1 max)
Can be stated in words 2
[12]

9. (a) (i) I2 + 2S2O32–→2I– + S4O62–

species (1)
balance (1) 2

(ii) starch (1)

blue / blue–black to colourless (1) 2

(b) double [I2] no change so zero order (1)

double [Me2CO] doubles rate so first order (1)
rate = k[Me2CO][H+] (1) 3

8
353
 PMT

(c) (i) Power to which concentration raised in rate equation

OR
the number of that species involved up to and including the rate
determining step 1

(ii) Sum of the individual reaction orders OR sum of powers 1

(d) Iodine not involved in the rate determining step (1)

two (1) NOT “more than 1” 2

(e) CH3COCH3 + 3I2 + 4Na OH → CH3COONa + CHI3 + 3NaI + 3H2O

CHI3 (1)
other species (1)
balance (1) 3
[14]

10. (a) 1

Time Mass urea mfinal – mt

200 19.1 1.2
300 20 0.3

9
354
 PMT

(b)

Labelled axes including units and sensible scale (1)

Correct plotting of points and smooth curve (1) 2

(c) [NH4CNO] / ammonium cyanate concentration 1

(d) (i) Half–lives starting at to = 17,30 min (each ± 5 min), 60 ± 10
Starting at t= 16, half–lives are 20, 37 min (each ± 5 min), 73 ±10.
One correct (1)
Second and third correct half–life (1)
Max 1 if no units 2
(ii) Second order (1)
Because half–life is increasing / doubling / not constant (1) 2
(iii) Rate = k[NH4CNO]2 or rate = k[NH4CNO] [H2O] 1

10
355
 PMT

(e) (i) (rds = ) slowest step / stage part of the mechanism 1

(ii) Order is with respect to ammonium cyanate as water is in excess
(approximately 55.5 mol of water: 0.35 mol ammonium cyanate) (1)
So only ammonium cyanate concentration is changing / water
concentration does not change significantly (1) 2
[12]

11. (a) (i) Calculates or shows on graph two half–lives that are the same (1)
States that half–life is constant (1) Consequence on attempt at
determining a half– life 2
(ii) Either
Cannot tell as water is in excess
Or
Overall order appears to be one as concentration of water does not
change 1
(iii) Either
Calculates gradient correctly (1)
Divides by chosen ester concentration (1)
Answer and units (1)
Or
kt1/2 = ln 2 (1)
substitutes values (1)
k in units of hr–1 (1) 3
(iv) At given / known times / regular intervals (1)
Remove samples and quench (1)
Titrate with (standard) sodium hydroxide solution / (standard) alkali (1) 3

(b) (i) Reaction with higher activation energy has smaller k 1

(ii) (Second) has a catalyst present 1
[11]

12. (a) (i) order wrt 2-bromo-2-methylpropane = 1/first (1)

order wrt sodium hydroxide = 0/zero (1) 2
(ii) rate = k [(CH3)3CBr] [NaOH]0
/ rate = k [(CH3)3CBr] [OH –]0
/ rate = k [(CH3)3CBr] 1

(b) k = rate/[(CH3)3CBr] = (1.5x10–4)/(5x10 –4)=3.0x10–1 / 3x10–1 / 0.3 (1)

s –1 (1) 2
(c) Yes as only species in the rate determining step/ slowest step / equation
in (c) are in rate equation. 1

(d) 1/temp ln(rate)

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350K 2.86 × 10–3 –4.10

(1) (1) 2

(e)

Axes correct way round and labelled correctly, sensible scales ie

covering more than half of grid (1)
All points plotted accurately ignoring small errors, best fit straight line
drawn (1)
Numbers on vertical axis should increase going upwards. 2

(f) gradient = –8.32x103 (K) (1)

ALLOW– 7800 to – 8900 (k)
Ea. = –8.31x gradient. = +69 kJ mol–1/ + 69000 J mol–1

ALLOW +65 to + 75 kJ mol–1 (1) 2

[12]

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13. (a) Withdrawal of sample of known volume/ measured amount/ using (1)
pipette (1)
Quench (with ice)
Titrate with acid of known concentration (1)
OR
Use of pH meter (1) Calculation of [H+] (1)
Calculation of [OH–] using Kw expression (1) 3

(b) (i) Axes labelled with suitable scale [> ½ available space on both (1)
axes] (1)
All points plotted accurately and smooth curve 2
(ii) 240 s +/– 30 s ignore missing or incorrect units 1
(iii) 1st order as half-lives are constant. 1
(iv) Overall order as (initial) concentrations are equal (not volume) /
neither reactant is in excess/ equimolar/equal amounts 1
(v) Rate = k[OH-]/[NaOH]/[(CH3)3CBr] 1

(c) (i) SN1 (1)

as only 1 reactant in rate determining step, (as 1st order (1)
overall)/ it is a tertiary halogenoalkane 2
(ii) (CH3)3CBr → (CH3)3C+ + Br– (1)
(CH3)3C+ + OH– → (CH3)3COH (1)
Must be consistent with b(iii)
ALLOW SN2 if consistent. 2
[13]

14. (a) (i) sum of the powers to which the concentration (terms) are raised in the
rate equation / number of species involved up to and including the rate
determining step (in the reaction mechanism)
OR
General equation with sum of partial orders explained 1

(ii) constant (of proportionality) in the rate equation / numerically = rate

when all concs 1 mol dm–3 / correct example 1

(b) (i) Both orders 1 (1)

Double concentration of one while other is constant and the rate doubles
OR refer to two specific experiments (1) 2

(ii) rate = k [CH3I] [OH–]

consequential on (i) 1

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(iii) e.g. k = rate / [CH3I] [OH–]

so k = 1(.0) × 10–3 (1) mol–1 dm–3 s–1 (1)
Consequential on (ii) 2

(c) (i) IGNORE shape and position of bonds

DO NOT ALLOW OH…..C

Arrow from bond to Br must be in first step

Lone pair not essential, but if it is shown the arrow must start from it.
ALLOW arrow from negative charge
Max 1 for completely correct SN 1 mechanism 3

(ii)

Energy labelled and levels of reactants and products (1)

If double hump can get 1 (out of 2) for levels 2
[12]

15. (a) (i) Points plotted correctly (1)

Curve drawn (1) 2

(ii) Tangent drawn and at correct place (1)

Calculation of ∆y and ∆x (1)
∆y ÷ ∆x to give slope (ignore sign of slope) (1)
Accuracy of answer: accept anything between 0.01 and 0.02 (1) 4

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(b) (i) Rate = slope (or more accurately rate = –slope)

OR
0.060 ÷ their slope (= 4 approximately) (1)
so, when the concentration halves, the rate goes down by a factor of
4, (1)
so the reaction is second order (stand alone mark) (1) 3

(ii) Any two of

I Rate = k [S2O82–] [H3AsO3]
II Rate = k [S2O82–]2
III Rate = k [H3AsO3]2 (2)
[Only penalise the omission of k or wrong type of [ ] once. Rate
equations must be marked consequentially on their order in (i)]
Repeat experiment using double / different initial [S2O82–] / initial
[H3AsO3], (1)
but keeping the [other] unchanged (1)
E.g. Any one of the following, as applicable to their two chosen rate
equations
If initial rate doubles rate equation I is correct
If initial rate quadruples with doubling [S2O82–], rate equation II is
correct
If initial rate does not alter with doubling / changing [S2O82–], rate
equation III is correct
If initial rate quadruples with doubling [H3AsO3], rate equation III is
correct
If initial rate does not alter with doubling / changing [H3AsO3], rate
equation II is correct. (1) 5
[14]

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16. (a) (i)

Starts at zero and approaching x-axis (1)

Maximum greater and at lower energy(1) – T2 needs only to be just
higher than T1
T2 curve must go below T1 curve approaching the x-axis 2

(ii) As the temperature increases the energy of the particles increases (1)
Use the diagram shading areas
OR more particles to the right hand side of EA line (1)
and so more (successful) collisions/particles have energy greater /
equal or greater than the activation energy (1)
NOT “equal” on its own
NOT mention of “frequency of collisions” on its own 3

(iii) A catalyst provides an alternative route with a lower activation energy/

which requires less energy (1)
so more collisions / particles have energy greater than the activation
energy (1) 2

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(b) (i) e.g.

Measure the volume of gas given off in a given time / count bubbles /
obscuring cross using limewater (1)
and then repeat over a range of temperatures (1)
No diagram max 3
If method shown cannot possibly work max 1 ie waterbath or
sensible range of temperatures BUT NOT different temperatures
Penalty
–1 for poor diagram

(ii) Positive
1 mol goes to 4 moles/particles (so more disorder) /increase in number
of moles/particles (1)
products include a gas (and so more disorder) (1)
NOT 1 mole of compound/element goes to 4 moles of
compound/element
If “negative” 0 (out of 2) 2

(iii) Positive with some explanation e.g. ∆Ssurroundings = – ∆H/T OR

because reaction is exothermic (1)
∆H is therefore negative and so ∆Ssurroundings must be positive (1)
If negative given in (ii) allow TE here 2
[15]

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17. (a) (i) Correct points (1)

Smooth curve (1) 2

1.0

0.90

0.80
[C5H11Br]/ Mol dm3

0.70

0.60

11/2
0.50

0.40

0.30 11/2

0.20

0.10

0 10 20 30 40 50

Time/ min

(ii) First half life 15 min ( ± 1 min ) (1)

Second half life 15 min ( ± I min ) (1) 2
If not shown on graph max (1)

(iii) 1st order (1)

t 12 is constant (1) 2

(b) (i) Zero 1

(ii) Rate = k [2-bromo-2-methylbutane] ALLOW a formula 1

Mark consequentially on (a) (iii) and (b) (i)

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(iii)
CH 3 CH 3
( ) +
H5 C 2 C CH 3 C

Br H5 C 2 CH 3
(1) (1)
(+ Br – )

CH 3
CH 3
+
C ( ) H5 C 2 C CH 3
H5 C 2 CH 3
OH
(:)OH –
(1)
Mark consequentially on (ii) , i.e. If SN2 mechanism given
in (b) (ii), then one mark for each arrow (2) and transition
state including sign (1) 3

C5H2

(c) The intermediate / carbocation C+ is planar (1)

H CH3
(Equal) attack from either side (1)
(therefore) racemic mixture (produced) (1) Standalone mark 3
[14]

18. (a) (i) Negative with some sensible explanation eg fewer moles of product (1)
3 moles of gases going to 2 moles of gases (1) 2
MUST mention gases or no changes in state

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(ii) Positive with some explanation eg exothermic so surroundings

gain entropy (1)
∆H
∆Ssurroundings = – [OR given in words]
T
OR
∆Stotal = ∆Ssystem + ∆Ssurroundings [OR given in words]
as reaction goes, ∆Stotal must be positive therefore ∆Ssurroundings
must be positive
OR
Surroundings gain energy so more ways of arranging energy (1) 2

2
PNO 2
(b) (i) (Kp) = (1)
PNO 2 × PO 2

Check that it is not a “+” on denominator.

ALLOW ( ) but NOT [ ] eg ALLOW ( (PNO 2 ) 2 )2 etc
ALLOW (pNO2)2

Atm–1 / Pa–1 / kPa–1 / m2 N–1 (1) – 2nd mark dependent on 1st

ALLOW atms–1 / atmospheres–1
NOT atm–etc
NOT Kpa–1 2

(ii) Temperature
A lower temperature is needed to get a better yield (and would
cost less) because the reaction is exothermic (1)
but the lower temperature may slow the reaction down too much
OR reverse argument (1)
Pressure
A high pressure will increase yield as only two moles on the right
compared to three on the left/less moles on the right hand side (1)
It will also increase the rate of the reaction (1)
Low pressure because of cost only gets mark if higher yield
at higher pressure identified
To award any of the yield marks must say why 4

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(c) (i) Must be a quantity that can be measured

Eg
The pressure could be measured (1)
as it will decrease as the reaction proceeds because there are only
two/fewer moles on the right compared to three on the left (1)
OR colour (1)
as the nitrogen(IV) oxide is brown whereas the other gases
are colourless (1)
OR total volume (1)
which will decrease by one third/because there are fewer moles (1)
ALLOW acidity because NO2 acidic and others not (1 max)
NOT dilatometry
NOT temperature 2

(ii) [NO] second order (1)

because when conc of NO is doubled, the rate goes up four times (1)
[O2] first order (1) 3
Then (iii), (iv) and (v) must follow consistently from (ii)

(iii) ALLOW TE from (ii) e.g.

rate = k[NO]2[O2] rate = k[NO][O2] 1

(iv) third / 3 second / 2 1

(v) 8000 (1) dm6 mol–2 s–1 (1) 8 (1) dm3 mol–1 s–1 (1)
Units can be given in any order 2

(d) The activation energy must be low

OR bond energies low
NOT “more successful collisions”
NOT large rate constant 1
[20]

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19. (a) Rate of decrease OR rate of change in concentration of reactants

OR rate of increase OR rate of change in concentration of products.
OR change in concentration of reactants with time OR change
in concentration of products with time (1)
NOT just ‘amount’
Sum of the powers to which the concentrations are raised in the rate
equation OR number of species involved in (up to and including)
the rate determining step OR sum of partial orders if illustrated with
a general rate equation (1)
‘Sum of the partial orders’ alone does not score. 2

(b) (i) Both orders correct (1)

EITHER
Expt 1 + 3: double [A], doubles rate so order 1 (1)
Expt 1 + 2: double [B], four × rate so order 2 (1)
OR
Double [A] keeping [B] constant doubles rate so order 1 (1)
Double [B] keeping [A] constant four × rate so order 2 (1)
Omission of experiment number or keeping a concentration
constant to be penalised ONCE only (1) 3

(ii) Rate = k [A] [B]2. 1

Mark consequentially on (i)

rate 0.00200
(iii) k= =
[A] [B] 2
0.100 × (0.100) 2
= 2(.00) (1) mol–2 dm6 min–1 (1)
Consequential on their rate equation in (ii)
Use of experiment 2 or experiment 3 can score max (1) 2

(iv) A + B → AB
AB + B →
rds
AB2 (1) for first two equations
AB2+ B → AB3 (1)
fast

OR
B + B → B2
A +B2 →
rds
AB2 (1) for first two equations
AB2+ B  → AB3 (1)
fast

OR
A + 2B slow
 → AB2 (1)
/ rds

AB2 + B  → AB3 (1)

fast

Identifying slow(est) OR rate determining step by appropriate

notation (1)
SN1 or SN2 scores zero 3

(c) (i)

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1 x 10 3 –1
T K
3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3
–2.0

–3.0

log10 k

–4.0

–5.0

All points plotted accurately (1)

with best-fit straight line drawn (1) 2

– 4.25 – (–3.10)
(ii) Gradient eg =
0.00330 – 0.00310
– 1.15
=
0.00020
= –5750 (K) (1)
ALLOW = –5450 to -6050 (K) but MUST have a negative sign
– 1.15
ALLOW if gradient is left as a correct fraction such as
0.00020
Ea = (+)5750 × 2.30 × 8.31
= (+)110 kJ mol–1 / (+) 110000 J mol–1 (1)
ALLOW = (+)104 to (+)116 kJ mol–1 2
IGNORE S.F.
(2nd mark consequential on gradient, but value of Ea must be in
correct units)
[15]

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20. (a) Any 2

Measure the loss in mass as a gas/carbon dioxide is given off (1)
Measure the concentration of the acid by titration
OR Carry out a titration with sodium hydroxide (1)
NOT “titration” on its own
Measure conductivity because 4 ions go to 3 ions / decrease in ions / change in
number of ions (1)
Measure pH because acid is used up / changes / concentration changes /one
reactant is acidic (1)
NOT dilatometry / nmr / x-ray crystallography / temperature
change / colorimetry / indicator / change in mass of CaCO3 2

(b) Initially some carbon dioxide dissolves in the solution (until the solution is
saturated).
OR
Some CO2 might escape whilst adding acid/before putting on bung 1

(c) (i) 88 (cm3) 1

(ii) 95 72 16
125 79 9
155 84 4
185 87 1 1

(iii) The concentration of the hydrochloric acid / HCl

OR [HCl]
NOT concentration of reactants 1

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(iv)
100

80

(Vfinal –Vt )
/ cm 3
60

40

20

0
0 100 200
time / s
ALLOW extrapolated back to between 88 and 100
points correctly plotted (1)
ALLOW TE for points
and reasonably smooth curve drawn (1) 2
NOT dot-to-dot

(v) three successive half-lives shown on the graph (1)

MUST start at defined volume NOT 0s/85 cm3
all three values similar about 37s (1)
ALLOW 32-42 or show on graph
NOT 40, 80, 120
constant half-life / half-life not increasing means first order reaction (1)
If only two half lives shown max 2
If in (v) zero / 2nd order deduced max 1 for first part but TE allowed
to parts (vi) and (vii) 3

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(vi) rate = k[HCl] If zero order

OR rate =k[HCl]1 rate = k
OR rate =K[HCl]1[CaCO3]0 OR rate = k[HCl]0
NOT rate = k[Vfinal-Vt]1 If second order
rate = k [HCl]2
NOT rate = k[CaCO3]1[HCl]1 1

(vii) s–1 T.E zero order – mol dm–3 s–1

second order – dm3 mol–1 s–1 1

(d) ∆Ssystem
positive + some sensible reason eg gas given off (1)
as a mole of a gas given off and three moles including one solid becomes
three moles with no solid / gas more random than solid
OR
Gas more disordered than a solid
OR
Despite same number of moles/particles (1)
∆Stotal
positive + some reason (1)
eg
positive because reaction exothermic / favourable (1)
positive + good reason (2)
eg
positive because reaction is spontaneous / goes to completion / feasible
OR ∆Ssurroundings is positive because ∆H is negative /
reaction exothermic ∴ ∆Stotal positive (2) 4
[provided ∆Ssystem shown positive earlier]
[17]

21. (a) (i) (5.0/1000 ) × 0.010 = 5.0 × 10–5 (mol) 1

(ii) ½ × 5.0 × 10–5 = 2.5 × 10–5 (mol) (1)

TE from (i) 1

(iii) 2.5 × 10–5 × (1000/40.0) = 6.25 × 10–4 mol dm–3

6.25 × 10–4 / 5 = 1.25 × 10–4 (mol dm–3 s–1) (1)
Allow T.E. 2
Accept (ii) X5: 2 marks
Accept (ii) ÷5: 1st mark

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(b) (i) First 1

(ii) First (0)

Comparing experiments 2& 3
[I–] doubles, so from (b)(i) rate should also double
yet rate is 6 times greater,
so extra trebling of rate must be caused by trebling of [S2O82–]
⇒ Rate ∝ [S2O82–]1 (1)
Or other valid argument 1

(iii) Rate = k [S2O82–] [I–] (1) 1

Accept T.E. from (i) + (ii)

(iv) k = rate / ([S2O82–] [I–]) = 2.74 × 10–5 / (0.01 × 0.02)

= 0.137 dm3 mol–1 s–1
numerical answer (1) units (1)
Mark independently 2
Accept T.E. from (iii)
[9]

22. (a) (i) QWC

Both orders correct (1)
Expt 1 + 2: as [B] doubles rate x4 so second order (wrt B)
OR
As [B] doubles with [A] constant rate x4 so second order
(wrt B) (1)
Expt 1 + 3: as [A] doubles rate x2 so first order (wrt A)
OR
As [A] doubles with [B] constant rate x2 so first order
(wrt A) (1)
Omission of experiment numbers or failure to refer to
constant concentration of the other reagent penalise once only 3

(ii) rate = k [A] [B]2

Can use upper or lower case “k” 1
Must be consequential on (i)

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0.00195
(iii) k= = 0.195 (1) mol–2 dm6 s–1 (1)
0.10 × 0.10 2

[IGNORE s.f. in answer]

[If wrong experiment chosen only unit mark available] 2
Both marks consequential on (ii), but rate equation must
include k

(b) (i) QWC

Increasing T means molecules have/collide with greater energy (1)
so a greater proportion /more of the molecules collide
with/have E ≥ Ea/the activation energy (1)
so a greater proportion of the collisions are successful
OR
more of the collisions are successful/more successful
collisions in a given time (1) 3

(ii) (at least) two steps (1)

Simultaneous collision of three particles is unlikely
OR valid mechanism e.g.
A + B → AB fast
AB + B → AB2 slow
OR
A + B → AB slow
AB + B → AB2 fast (1) 2
Accept number more than two

(c) Value of slope = – 1.2 × 104

Accept any number between – 1.15 × 104 and – 1.25 × 104
inclusive
Negative sign (1) Value (1)
Multiply by –8.31 (1)
Divide by 1000 to give 104 (kJ mol–1) (1)
[units not essential but penalise wrong units]
allow 95.5 – 104 consequential on slope
Correct answer with some working (4)
Correct answer with no working (3)
Penalise –1 mark if final answer is negative
IGNORE sig figs 4
[15]

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23. (a) measuring the time taken (1)

for the potassium manganate(VII) to become colourless/go brown (1)
OR
measuring the time taken (1)
for a measured volume of CO2 to be collected (1)
OR
Take sample at a given time (1)
(Quench and) titrate with Fe2+(aq) (1) 2
Accept measuring the time taken for the potassium
manganate(VII) to change colour = 1
Accept other suitable reducing agents

(b) (i) Glucose = 0 (1)

potassium manganate (VII) = 1 – because when the
concentration of (potassium manganate (VII)) doubles so does
the rate/because the rate in experiment 1 is double the rate in
experiment 2 (and [KMnO4–] is double but [C6H12O6] and [H+]
are constant) (1)
hydrogen ions = 1 because order wrt [MnO4–] = 1 so when
[MnO4–] & [H+] double, rate is quadrupled / when [MnO4–] is
quadrupled and [H+] is doubled rate goes up by a factor of 8
OWTTE (1) 3

(ii) rate = k[MnO4–][H+]

OR
rate = k[KMnO4][H+] 1
Accept correct names
Accept expressions including [C6H12O6]0
Accept TE from (b)(i)

(iii) 4 × 10–3 (1)

dm3 mol–1 s–1 (1) unit mark independent of 1st mark
but must be consistent with rate equation 2
Accept units in any order
allow TE from (b)(i) & (b) (ii)

(c) (i) 3.22 × 10–3 –4.00

both needed for the mark 1
Accept 0.00322
Accept –4

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(ii) labelled axes including units and sensible scale (1)

correct plotting of points and line of best fit (1) 2
Reject /10–3

(iii) gradient = – 10823(K) (1)

Ea = 10823 × 8.31 = + 89939 J mol–1
Accept gradient range = –11200 to –10400
Accept TE from gradient to Ea

= (+) 90 kJ mol–1 / (+) 90 000 J mol–1 (1) 2

Accept (+) 93 to (+) 86 kJ mol–1 but must be consistent with
gradient
[13]

24. (a) (i) Hydroxide ions / OH– / OH– (aq) 1

Reject sodium hydroxide /NaOH

8.0 × 10 −4
(ii) A: = 2.4(2) × 10–5 (mol dm–3 s–1) (1)
33
8.0 × 10 −4
B: = 5.0(0) × 10–5 (mol dm–3 s–1) (1) 2
16

(iii) (Comparing A and B), rate

(approximately) doubles/time halves when concentration (of 2-bromo-2-
methylpropane) doubles, so reaction is 1st order
(wrt 2-bromo-2-methylpropane) 1
Reject because [C4H9Br] ∝ rate of reaction OR there is a
steady increase in rate when [C4H9Br] increases/is doubled

(iv) (Rate of reaction in B = 5.0 × 10–5 mol dm–3 s–1)

Rate of reaction in C = 1.2 × 10–3 /24
= 5.0 × 10–5 (mol dm–3 s–1) (1)
Focus on the value 5.0 × 10–5 for 1st mark
(Comparing B and C), rate remains constant when
concentration of NaOH changes (by 50 %), so reaction is zero
order wrt NaOH (1)
Mark independently 2
Accept rate for C calculated to be the same as that calculated
for B in (a)(ii)

(v) Rate = k[CH3C(Br)(CH3)CH3](1) ([OH–]0)

Allow transferred error, but answer must be consistent with (iii) & (iv)

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Look for inclusion of rate constant, k 1

Accept [NaOH]0 instead of [OH–]0
Rate = k[C4H9Br](1)([OH–]0)

(vi) CH3C(Br)(CH3)CH3  slow

→ CH3C+(CH3)CH3 + Br– (1)
Positive charge must be on carbon shown
(fast)
CH3C+(CH3)CH3 + OH–  → CH3C(OH)(CH3)CH3 (1)
Identification of the rate determining step/RDS (1)
Only allow this SN1 mechanism if consistent with
1st order reaction in (a)(v) 3
Accept CH3C+(CH3)CH3 + H2O → CH3C(OH)(CH3)CH3 + H+

Allow SN2 mechanism consequential on 2nd order rate equation

in (a)(v):
OH– attacks C–Br forming
C–OH as C–Br breaks to form Br–,
Or can be shown in diagram, e.g. with transition state using
dotted bonds or with curly arrows in one concerted step (max
2)

(b) 1-bromobutane is a primary halogenoalkane /

2-bromo-2-methylpropane is a tertiary halogenoalkane (1)
Primary carbonium ion intermediate cannot easily be stabilised /
tertiary carbonium ion intermediate can be stabilised (1)
Mark independently 2
Accept arguments based on relative activation energies of
formation of primary vs tertiary carbonium ion intermediates /
steric hindrance in the tertiary compound
[12]

25. (a) (i) second order (1)

rate proportional to the square of the (partial) pressure of NO
OR
the rate doubles as the square of the (partial) pressure of
NO doubles (1)
Conditional on correct order 2

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(ii) as (partial) pressure (of O2) doubles rate doubles, so first order
Accept concentration of O2 instead of (partial) pressure
OR
gradient of line is k p(O2)x so if this doubles the order
(w.r.t. O2) must be 1 1

(iii) rate = k p(NO)2p(O2)

Accept rate = k[NO]2[O2]

Reject any equation without k
Cq on orders in (i) and (ii) 1
Accept “R” for “rate”
Accept “K” for lower case “k”
Reject rate = k
Reject p[NO]2p[O2]

(iv) atm–2 s–1

ALLOW this mark, even if p[ ] used in (iii)
Cq on (iii)
[if overall second order, unit is atm–1 s–1.
If overall first order unit is s–1] 1
Accept mol–2 dm6 s–1 if concs used in (iii)

(b) (i) plot ln k vs 1/T (1)

giving straight line of gradient – Ea/R
OR
Ea = –gradient × R (1)
STAND ALONE MARKS
[2nd mark could be scored from (ii) if no reference to
gradient here in (i) provided a clear expression is stated] 2
If plot 1/T vs ln k and gradient is –R/Ea (2)
If plot ln k vs 1/RT and gradient –Ea (2)
Reject“log”

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(ii) Ea = 2.95 × 104 × 8.314 (1)

(= 245, 145 J mol–1)
= 245 (kJ mol–1) (1)
Accept 245,000 J (mol–1) (2)
[Note to examiners:
give credit if candidate uses 2.95 × 10–4 or 1/2.95 × 104]
Correct answer with no working (2)
Answers not to 3 SF can only score the 1st mark
Note:
–245 (kJ mol–1) (1) but must be 3SF
245,000 kJ (mol–1) (1) but must be 3SF
–245,000 kJ mol–1 (0)
If 245 or –245 is given, units are not needed
If 245,000 is given, units are essential
DO NOT PENALISE K–2 OR K–1 in any unit 2

(iii) B 1
[10]

26. (i) 1st Mark

S N1
Or
must be (at least) two steps (1)
2nd Mark
only the halogenoalkane is involved in the r.d.s.
OR
CN– is not involved in rds (1) 2

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(ii)
CH3 CH3
+ –
H3C C Br H3C C +:Br

CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3
+ –
H3 C C :CN H3C C CN

CH3 CH3
Accept (CH3)3C–Br
first arrow must start from bond, not the carbon atom and not
end past the bromine atom (1)
structure of carbocation (1) Br– not essential
attack by cyanide, arrow must start from C or –ve charge on C
not N and –ve charge must be present somewhere on ion;
lone pair not essential (1)
IGNORE any references to rates of the steps 3
Accept completely correct SN2 version scores (1)
Acceptable SN2
– CH 3
Br Br CH 3
CH 3 CH 3
–
C CH 3 C C +Br
CH 3 CH 3
CH 3
CH 3 CN CN

CN –
[5]

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27. (a) Any three from

Reject dilatometry
• Titrate with (sodium) thiosulphate to measure concentration of I2.

Reject I–
• Titrate with an alkali/base (eg sodium hydroxide) to
measure concentration of H+/acid.
IGNORE indicators unless inappropriate e.g. starch
• Titrate with silver ions to measure I–
• Measure colour change (colorimetry) as iodine is coloured
[colour changes not needed]
Accept addition of starch to give colour
If incorrect colours given, then no mark. Benedict’s solution to
give colour
• Use pH (meter) to measure H+/acidity
• Measure conductivity as (2) ions on RHS
Reject electrolysis
IGNORE any reference to quenching 3
Reject measure volume of hydrogen

(b) Add sodium (hydrogen)carbonate (1)

Reject alkali/base/sodium hydroxide
which neutralises/reacts with/removes the H+ (1)
Accept ice/ice-cold water to slow the reaction max 1
Reject cold water
2nd mark awarded only if an alkali added 2

(c) (i) First order (1)

In exp 2 and exp 3 / concentrations of iodine and H+ remain constant (1)
Could compare experiments 1 and 3
propanone concentration increases by 1.5 times and the rate
also increases by 1.5 times (1) 3

(ii) Zero (order) / 0 (order) 1

Accept Zeroth (order)

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(iii) Rate = k[H+][CH3COCH3]

ALLOW TE from (i) and (ii)
IGNORE state symbols 1
Accept rate = k[H+][CH3COCH3][I2]0
Accept “R” or “r” for rate
Accept “K” for “rate constant”

(iv) H+ and CH3COCH3

IGNORE state symbols 1
Accept Names, [], displayed formula
ALLOW TE from rate equation in (iii)

(v) CH3COCH3 + H+ → CH3C+OHCH3 (1)

“+” can appear anywhere on formula
“+” sign must appear on the product for the 1st mark
The (positive) hydrogen ion is attracted to the lone pair
of electrons / δ– on the oxygen atom (in the propanone). (1) 2
No TE from earlier parts
[13]

28. (a) D 1

(b) A 1

(c) B 1

(d) A 1
[4]

29. D
[1]

30. D
[1]

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31. (a) Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)

Accept state symbols omitted 1

(b) (i) Positive because a gas is given off (1)

which is more disordered and so has more entropy (1) 2

(ii) Positive because the reaction is exothermic (1)

and = –∆H/T (1) 2

(iii) Positive because the reaction occurs / total entropy change

is the sum of the two positive values above. 1

(c) (i) Surface coated with magnesium oxide (which would react to
form water rather than hydrogen). 1

(ii) QWC
Initial number of moles of HCl = 20 × 1 /1000 = 0.02
Number of moles of Mg = 0.1 / 24 = 0.00417 (1)
number of moles of HCl which reacts is 0.00834 (1)
Therefore number of moles of HCl left = 0.01166 (1)
Ignore sig figs
so the concentration nearly halves which would significantly
reduce the rate and so make the assumption that the initial
rate is proportional to 1/time invalid / inaccurate. (1)
Increase the volume of acid to (at least) 50 cm3 (1)
Or measure the time to produce less than the full amount of gas
Or use a smaller piece of magnesium. (1) 5

(iii) Energy given out = 467 000 × 0.1/24 J = 1 946 J

20 × 4.18 × ∆T = 1 946 (1)
∆T = 23.3(o) (1)
Accept units of degrees celsius or Kelvin
This temperature change would significantly increase
the rate of the reaction (1)
Carry out the reaction in a water bath of constant
temperature/use a larger volume of more dilute acid (1) 4

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(iv) At 329 time 4s 1/time = 0.25 s–1 ln(rate) = –1.39 (1)

At 283 time 124s 1/time = 0.00806 s–1 ln(rate) = –4.82 (1)
[graph to be drawn]
Plot line with new gradient = – 3.43 / 0.00049
= – 7 000 (1)
Accept –6800 to –7200
Activation energy = + 7 000 × 8.31
= + 58.2 kJ mol–1 (1) 4

(v) QWC
Rate of reaction reduced because less surface area in contact
with the acid. (1) 1

(vi) Any two

• Repeat the experiment at each of the temperatures
• obtain an initial rate eg by measuring the volume of gas
given off before the reaction is complete.
• Other sensible suggestions. 2

(vii) The rate should be lower, since ethanoic acid is a weaker acid
(compared to hydrochloric acid) and so there will be a lower
concentration of hydrogen ions present. 1
[24]

32. QWC
Answer must be given in a logical order, addressing all the points using precise
terminology
• Collision frequency increases as particles moving more quickly (1)
• More collisions have sufficient energy to overcome activation energy /
more molecules on collision have energy ≥ activation energy (1)
• A greater proportion of collisions result in reaction (1)
• Collision energy has greater effect (1)
• Homogeneous all in same phase and heterogeneous in different
phases / gas and solid (1)
• No need to separate products from catalyst (1) 6
Reject more collisions
Reject more successful collisions
[6]

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1. (a) Many more ways of arranging / more disordered gas molecules than solid
(particles) 1
(b) ∆Sοsystem = +123.7 + 2(+192.3) + 2(+69.9) – (+99.7) – 2(+94.6)
= +359(.2) J K–1 mol–1
Method (1) 2
Sign, value, units (1)

– ∆H – (+51.1 × 10 3 )
(c) ∆Sοsurroundings = /= (1)
T 298
= – 171.5 / 171 J K–1mol–1 (1) 2
(d) ∆Sοtotal = ∆Sοsystem + ∆Sοsurroundings So the total entropy change has a positive
value / is greater than zero.
OR
∆Sοtotal = + 187.7 / +188 J K–1mol–1 1

51.1 × 10 3
(e) 0 = 359.2 –
T
Some recognisable correct method (1)
T = 142(.3) / 143 K (1) 2
[8]

2. (a) (i) Gases have much higher entropies than solids as there are many more
ways of arranging the entities / less ordered / more random(ness)
OR reverse argument (1)
ZnCO3 has more atoms/is more complex than ZnO (1) 2

(ii) ∆Sοsystem = (+43.6) + (+213.6) – (+82.4)

=+174.8/175 J mol–1 K–1

method (1)
answer, sign and units (1)
Correct answer, sign and units with no working (2) 2

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(b)
As printed Amended
– ∆H – ∆H
∆Sοsurroundings = ∆Sοsurroundings =
T T
– (+464.5 × 10 3 ) – (+71.0 × 10 3 )
OR = (1) OR = (1)
298 298
= – 1560 / 1559 J mol–1 K–1 = – 238(.3) J mol–1 K–1
answer, sign and units (1) answer, sign and units (1)
ONLY accept 3 or 4 SF 2
IF correct answer, sign and units with no working (1)

(c) (i)

∆Sοtotal = +174.8 – 1558.7

= – 1384 / – 1380 J mol–1 K– = – 63.5 / 64 / 63 / 63.2 / 63.4 J mol–1 K–1

1

IF + 174.8 – 1560
= – 1385(.2)
= –1385 / 1390 J mol–1 K–1
IF + 174.8 – 1559
= – 1384 J mol–1 K–1
ONLY penalise incorrect units OR no units in (a)(ii), (b) and (c)(i) once 1

(ii) Natural direction is right to left /reverse as ∆Sοtotal /total entropy change
is negative / less than zero. 1
MUST be consistent with (i)

(d) (i) Kp = p co2 ((g) eqm) 1

(ii) Increase temperature / reduce pressure (1)
Decreases ∆Sοsurroundings (negative) and hence increases ∆Sοtotal / Le Chatelier’s
principle applied (i.e increasing temperature, reducing pressure) (1) 2
[11]

3. (a) Pressure NOT partial pressure )

intensity or change of colour ) Any one
volume ) 1

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(b) Kc = [NO2(g)]2 / [N2O4(g)]

State symbols required 1

(c) Mol NO2 at equilibrium = 0.0120 / 1.20 × 10–2 (1)

Kc = (0.0120)2 ÷ (0.0310)
= 4.6 / 4.65 × 10–3 (1) mol dm–3 (1) 3

(d) (i) Amount of NO2 reduced 1

(ii) No effect 1

(e) As Kc is bigger, more NO2 is produced so heat helps forward reaction /

by Le Chatelier’s principle reaction goes forward to use up heat /
as temperature increases ∆Stotal must be more positive so ∆Ssurroundings
(= –∆H/T must be less negative 1

(f) Positive / + with some attempt at explanation (1)

1 mol / molecule gas → 2 mol / molecule gas / products more disordered
than reactants (1) 2

∆H – ∆H × 1000
(g) ∆Ssurroundings = – OR 1
T T
(h) ∆Stotal is positive as reaction occurs (1)
So ∆Ssystem must be more positive than ∆Ssurroundings is negative (1) 2
[13]

4. (a) (i) Methanol is the biggest/ most complex molecule / greatest MR /most
atoms/most electrons 1
(ii) ∆Ssystem = 239.7 – 197.6 – 2(130.6)
= –219.1/ –219 J mol–lK–1
Method (1)
answer + units (1) 2
(iii) yes as 3 molecules → 1 OR yes as (2) gases → a liquid 1
(iv) ∆Ssurr = –∆H/T (stated or used) (1)
= –(–129/ 298) = +0.433 kJ mol–1 K–1 / +433 J mol–1 K–1/+ 432.9 (1)
–1 for wrong units/ no units / more than 4 SF
–1 for wrong sign/ no sign 2
(v) ∆Stotal = –219.1 + 433 = +213.9 / +213.8 J mol K / +214 J mol K /
–1 –1 –1 –1

+0.214 kJ mol –1K–1 (1)

Positive so possible (1) 2

(b) (i) Temperature

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Faster at 400°C (1)

even though yield is lower (1)
Pressure
Higher pressure improves yield of methanol (1)
Higher pressure increases rate (1)
Maximum 3 3
(ii) Not in same phase as reactants. ALLOW state instead of phase 1
(iii) Kp = p(CH3OH)/p(CO)×p(H2)2 1
(iv) Partial pressure of methanol = 200 – 55 – 20 = 125 atm (1)
Kp = (125)/55×202
= 5.68 × 10–3 / 5.7 × 10–3 atm–2 (1) 2

(c) (i) Number of molecules / fraction of molecules with energy ≥ EA /number

of molecules which have enough energy to react. 1
(ii) Vertical line / mark on axis to show value to the left of line EA 1
[17]

5. Penalise units only once in this question

(a) (2×192.3)–[191.6 + (130.6 × 3)] (1)
= –198.8/199 J mol–1 K –1 (1) 2

– – 92.2 × 1000 / – –92.2 /

(b) –∆H / T (1)
298 298
= + 309(.4) J mol–1 K–1 / + 0.309(4) kJ mol–1K–1 (1) 2

(c) (i) –198.8 + 309 = + 110 J mol–1 K–1 (3 SF)

OR
– 198.8 + 309.4 = + 111 J mol–1 K–1 (3 SF)
[Do not penalise missing + sign if penalised already in (b)]
NOT 4SF. Penatise SF only once on paper 1
(ii) Yes, as ∆Stotal is positive / total entropy change 1

(d) (i) Higher T makes ∆Ssurroundings decrease (so ∆Stotal is less positive) 1
(ii) Cost (of energy) to provide compression/ cost of equipment
to withstand high P/ maintenance costs.
NOT safety considerations alone 1
(iii) Different phase/state (to the reactants) 1
[9]

6. (a) (i)

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Starts at zero and approaching x-axis (1)

Maximum greater and at lower energy(1) – T2 needs only to be just
higher than T1
T2 curve must go below T1 curve approaching the x-axis 2

(ii) As the temperature increases the energy of the particles increases (1)
Use the diagram shading areas
OR more particles to the right hand side of EA line (1)
and so more (successful) collisions/particles have energy greater /
equal or greater than the activation energy (1)
NOT “equal” on its own
NOT mention of “frequency of collisions” on its own 3

(iii) A catalyst provides an alternative route with a lower activation energy/

which requires less energy (1)
so more collisions / particles have energy greater than the activation
energy (1) 2

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(b) (i) e.g.

Measure the volume of gas given off in a given time / count bubbles /
obscuring cross using limewater (1)
and then repeat over a range of temperatures (1)
No diagram max 3
If method shown cannot possibly work max 1 ie waterbath or
sensible range of temperatures BUT NOT different temperatures
Penalty
–1 for poor diagram

(ii) Positive
1 mol goes to 4 moles/particles (so more disorder) /increase in number
of moles/particles (1)
products include a gas (and so more disorder) (1)
NOT 1 mole of compound/element goes to 4 moles of
compound/element
If “negative” 0 (out of 2) 2

(iii) Positive with some explanation e.g. ∆Ssurroundings = – ∆H/T OR

because reaction is exothermic (1)
∆H is therefore negative and so ∆Ssurroundings must be positive (1)
If negative given in (ii) allow TE here 2
[15]

7. (a) (i) +313.4 − 4 × 197.6 − 29.9 (1) Absence of 4 × (0)

= –506.9 J mol–1K–1 OR –507 J mol–1K–1 OR answer in kJ (1)
NOT – 510 ie 2 SF
Missing or wrong units ie answer does not match units 1 max 2

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(ii) Negative as expected because only 1 mole of gas on the RHS but 4
moles of gas on the LHS
Mark can be awarded if answer based on moles only rather than
states [5 moles → 1 mole] 1

(iii) ∆Sοsurroundings = –∆H/T (1) For equation or use of equation

= 191 000 / 323
= (+) 591 J mol–1K–1 (1) OR answer in kJ 2
ALLOW (+) 591.3 J mol–1 K–1 / (+) 590 J mol–1 K–1
ALLOW 2, 3 or 4 SF
+ sign not needed provided there is evidence in calculation to
show positive
In (i) and (ii) missing units is penalised once UNLESS a
different unit error is made – hence penalise twice)

(iv) ∆Sοtotal is positive/(+84 J mol–1K–1) so reaction should go forwards

ALLOW TE from (a)(i) 1

pNi (CO) 4
(b) (i) Kp = if square brackets [ ] are used (0) 1
pco 4
(ii) Ni(CO)4 moles at eq 0.25 (1)
total number of moles = 99.25
0.25 99
PNi(CO)4 = × 1 = (0.00252) PCO = = (0.9975) (1)
99.25 99.25
2nd mark must be to at least 3 SF or working must be shown ie
some evidence that ÷ their total number of moles
Kp = 0.25 / 99.25 / (99/99.25)4
= 2.54 × 10–3 (1) atm–3 (1)
Units marked independently
ALLOW 2.5 × 10–3
Many have total number of moles as 100 even when it is not –
ALLOW TE for 2nd and 3rd mark if it should be 100 or just TE
for third mark if it shouldn’t be 100 from their working
[Kp = 2.6 or 2.60 × 10–3] 4

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(iii) Increasing the pressure/ concentration of CO would force the

reaction to the RHS with the smallest number of gaseous molecules
(1)
NOT pressure with rate
Reduce the temperature so that the reaction goes in the exothermic
direction / increase the temperature to increase rate (1)
Do not allow equilibrium to be reached by passing the CO over the
nickel/recovering the product formed (1)
Use a catalyst to increase rate / increase the surface area of the nickel
to increase number of collisions (1) 3

(c) The reaction can be reversed by increasing the temperature (1)

as ∆Sοsurroundings will become less positive/more negative as the temperature
is increased (and ∆Ssystem will remain almost unchanged) so ∆Stotal becomes
negative for the forward reaction (1) 2
[16]

8. (a) (i) Negative with some sensible explanation eg fewer moles of product (1)
3 moles of gases going to 2 moles of gases (1) 2
MUST mention gases or no changes in state

(ii) Positive with some explanation eg exothermic so surroundings

gain entropy (1)
∆H
∆Ssurroundings = – [OR given in words]
T
OR
∆Stotal = ∆Ssystem + ∆Ssurroundings [OR given in words]
as reaction goes, ∆Stotal must be positive therefore ∆Ssurroundings
must be positive
OR
Surroundings gain energy so more ways of arranging energy (1) 2

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2
PNO 2
(b) (i) (Kp) = (1)
PNO 2 × PO 2

Check that it is not a “+” on denominator.

ALLOW ( ) but NOT [ ] eg ALLOW ( (PNO 2 ) 2 )2 etc
ALLOW (pNO2)2

Atm–1 / Pa–1 / kPa–1 / m2 N–1 (1) – 2nd mark dependent on 1st

ALLOW atms–1 / atmospheres–1
NOT atm–etc
NOT Kpa–1 2

(ii) Temperature
A lower temperature is needed to get a better yield (and would
cost less) because the reaction is exothermic (1)
but the lower temperature may slow the reaction down too much
OR reverse argument (1)
Pressure
A high pressure will increase yield as only two moles on the right
compared to three on the left/less moles on the right hand side (1)
It will also increase the rate of the reaction (1)
Low pressure because of cost only gets mark if higher yield
at higher pressure identified
To award any of the yield marks must say why 4

(c) (i) Must be a quantity that can be measured

Eg
The pressure could be measured (1)
as it will decrease as the reaction proceeds because there are only
two/fewer moles on the right compared to three on the left (1)
OR colour (1)
as the nitrogen(IV) oxide is brown whereas the other gases
are colourless (1)
OR total volume (1)
which will decrease by one third/because there are fewer moles (1)
ALLOW acidity because NO2 acidic and others not (1 max)
NOT dilatometry
NOT temperature 2

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(ii) [NO] second order (1)

because when conc of NO is doubled, the rate goes up four times (1)
[O2] first order (1) 3
Then (iii), (iv) and (v) must follow consistently from (ii)

(iii) ALLOW TE from (ii) e.g.

rate = k[NO]2[O2] rate = k[NO][O2] 1

(iv) third / 3 second / 2 1

(v) 8000 (1) dm6 mol–2 s–1 (1) 8 (1) dm3 mol–1 s–1 (1)
Units can be given in any order 2

(d) The activation energy must be low

OR bond energies low
NOT “more successful collisions”
NOT large rate constant 1
[20]

9. (a) Any 2
Measure the loss in mass as a gas/carbon dioxide is given off (1)
Measure the concentration of the acid by titration
OR Carry out a titration with sodium hydroxide (1)
NOT “titration” on its own
Measure conductivity because 4 ions go to 3 ions / decrease in ions / change in
number of ions (1)
Measure pH because acid is used up / changes / concentration changes /one
reactant is acidic (1)
NOT dilatometry / nmr / x-ray crystallography / temperature
change / colorimetry / indicator / change in mass of CaCO3 2

(b) Initially some carbon dioxide dissolves in the solution (until the solution is
saturated).
OR
Some CO2 might escape whilst adding acid/before putting on bung 1

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(c) (i) 88 (cm3) 1

(ii) 95 72 16
125 79 9
155 84 4
185 87 1 1

(iii) The concentration of the hydrochloric acid / HCl

OR [HCl]
NOT concentration of reactants 1

(iv)
100

80

(Vfinal –Vt )
/ cm 3
60

40

20

0
0 100 200
time / s
ALLOW extrapolated back to between 88 and 100
points correctly plotted (1)
ALLOW TE for points
and reasonably smooth curve drawn (1) 2
NOT dot-to-dot

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(v) three successive half-lives shown on the graph (1)

MUST start at defined volume NOT 0s/85 cm3
all three values similar about 37s (1)
ALLOW 32-42 or show on graph
NOT 40, 80, 120
constant half-life / half-life not increasing means first order reaction (1)
If only two half lives shown max 2
If in (v) zero / 2nd order deduced max 1 for first part but TE allowed
to parts (vi) and (vii) 3

(vi) rate = k[HCl] If zero order

OR rate =k[HCl]1 rate = k
OR rate =K[HCl]1[CaCO3]0 OR rate = k[HCl]0
NOT rate = k[Vfinal-Vt]1 If second order
rate = k [HCl]2
NOT rate = k[CaCO3]1[HCl]1 1

(vii) s–1 T.E zero order – mol dm–3 s–1

second order – dm3 mol–1 s–1 1

(d) ∆Ssystem
positive + some sensible reason eg gas given off (1)
as a mole of a gas given off and three moles including one solid becomes
three moles with no solid / gas more random than solid
OR
Gas more disordered than a solid
OR
Despite same number of moles/particles (1)
∆Stotal
positive + some reason (1)
eg
positive because reaction exothermic / favourable (1)
positive + good reason (2)
eg
positive because reaction is spontaneous / goes to completion / feasible
OR ∆Ssurroundings is positive because ∆H is negative /
reaction exothermic ∴ ∆Stotal positive (2) 4
[provided ∆Ssystem shown positive earlier]
[17]

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10. (a) (i) NO2 is a gas (whereas BaO is a solid) (1)

Ba(NO3)2 has a more complicated structure than BaO (1)
Allow 2nd mark if a correct statement is combined with a
“neutral” wrong statement 2
Accept Ba(NO3)2 “molecule” has more electrons / is larger
than BaO “molecule” (1)
Accept more atoms/ions/particles
Accept more complicated/complex compound
Reject Ba(NO3)2 has a larger molar mass than BaO
Reject more molecules/elements

(ii) ∆Sοsystem = 70.4 + (2 × 240.0) + (½ × 205.0) – 213.8 (1)

= +439.1 J mol–1 K–1 (1)
–1 per error 2
Accept +439 J mol–1 K–1
Accept J/ mol /K

∆H 505× 1000
(b) ∆Sοsurroundings = − (1) = −
T 298
= – 1700 J mol–1 K–1 (3 s.f.) (1)
Penalise wrong units in (a)(ii) and (b) once only 2
Accept –1690 J mol–1 K–
Accept –1695 J mol–1 K–1
Answers in kJ mol–1 K–1
Reject –1694 J mol–1 K–1
Reject –1694.6 J mol–1 K–1
Reject –1694.63 J mol–1 K–1

(c) ∆Sοtotal = +439.1 – 1695 = – 1260 (J mol–1 K–1) (1)

Allow TE [follow through working from (a)(ii) and (b)]
Mark consistently with (a)(ii) and (b)
The reaction isn’t spontaneous / doesn’t “go” (at 298K) (1)
Must be consistent with sign in calculation 2
Accept –1256 J mol–1 K–1
Accept –1261 J mol–1 K–1
Accept –1255.5 J mol–1 K–1

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(d) When just spontaneous, ∆Sοtotal = 0

505 OR 505000
or implied by calculation i.e (1)
a(ii)

⇒ ∆Sοsurroundings = –439.1 J mol–1 K–1

505× 1000
⇒T= = 1150 (K) (1)
439.1
Accept 1150.1 K
Accept 877 °C
Accept 1151K with no working (1 max)
Reject 1151K for 2nd mark
Reject any negative value for T (in K): no 2nd mark
Reject 1150 °C
ignore 0K
Allow full marks for an answer without working 2
[10]

11. (a) (i) [6 × 188.7 + 4 × 210.7] – [4 × 192.3 + 5 × 205] (1)

+180.8 J mol–1 K–1 (1)
Accept +181 J mol–1 K–1
Reject internal TE
–1 for missing + sign/missing or incorrect units but penalise only
once in part (a)
[IGNORE sig fig] 2

(ii) yes, as 9 molecules of gas are being changed to 10 molecules of

gas (therefore increase in disorder) 1
Accept TE from (i)
Not just 9 molecules going to 10 molecules

(iii) –905.6 × 1000 /1123 (1)

+ 806.4 J mol–1 K–1 / 0.8064 kJ mol–1 K–1 (1)
[IGNORE SF] 2
Accept + 806 J mol K–1

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(iv) +987.2 J mol–1 K–1 1

Accept +987 J mol–1 K–1
allow TE from (i) & (iii)
No TE if J mol–1 K–1 added to kJ mol–1 K–1

(v) All products/reaction goes to completion because ∆Stot > 200 J

mol–1 K–1/∆Stot is very large
[Needs to be consistent with (iv)] 1

(vi) catalysed pathway should have lower Ea than uncatalysed pathway

and the peak of the curve should be above the energy level of the
reactants (1)
Energy of products should be lower than energy of reactants (1) 2

2
pNO 2
(b) (i) Kp = 1
pNO 2 × pO 2

p 2 NO 2
Accept
p 2 NO × pO 2
Reject [ ]

4.95
(ii) mole fraction NO2 = or 0.99 (1)
5
0.025
mole fraction NO = or 0.005
5
OR
0.025
mole fraction O2 = or 0.005 (1)
5
(0.99) 2 (1.5) 2
Kp = 3 3
= 5227200 / 5.2 × 106 (1)
(0.005) (1.15)

atm–1 (1) unit mark independent but consistent with

expression used in calculation.
IGNORE SF 4
Correct answer for Kp alone = 3 max

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(iii) Equilibrium lies to RHS/products side as Kp is large

OR reaction won’t go to completion as Kp < 1010
Must be consistent with (ii) 1
Allow TE from b(ii)

(iv) Kp remains unchanged as pressure does not affect it / only

temperature affects Kp (1)
partial pressure of NO2 increases as eqm moves to side of
fewest (gas) molecules/RHS (1)
or
Partial pressure of NO2 increases as pp = mole fraction × total
pressure 2
Accept justification in terms of entropy
[17]

12. (a) ∆Sοsystem = [202.9 + 2 × 192.3] – [99.7 + 2 × 94.6]

= 587.5 – 288.9 = +299 J mol–1 K–1
Value (1) sign & units (1)
Allow TE for internal error only if a failure to double one or both of the
two energies:
i.e. +106/+106.3 J mol–1 K–1
+393/+393.2 J mol–1 K–1
+201/+200.9 J mol–1 K–1 (1 max) 2
Accept +298.6 J mol–1 K–1 (2)
Accept correct answer with no working (2)
No credit for answer based on an inverse subtraction, i.e. –
299/–298.6 J mol–1 K–1

(b) ∆Sοsurroundings = – ∆H/T or –21200/298 (1)

= –71.1 J mol–1 K–1 (1)
Only penalise units once in (a) & (b)
Allow one minor slip in units, e.g. J mol– K–1 2
Accept correct answer with no working (2)
Accept –0.0711 kJ mol–1 K–1
Reject all other values

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(c) (i) ∆Sοtotal = (+)227.5 (J mol–1 K–1) / answer to (a) plus answer to (b),
provided that value is positive.
Since value is positive, (reaction is spontaneous)
Must do the arithmetic
Both needed for the mark 1
Accept rounded value e.g.
(+)228 J mol–1 K–1
Accept ∆Sοsystem is large and +ve
Accept ∆Sοsurroundings is small and –ve
so ∆Sοtotal must be positive (and reaction is spontaneous)
Reject any negative number

(ii) Activation energy must be high / reaction must be kinetically

hindered/reaction doesn’t have to be fast 1
Accept poor contact between solids
Accept few/no collisions between particles
Reject ∆H is positive, so heat is needed to start the reaction

(iii) Dissolve solid(s) in water/solvent (before “mixing”) (1)

Accept grind into a (fine) powder
Reject use of a catalyst
Particles/ions/”molecules” (not atoms) become mobile,
so increasing chance of collisions, (hence interactions) (1)
mark independently 2
Accept which increases surface area so improves chance of
collisions
[8]

( p NO ) 2
13. (a) (i) Kp =
p N 2 × p O2

Allow answer with brackets and/or “x” omitted

Ignore (g) and eq 1
p 2 NO
Accept K p =
p N 2 × p O2

Reject anything in [ ]

(ii) Same number of moles on each side of the equation OR

The (partial pressure) units all cancel out (in the expression for Kp) 1

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(b) (i) (pNO)2 = 0.87 × 0.23 × 5.0 × 10–31 (1)

= 1.0 × 10–31
pNO = √(1.0 × 10–31)
= 3.2 × 10–16 (atm) (1)
Accept 3.16 × 10–16 (atm) (1)
Ignore sig fig
Mark consequentially only if based on reciprocal of
correct expression in (a)(i) 2

(ii) 0.87 + 0.23 (+ 3.2 × 10–16) = 1.10 / 1.1 (atm)

Allow TE from (b)(i) 1
Reject answer based on adding 2 × pNO

(iii) pNO doubles/will become 6.4 × 10–16 atm (1)

Kp remains constant/is (still) 5.0 × 10–31 (1)

Ignore any “neutral” qualifications to these answers 2
Accept pNO will increase
Reject more than double
Reject answers with incorrect reasoning

(c) (i) Reaction will occur, but (very) little

NO is formed
OR
the equilibrium mixture is mainly
(unreacted) N2 and O2 1
Accept reaction occurs, but equilibrium lies (very much) to the
left
Reject “Reaction is more likely to occur from right to left” OR
“Reverse reaction is favoured”, unless included with
acceptable answer

(ii) No change of state of any of the components is involved

(as the gases are heated up) OWTTE
OR
All components are gases (at these temperatures)
IGNORE Any reference to the number of particles involved 1

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∆H
(iii) (∆H is positive so) − = ∆Ssurroundings will be negative
T
No mark for “negative” alone 1
Accept negative, since for an endothermic reaction energy is
taken from the surroundings causing a decrease in disorder /
reduction in entropy

(iv) (As T increases) ∆Ssurroundings becomes greater/less negative/

more positive, so ∆Stotal (also) becomes greater/less
negative/more positive/increases 1
Accept ∆Ssurroundings becomes “smaller”, if qualified, e.g.
becomes closer to zero

(d) Equilibrium might not have been reached (in the very short time the
gases are present in the engine)
Ignore references to the fact that the system is not “closed” 1
Accept other gases are present in the air (apart from N2 and
O2)
Accept temperature inside engine may be less than 1500K
Accept actual (total) pressure may be less than that assumed
[12]

14. (a) (i) Liquids are more disordered than solids/ solids are more
ordered than liquids/ solids are less disordered than liquids /
liquids are less ordered than solids 1
Accept more ways of arranging energy in a liquid because of
translation/rotation energy
Reject just “more ways of arranging energy”

(ii) (165 + 217.1 – 166.5 =) + 215.6 OR +216 (J mol–1 K–1)

“+” sign essential 1
Accept +(0).2156 kJ mol–1 K–1
OR +0.216 kJ mol–1 K–1
Reject 215 J mol–1 K–1
Reject 0.215 kJ mol–1 K–1

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(iii) Yes because

The products include a gas (1)
Accept solid goes to liquid and gas for first mark
One mole/molecule goes to two moles/molecules (1) 2
1 reactant goes to 2 products does not get 2nd mark

− ∆H
(b) ∆Sοsurroundings =
T
OR
− 123800
(1)
298
= – 415 J mol–1 K–1 (1) 2
Accept – 0.415 kJ mol–1 K–1
Accept –415.4 J mol–1 K–1
Accept final answer with no working (2)
Allow “j” for “J”
Reject full calculator display eg –415.4362416
Reject more than 2 dp e.g. –415.436

(c) (i) ∆Stotal = –415 + 216 = –199

or –199.8 or –200) (J mol–1 K–1)
IGNORE 4th significant figure 1
Accept –0.199 kJ mol–1 K–1
ALLOW TE from(a)(ii) and (b)

(ii) reactants predominate / equilibrium lies well to the left

OR
Equilibrium completely to the left 1
ALLOW TE from (c)(i)

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p PCl3 × p CL2
(d) (i) Kp = (1)
p PCl5

IGNORE state symbols or lack of them unless (s) or (l)

Units atm (1) 2
Accept capital “P”
Accept use of ( )
If expression the wrong way up allow second mark if units given
as atm–1
Reject use of [ ]

(ii)
Substance Moles at Moles at Peq /atm
start equilibrium
0.15
0.20 × 4.32
PCl5(g) 0.25
(1)
= 2.592
PCl3(g) 0.05 0.05
× 4.32
0.25
= 0.864
Cl2(g) 0.05 0.864
Total number of moles 0.25
at equilibrium

All three(1) All three(1)

Allow consequential marking across columns 3
If moles at eqm are given as 0.025 for PCl3(g) and for Cl2(g)
then 4th column should be 3.24, 0.54 and 0.54
and gets 2 (out of 3)

0.864 × 0.864
(iii) (Kp = )
(2.592)
= 0.288 (atm) 1
ALLOW TE from di and from dii
Common wrong values above gives 0.090
ALLOW 0.29
Reject 0.3
reject 0.28

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(iv) A No change because Kp depends only on temperature /

number of moles would change in same proportion (1)
B Increase because reaction is endothermic (1)
OR
entropy arguments 2
If both changes correct but no explanations then 1 (out of 2)
[16]

15. (a) B 1

(b) A 1
[2]

16. (a) Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)

Accept state symbols omitted 1

(b) (i) Positive because a gas is given off (1)

which is more disordered and so has more entropy (1) 2

(ii) Positive because the reaction is exothermic (1)

and = –∆H/T (1) 2

(iii) Positive because the reaction occurs / total entropy change

is the sum of the two positive values above. 1

(c) (i) Surface coated with magnesium oxide (which would react to
form water rather than hydrogen). 1

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(ii) QWC
Initial number of moles of HCl = 20 × 1 /1000 = 0.02
Number of moles of Mg = 0.1 / 24 = 0.00417 (1)
number of moles of HCl which reacts is 0.00834 (1)
Therefore number of moles of HCl left = 0.01166 (1)
Ignore sig figs
so the concentration nearly halves which would significantly
reduce the rate and so make the assumption that the initial
rate is proportional to 1/time invalid / inaccurate. (1)
Increase the volume of acid to (at least) 50 cm3 (1)
Or measure the time to produce less than the full amount of gas
Or use a smaller piece of magnesium. (1) 5

(iii) Energy given out = 467 000 × 0.1/24 J = 1 946 J

20 × 4.18 × ∆T = 1 946 (1)
∆T = 23.3(o) (1)
Accept units of degrees celsius or Kelvin
This temperature change would significantly increase
the rate of the reaction (1)
Carry out the reaction in a water bath of constant
temperature/use a larger volume of more dilute acid (1) 4

(iv) At 329 time 4s 1/time = 0.25 s–1 ln(rate) = –1.39 (1)

At 283 time 124s 1/time = 0.00806 s–1 ln(rate) = –4.82 (1)
[graph to be drawn]
Plot line with new gradient = – 3.43 / 0.00049
= – 7 000 (1)
Accept –6800 to –7200
Activation energy = + 7 000 × 8.31
= + 58.2 kJ mol–1 (1) 4

(v) QWC
Rate of reaction reduced because less surface area in contact
with the acid. (1) 1

(vi) Any two

• Repeat the experiment at each of the temperatures
• obtain an initial rate eg by measuring the volume of gas
given off before the reaction is complete.
• Other sensible suggestions. 2

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(vii) The rate should be lower, since ethanoic acid is a weaker acid
(compared to hydrochloric acid) and so there will be a lower
concentration of hydrogen ions present. 1
[24]

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1. (a) (i) 2Ca(NO3)2 → 2CaO + 4NO2 + O2

formulae correct (1) balance (1). Ignore any state symbols.
The balance mark is not stand–alone. 2
(ii) steam / fizzing sound / crumbles (1)
solid swells up / milky liquid produced / comment about sparingly soluble
substance (1)
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 (1) ignore any state symbols 3
(iii) less (1) 1

(iv) (Cat)ion size increases down the Group / charge density decreases (1)
(not atom size)
The polarizing power of the cation decreases down the Group (1).
The less polarized the anion is by the cation the more difficult the nitrate is to
decompose (1).
Polarisation mark could come from ‘the less the electron cloud is distorted…’
or
trend in cation size (1)
comparison of the lattice energies of the nitrate and the oxide (1)
balance in favour of oxide at top of group
and the nitrate at the bottom (1) 3

(b) (i) same number of particles in a smaller volume / gas density increased (1) 1
(ii) comment related to the number of molecules on each side to explain a shift to
l.h.s. (1) (not just ‘due to Le Chatelier…’)
so at higher pressure equilibrium moves to favour N2O4 (1) 2

(iii) Kp = p(NO2)2
p(N2O4)
There must be some symbolism for pressure, and no [ ] 1
(iv) (Kp = p(NO2)2 = 48)
p(N2O4)

p(NO2)2 = 48 × 0.15 = 7.2 (1)

p(NO2) = 2.7 (1) atm (1) accept 2.683 / 2.68 / 2.7
Answer and units conditional on (iii). 3
[16]

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2. (a) (i) HCl: pH = 1.13

∴ [H+] = 0.074 mol dm–3
∴ [HCl] = 0.074 mol dm–3 [0.074 to 0.07413] 1
(ii) HOCl: pH = 4.23
∴ [H+] = 5.89 × 10–5 mol dm–3 (1)
Ka = [H+] [OCl–] (1)
[HOCl]
[H+] = [OCl–] (1) or implied later in calculation
[HOCl] = [H+]2/ Ka = 0.0932 mol dm–3 (1) 4

(b) (i) [H+] = 0.10 / 0.1047 / 0.105 (1)

(ii) H2SO4 → H+ + HSO4–(1) → or
H2SO4 + H2O → H3 O + HSO4 ignore state symbols
+ –

HSO4– H+ + SO42– (1) Must be

H2SO4 + H2O H3O+ + SO42– ignore state symbols

(iii) second ionisation suppressed by the first ionisation (1) 4

[Cl 2 ] 2 × [H 2 O] 2
(c) (i) Kc = 1
[HCl]4 × [O 2 ]
(ii) 4HCl + O2 2Cl2 + 2H2O
equilibrium mols 0.20 0.050 (1) 0.30 and 0.30 (1)
[ ] eq ÷ 10 (1) 0.020 0.0050 0.030 0.030
Kc = [0.030]2 x [0.030]2 = 1010 or 1012 or 1013 or 1012.5
[0.020]4 x [0.005] (mol–1 dm3) (1) 4

(d) (i) As reaction (left to right) is exothermic (1)

Decrease in temperature drives equilibrium to from left to right (1) 2
(ii) As more (gas) molecules on the left (1), equilibrium is driven from left to right (1)
2
(iii) A catalyst has no effect (1)
As it only alters the rate of the reaction not the position of equilibrium / it alters the
rate of the forward and reverse reactions equally (1) 2
[20]

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3. (a) Still reacting / rate of forward reaction and backward reaction equal / implication that
forward and backward reactions are still taking place (1)
But concentrations constant / no macroscopic changes (1) 2
(b) Temp (Increases) Left / to SO2 / to endothermic / lower yield (1)
Press Increases/faster (1) Right to SO3 / to smaller number of molecules (1)
3

(c) (i) Increases rate / or suitable comment on rate (1)

Moves position of equilibrium to endothermic side / or suitable comment on
equilibrium such as reasonable yield / less SO3 (1)
Either compromise in which the rate is more important than the position of
equilibrium
or
optimum temperature for catalyst to operate
or
valid economic argument (1) 3

(ii) Increases rate / more SO3 / only needs small pressure to ensure gas passes through
plant / high or reasonable yield obtained at 1 atms or at low pressure anyway (1)
and
references to economic cost against yield benefit
e.g increase in pressure would increase yield of product but the increase in yield
would not offset the cost of increasing the pressure (1) 2
(iii) Catalyst speeds up reaction (1) 1

(d) Vanadium (V) oxide / vanadium pentoxide / V2O5 (1) 1

(e) Any one use
production of fertilizers, detergents, dyes, paints, pharmaceuticals (in) car batteries,
pickling metal 1
[13]

4. (a) only partially dissociated / ionised / not fully dissociated (1)

into H+ ions / H3+O / proton donor (1) 2

[H 3 O + ][A – ]
(b) Ka = (1) 1
[HA]

(c) (i) 9.0 to 9.4 (1) 1

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(ii) 9.0 to 9.4 (1)

or same answer as (c)(ii) 1

(iii) pKa = 5.6 (1)

Ka = 2.5 × 10–6 (1) consequential 2

(d) (i) (a solution that) resists change in pH / retains an almost

constant pH (1)
on addition of small quantities of acid or alkali (1) 2

(ii) 5.2 to 5.8 (1)

5.5 or 5.6 (1) or answer from (c) (iii) based on misreading scale
of graph, eg. 4.8 2

(e) Phenolphthalein (1)

indictor changes colour between pH 7 and 10 this is vertical part of graph (1)
methyl orange would change in acid / give pH between pH4 and pH6 (1)
n. b. must be +ve statement about methyl orange 3

(f) exothermic reaction / heat (energy) released during reaction (1)

HCl is strong acid fully ionised (1)
this is weak acid so some energy used for dissociation (1) 3

(g) (i) pH = −log(10) [H+] or in words 1

[H + ] 2
(ii) 1.8 × 10−5 = (1)
1
[H+] = √1.8 × 10−5 = 4.24 × 10−3 (1)
pH = −log (4.24 × 10−3)
= 2.37/2.4 (1) 2 to 4 sig. figs. 3
[21]

PSO2 × PO2
2

5. (a) (i) Kp = 2 (1)

PSO3
[ ] no mark
( ) OK 1

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(ii) 2SO3 → 2SO2 + O2

Mols at start 2 0 0
mols at equ 0.5 1.5 0.75 (1)
Mark by process
1 mark for working out mole fraction
1 mark for × 10
1 mark for correct substitution in Kp and answer
1 mark for unit

1.5
i.e. PSO2 = × 10 = 5.46
2.75
0.7
PO2 = × 10 = 2.73
2.75
0.5
PSO3= × 10 = 1.83
2.75
n.b. could show mole fraction for all 3 and then × 10 later to
give partial pressure.
Kp = (5.46)2 × (2.73) / (1.83)2 = 24.5 (1) atm (1) 5

(b) (i) No effect (1) 1

(ii) No effect (1) 1
[8]

6. (a) (i) fraction of the total pressure generated by a gas or

or
pressure gas would generate if it alone occupied the
volume
or
Ptotal × mol fraction (1) 1

p(CO) × p(H 2 ) 3
(ii) Kp = (1) not [ ] 1
p(CH 4 ) × p(H 2 O)

(iii) Increase in total pressure will result in less product

molecules in the equilibrium mixture / equilibrium
moves to left (1)
because more molecules on product side of the equilibrium
than on left (1) 2

(b) (i) No change (1) 1

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(ii) KP increase (1) 1

(iii) No change (1) 1

Kp = 1
(c) (i)
p(CH 4 ) (1) 1

(ii) 9.87 × 10–3 kPa–1/ 9.87 × 10−6 Pa−1 consequential on (i) (1) 1
Allow 3 – 5 sig fig

(iii) equilibrium has moved left in favour of gas (1)

exothermic going left to right/in the forward direction / as
written (1) Stand alone 2

(iv) Answer yes or no with some sensible justification (1)

e.g. No the costs would not justify the amount produced 1
[12]

7. (a) Few molecules dissociate (into protons) / partially dissociated / ionised (1) 1
Not fully dissociated scores zero

(b) Maintains an almost constant pH / resists change in pH (1)

with the addition of small amounts of acid or alkali (1) 2

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14

12

pH 10

4
(c) 2

0 10 20 30 40 50
Volume of alkali added / cm 3

starting pH (1) at 2.8

endpoint (1) vertical between 6 and 11 including 7-10
vertical (1) at 25 cm3
general shape (1) finish above 12 4

(d) Almost horizontal area marked on graph (1) 1

[CH 3 COO − ][H + ]

(e) (i) Ka = (1)
[CH 3 COOH]
or
[CH 3 COO − ][H 3 O + ]
Ka = (1) 1
[CH 3 COOH]

(ii) pH = pKa at half way to neutralisation point = 12.5 cm3 (1)

This could be shown on the graph
because pH = pKa when [CH3COO−] = [CH3COOH] (1) 2
[11]

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8. (a) The marks are for:

• writing the expression for K
• substituting correctly
• calculating p(SO3)
• correct generation of the ratio
• calculation of the ratio to give answer which rounds to 95 t

Kp = pSO32/ pSO22 × pO2 (= 3.00 × 104) (1)

3.00 × 104 = pSO32 / 0.1 × 0.1 × 0.5 (1) if no expression for Kp is
given this correct substitution can score 2 marks
pSO32 = 150
pSO3 = 12.25 (1)
12.25 × 100%
Ratio of SO3 = (1) = 95% (1) 5
(12.25 + 0.1 + 0.5)

(b) (i) The marks are for

• Recognizing the existence of hydrogen bonds ( between molecules) (1)
• That each molecule can form more than one hydrogen bond
because of the two OH (and two S=O groups) / or a description of
hydrogen bonds in this case / or a diagram showing the
hydrogen bonds (1)
• That hydrogen bonds make for strong intermolecular forces
(and hence high boiling temperature) which requires higher
energy to break / separate molecules (1) 3

(ii) If water is added to acid heat generated boils and liquid spits out (1)
if acid added to water the large volume of water absorbs the heat
generated (and the mixture does not boil) (1) 2

(c) (i) pH = –log10 (0.200) = 0.70 (1)

allow 0.7 or 0.699 1

(ii) realising that the first ionisation / dissociation of sulphuric

and that of HCl are both complete (1)
that the second ionisation of sulphuric is suppressed by the
H+ from the first (1)
little contribution from 2nd ionisation so reduces the pH
very little / increases the [H+] very little (1) 3

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(d) (i) Lead equations 1 mark

Pb + H2SO4 → PbSO4 + 2H+ + 2e– (1)
or
Pb + SO42− → PbSO4 + 2e–
Lead(IV) oxide equations 2 marks
PbO2 + H2SO4+ 2H+ + 2e– → PbSO4 + 2H2O
or
PbO2 +SO42– + 4H+ + 2e− → PbSO4 + 2H2O+
Species (1) balancing (1) 3

(ii) PbO2 + Pb + 2H2SO4 → 2PbSO4 + 2H2O (1) 1

[18]

9. (a) (i) pH = −log10 [H+] / pH = –lg [H+] (1) 1

(ii) KW = [H+] [OH−] or KW = [H3+O] [OH−] (1) 1

(b) fully ionised / fully dissociated / almost completely ionised (1) 1

(c) (i) 0.70 (or 0.699) (1) 1

(ii) [H+] = KW / [OH−] = 1.25 × 10–14 (1)

pH = 13.9 or 13.90 (1) 2

[H + ][A – ]
(d) (i) Ka = (1) 1
[HA]
allow [H3+O]

(ii) [H+] = √ (Ka × [HA]) (1) = 0.00474 (1)

pH = 2.32 / 2.33 (1) 3

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K a [HA]
(e) [H+] = (1)
[A – ]
[H+] = (5.62 × 10−5 × 0.3) / 0.6 = 0.0000281 / 2.81 × 10−5 (1)
pH = 4.55 (1) 3
Or
[A – ]
pH = pKa + log
[HA]
[0.600]
= −log10 (5.62 × 10−5) + log10 = 4.55
[0.300]

If initial error in statement of [H+] or Henderson equation max 1

[13]

10. (a) (i) Kc = [SO3]2 / [SO2]2 [O2] (1) 1

0.2 0.1 1.8

(ii)
30 60 60
= 3.33 × 10−3 1.67 × 10 –3
0.03 (1)
(0.03) 2
Kc = = 4860or 4.86 × 10−4 (1)
(3.33 × 10 −3 ) 2 × 1.67 × 10 −3
mol−1 dm3 (1) 3

(b) (i) Kc decreases (1) 1

(ii) shifts to left / in reverse (1) 1

(c) (i) no effect (1) 1

(ii) no effect (1) 1

(d) (i) Kp = pSO32 / pSO22 × pO2 (1) penalise square brackets 1

(ii) Total number of moles (1) consequential on a (ii)

SO2 = 0.0952(4); O2 = 0.0476 (2); SO3 = 0.857 (1) (1) 2

(iii) Partial pressures: SO2 = 0. 190 (5) atm; O2 = 0.0952 (4) atm; 1
SO3 = 1.71(4) atm (1) i.e. multiply answer in (ii) by 2

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(iv) 1.7142 / 0.19052 × 0.09524 = 850 (1)

atm−1 (1) 2
[14]

11. (a) (i) Gases have much higher entropies than solids as there are many more
ways of arranging the entities / less ordered / more random(ness)
OR reverse argument (1)
ZnCO3 has more atoms/is more complex than ZnO (1) 2

(ii) ∆Sοsystem = (+43.6) + (+213.6) – (+82.4)

=+174.8/175 J mol–1 K–1

method (1)
answer, sign and units (1)
Correct answer, sign and units with no working (2) 2

(b)
As printed Amended
– ∆H – ∆H
∆Sοsurroundings = ∆Sοsurroundings =
T T
– (+464.5 × 10 3 ) – (+71.0 × 10 3 )
OR = (1) OR = (1)
298 298
= – 1560 / 1559 J mol–1 K–1 = – 238(.3) J mol–1 K–1
answer, sign and units (1) answer, sign and units (1)
ONLY accept 3 or 4 SF 2
IF correct answer, sign and units with no working (1)

(c) (i)

∆Sοtotal = +174.8 – 1558.7

= – 1384 / – 1380 J mol–1 K– = – 63.5 / 64 / 63 / 63.2 / 63.4 J mol–1 K–1

1

IF + 174.8 – 1560
= – 1385(.2)
= –1385 / 1390 J mol–1 K–1
IF + 174.8 – 1559
= – 1384 J mol–1 K–1
ONLY penalise incorrect units OR no units in (a)(ii), (b) and (c)(i) once 1

(ii) Natural direction is right to left /reverse as ∆Sοtotal /total entropy change

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is negative / less than zero. 1

MUST be consistent with (i)

(d) (i) Kp = p co2 ((g) eqm) 1

(ii) Increase temperature / reduce pressure (1)
Decreases ∆Sοsurroundings (negative) and hence increases ∆Sοtotal / Le Chatelier’s
principle applied (i.e increasing temperature, reducing pressure) (1) 2
[11]

12. (a) (i) Pairs up CH3CH2COOH and CH3CH2COO–

and H2O/H3O+(1); correct identification of which is acid and
which base (1) 2
(ii) Ka = [CH3CH2COO–] [H3O+] / [CH3CH2COOH] (1) 1

[H+] is acceptable.

(iii) [H+] = (Ka[HA])½ or √Ka[HA] (1) = (1. 3 × 10–5 × 0.10) ½

= 1.14 × 10–3 mol dm–3 (1) pH = 2.9 or 2.94, i.e. to 1 or 2 d.p. (1) 3
Consequential on the value of [H+] provided the pH resulting is
between 0 and 7.

(iv) [H+][OH–] = 10–14 (1) = 1.14 × 10–3 [OH–]

Thus [OH–] =10–14 × 10–3 (1)
= 8.77 (8.8) × 10–12 mol dm–3 (1) units needed (2 or 3 sf)
Consequential on the answer to (iii) for [H+]
Allow 8.71 × 10–12 if solved using pH + pOH and pH = 2.94;
7.9 × 10–12 if solved using pH + pOH and pH = 2.9. 3

(b) CH3CH2COO– + H2O CH3CH2COOH + OH (1)

Hydroxide ions make the solution alkaline (1) or propanoate
ion deprotonates the water
or CH3CH2COONa + H2O → CH3CH2COOH + NaOH (1)
Explanation then must comment that acid is weak/not fully
ionised 2

(c) (i) Solution that maintains almost constant pH (1)

for small addition of acid or alkali (1) 2

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(ii) pH = pKa + lg [salt]/[acid] (1)

= 4.9 + Ig (0.05)/(0.025) (1) for dividing by 2
= 5.19 or 5.2 (1). 3
If the Henderson equation is wrong but concs are divided by 2
then 1/3 max.
Or
[H ] = Ka[acid]
+

[salt]
(1)

1.30 × 10 -5 × 0.025
= (1)
0.050
pH = 5.19 or 5.2 (1)
If the concns are twice what they should be, ie. candidate does
not spot the volume increase, then max (2). The pH is still 5.2,
so care is needed.
[16]

13. (a) pH = –Ig [H+(aq)]

OR [H+(aq)] = 10–pH / 10–9.6 = 10–9.6 (method) (1)
= 2.5(1) × 10–10 mol dm –3 (2) 3

(b) (i) Kw = [H+(aq)][OH–(aq)] 1

Kw
(ii) [OH– (aq)] =
[H +
(aq )]
1.0 × 10 –14
=
2.51 × 10 –10
= 3.98 / 4(.0) × 10–5 mol dm–3 1
(iii) [Ca(OH)2(aq)] = 0.5 × 3.98 × 10–5)
= 1.99 / 2(.0) × 10–5 mol dm–3 1
(iv) =1.99 / 2(.03) ×10–5 × 74
=0.00147 (g dm–3) MUST be to 3 SF 1
(v) Due to reaction with carbon dioxide in the air / temperature differences 1

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(c) (i) pH = 3(.0) Penalise if more than 2 SF 1

100 × 1.99 × 10 −5
(ii) Amount of Ca(OH)2 =
1000
= 1.99 × 10–6 mol (1)
2 × 100 × 1.99 × 10 –5
∴ Amount of HCl =
1000
= 3.98 × 10–6 mol (1)
1000 × 2 × 100 × 1.99 × 10 –5
∴ Volume of HCl =
1000
= 4(.0) / 3.98 cm3 OR 4(.0) / 3.98 × 10–3 dm3 (1) 3

(iii)

Vertical portion of the graph (between pH 7 and 4) at about 4 cm3 (1)

Correct initial and finishing pH (9–10 and 3) and general shape (1) 2

(iv) Phenolphthalein changes colour outside pH range of end point/ pH range

of phenolphthalein is too high. 1
[15]

14. (a) (i) NH3 base and NH4 + acid (1)

H2O acid and OH– base (1)
OR
linking (1)
acid and base correctly identified (1) 2

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(ii) Starting pH of (just above) 11 (1)

Graph showing vertical line between pH 4 and 6
With vertical section 3–5 units in length (1)
at a volume of HCl of 20 cm3 (1)
Final pH of between 1 and 2 (1) 4

(iii) Named indicator consequential on vertical part of their graph (1)

Because all of its range is within the vertical part of the graph /
pKind ± 1 is within vertical part of graph / it changes colour
completely/ stated colour change (MO: yellow – red; BB: blue –
yellow; PP: pink – colourless) within the pH of the vertical part of
the graph (1) 2

(b) (i) Ka =
[H O ]× [NO
3
+
2 ]
[HNO 2 ]
square brackets essential 1

(ii) [H+] = [NO2–] or [H+]2 = Ka × [HNO2] (1)

[H+] = √(Ka × 0.12) = 0.00751 mol dm–3 (1)
pH = – log [H+] = 2.12/2.1 (1)
ALLOW any correct conversion of [H+l into pH provided the
answer is less than 7 3

(iii) Moles NaNO2 = 1.38/69 = 0.020 (1)

[NO2–] = 0.020 / 0.10 = 0.20 (mol dm–3)
K [acid] 4.70 × 10 –4 × 0.120
[H+] = a = = 2.82 × 10 –4 (1)
[salt] 0.20
pH = – log 2.82 × 10 –4 = 3.55 /3.6 /3.5 (1) 4

(iv) In a buffer both [acid] and [salt] must be large compared to the
added H+ or OH- ions (1)
but in NaNO2 alone [ HNO2] is very small (1)
OR
to remove both H+ and OH– there must be a large reservoir of
both NO2– ions and HNO2 molecules (1)
which there are a solution of NaNO2 and HNO2 but not in NaNO
alone (1) 2
[18]

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15. (a) Pressure NOT partial pressure )

intensity or change of colour ) Any one
volume ) 1

(b) Kc = [NO2(g)]2 / [N2O4(g)]

State symbols required 1

(c) Mol NO2 at equilibrium = 0.0120 / 1.20 × 10–2 (1)

Kc = (0.0120)2 ÷ (0.0310)
= 4.6 / 4.65 × 10–3 (1) mol dm–3 (1) 3

(d) (i) Amount of NO2 reduced 1

(ii) No effect 1

(e) As Kc is bigger, more NO2 is produced so heat helps forward reaction /

by Le Chatelier’s principle reaction goes forward to use up heat /
as temperature increases ∆Stotal must be more positive so ∆Ssurroundings
(= –∆H/T must be less negative 1

(f) Positive / + with some attempt at explanation (1)

1 mol / molecule gas → 2 mol / molecule gas / products more disordered
than reactants (1) 2

∆H – ∆H × 1000
(g) ∆Ssurroundings = – OR 1
T T
(h) ∆Stotal is positive as reaction occurs (1)
So ∆Ssystem must be more positive than ∆Ssurroundings is negative (1) 2
[13]

16. (a) (i) pH = – log(10) [H3O+] (1)

OR [H+] instead of [H3O+] applied throughout 1

(ii) [H3O+] greater than 1 (mol dm –3) 1

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[H 3 O + ][A – ]
(b) (i) Ka. = (1)
[HA]
[H3O+] = 1.14 × 10–3 mol dm –3 (1)
pH = 2.9(4) (1) 3
(ii) Start at the same pH as in (i) (1)
Graph showing vertical at 25 cm3 (1)
vertical section 3–5 units in length with midpoint around pH 8 (1)
general shape correct including buffer zone and final pH not > 13 (1) 4
(iii) pH = pKa 1
[10]

17. (a) Pressure exerted by the gas if it alone occupied the same volume at the
same temperature/mole fraction × total pressure 1
p ( N 2 ) p (O 2 )
(b) (i) Kp = 1
p ( NO) 2
(ii) Correct number of moles (1)
Correct mole fractions (1)
Correct partial pressures (1)
2.45 × 103 (1) ACCEPT 2–4 SF 4

(c) Kp increases (1)

Equilibrium moves to r.h.s. (1)
which is the exothermic direction (1) 3
(d) (i) Kp = p (Ni(CO)4) / p(CO)4 1
(ii) High partial pressure with some reason (1)
so the pressure Ni(CO)4 increases to keep Kp constant. (1) 2
[12]

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18. (a) (i) Methanol is the biggest/ most complex molecule / greatest MR /most
atoms/most electrons 1
(ii) ∆Ssystem = 239.7 – 197.6 – 2(130.6)
= –219.1/ –219 J mol–lK–1
Method (1)
answer + units (1) 2
(iii) yes as 3 molecules → 1 OR yes as (2) gases → a liquid 1
(iv) ∆Ssurr = –∆H/T (stated or used) (1)
= –(–129/ 298) = +0.433 kJ mol–1 K–1 / +433 J mol–1 K–1/+ 432.9 (1)
–1 for wrong units/ no units / more than 4 SF
–1 for wrong sign/ no sign 2
(v) ∆Stotal = –219.1 + 433 = +213.9 / +213.8 J mol–1 K–1/ +214 J mol–1 K–1/
+0.214 kJ mol –1K–1 (1)
Positive so possible (1) 2

(b) (i) Temperature

Faster at 400°C (1)
even though yield is lower (1)
Pressure
Higher pressure improves yield of methanol (1)
Higher pressure increases rate (1)
Maximum 3 3
(ii) Not in same phase as reactants. ALLOW state instead of phase 1
(iii) Kp = p(CH3OH)/p(CO)×p(H2)2 1
(iv) Partial pressure of methanol = 200 – 55 – 20 = 125 atm (1)
Kp = (125)/55×202
= 5.68 × 10–3 / 5.7 × 10–3 atm–2 (1) 2

(c) (i) Number of molecules / fraction of molecules with energy ≥ EA /number

of molecules which have enough energy to react. 1
(ii) Vertical line / mark on axis to show value to the left of line EA 1
[17]

19. (i) Weak acid is dissociated to a small extent/slightly dissociated/

ionised/few molecules dissociate
ALLOW partial dissociation
NOT ‘not fully dissociated’. 1

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[H + ][C 4 H 9 COO – ]
(ii) Ka = OR [H3O+] for [H+] 1
[C 4 H 9 COOH]

(iii) Ka = [H3O+]2 / [acid] OR [H3O+] = √ Ka [acid] (1)

[H3O+] = 1.23 × 10–3 (1) – dependent on 1st mark
pH = 2.91/2.92 (1) ACCEPT 2.9 1 or 2 d.p.
Correct answer with working (3)
Correct answer with no working (1)
ALLOW TE only if pH below 7 3

(iv) starting pH 2.9 ALLOW starting in 2nd or 3rd boxes above pH 2 (1)
consequential on (iii)
pH range vertical max 6 to 12 min 7–10 (1)
Equivalence point at 25cm3 (1)
General shape of curve and finish at pH between 12–13 (1) –
and end in 1st three boxes above 12, extending to 40–50 cm3
If drawn wrong way round 2 max ie equivalence point (1) and
vertical drop (1) marks can be awarded 4

(v) Thymol blue (1) – Consequential on (iv)

(Completely) changes colour within vertical portion/the working
range of the indicator is within the vertical portion / pKind ± 1 in
vertical position / pKind in centre of vertical position (1) 2
[11]

20. Penalise units only once in this question

(a) (2×192.3)–[191.6 + (130.6 × 3)] (1)
= –198.8/199 J mol–1 K –1 (1) 2

– – 92.2 × 1000 / – –92.2 /

(b) –∆H / T (1)
298 298
= + 309(.4) J mol–1 K–1 / + 0.309(4) kJ mol–1K–1 (1) 2

(c) (i) –198.8 + 309 = + 110 J mol–1 K–1 (3 SF)

OR
– 198.8 + 309.4 = + 111 J mol–1 K–1 (3 SF)
[Do not penalise missing + sign if penalised already in (b)]
NOT 4SF. Penatise SF only once on paper 1
(ii) Yes, as ∆Stotal is positive / total entropy change 1

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(d) (i) Higher T makes ∆Ssurroundings decrease (so ∆Stotal is less positive) 1
(ii) Cost (of energy) to provide compression/ cost of equipment
to withstand high P/ maintenance costs.
NOT safety considerations alone 1
(iii) Different phase/state (to the reactants) 1
[9]

21. (a) (i) KP = p (CO2) allow without brackets, IGNORE p [ ] 1

(ii) 1.48 (atm)
Penalise wrong unit
1
Answer is consequential on (a) (i) e.g. must have atm–1 1
1.48

p(Cl 2 ) × p(NO) 2
(b) (i) Kp = allow without brackets, penalise [ ] 1
(p(NOCl)) 2
(ii) 2NOCl 2NO + Cl2
Start 1 0 0
∆ –0.22 +0.22 +0.11
eq moles 0.78 0.22 0.11 (1)
total moles of gas 1.11
mole fractions above values ÷1.11 (1)
0.7027 0.1982 0.09910
partial pressure / atm above values × 5.00 (1)
3.51 0.991 0.495
0.495 atm × (0.991 atm) 2
Kp = (1)
(3.51 atm) 2
= 0.0395/ 0.0394 atm (1)
range of answers 0.0408 / 0.041 → 0.039 / 0.0392 NOT 0.04
ACCEPT ≥ 2 S. F
Correct answer plus some recognisable working (5)
Marks are for processes
• Equilibrium moles
• Dividing by total moles
• Multiplying by total pressure
• Substituting equilibrium values into expression for KP 5
Calculating the value of KP with correct consequential unit.

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(iii) As the reaction is endothermic – stand alone (1)

the value of KP will increase (as the temperature is increased) - (1)
consequential on 1st answer (if exothermic (0) then KP decreases (1))
For effect on KP mark, must have addressed whether reaction is
endothermic or exothermic 2

(iv) Because (as the value of KP goes up), the value of

pCl2 × (pNO)2 / (pNOCl)2 (the quotient) must also go up (1)
and so the position of equilibrium moves to the right – stand alone (1)
But mark consequentially on change in K in (iii)
If “position of equilibrium moves to right so Kp increases” (max 1) 2
IGNORE references to Le Chatelier’s Principle
[12]

22. (a) CH3COOH labelled as base and linked to CH3COOH2+ labelled

(conjugate) acid (1)
H2SO4 labelled acid and linked to HSO4– labelled (conjugate) base (1)
If acids and bases correct but not clearly or correctly linked 1 (out of 2)
Just link but no identification of acids and bases (0) 2

(b) (i) (pH) more than 7 / 8-9 (1)

Indicator: phenolphthalein ALLOW thymolphthalein OR thymol blue
(mark consequentially on pH) (1) 2
Mark consequentially on pH but if pH7 do not allow either methyl
orange or phenolphthalein

QWC*(ii) As OH– / base removes H+ ions / ∆Hneut is per mole of H2O produced / (1)
H+ + OH– = H2O
the equilibrium shifts to the right (1)
and so all the ethanoic acid reacts (not just 1% of it) (1)
OR
Endothermic (OH) bond breaking (1)
is compensated for (1)
by exothermic hydration of ions (1)
OR
∆H for CH3COOH + H2O → CH3COO– + H3O+ = +2kJ mol–1 / almost zero /
very small (1)
∴∆Hneut [CH3COOH] = +2 + ∆Hneut [HCl] (1)
≈ the same (for both acids) (1)
OR
∆Hneut is per mole of H2O produced (1)
(heat) energy required for full dissociation (of weak acid) (1)
so ∆Hneut slightly less exothermic (for weak acid) (1) 3

(iii) [H+]2 = Ka [CH3COOH] = 1.74 × 10–5 × 0.140 = 2.44 × 10–6

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[H+] = 0.00156 (mol dm–3) (1)

pH = 2.81 consequential on [H+] but not pH>7 (1)
ACCEPT 2.80/2.8 (answers to 1 or 2 dp)
The assumptions are two from:
[H+] = [CH3COO–] – this mark can be earned from working /
negligible [H+] from ionisation of water (1)
[CH3COOH] = 0.140 – [H+] ≈ 0.140 (mol dm–3) / ionisation of acid
negligible (1)
solution at 25°C (1) max 2 4

[ H + ][ salt ]
(iv) 1.74 × 10–5 = (1)
[acid ]
[H+] = 1.74 ×10–5 × 0.070 = 1.22 × 10–5 (1)
0.100
pH = 4.91 / 4.9 / 4.92 NOT 5
Max 2 if 0.140 / 0.200 is used (1) 3
[14]

23. (a) (i) +313.4 − 4 × 197.6 − 29.9 (1) Absence of 4 × (0)

= –506.9 J mol–1K–1 OR –507 J mol–1K–1 OR answer in kJ (1)
NOT – 510 ie 2 SF
Missing or wrong units ie answer does not match units 1 max 2

(ii) Negative as expected because only 1 mole of gas on the RHS but 4
moles of gas on the LHS
Mark can be awarded if answer based on moles only rather than
states [5 moles → 1 mole] 1

(iii) ∆Sοsurroundings = –∆H/T (1) For equation or use of equation

= 191 000 / 323
= (+) 591 J mol–1K–1 (1) OR answer in kJ 2
ALLOW (+) 591.3 J mol–1 K–1 / (+) 590 J mol–1 K–1
ALLOW 2, 3 or 4 SF
+ sign not needed provided there is evidence in calculation to
show positive
In (i) and (ii) missing units is penalised once UNLESS a
different unit error is made – hence penalise twice)

(iv) ∆Sοtotal is positive/(+84 J mol–1K–1) so reaction should go forwards

ALLOW TE from (a)(i) 1

pNi (CO) 4
(b) (i) Kp = if square brackets [ ] are used (0) 1
pco 4

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(ii) Ni(CO)4 moles at eq 0.25 (1)

total number of moles = 99.25
0.25 99
PNi(CO)4 = × 1 = (0.00252) PCO = = (0.9975) (1)
99.25 99.25
2nd mark must be to at least 3 SF or working must be shown ie
some evidence that ÷ their total number of moles
Kp = 0.25 / 99.25 / (99/99.25)4
= 2.54 × 10–3 (1) atm–3 (1)
Units marked independently
ALLOW 2.5 × 10–3
Many have total number of moles as 100 even when it is not –
ALLOW TE for 2nd and 3rd mark if it should be 100 or just TE
for third mark if it shouldn’t be 100 from their working
[Kp = 2.6 or 2.60 × 10–3] 4

(iii) Increasing the pressure/ concentration of CO would force the

reaction to the RHS with the smallest number of gaseous molecules
(1)
NOT pressure with rate
Reduce the temperature so that the reaction goes in the exothermic
direction / increase the temperature to increase rate (1)
Do not allow equilibrium to be reached by passing the CO over the
nickel/recovering the product formed (1)
Use a catalyst to increase rate / increase the surface area of the nickel
to increase number of collisions (1) 3

(c) The reaction can be reversed by increasing the temperature (1)

as ∆Sοsurroundings will become less positive/more negative as the temperature
is increased (and ∆Ssystem will remain almost unchanged) so ∆Stotal becomes
negative for the forward reaction (1) 2
[16]

24. (a) starts at 2.2 (1)

vertical section at 40cm3 of sodium hydroxide (1)
vertical section centred between pH 8-9 and between 2 to 3 squares high (1)
shape to include initial jump and finish between pH = 12 – 13 (1)
If curve drawn back to front, only 2nd and 3rd marks available 4

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(b) (i) maintains nearly constant pH / resists change in pH (1)

on adding small amounts of acid or alkali (1) 2

(ii) [H ]= Ka[salt
+ [acid ]
OR pH = pKa –lg
[acid] (1)
] [salt]
0.25
[H+] = 1.78 × 10–4 × (1)
0.125
[H+] = 3.56 × 10–4 (mol dm–3) 3
pH = 3.4(5) (1)
IGNORE no. of decimal places but penalise pH = 3

(iii) acid partially ionised and salt fully ionised

OR equations (1)
HA + OH– → A– + H2O (1)
ALLOW H+ + OH–→ H2O followed by more dissociation of HA

A– + H+ → HA (1)

[HA] and [A–] are large (relative to H+ and OH– added) / large reserves of
undissociated acid and salt (and so the values of [HA] and [A–] do not
change significantly) (1)
NOTE: If no equations given for effect of adding OH– and H+, correct
explanation can score (1) out of these two marks. 4
[13]

25. (a) (i) Negative with some sensible explanation eg fewer moles of product (1)
3 moles of gases going to 2 moles of gases (1) 2
MUST mention gases or no changes in state

(ii) Positive with some explanation eg exothermic so surroundings

gain entropy (1)
∆H
∆Ssurroundings = – [OR given in words]
T
OR
∆Stotal = ∆Ssystem + ∆Ssurroundings [OR given in words]
as reaction goes, ∆Stotal must be positive therefore ∆Ssurroundings
must be positive
OR
Surroundings gain energy so more ways of arranging energy (1) 2

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2
PNO 2
(b) (i) (Kp) = (1)
PNO 2 × PO 2

Check that it is not a “+” on denominator.

ALLOW ( ) but NOT [ ] eg ALLOW ( (PNO 2 ) 2 )2 etc
ALLOW (pNO2)2

Atm–1 / Pa–1 / kPa–1 / m2 N–1 (1) – 2nd mark dependent on 1st

ALLOW atms–1 / atmospheres–1
NOT atm–etc
NOT Kpa–1 2

(ii) Temperature
A lower temperature is needed to get a better yield (and would
cost less) because the reaction is exothermic (1)
but the lower temperature may slow the reaction down too much
OR reverse argument (1)
Pressure
A high pressure will increase yield as only two moles on the right
compared to three on the left/less moles on the right hand side (1)
It will also increase the rate of the reaction (1)
Low pressure because of cost only gets mark if higher yield
at higher pressure identified
To award any of the yield marks must say why 4

(c) (i) Must be a quantity that can be measured

Eg
The pressure could be measured (1)
as it will decrease as the reaction proceeds because there are only
two/fewer moles on the right compared to three on the left (1)
OR colour (1)
as the nitrogen(IV) oxide is brown whereas the other gases
are colourless (1)
OR total volume (1)
which will decrease by one third/because there are fewer moles (1)
ALLOW acidity because NO2 acidic and others not (1 max)
NOT dilatometry
NOT temperature 2

(ii) [NO] second order (1)

because when conc of NO is doubled, the rate goes up four times (1)
[O2] first order (1) 3
Then (iii), (iv) and (v) must follow consistently from (ii)

(iii) ALLOW TE from (ii) e.g.

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rate = k[NO]2[O2] rate = k[NO][O2] 1

(iv) third / 3 second / 2 1

(v) 8000 (1) dm6 mol–2 s–1 (1) 8 (1) dm3 mol–1 s–1 (1)
Units can be given in any order 2

(d) The activation energy must be low

OR bond energies low
NOT “more successful collisions”
NOT large rate constant 1
[20]

26. (a) (i) - lg (0.05) = 1.3(0) 1

IGNORE sig figs from this point on in this question

(ii) [OH−] = 1 ×10–14 / 0.05 = 2 ×10–13 (mol dm–3) 1

OR via pOH
Correct answer with no working (1)

(b) (i) Ka = [H2PO4−][H3O+]/[H3PO4]

NOT using H+ instead of H3O+ 1

(ii) [H3O+] = 10–1.20

= 0.063 (mol dm–3) (1)
0.063 2
Ka = (1) NOT consequential on (b)(i)
0.500 – 0.063
= 9.08 × 10–3 (1) mol dm–3 (1)
= 9.11 × 10–3 if [H3O+] not rounded
ALLOW
0.063 2
Ka = (1)
0.500
= 7.94 ×10–3 (1) mol dm–3 (1)
= 7.96 × 10–3 if [H3O+] not rounded 4
ALLOW consequential marking on numerical errors
Correct answer with units and some working (4)

(c) (i) Assign the terms ‘acid/base’ (1)

link the pairs (1) 2

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(ii) presence of H+ from the first dissociation keeps equilibrium to left

/suppresses ionisation 1

(d) Bromocresol green (1)

pKin/range/colour change (of indicator) lies in vertical section
OR
For alternative indicators pKin/range/colour change (of indicator) lie
outside vertical section (1) 2
[12]

27. (a) pentyl dichloroethanoate (1)

ALLOW 1,1 OR 2,2-
ALLOW pent-1-yl /all one word
NOT penten
NOT pentan
NOT pentanyl
ester (1)
ALLOW esther 2

(b) (i) using a pipette remove a known volume (say 20 cm3) (1)
remove some solution – either with a pipette
OR a known volume / 20 cm3
titrate with an alkali (such as sodium hydroxide) (1)
of known concentration (1)
– dependent on previous mark ie must have mentioned alkali
IGNORE quenching
using a named indicator eg. phenolphthalein/methyl orange (1)
NOT litmus / universal indicator
Measure pH on its own 1 (out of 4)
But if calculation fully explained from pH can get full marks 4

(ii) Kc =
[CHCl 2 COOC 5 H11 (l)]
[CHCl 2 COOH(l)] × [C 5 H10 (l)]
State symbols not required 1

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1.7
(iii) C5H10 1.7 (1) = 5.67(5.7) NOT 5.66
0.3
0.6
CHCl2COOC5H11 0.6 (1) =2
0.3
(1) for ÷ moles at eq by 0.3 in both cases 3

0.6 / 0.3 2
(iv) 2Kc = × 1.7 / 0.3 (1) =
1.33 1.33 × 5.67
= 0.265 (1) dm3 mol–1 / mol–1 dm3 (1)
NOT dm–3
ALLOW 0.27 / 0.26 / 0.264
Penalise 1 SF or 4SF or more SF but only take off 1 mark maximum in
(iii) and (iv) for significant figure errors
ALLOW TE from expression in (ii)
TE using numbers for (iii) full marks possible 3
[13]

28. (a) Enthalpy/heat/energy change for one mole of a

compound/substance/ a product (1)
NOT solid/molecule/species/element
Reject “heat released or heat required” unless both mentioned
to be formed from its elements in their standard states (1)
ALLOW normal physical state if linked to standard conditions
Reject “natural state” / “most stable state”
standard conditions of 1 atm pressure and a stated temperature (298 K) (1) 3
Reject “room temperature and pressure”
Reject “under standard conditions”

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(b) (i) Bonds broken Bonds made

N≡N (+)945 6N–H (–)2346 (1)
and
(+)1308
3H–H (1)
(+)2253
∆H = 945 +1308 – 2346
= –93 sign and value (1)
∆Hο = –93 = –46.5 (kJ mol–1)
sign and value q on 3rd mark (1)
2 4
Accept –46.5 (kJ mol–1) with working (4)
Accept + 46.5 with working max (3)
Accept +93 with working max (2)

(ii)
N2 + (3)H 2

(Enthalpy)
∆H
OR (2)NH 3
–93

Accept –46.5
Correct labelled levels (1)
Reject “Reactants” and “Products” as labels
∆H labelled (1)
direction of arrow must agree with thermicity
Accept double headed arrow
Diagram marks cq on sign and value of ∆H in (b)(i)
IGNORE activation energy humps 2

(iii) 350–500 °C (1)

Accept any temperature or range within this range
higher temperature gives higher rate (1)
but a lower yield because reaction is exothermic (1)
Accept favours endothermic reaction more than exothermic so
lower yield
OR
Lower temperature give higher yield because reaction is exothermic (1)
but rate is slower (1) 3
Accept cq on sign of ∆Hf in (b)(i) or levels in (ii)
Reject lower temp favours exothermic reaction

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(iv) Iron / Fe (1) IGNORE any promoters

no effect on yield (1) 2

(v) temp would have to be much higher for a reasonable rate then
yield would be too low
“lower activation energy” implies reasonable rate
OR
Allows reaction at a lower temp at a reasonable/fast rate giving
a reasonable yield. 1
Accept rate too slow without catalyst at a temp giving a
reasonable yield
Reject to lower activation energy of reaction

(c) (i) advantage

higher (equilibrium) yield/more NH3 in equilibrium
mixture/equilibrium shifts to right (1)
because smaller number of (gaseous) moles/molecules on rhs (1)
IGNORE any reference to change in rate 2
Reject just “more ammonia”

(ii) disadvantage
(plant more) expensive because thicker pipes would be needed
OR
cost (of energy) for compressing the gases/cost of pump
OR
Cost of equipment/pressure not justified by higher yield 1
Accept stronger or withstand high pressure for thicker
Accept vessel/container/plant /equipment/reaction vessels for
pipes
Reject “just more expensive”
Reject “just thicker pipes etc”
Reject apparatus
[18]

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29. IGNORE s.f. throughout this question

(a) Acid
Proton or H+ donor
Or forms H+ or H3O+ (1)
Weak
dissociates to a small extent
Or ionises to a small extent (1) 2
Accept few molecules dissociate
Or incomplete dissociation
Or partial dissociation
Reject “not fully dissociated”
Or “not dissociated fully”

(b) 2HCOOH(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → 2HCOONa(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Or
HCOOH(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → HCOONa(aq) + NaHCO3(aq)
Species + balancing (1)
State symbols (1) Consequential on correct species 2
Accept … → 2HCOONa(aq) + H2CO3(aq)
Accept HCO2H for the acid

Accept HCO2Na or HCOO–Na+ for salt

(c) (i) one acid: HCOOH

Conjugate base: HCOO–
1 mark for both
Accept correct acids and conjugate bases in either order
ACCEPT
HCO2H and HCO2–
OR
O
HC
OH

O
HC
O–
other acid: H3O+
Conjugate base: H2O
1 mark for both 2
+ +
Reject H for H3O

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[HCOO − ][H 3 O + ]
(ii) (Ka) =
[HCOOH]

Accept [H+] instead of [H3O+]

Must use square brackets 1
[HCO2–] and [HCO2H]

(iii) [H+]2 = Ka × [HCOOH]

OR
[H + ] 2
Ka =
[HCOOH]
OR
[H+]2 = 1.60 × 10–4 × 0.100 (1)

[H+] = 1.60 × 10 −4 × 0.100

= 4.0 × 10–3 (mol dm–3) (1)
pH = 4.8 scores (2) as square root has not been taken
IGNORE sig figs
Max 1 if [H+]2 expression incorrect
pH = –log10[H+]
pH = 2.40 (1)
Accept any pH value consequential on ] [H+], provided pH < 7
Reject pH = 2.39 (is a rounding error) so no third mark
Alternative method
pKa = 3.80 (1)
1 1
pH = pK a − log[acid] (1)
2 2
pH = 1.90 – (–0.50)
pH = 2.40 (1) 3
Reject pH = 2.39 (is a rounding error) so no third mark

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[acid]
(d) (i) [H+] = Ka ×
[salt]
OR
0.0500
[H+] = 1.60 × 10–4 × (1)
0.200
= 4.00 × 10–5 (mol dm–3) (1)
0.100
Reject
0.400
pH = 4.40 (1) IGNORE sig figs
Reject 4.39 (rounding error) so no third mark
OR
[HCOOH] 
− 
pH = pKa – log10  (1)
 [HCOO ] 
 0.0500 
pH = –log10(1.60 × 10–4) – log10   (1)
 0.200 
0.100
Reject
0.400
pH = 3.80 – (–0.60)
pH = 4.40 (1) IGNORE sig figs 3
Reject 4.39 (rounding error) so no third mark

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(ii) Addition of H+ ions:

HCOO– + H+ → HCOOH (1)
Accept if described in terms of HA H+ + A– shifting to left
Addition of OH– ions:
HCOOH + OH– → HCOO– + H2O (1)
If the ionisation of sodium methanoate shown with
then max (1) out of 2 for above equations
Addition of OH– ions:
H+ + OH– → H2O must be followed by more dissociation of
HCOOH (to restore [H+])
Accept “molecular” equations or equations described in words
or notation involving HA, H+ and A–.
(buffer solution has) high concentrations
Or a large reservoir of both HCOOH and HCOO–
relative to added H+ / OH– (1)
(hence virtually no change in [H+]) 3
Accept just “large reservoir of both HCOOH and HCOO–”
[16]

30. (a) IGNORE s.f. throughout this question

(i) moles SO2 (10.0 – 9.00) = 1.00 (mol)
moles O2 (5.00 – 4.50) = 0.500 (mol)
moles SO3 9.00 (mol)
all 3 correct → (2)
2 correct → (1) 2
Reject multiples of the stated moles

(ii) All three ÷ total number of moles (1)

i.e.
1.00
X SO2 = (= 0.0952) or 2 21
10.5
0.500
X O2 = (= 0.0476) or 1 21
10.5
9.00
X SO3 = (−0.857) or 18 21 or 6 7
10.5
Reject rounding to 1 sig fig
Mark consequential on (a)(i) 1

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(iii) All three × total pressure (1)

i.e.
1.00
pSO2 = × 2.00 or 4 21
10.5
= 0.190 (atm)
0.500
pO2 = × 2.00 or 2 21
10.5
= 0.0952 (atm)
9.00
pSO3 = × 2.00 or 36 21 or 12 7
10.5
= 1.71 (atm)
Mark consequential on (a)(ii) 1

(1.71) 2
(iv) Kp =
(0.190) 2 × (0.0952)
Kp = 851 (1) atm–1 (1)
Mark consequential on (a)(iii) and (a)(iv) 2
Accept answer with units and no working (2)
Accept “correct answers” between 845 and 855 as this covers
rounding up etc
Reject wrong units e.g. mol–1 dm3

(b) (i) (Kp) decreases 1

(ii) (Kp decreases so)

Reject any Le Chatelier argument (this prevents access to 1st

mark)
p 2 SO3
fraction/quotient
p 2 SO 2 × pO 2
has to decrease (to equal new kp) (1)
so shifts to left hand side (1) – this mark only
available if (b)(i) answer was kp decreases.
Reject shifts to right, even if answer to (b)(i) was kp increases
(as p SO 3 decreases whereas p SO 2 and p O 2 increase) 2

(c) (i) No effect/none/zero (effect) 1

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(ii) Increases
OR
more SO3/more sulphur trioxide
OR
increases amount of SO3/sulphur trioxide 1

(d) (i) No effect/none/zero (effect) 1

(ii) No effect/none/zero (effect) 1
[13]

31. (a) H+ 1
Accept H3O+

(b) HCOOH/HCO2H (1)

HNO3 (1)
–1 for each extra incorrect answer 2
Accept C and E
[3]

32. (a) (i) pH = 3.5 (1)

log10[H+] = –3.5
⇒ [H+] = 3.16 × 10–4 (mol dm–3) (1)
2.5(1) × 10–4 (mol dm–3) based on pH = 3.6 (2 marks) 2
Accept T.E. from wrong pH providing < 7
Accept 3.2 × 10–4 (mol dm–3)
3 × 10–4 (mol dm–3) allowed if evidence of rounding being
applied

−
[H + ][CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CO 2 ]
(ii) Ka = (1) 1
[CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CO 2 H]

Accept version with [H3O+]

Accept molecular formulae
−
[H + ][C 4 H 7 O 2 ]
Accept
[C 4 H 8 O 2 ]

[H + ] 2
(iii) Ka = (1)
[CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 COOH]

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(3.16 × 10 −4 ) 2
= (1st mark can be scored here)
0.00660
= 1.5 × 10–5 (mol dm–3) (1)
Ignore units
Only 2 sig. fig. allowed 2
Accept TE from (i)
Allow any number of s.f. provided consistent with calculation
Reject TE from (ii)

(b) (i) CH3CH2CH2CO2H ((aq)) + NH3 ((aq)) →

CH3CH2CH2CO2(–)NH4(+) ((aq))
Molecular formulae acceptable 1
Accept eqn via NH4OH →CH3CH2CH2CO2–+NH4+
Reject any amide product

(ii) Ammonium butanoate (1)

(Excess) butanoic acid (1)
no TE from (b)(i) 2
Accept ammonium ions and butanoate ions (1)
Reject butanoate ions alone
Reject formulae

(iii) A buffer (mixture) (1)

There is a relatively small rise /change in pH (as
aqueous ammonia is added) OWTTE (1)
Mark independently 2
Reject sharp neutralisation point/no change in pH

(iv) There is no large increase in pH / vertical shape to the

graph (at the end-point) OWTTE 1
Accept no sudden change in pH
Reject no indicator has the required pH range

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(v) EITHER
End-point = 30 cm3 (1)
⇒ [NH3] = (10/30) × 0.00660 = 0.00220 (mol dm–3) (1)
OR
10 cm3 of butanoic acid contain 6.60 × 10–5 mol
From equation this requires 6.60 × 10–5 mol NH3
From graph, end-point = 30 cm3 (1)
⇒ [NH3] = 6.60 × 10–5 × (1000/30)
= 2.20 × 10–3 / 0.00220 (mol dm–3)(1)
Allow internal TE for 2nd mark based on an incorrect
equivalence point i.e. 0.0660 (mol dm–3) 2
Allow T.E. from (b)(i)
[13]

33. (a)
14
pH
12

10

8
B
6

4 A

2
1
0
0 10 20 30 40
Volume 0.1 M NH3 (aq) added/cm3
Do not worry about general shape of the curve, the scoring points are:
• Starting pH ~ 1 and finishing pH between 9 and 11 (1)
• Vertical at 25 cm3 (1)
• Vertical range: at least three pH units in the range 3 to 8
e.g. pH range 3 to 6 OR 3 to 7 OR 3 to 8 OR 4 to 7
OR 4 to 8 OR 5 to 8 (1)
(do not need to start/finish on whole numbers)
Accept pH range 3 to 5
• Middle of vertical pH range between 4 and 6 (1) 4

(b) Bromocresol green

Indicator(s) CQ on graph [check table on question paper] 1
Accept more than one indicator for extended vertical regions

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(c) pH change around equivalence point too small

OR pH changes over too big a volume (1)
Accept too small a vertical (region)
OR no vertical (region)
OR no point of inflexion
OR no sudden change in pH
OR no straight section
for a sharp colour change of indicator (1)
Accept no sharp/clear/precise end point
OR very small range over which indicator changes colour
Reject no suitable indicator
OR No “easy” colour change
[If say ammonia is a strong base or ethanoic acid is a
strong acid, or both, (0 out of 2)] 2
[7]

34. (a)
O
H H
H C

O C C H

H H 1

(b) ester 1

(c) (i) Moles: C2H5OH: 3.75 (1)

Moles: HCOOC2H5 : 2.50 and moles H2O : 2.50 (1) for both 2

[HCOOC 2 H 5 ][H 2 O]
(ii) Kc = 1
[HCOOH][C 2 H 5 OH]
Reject obviously round brackets “( )”

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2.50 × 2.50
(iii) Kc = 0.485 0.485 (1)
0.50 × 3.75
0.485 0.485
Must have clearly divided moles of each component by
0.485 for 1st mark e.g.
[HCOOC2H5] = [H2O] = 5.16 (mol dm–3)
and [HCOOH] = 1.03 (mol dm–3)
and [C2H5OH] = 7.73 (mol dm–3)
= 3.33 (1) stand alone mark
IGNORE sig.figs. 2
(2.50) 2
Accept K c = = 3.33 only scores (2) if it is stated
0.50 × 3.75
that V cancels either here or in (iv)
If [H2O] omitted in (ii), then answer
Kc = 0.647 mol–1 dm3
(2) but this will give
Kc = 1.33 mol–1 dm3 with V omitted from calculation (1)

Reject 1st mark if 485 used as V in expression

(iv) No, (as) equal numbers of moles on both sides

OR volumes cancel
OR mol dm–3 cancel
OR units cancel
OR crossing out units to show they cancel 1
Accept “equal powers/moles on both sides”
OR “powers cancel”
Mark CQ on Kc expression in (ii)
Reject “concentrations cancel”

(d) (i) (as reaction) endothermic (1)

Accept exothermic in backward direction (or words to that
effect)
Kc decreases (1)
If state exothermic in forward direction, 1 mark only (out of 4)
for CQ “increase in Kc”
numerator in quotient (has to) decrease
OR denominator in quotient (has to) increase
OR fraction (has to) decrease (1)
yield of HCOOC2H5 decreases (1) 4

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(ii) no effect as catalysts do not affect (the value of) K

OR
no effect as catalysts do not affect the position of equilibrium
OR
no effect as catalysts do not affect the yield
OR
No effect as catalysts increase the rate of the forward and
backward reactions equally/to the same extent
OR
no effect as catalysts only increase the rate
OR
no effect as catalysts only alter the rate
“no effect” can be stated or implied
IGNORE any references to activation energy 1
Reject just “catalysts increase rate”
[13]

35. (a) The amount of a solid present is immaterial since Kc does not depend on
this
OR solids do not appear in expression for equilibrium constants
IGNORE any references to solid in excess. 1

(b) Ag+ + I– → AgI

IGNORE state symbols 1

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(c) Correct answer with some working and correct units scores full marks.
Otherwise steps in calculation must make it reasonably clear to examiner
what is being calculated (QWC).
(initial amount) I– = 0.100 mol dm–3 × 0.050 dm3 = 5 × 10–3 mol (1)
Amount Ag+ = 0.100 mol dm–3 × 0.031 dm3 = 3.1 × 10–3 mol (1)
∴equilibrium amount I– = 3.1 × 10–3 mol (1)
I– reacted = (5 – 3.1) × 10–3 mol = 1.9 × 10–3 mol (1)
If this subtraction is not carried out then the next mark (for calculating
amount of sulphate) can not be awarded.
Thus amount of sulphate = ½ × 1.9 × 10–3 (= 9.5 × 10–4 mol) (1)
3.1× 10 −3 mol
conc iodide = (= 0.062 mol dm–3)
0.05 dm 3
0.95 × 10 −3 mol
AND conc sulphate = (= 0.019 mol dm–3) (1)
0.05 dm 3
The mark is for the process of dividing by 0.05 dm3
Kc = 0.019/0.0622 = 4.94 (1) Answer must be to 2 or more S.F.
Value consequential on dividing their moles by a volume.
mol–1 dm3 (1) Stand alone 8
[10]

36. (a) (i) Pairs: acid NH4+ /ammonium ion and base NH3 /ammonia
acid H3O+ / hydronium ion and base H2O / water 1
Accept hydroxonium ion

[ NH 3 ][H 3 O + ]
(ii) Ka = +
ignore lower case k 1
[ NH 4 ]

[NH 3 ][H + ]
Accept Ka = +
[NH 4 ]
Reject answers including [H2O]

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(iii) [H3O+] = 10–5 mol dm–3 (1)

Assumption ionization of NH4+ (negligibly) small (1)

Assumption [NH3] = [H3O+] (1)

Accept [NH4+] = [NH4Cl] or NH4Cl totally ionized

thus [NH4Cl] = (1 × 10–5)2 / 5.62 × 10–10

= 0.178 mol dm–3 (1)
Answer to 2 or more S.F. 4

(iv) QWC
methyl red (1)
indicator constant or pKIn must be near the endpoint pH
OR indicator constant or pKIn must be near 5 (1)
2nd mark conditional on correct indicator 2
Accept pKIn in the steep part of the graph or it is a weak base-
strong acid titration

(b) CN– + H2O HCN + OH–

IGNORE state symbols 1
Accept “→” instead of “ “

(c) (i) nucleophilic addition 1

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(ii)
O(:)
C O C CN

(:)CN
(1) for both arrows (1) for intermediate
(1)
O(:) H CN OH
C CN + (:)CN
C CN

OR for second step

O(:) H OH
C CN C CN

(1) 3
Fish hook arrows (penalise once)

• Ignore the groups attached to the carbonyl carbon throughout

• The intermediate is not consequential on their first step
• The minus of the cyanide ion can be on either the C or the N
• The arrow can start from the minus of –CN in step 1 (but not
from the minus of CN–) and can start from the minus of O– in step 2
• The arrow from the bond must not go past the O atom
• Lone pairs not essential
• Single step addition of HCN or initial attack by H+/HCN scores zero
• Autoionisation of C=O can only score the last two marks ie max 2

(iii) QWC
if too acidic too small a concentration of cyanide ions (1)
Accept not enough / too little CN–
if too alkaline too little HCN to donate the proton in the last step
OR H+ ion concentration too low (1) 2

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(d) (i) rate = k[CH3CH2CH2Cl] [CN–]

Must be an equation
Must be [ ] NOT ( )
Ignore upper case K 1
Accept ‘R’ or ‘r’ for rate C3H7Cl] / [1-chloropropane]/
[chloropropane]
Accept [cyanide ion]/[cyanide]
Reject [KCN]

(ii)
–
H H H H

NC C Cl –
H C Cl NC C H + Cl
– C2 H 5 C2 H 5 C2 H 5
NC

Curly arrow (1)

Curly arrow (1) Transition state (1)

• Must have partial bonds in transition state
• CN and Cl must be on opposite sides of central C in the
transition state
• Accept negative charge on N of cyanide ion 3
Mechanism based on SN1 scores 0
Reject fish hook arrows (penalise once)
Reject arrow from N of CN
[19]

37. (a) (i) [6 × 188.7 + 4 × 210.7] – [4 × 192.3 + 5 × 205] (1)

+180.8 J mol–1 K–1 (1)
Accept +181 J mol–1 K–1
Reject internal TE
–1 for missing + sign/missing or incorrect units but penalise only
once in part (a)
[IGNORE sig fig] 2

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(ii) yes, as 9 molecules of gas are being changed to 10 molecules of

gas (therefore increase in disorder) 1
Accept TE from (i)
Not just 9 molecules going to 10 molecules

(iii) –905.6 × 1000 /1123 (1)

+ 806.4 J mol–1 K–1 / 0.8064 kJ mol–1 K–1 (1)
[IGNORE SF] 2
Accept + 806 J mol K–1

(iv) +987.2 J mol–1 K–1 1

Accept +987 J mol–1 K–1
allow TE from (i) & (iii)
No TE if J mol–1 K–1 added to kJ mol–1 K–1

(v) All products/reaction goes to completion because ∆Stot > 200 J

mol–1 K–1/∆Stot is very large
[Needs to be consistent with (iv)] 1

(vi) catalysed pathway should have lower Ea than uncatalysed pathway

and the peak of the curve should be above the energy level of the
reactants (1)
Energy of products should be lower than energy of reactants (1) 2

2
pNO 2
(b) (i) Kp = 1
pNO 2 × pO 2

p 2 NO 2
Accept
p 2 NO × pO 2
Reject [ ]

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4.95
(ii) mole fraction NO2 = or 0.99 (1)
5
0.025
mole fraction NO = or 0.005
5
OR
0.025
mole fraction O2 = or 0.005 (1)
5
(0.99) 2 (1.5) 2
Kp = 3 3
= 5227200 / 5.2 × 106 (1)
(0.005) (1.15)

atm–1 (1) unit mark independent but consistent with

expression used in calculation.
IGNORE SF 4
Correct answer for Kp alone = 3 max

(iii) Equilibrium lies to RHS/products side as Kp is large

OR reaction won’t go to completion as Kp < 1010
Must be consistent with (ii) 1
Allow TE from b(ii)

(iv) Kp remains unchanged as pressure does not affect it / only

temperature affects Kp (1)
partial pressure of NO2 increases as eqm moves to side of
fewest (gas) molecules/RHS (1)
or
Partial pressure of NO2 increases as pp = mole fraction × total
pressure 2
Accept justification in terms of entropy
[17]

−
[CH 2 ClCO 2 ][H + ]
38. (a) (i) Ka = 1
[CH 2 ClCO 2 H]

Accept [H3O+] in place of [H+]

allow one set of sq brackets to be missing

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(ii) [H+]2 = 1.3 × 10–3 × 0.001 (1)

= 1.3 × 10–6
[H+] = √1.3 × 10–6
1.14 × 10–3 (1)
pH = –log 1.14 × 10–3 = 2.9(4) (1)
[IGNORE SF] 3

(iii) Trichloroethanoic, as it has the largest Ka value (1)

and has (3 electron withdrawing) chlorine atoms to stabilise
the anion formed (on dissociation). (1) 2

(b) (i)
H O H
H C C O C H
Cl H
ester group (1)
rest of molecule (1) dependent on first mark
(must be fully displayed)
methyl chloroethanoate (1) 3
No transferred error for name

(ii) ester(s) 1
Reject ether

(iii) nucleophile, (1)

as it has a lone pair (of electrons) on the (hydroxyl) oxygen (1)
which can attack the positive carbonyl carbon on the acid (1) 3
2nd and 3rd marks could be obtained by use of a diagram
Reject attack by CH3O–

(iv) (reflux) heat with NaOH(aq) (1)

(cool) and add HCl(aq) (1)
OR
reflux (1) [must be in context]
with HCl (1) 2
[15]

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39. (a) N/N2 goes from 0 to –3 = reduction (1)

H/H2 goes from 0 to (+)1 = oxidation (1) 2
If “the oxidation number of N goes down hence reduced and the
oxidation number of H goes up and hence oxidised” (max 1)
If all O.N. correct but fails to state which is oxidation and
which is reduction scores 1.
If all O.N. correct but both reactions misclassified, scores zero.
Any answer not referring to nitrogen or hydrogen scores zero.

(b) (i) Calculation of bonds broken 463 × 3 + 944/ (= 2252) (1)

Calculation of bonds made 388×6/ (= 2328) (1)
∆H = –76 (kJ mol–1) (1)
mark consequential on numerical values calculated above 3
Correct answer with some working scores 3 marks
Correct answer alone scores 2 marks

(ii) Average / mean bond enthalpy used for N–H bond / ammonia 1
Reject just “average bond enthalpies used”

(iii) Thermodynamic:
energy level of products lower than that of reactants
OR
energy released in bond formation > energy used to break bonds (1)
Accept ∆H negative / reaction exothermic
kinetic:
high activation energy (1)
because strong N≡N (1)
[confusion between thermodynamic and kinetic loses first 2 marks]. 3
Accept because N≡N is 944/ total bond breaking energy is
high/2252(kJ mol–1)

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(c) (i) QWC

One way
temperature increase therefore molecules have greater (average
kinetic) energy (1)
Accept moving faster
more molecules/collisions have E ≥ Eact (1)
Therefore a greater proportion of/ more of the collisions are
successful (1)
Ignore greater frequency of collision
Accept E > Eact particles for molecules
greater frequency of successful collisions/ more successful
conditions per unit time
Reject just “more successful collisions”
Another way
addition of (iron) catalyst (1)
Accept platinum catalyst
Reject incorrect catalyst
provides alternative route of lower activation energy (1)
EITHER:
A greater proportion of /more of the molecules/collisions have E ≥ Ecat/
a greater proportion of collisions are successful
Reject just “more successful collisions”
OR provides (active) sites (where reactant molecules can
bond / be adsorbed) (1)
Ignore any answers referring to pressure or concentration.
Do not penalise just “more collisions are successful” more
than once 6

(ii) QWC
Decrease temperature (1)
because (forward) reaction exothermic (1)
increase pressure (1)
because more moles (of gas) on left (1) 4
Accept low temperature ∆H is negative
Answer based on endothermic reaction scores 0
Accept high pressure
Accept molecules for moles
[19]

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40. (a) (i) To slow down the reaction/to stop the reaction
OR to quench the reaction
OR to freeze the (position of) equilibrium OWTTE (1)
so that the (equilibrium) concentrations/amounts do not change (1) 2
Accept to stop equilibrium shifting to the left

(ii) First mark:

[ H 2( g ) ] = [ I 2( g ) ]

OR
Use of (5.0 × 10–4)2 (1)
If [HI] not squared, first mark only.
Second mark:
(5.0 × 10 −4 ) 2
[ HI ( g ) ] 2 =
0.019
OR
(5.0 × 10 −4 ) 2
0.019 =
[HI (g) ] 2

OR

 (5.0 × 10 − 4 ) 2 
[HI(g)] =   (1)
 
 0.019 
Third mark:
[HI(g)] = 3.6 × 10–3 (mol dm–3) (1)
Correct answer scores 3 marks.
Ignore state symbols.
Ignore units unless wrong.
Ignore s.f. 3
If first mark not awarded, total (0)

2
p HI
(b) (i) Kp =
p H2 × p I2
Ignore position of any ( ) 1
[ ] scores (0)

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(ii) Each step of this calculation must be looked at.

1st mark is for calculating equilibrium moles
Η2 = 0.2
Ι2 = 0.2
ΗΙ = 1.6 (1)
Mark consequentially
2nd mark is for dividing these by 2 (to get mole fractions)
0.2
xH 2 = = 0.1
2.0
0.2
xI2 = = 0.1
2.0
1.6
x HI = = 0.8 (1)
2.0
Mark consequentially
3rd mark is for multiplying by 1.1 (to get partial pressures)
0.2
PH 2 = × 1.1
2.0
= 0.11 (atm)
0.2
PI 2 = × 11
2.0
= 0.11 (atm)
1.6
PHI = × 11
2.0
= 0.88 (atm) (1)
Mark consequentially
4th mark is for substituting into their expression and calculating Kp
(0.88) 2
Kp =
(0.11) × (0.11)
= 64 (1)
Ignore s.f.
Correct answer with no working scores (1) 4
If moles HI given as 0.8, Kp = 16 max (3)

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(iii) Same number of moles on each side

OR
(Total) pressure cancels
OR
(Pressure) units cancel
(May be shown by crossing out etc. in b(ii)) 1
Accept ‘Powers cancel’
OR
‘They cancel’
OR
‘Same number of molecules on each side’
Reject ‘Partial pressures cancel’
OR
‘mol dm–3 cancel’
[11]

41. (a) (i) One acid: CH3CH2COOH(aq)

Conjugate base: CH3CH2COO–(aq) (1)

Other acid: H3O+(aq)

Conjugate base: H2O(l) (1)
Ignore state symbols 2
Accept correct acids with conjugate bases in either order

(ii) WEAK: dissociates/ionises to a small extent (1) OWTTE

Accept ‘Few molecules dissociate’
Accept ‘Incomplete’ or ‘partial’ dissociation
Accept “Does not fully dissociate”
Reject “ions partially dissociate”
ACID: proton donor (1) 2
Accept Produces H3O+ / hydrogen / H+ ions

Reject just “contains H3O+ ….”

[CH 3 CH 2 COO − ][ H 3 O + ]
(b) (i) Ka = 1
[CH 3 CH 2 COOH ]

Accept [H+] instead of [H3O+]

Reject any expression containing [H2O]

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(ii) ([H+] =) 3.63 × 10–4 (mol dm–3) (1)

Or 10–3.44
If Ka expression incorrect in (b)(i) or [H+] not squared, only 1st
mark available
[H + ] 2
[CH3CH2COOH] =
1.30 × 10 −5
Or
(3.63 × 10 −4 ) 2
[CH3CH2COOH] = (1)
1.30 × 10 −5
= 0.010 (1) (mol dm–3) (1)
ASSUMPTIONS:
First assumption mark:
negligible [H+] from ionisation of water Or [CH3CH2COO–] = [H+] (1)

Accept “No other source of H+ ions”

Reject Just “CH3CH2COO– = H+” (ie no square brackets)
Second assumption mark:
Ionisation of the (weak) acid is negligible
Or x–[H+] ≈ x where x is initial concentration of CH3CH2COOH
Or [H+]<<[HA] (1) 5
Accept “Very slight ionisation …”
“the initial [HA] = equilibrium [HA]”
Reject any mention of non-standard conditions or ‘temperature
not at 298 K’

(c) (i) Ignore “A solution of known pH which….”

maintains nearly constant pH
OR
resists change in pH (1) OWTTE
on adding small amounts of acid or alkali (1)
Mark independently 2

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(ii) Working MUST be checked

First mark:
[acid]
[H+] = Ka × (1)
[base]

[H + ] × [salt]
Accept Ka =
[acid]
Second mark:
Correct [acid] = 0.0025 and [salt] = 0.00375 (1)
Third mark:
Calculation of pH correct consequential on [acid] and [salt] used.
0.0025
[H+] = 1.30 × 10–5 ×
0.00375
= 8.67 × 10 (mol dm–3)
–6

pH = 5.06 (1)
Accept if [salt] and [acid] inverted, pH is 4.71 (2 marks)
Accept inverted with the original concentrations, pH = 5.19 (1
mark)
Ignore sig fig

OR
First mark:
[acid]
pH = pKa – log10 (1)
[salt]
Reject in both cases, if [acid] = [0.0100] and [salt] =
[0.00500], pH = 4.59 (2 marks)
Second mark:
Correct [acid] = 0.0025 and [salt] = 0.00375 (1)
Third mark:
Calculation of pH correct consequential on [acid] and [salt] used.
[0.0025]
pH = 4.89 – log 10 (1)
[0.00375]
= 4.89 – (–0.18)
= 5.07 (1)
Accept 5.06
Ignore sig fig 3
[15]

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( p NO ) 2
42. (a) (i) Kp =
p N 2 × p O2

Allow answer with brackets and/or “x” omitted

Ignore (g) and eq 1
p 2 NO
Accept K p =
p N 2 × p O2

Reject anything in [ ]

(ii) Same number of moles on each side of the equation OR

The (partial pressure) units all cancel out (in the expression for Kp) 1

(b) (i) (pNO)2 = 0.87 × 0.23 × 5.0 × 10–31 (1)

= 1.0 × 10–31
pNO = √(1.0 × 10–31)
= 3.2 × 10–16 (atm) (1)
Accept 3.16 × 10–16 (atm) (1)
Ignore sig fig
Mark consequentially only if based on reciprocal of
correct expression in (a)(i) 2

(ii) 0.87 + 0.23 (+ 3.2 × 10–16) = 1.10 / 1.1 (atm)

Allow TE from (b)(i) 1
Reject answer based on adding 2 × pNO

(iii) pNO doubles/will become 6.4 × 10–16 atm (1)

Kp remains constant/is (still) 5.0 × 10–31 (1)

Ignore any “neutral” qualifications to these answers 2
Accept pNO will increase
Reject more than double
Reject answers with incorrect reasoning

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(c) (i) Reaction will occur, but (very) little

NO is formed
OR
the equilibrium mixture is mainly
(unreacted) N2 and O2 1
Accept reaction occurs, but equilibrium lies (very much) to the
left
Reject “Reaction is more likely to occur from right to left” OR
“Reverse reaction is favoured”, unless included with
acceptable answer

(ii) No change of state of any of the components is involved

(as the gases are heated up) OWTTE
OR
All components are gases (at these temperatures)
IGNORE Any reference to the number of particles involved 1

∆H
(iii) (∆H is positive so) − = ∆Ssurroundings will be negative
T
No mark for “negative” alone 1
Accept negative, since for an endothermic reaction energy is
taken from the surroundings causing a decrease in disorder /
reduction in entropy

(iv) (As T increases) ∆Ssurroundings becomes greater/less negative/

more positive, so ∆Stotal (also) becomes greater/less
negative/more positive/increases 1
Accept ∆Ssurroundings becomes “smaller”, if qualified, e.g.
becomes closer to zero

(d) Equilibrium might not have been reached (in the very short time the
gases are present in the engine)
Ignore references to the fact that the system is not “closed” 1
Accept other gases are present in the air (apart from N2 and
O2)
Accept temperature inside engine may be less than 1500K
Accept actual (total) pressure may be less than that assumed
[12]

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43. [C6H5CO2H] = (1/5 × 0.010 =) 0.002(0) mol dm–3

[C6H5CO2–] = (4/5 × 0.020 =) 0.016 mol dm–3
Accept pKa = 4.20 (1)
Both correct (1)
0.002
Accept (1)
0.016
[H+] (= Ka × [C6H5CO2H] / [C6H5CO2–]
= 6.3 × 10–5 × 0.0020 / 0.016)
= 7.875 × 10–6 (1)
Accept pH = (4.20 + 0.90) = 5.1 / 5.10 (1)
Do not penalise SF for the first two marks
pH = –log[H+] = 5.1 / 5.10 (1)
Mark for final answer must be dependant on valid working
e.g. correct [acid]/[base] ratio.
Correct answer with no working (1)
Allow internal TE
e.g. an [acid]/[base] ratio of 0.010/0.020 leads to a pH of 4.50 (2)
Reject 5.104 or 5
Reject 1 or >3 sig. fig.
[3]

2
p NO
44. (a) Kp = 2

p N 2 O4
IGNORE UNITS HERE 1
Reject [ ]

(b) (i) p NO2 = 0.8 × 1.1

= 0.88 (atm)
and
p N 2O2 = 0.2 × 1.1
= 0.22 (atm) (1)
(0.88) 2
Kp =
(0.22)
Kp = 3.52 (1)
atm (1)
SECOND MARK IS CQ ON PARTIAL PRESSURES
AS CALCULATED 3

(ii) First mark:

X N 2O4 = 0.10

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X NO2 = 0.90 (1)

Reject B
Second mark:
Kp constant or
use of Kp = 3.52 or
use of Kp calculated in (b)(i) (1)
Third mark:
Value of PT with some working e.g.
( X NO2 × PT ) 2
3.52 =
X N 2O4 × PT
0.81
3.52 = × PT
0.10
PT = 0.435 (atm) (1)
Mark CQ on first and second answers to (b)(ii)
Accept in range 0.43 to 0.44
THIRD MARK NOT AVAILABLE IF Kp EXPRESSION
DOES NOT CONTAIN A p2 TERM 3

(c) (i) Increases / gets larger/ gets bigger/ goes up/greater 1

Reject more

(ii) First mark:

2
p NO 2
Fraction/quotient/ /numerator has to increase
p N 2 O4
(to equal new Kp) (1)
Second mark (can only be awarded for an answer that refers
to the fraction/quotient above):
EITHER
so shifts to RIGHT hand side (as p NO2 ↑ and p N 2O4 ↓) /
goes in forward direction (as p NO2 ↑ and p N 2O4 ↓)
OR
so (more) N2O4 changes to NO2
OR
so (equilibrium) yield of NO2 increases (1) 2
Mark consequentially on “decreases” in (i)
Le Chatelier argument scores (0)
[10]

45. (a) (i) H2O(l) H+(aq) + OH–(aq)

OR
2H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + OH– (aq)

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IGNORE STATE SYMBOLS 1

Reject if a full arrow is shown in the equation

(ii) KW = [H+(aq)][OH–(aq)]
OR
KW = [H3O+(aq)][OH–(aq)]
IGNORE STATE SYMBOLS 1
If [H2O] included (0).

Reject Kw = [H+]2

(iii) pH = –log10[H+]
OR
pH = –log10[H3O+]
OR
in words 1
Accept pH = lg 1/[H+]

(iv) KW = [H+][OH–]
5.48 × 10–14 = [H+]2 (1)
[H+] = 5.48 × 10 −14
[H+] = 2.34 ×10–7 (mol dm–3)
pH = 6.6(3) (1)
correct answer with no working (2) 2
pH = 13.3/13.6 scores (0)

(v) (In pure water)

[H+] = [OH–]
OR
equal concentrations of H+ and OH– 1

(b) (i) 12.5 1

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(ii) 4.8 / 4.9

[no consequential marking from (i)] 1
Reject 5 or 5.0

[CH 3 COO − ][ H + ]
(iii) Ka =
[CH 3 COOH ]
OR
[CH 3 COO − ][ H 3 O + ]
Ka = 1
[CH 3 COOH ]
Reject expressions containing [H2O]
OR
Reject “HA”
generic equations

(iv) (at half-neutralised point so)

pKa = 4.8
Mark CQ on (ii)
Reject just pH = 4.8 as already credited in (b)(ii)
OR
pH = pKa (1)
Ka = antilog10(–4.8)
Ka = 1.6 × 10–5 (mol dm–3) (1)
Mark CQ on pKa
Accept if pKa = 4.9, Ka = 1.3 × 10–5
Reject answers to other than 2 s.f.
Must be to two sig figs
CORRECT ANSWER WITH OR WITHOUT WORKING (2) 2
Reject 2.5 × 10–9 scores (0)

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(c) Phenolphthalein:
changes colour (OWTTE) in vertical part of the graph
OR
changes colour within a stated range anywhere from 7 to 11 (1)
Reject if colour change “pink to colourless”
Methyl orange
changes colour at a low(er) pH
OR
has already changed colour
OR
changes colour before the vertical (section) (1)
Allow range for methyl orange of 3 to 6 or colour change takes
place below pH = 7
Reject just ‘methyl orange changes colour outside the vertical
range’
[NB There must be a statement about methyl orange for second mark] 2
[13]

46. (a) (i) Liquids are more disordered than solids/ solids are more
ordered than liquids/ solids are less disordered than liquids /
liquids are less ordered than solids 1
Accept more ways of arranging energy in a liquid because of
translation/rotation energy
Reject just “more ways of arranging energy”

(ii) (165 + 217.1 – 166.5 =) + 215.6 OR +216 (J mol–1 K–1)

“+” sign essential 1
Accept +(0).2156 kJ mol–1 K–1
OR +0.216 kJ mol–1 K–1
Reject 215 J mol–1 K–1
Reject 0.215 kJ mol–1 K–1

(iii) Yes because

The products include a gas (1)
Accept solid goes to liquid and gas for first mark
One mole/molecule goes to two moles/molecules (1) 2
1 reactant goes to 2 products does not get 2nd mark

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− ∆H
(b) ∆Sοsurroundings =
T
OR
− 123800
(1)
298
= – 415 J mol–1 K–1 (1) 2
Accept – 0.415 kJ mol–1 K–1
Accept –415.4 J mol–1 K–1
Accept final answer with no working (2)
Allow “j” for “J”
Reject full calculator display eg –415.4362416
Reject more than 2 dp e.g. –415.436

(c) (i) ∆Stotal = –415 + 216 = –199

or –199.8 or –200) (J mol–1 K–1)
IGNORE 4th significant figure 1
Accept –0.199 kJ mol–1 K–1
ALLOW TE from(a)(ii) and (b)

(ii) reactants predominate / equilibrium lies well to the left

OR
Equilibrium completely to the left 1
ALLOW TE from (c)(i)

p PCl3 × p CL2
(d) (i) Kp = (1)
p PCl5

IGNORE state symbols or lack of them unless (s) or (l)

Units atm (1) 2
Accept capital “P”
Accept use of ( )
If expression the wrong way up allow second mark if units given
as atm–1
Reject use of [ ]

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(ii)
Substance Moles at Moles at Peq /atm
start equilibrium
0.15
0.20 × 4.32
PCl5(g) 0.25
(1)
= 2.592
PCl3(g) 0.05 0.05
× 4.32
0.25
= 0.864
Cl2(g) 0.05 0.864
Total number of moles 0.25
at equilibrium

All three(1) All three(1)

Allow consequential marking across columns 3
If moles at eqm are given as 0.025 for PCl3(g) and for Cl2(g)
then 4th column should be 3.24, 0.54 and 0.54
and gets 2 (out of 3)

0.864 × 0.864
(iii) (Kp = )
(2.592)
= 0.288 (atm) 1
ALLOW TE from di and from dii
Common wrong values above gives 0.090
ALLOW 0.29
Reject 0.3
reject 0.28

(iv) A No change because Kp depends only on temperature /

number of moles would change in same proportion (1)
B Increase because reaction is endothermic (1)
OR
entropy arguments 2
If both changes correct but no explanations then 1 (out of 2)
[16]

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−
[H + ][HCO 3 ]
47. (a) (i) Ka = (1)
[CO 2 ]
mol dm–3 (1)
If H2O is included as denominator then allow only the 2nd
mark if no units suggested 2

(ii) pKa = – log Ka / – lg Ka / – log10 Ka 1

Accept Ka = 10–pKa

(b) A solution which does not change its pH value (significantly) (1)
May be shown using an equation
When some/small amount of acid or alkali is added (1) 2

(c) Acting as a base because it is accepting

a proton (to form H2CO3/CO2 + H2O) 1

[acid]
(d) (i) Before race 7.4 = 6.5 – log
[base]
[acid]
Log = –0.9 (1)
[base]
[acid]
= 0.126 (1) 2
[base]
Accept 0.13
Reject 0.12

(ii) Before race

[CO2] = 0.126 × 0.0224 = 2.82 × 10–3
OR
2.52 × 10–2 – 2.24 × 10–2 = 2.8 × 10–3 1

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(iii) Hypothesis I would result in an increase in

[CO2] / [HCO3–] / [CO2 + HCO3–]
OR
Hypothesis II would produce greater acidity without
additional [CO2] / [HCO3–] / [CO2 + HCO3–] (1)

The table shows a fall in [CO2] / [HCO3–] / [CO2 + HCO3–]

and therefore Hypothesis II must be favoured. (1) 2
[11]

48. C
[1]

49. C
[1]

50. A
[1]

51. C
[1]

52. (a) C 1

(b) D 1

(c) B 1
[3]

53. (a) A 1

(b) D 1

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(c) C 1
[3]

54. (a) methyl butanoate

Accept Methyl butaneoate 1
Reject ‘an’ missing

(b) the other three substances can form

intermolecular hydrogen bonds with themselves but the ester cannot. 1
Reject Discussion of London Forces

(c) Hydrolysis 1

(d) QWC
Must cover advantages and disadvantages. Must not be contradictory
Advantages to manufacturers: (any two)
• not dependent on weather, seasons etc
• consistent taste /concentration/more consistent
• quality
• or alternative ideas
Disadvantages to consumers : (any two)
• some people put off by ‘non-natural’ food
• may not taste the same as natural product which may contain
other impurities
• unable to describe the product as organic
or alternative ideas 4
Reject cost with no justification

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[C 3 H 7 COOH(l)][CH 3 OH(l)]
(e) Kc = (1)
[C 3 H 7 COOCH 3 (l)][H 2 O(l)]
Accept eq subscripts
Moles at Concentration /
equilibrium mol dm–3
butanoic acid = 4.4/88 = 0.05 1.67
methanol 0.05 1.67
ester (methyl butanoate) 0.05 1.67
water 0.95 31.7
all four equilibrium moles = (1)
Conc at equilibrium = equilibrium moles ÷ 0.030 (1)
1.67 × 1.67
Kc = (1) = 0.053 (1)
1.67 × 31.7
ignore significant figures unless value given to 1 s.f.
The units cancel because both the top and bottom of the fraction
have units of concentration squared.
Or same number of moles on both sides of the equation (1) 5
Reject absence of square brackets
[12]

55. (a) Value of equilibrium constant increases (1) 1

(b) QWC
If the equilibrium constant increases then more products will be formed (1)
And the position of equilibrium will move to the right (1) 2
[3]

56. (a) Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)

Accept state symbols omitted 1

(b) (i) Positive because a gas is given off (1)

which is more disordered and so has more entropy (1) 2

(ii) Positive because the reaction is exothermic (1)

and = –∆H/T (1) 2

(iii) Positive because the reaction occurs / total entropy change

is the sum of the two positive values above. 1

(c) (i) Surface coated with magnesium oxide (which would react to
form water rather than hydrogen). 1
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(ii) QWC
Initial number of moles of HCl = 20 × 1 /1000 = 0.02
Number of moles of Mg = 0.1 / 24 = 0.00417 (1)
number of moles of HCl which reacts is 0.00834 (1)
Therefore number of moles of HCl left = 0.01166 (1)
Ignore sig figs
so the concentration nearly halves which would significantly
reduce the rate and so make the assumption that the initial
rate is proportional to 1/time invalid / inaccurate. (1)
Increase the volume of acid to (at least) 50 cm3 (1)
Or measure the time to produce less than the full amount of gas
Or use a smaller piece of magnesium. (1) 5

(iii) Energy given out = 467 000 × 0.1/24 J = 1 946 J

20 × 4.18 × ∆T = 1 946 (1)
∆T = 23.3(o) (1)
Accept units of degrees celsius or Kelvin
This temperature change would significantly increase
the rate of the reaction (1)
Carry out the reaction in a water bath of constant
temperature/use a larger volume of more dilute acid (1) 4

(iv) At 329 time 4s 1/time = 0.25 s–1 ln(rate) = –1.39 (1)

At 283 time 124s 1/time = 0.00806 s–1 ln(rate) = –4.82 (1)
[graph to be drawn]
Plot line with new gradient = – 3.43 / 0.00049
= – 7 000 (1)
Accept –6800 to –7200
Activation energy = + 7 000 × 8.31
= + 58.2 kJ mol–1 (1) 4

(v) QWC
Rate of reaction reduced because less surface area in contact
with the acid. (1) 1

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(vi) Any two

• Repeat the experiment at each of the temperatures
• obtain an initial rate eg by measuring the volume of gas
given off before the reaction is complete.
• Other sensible suggestions. 2

(vii) The rate should be lower, since ethanoic acid is a weaker acid
(compared to hydrochloric acid) and so there will be a lower
concentration of hydrogen ions present. 1
[24]

57. QWC
Answer must be given in a logical order, addressing all the points using precise
terminology
• Collision frequency increases as particles moving more quickly (1)
• More collisions have sufficient energy to overcome activation energy /
more molecules on collision have energy ≥ activation energy (1)
• A greater proportion of collisions result in reaction (1)
• Collision energy has greater effect (1)
• Homogeneous all in same phase and heterogeneous in different
phases / gas and solid (1)
• No need to separate products from catalyst (1) 6
Reject more collisions
Reject more successful collisions
[6]

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1. (a) Element % Atomic Mass % ÷ Atomic Mass Simplest ratio

Carbon 70.5 12 5.875 5.95 = 6
Hydrogen 13.7 1 13.7 13.87 = 14
Oxygen 15.8 16 0.9875 1
(1) (1) 2

(b) 1 Infra red absorption at 3300 suggest alcohol / –OH (1)

absorption at 2900 suggests alkane (and aldehyde) (1)
NOT–CH on its own
2 Mass spectrum
Peak at 17 or 102–17 (ie 85) suggests alcohol / OH
OR
Peak at 31 suggests CH2OH (1)
Peak at 15 suggests methyl )
Peak at 29 suggests ethyl )
Peak at 43 suggests propyl ) three needed
Peak at 57 suggests butyl ) for 2nd mark (1)
Peak at 71 suggests pentyl )
Peak at 85 suggests hexyl )

3 Only one dehydration isomer suggests that the OH group must

be on the end of the chain ie a primary alcohol (1)
H H H H H H
H C C C C C C O H (1) 6
H H H H H H

(c) 1
H H H H H H H H
C C C C ALLOW C C C C
C4 H 9 H C4 H 9 H C4 H 9 H C4 H 9 H n

(d) (i)
CH 3 C H3

(1)
Br C C Br
H C4H 9
H9 C 4 H
QWC*
Rotate plane of plane polarised light in opposite directions (1) 2
(ii) Hexan–2–ol 1

(e) Primary halogenoalkanes are second order

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Tertiary halogenoalkanes are first order (1)

Difficult to predict for secondary halogenoalkanes an experiment is needed to
decide (1) 2
(f) (A) would produce hexanal and hexanoic acid (1)
(E) would produce hexan–2–one (1)
Ketone / aldehyde / carboxylic acid 1 (out of 2) 2
[16]

2. B
[1]

3. (a)
O
H H
H C

O C C H

H H 1

(b) ester 1

(c) (i) Moles: C2H5OH: 3.75 (1)

Moles: HCOOC2H5 : 2.50 and moles H2O : 2.50 (1) for both 2

[HCOOC 2 H 5 ][H 2 O]
(ii) Kc = 1
[HCOOH][C 2 H 5 OH]
Reject obviously round brackets “( )”

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2.50 × 2.50
(iii) Kc = 0.485 0.485 (1)
0.50 × 3.75
0.485 0.485
Must have clearly divided moles of each component by
0.485 for 1st mark e.g.
[HCOOC2H5] = [H2O] = 5.16 (mol dm–3)
and [HCOOH] = 1.03 (mol dm–3)
and [C2H5OH] = 7.73 (mol dm–3)
= 3.33 (1) stand alone mark
IGNORE sig.figs. 2
(2.50) 2
Accept K c = = 3.33 only scores (2) if it is stated
0.50 × 3.75
that V cancels either here or in (iv)
If [H2O] omitted in (ii), then answer
Kc = 0.647 mol–1 dm3
(2) but this will give
Kc = 1.33 mol–1 dm3 with V omitted from calculation (1)

Reject 1st mark if 485 used as V in expression

(iv) No, (as) equal numbers of moles on both sides

OR volumes cancel
OR mol dm–3 cancel
OR units cancel
OR crossing out units to show they cancel 1
Accept “equal powers/moles on both sides”
OR “powers cancel”
Mark CQ on Kc expression in (ii)
Reject “concentrations cancel”

(d) (i) (as reaction) endothermic (1)

Accept exothermic in backward direction (or words to that
effect)
Kc decreases (1)
If state exothermic in forward direction, 1 mark only (out of 4)
for CQ “increase in Kc”
numerator in quotient (has to) decrease
OR denominator in quotient (has to) increase
OR fraction (has to) decrease (1)
yield of HCOOC2H5 decreases (1) 4

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(ii) no effect as catalysts do not affect (the value of) K

OR
no effect as catalysts do not affect the position of equilibrium
OR
no effect as catalysts do not affect the yield
OR
No effect as catalysts increase the rate of the forward and
backward reactions equally/to the same extent
OR
no effect as catalysts only increase the rate
OR
no effect as catalysts only alter the rate
“no effect” can be stated or implied
IGNORE any references to activation energy 1
Reject just “catalysts increase rate”
[13]

4. (a) Element Mass of % No. of Simplest Ratio

1 mole moles
C 12 73.2 6.10 5
H 1 7.3 7.30 6
O 16 19.5 1.22 1

Empirical formula C5H6O (1)

The mass of the empirical formula is
12 × 5 + 1 × 6 + 16 × 1 = 82
Therefore the molecular formula is empirical × 2 = C10H12O2 (1)
OR
Mass of Carbon is 73.2/100 × 164 = 120 so 10 C atoms
Mass of Hydrogen is 7.3/100 × 164 = 11.97 so 12 H atoms
Mass of Oxygen is 19.5/100×164 = 31.98 so 2 O atoms
Therefore the molecular formula is C10H12O2 (1) 2
Empirical formula is C5H6O (1)

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(b) (i) arene/benzene ring

OR high carbon to hydrogen ratio/low hydrogen to carbon ratio aryl. 1
ALLOW “arene or alkene”
(ii) contains an OH group/“acid or alcohol” 1
(iii) phenol/"not a carboxylic acid" 1
(iv) contains a C=O group/carbonyl/"aldehyde or ketone" 1
(v) a ketone/ “not an aldehyde” 1
(vi) contains a carbon atom with four different groups around it/chiral
compound/optical isomers 1
(vii) an arene (1)
with two adjacent hydrogen atoms (1) 2

(c)

1
[11]

5. (a) (i) Elimination / dehydration 1

(ii) Concentrated sulphuric acid / concentrated phosphoric acid /

aluminium oxide 1
ACCEPT correct formula

(iii) Hydrolysis 1

(iv) Esterification 1

(v) CH3OH / methanol 1

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(b) (i)

EITHER
H3C O (:)
[1]
C=O
H 3C C CN [ 1 ] for
intermediate

H3C (:)CN
[1] CH3

[1]
O (:) H – CN OH

H 3C C CN H 3C C CN + (:) CN

CH3 CH3

OR

H3C O (:)
[1]

C=O H 3C C CN [ 1 ] for
intermediate

H3C (:)CN
[1] CH3

[1]
+
O (:) H OH

H 3C C CN H 3C C CN

CH3 CH3

Lone pairs not essential

Arrows may start from minus of O–
ALLOW CN– OR –CN 4

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(ii) High [H+]

insufficient CN– (available for nucleophilic attack) (1)
Low [H+]
insufficient H+ / HCN for the second stage (1)
High [H+] surpasses ionisation / shifts equilibrium to left and low [H+]
shifts equilibrium to right max (1) 2

(c) (i) (Free) radical / peroxide 1

(ii)
H CH3

C C

H COOOCH 3
Correct repeating unit (1)
Continuation bonds dependent on a 2 carbon skeleton unit (1) 2

(iii) The polymer chain lengths are different (due to different

termination steps) different size molecules / different
numbers of monomer (units) 1
[15]

6. (a) (i) Yellow/orange precipitate (allow red/any shades of red) 1

(ii)
NO 2
H H H
H
C C C N N NO2
H
H

C N (1)
H

C N Must be formed by C atom

from the C = O group
rest of molecule correct (1) 2

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(b) Hydrogen nuclei OR hydrogen atoms OR hydrogen(s) OR protons (1)

in (three) different environments (may be shown by diagram) (1)
Ratio 2:1:1 (1)
Any reference to fragments or bonds scores zero 3

(c) (i) EITHER

–
(1) O (:)
H 2C CH
C O CH 2 CH C CN
(1) for intermediate
H
– H
(1) (:)CN
(1)
–
O (:) H CN OH

CH 2 CH C CN CH 2 CH C CN

H H
–
+ (:)CN
Lone pairs not essential.
Arrow may start from minus of O–
• The intermediate is not consequential on their first step
• The minus of the cyanide ion can be on either the C or the N
• The arrow can start from the minus of –CN in step 1 (but not from
the minus of CN–) and can start from the minus of O– in step 2
• The arrow from the bond must not go past the O atom
• Lone pairs not essential
• Single step addition of HCN scores zero
• Autoionisation of C=O can only score the last two marks
ie max 2 4

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OR
–
(1) O (:)
H 2C CH
C O CH 2 CH C CN
(1) for intermediate
H
– H
(1) (:)CN

– (1)
O (:) +
OH
H
CH 2 CH C CN CH 2 CH C CN

H H
• The intermediate is not consequential on their first step
• The minus of the cyanide ion can be on either the C or the N
• The arrow can start from the minus of –CN in step 1 (but not from the
minus of CN–) and can start from the minus of O– in step 2
• The arrow from the bond must not go past the O atom
• Lone pairs not essential
• Single step addition of HCN scores zero
• Autoionisation of C=O can only score the last two marks
ie max 2 4

(ii) Nucleophilic addition 1

Stand alone

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(d) (i)
H H O H H O
+
H C C C H C C C
H H
H
H (1) for intermediate
–
(:) Br
Br
(1) for both arrows

H H O H H O
+
H C C C H C C C

– H H
H (:) Br H Br
(1) for arrow
Note: If Br is on the wrong carbon atom, only third mark available 3

(ii) Electrophilic addition

Stand alone 1

(e) • C = O is a polar bond OR O more electronegative than C (1)

QWC • C = C has high electron density OR C = C is electron rich (1)
IGNORE “C=C is non-polar” and references to ∏ bond
• Cδ+ can be attacked by a nucleophile OR (C in) C = O can be
attacked by nucleophile
OR C = C attacked by electrophile (1) 3
[18]

−
[CH 2 ClCO 2 ][H + ]
7. (a) (i) Ka = 1
[CH 2 ClCO 2 H]

Accept [H3O+] in place of [H+]

allow one set of sq brackets to be missing

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(ii) [H+]2 = 1.3 × 10–3 × 0.001 (1)

= 1.3 × 10–6
[H+] = √1.3 × 10–6
1.14 × 10–3 (1)
pH = –log 1.14 × 10–3 = 2.9(4) (1)
[IGNORE SF] 3

(iii) Trichloroethanoic, as it has the largest Ka value (1)

and has (3 electron withdrawing) chlorine atoms to stabilise
the anion formed (on dissociation). (1) 2

(b) (i)
H O H
H C C O C H
Cl H
ester group (1)
rest of molecule (1) dependent on first mark
(must be fully displayed)
methyl chloroethanoate (1) 3
No transferred error for name

(ii) ester(s) 1
Reject ether

(iii) nucleophile, (1)

as it has a lone pair (of electrons) on the (hydroxyl) oxygen (1)
which can attack the positive carbonyl carbon on the acid (1) 3
2nd and 3rd marks could be obtained by use of a diagram
Reject attack by CH3O–

(iv) (reflux) heat with NaOH(aq) (1)

(cool) and add HCl(aq) (1)
OR
reflux (1) [must be in context]
with HCl (1) 2
[15]

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8. (a) All three compounds can form hydrogen bonds to water molecules 1
(b) Brady’s reagent / 2,4 DNP (1)
Red–yellow/ yellow/red–orange / orange precipitate / crystals solid (1) 2

(c) (i) Benedict’s solution

OR acidified potassium / sodium dichromat(VI)
OR potassium manganate(VII) 1
(ii) Blue to red
OR orange to green / blue
OR purple to colourless 1
(iii) C–H (stretching) frequency for an aldehyde
OR
carbonyl, C=O, frequency different value 1

(d) Na2CO3(aq) + 2CH3CH2CO2H(aq)/(I) → 2CH3CH2CO2Na(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Reactants (1) 2
Products (1)

(e) Sodium )
sodium hydroxide ) Anytwo
sodium hydrogencarbonate )
sodium oxide ) 2
[10]

9. (a) Restricted rotation / lack of free rotation around C=C (1)

NOT cannot rotate
There are two different groups on each carbon of C=C / four different
groups around two carbon atoms (1) 2

(b) Potassium dichromate (1)

If given oxidation state must be correct
dilute H2SO4 / H2SO4 solution (1)
(Heat and) distil off (citral as it is formed) (1)
IF KMnO4 2 max ie 2nd and 3rd marks 3

(c) (i) Brown / orange / yellow → colourless / decolourises / disappears 1

(ii) Yellow/ orange/ red precipitate / crystals / solid 1
(iii) Red precipitate / crystals/ solid 1
[8]

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10. (a) (i) CH3COCH3 (use expts 1 + 2) as conc doubles, rate doubles
first order (1)
I2 (use expts 1 + 3) as conc changes / halves, rate is constant
zero order (1)
if no explanations max 1 for both orders

H+ explanation (1) first order (1)

e. g.
expts 1 + 4 or 3 + 4 as [CH3COCH3] doubles and [H+] doubles, rate × 4
but 1st order w. r. t. [CH3COCH3] so must be 1st order w. r. t. [H+]
OR
Expts 2 + 4 as [l2] doubles and [H+] doubles, rate doubles but zero order
w.r.t. [l2] so must be 1st order w.r.t. [H+] 4

(ii) 2 consequential on (a) 1

(b) rate = k[CH3COCH3][H+] consequential on (a) (1)

k (= e.g 1.5 × 10–5 / 0.4 × 0.4) = 9.4 × 10–5 (1)

consequential on their rate equation units dm3 mol–1 s–1 (1) 3

QWC (c) step 1 – slow / rate determining step / step 2 – faster (1)
iodine has zero order (or is not in rate eqn) so.. does not take part in
a slow step / r.d.s. or is in a fast step or is in mechanism after r.d.s. (1) 2

(d) Expt 2 starts at 0.004 and Expt 3 at 0.002 (1)

Expt 2 line steeper (1)
Expt 3 line parallel (1) 3

(e) (i) (aqueous) sodium (or potassium) hydroxide / carbonate or formulae 1

(ii) water or any dilute acid or formula (1)
H H H
H C C C H
H O H
H (1)
ALLOW OH 2

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(f) 1 peak propanone, 3 peaks propanal (1)

hydrogen in one environment, hydrogen in three environments (1)
[These could be shown on structural formulae]
ALLOW e.g. 1 peak propanone because H in one environment, for 1 mark 2
[18]

11. (a) (i)

chiral centre 1
(ii) rotation of plane of polarisation (of plane) polarised
(monochromatic) light 1

(b) 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (1) orange / red / yellow ppt (1)

NOT “DNP” OR “DNPH”
Warm ammoniacal silver nitrate / Fehlings / Benedicts / K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4
(1) no silver mirror / red ppt OR stays blue / stays orange (1) 4

(c) Amount of carvone used

= 2.70g/ 150 g mol–1 = 0.018 mol (1)
amount of hydrogen used
= 0.864 dm3/24 dm3 mol–1 = 0.036 mol (1)
Ratio carvone : hydrogen is 1:2 (1)
therefore two / π / double / both C=C bonds reduced per molecule (1)
and so the structure is

(1) 5

(d) (i) Dry (1) ethoxyethane (1) 2

(ii) Attack by H– / AIH4– / or by nucleophilic addition (1)

C=O polar, C=C non–polar (1) 2

(iii) Carvone shows peak near 1700 cm–1 (1)

characteristic of C= O / because it is a ketone (1)
Z shows (broad) peak around 3300 cm–1 due to O –H group (from
reduction of C=O) (1) 3

(e) Several possibilities:

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NaOH (1) C6H5OH + NaOH → C6H5 ONa + H2O (1) ethanol no reaction
(1);
OR
(aqueous) bromine (1)
C6H5OH + 3Br2 → C6H3Br3 OH + 3HBr (ignore substitution pattern if
structural formulae are used) (1) ethanol no reaction (1)
OR conc sulphuric acid
nitration
R–halogen (Friedel –Crafts)
Phosphorus (V) chloride
Potassium dichromate(VI) / sulphuric acid
ethanoic acid (+ conc H2SO4) 3
[21]

12. (a) Yellow/orange solid/precipitate/crystals formed 1

Reject red

(b) F : CH3CH(CH3)CHO (1)

G : CH3CH2COCH3 (1)
H : e.g. CH2(=)CHCH2CH2OH (1) 3
H : other alkenols and cyclic alcohols, e.g.
cyclobutanol / correct enols / cyclic ethers (1)
Allow displayed formulae

(c) (i) Prevents reagents/products from boiling/volatilising /evaporating

away/being lost to the surroundings
Reactants have greater chance of reacting since they condense and
rejoin the mixture 1
Accept reduces the risk of fire; (1)
Accept prevents potentially harmful vapours from entering the
lab (1)

(ii) Ethyl butanoate 1

(iii) Ethanol (1)

Sodium butanoate (1) 2
Accept T.E. from (ii)
Reject butanoic acid

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(iv) Hydrolysis / saponification 1

Reject hydration
[9]

H H H H
13. (a) (i) H C C C C O (1) Butanal / butan-1-al (1)
H H H
H H H (1) (2-) methylpropanal / (2-)methylpropan-1-al (1)
NOT methylpropan-2-al
H C C C O
H
H C H
H
Aldehyde must be displayed but rest of molecule not
displayed (1 out of 2)
Name must match correct compound. No marks for correctly
naming an incorrect compound 4

(ii) Any one from

Infrared spectra (1)
different in ‘fingerprint’
OR differences in frequencies/wavelengths absorbed
OR different peak/trough patterns (1)
NOT different peaks/troughs
Measure Boiling point (1)
Different boiling points and suggest why e.g.straight chain
higher boiling point (1)

nmr spectra (1)

A + B would have a different number of peaks (1)
Mass spec (1)
Different fragmentation pattern (1)
X-ray diffraction (1)
Electron density maps identify branching (1)
Prepare 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (1)
and measure melting point (1)
NOT measure melting point 2

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(b) (i) 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine / 2,4-DNP(h) / Brady’s reagent (1)

orange/yellow/orange-red/yellow-orange precipitate/crystals
[a solid must be mentioned] (1)
NOT ‘Red’
2nd mark dependent on 1st 2

(ii) (Heat with) Benedict’s reagent/Fehling’s reagent (1)

Result for C remains blue (1)
ALLOW no change if blue mentioned somewhere
Result for A and B orange/red/green/yellow/brown
precipitate/crystals [a solid must be mentioned] (1)
OR
Acidified dichromate (1)
Result for C remains orange (1)
Result for A + B green/blue (1)
Same rules as above but precipitate not needed
2nd and 3rd marks dependent on 1st 3

(c) (i)
CH3
OH OH

CH3
CH2 OH OH

Any two
ALLOW fully displayed

ALLOW CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CHOH

ALLOW NOT
OH OH
NOT CH2CH2CH2CHOH etc 2

(ii) Esters
NOT esterification 1

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(iii) e.g.
H H H O
H C C C C O
H H H
ester group - must be displayed (1)
rest of molecule - need not be fully displayed (1)
- 2nd mark dependent on 1st
ALLOW TE from CH2CH2CH2CHOH etc in (c)(i) for 2 marks in (iii)
If enol in (c)(i) max 2 (out of 5) for (c) ie (ii) and ester displayed
in (iii) can be awarded 2
[16]

14. (a) Ethylmagnesium bromide of formula, or any other halide NOT C2H5BrMg, (1)
Dry ether / ethoxyethane
Followed by hydrolysis / acid / water (1)
Grignard reagent / named reagent with incorrect alkyl group scores (0) for (1)
reagent but can score both condition marks.
If halogenoalkane given as reagent, can score 1st mark if Mg included under 3
conditions.

(b) (i) Observation

effervescence/ bubbles/ fizzing (1)
NOT gas evolved
2C2H5COOH + Na2CO3 → 2C2H5COONa + CO2 + H2O (1) 2

(ii) Observation
steamy/ misty/ white fumes (1)
NOT smoke
C2H5COOH + PCl5 → C2H5COCl + POCl3 + HCl (1) 2

(c) Reagents potassium dichromate ((VI)) / K2Cr2O7, (1)

sulphuric acid / H2SO4 / hydrochloric acid / HCl but conseq. on an oxidising (1)
agent
ALLOW acidified potassium dichromate / H+ and Cr2O72– (2)
ALLOW acidified dichromate ions (2)
Acidified dichromate (without ion) scores just (1)
ACCEPT
Potassium manganate(VII) / potassium permanganate / KMnO4 / Tollens’* /
Fehling’s* (1)
Acidified / alkaline* / neutral (1) 2
nd
(*) need to acidify to liberate free acid for 2 mark

(d) (i) Reagent Condition

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(any one of) (to match)

HCN and KCN
HCN or KCN (buffered between) pH between 6 and 9
KCN + acid / H+ NOT excess
HCN + base / OH– NOT excess (2)
Type of reaction
Nucleophilic addition - both words needed (1) 3

(ii) Reagent Condition

(any one of) (to match)
Hydrogen Pt / Ni / Pd (catalyst) – IGNORE ref to temp.
Sodium (in) ethanol
Lithium aluminium hydride dry ether / ethoxyethane
Sodium borohydride (in) aqueous / water / ethanol / methanol (2)
Type of reaction
Reduction
ACCEPT redox / hydrogenation (not addition)
ACCEPT nucleophilic addition if metal hydrides used (1) 3

(e) (i) 2

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(ii)

OR

OR

NOT

(f) Optical
NOT stereo (1)

ALLOW – C2H5 for – CH2CH3

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MUST show the two as object and mirror image (2)

but NOT

C must not be bonded to H in OH group

Near-miss molecule plus mirror image (1) 3
The two solid lines in 3D structure must not be at 180 °
[21]

15. (a)

(1) (1) 2

(b) Y = butanone (1) 1

(c) C = O polar so attracted to water / forms hydrogen bonds with water 1
(d) (i) CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3 1
(ii) Potassium/sodium dichromate + sulphuric acid
OR
potassium manganate(VII) + sulphuric acid
NOT acidified dichromate 1

(e) (i) C = O / carbon double bonded to oxygen (1) 1

(ii) O – H / bond between oxygen and hydrogen (1)
Hydrogen/ H bonded (1) 2
[9]

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16. (a) (i) Reagent: potassium dichromate (VI)/potassium manganate (VII) (1) or
formulae sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid (1) or formulae
If potassium manganate(VII) chosen not HCl or conc H2SO4 for second mark
‘Acidfied dichromate’ or H+ / Cr2O72–(1) 2
(ii) amount of propanol = 5.67/60 = 0.0945 mol (1)
amount of propanoic acid produced = 0.64 × 0.0945
= 0.06048 mol (1)
yield of propanoic acid = 74 × 0.06048 = 4.5 / 4.48 / 4.476 g (1)
OR by mass ratio: ratio acid/alcohol = 74/60 = 1.23 (1)
100% yield = 1.23 × 5.67g = 6.99 g (1)
64% yield = 6.99 g × 0.64 = 4.5 / 4.48 / 4.476 g (1) 3

(b) (i) increase in temperature:

(position of ) equilibrium goes to the right (1)
as endothermic left to right (1)
on the addition of sodium propanaoate
the position of equilibrium goes to left (1)
higher concentration of / more propanoate ions
or
sodium propanoate produces propanoate ions (1) 4
(ii) pH rises (consequential on above) (1) 1

14

12 start pH 2 to 4 (1)

correct general shape (1)

9
vertical 6/7.6 to 10/12 (1)
6 at 25 cm3 (1)

(c) (i) 3 4

10 20 30 40 50

(ii) indicator : thymol blue (1) consequential on vertical part of graph

reason: pH change sharp around pKin value / its colour changes around end point
pH / band pH8 to 10 shown on graph (1) 2

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(d) (i) fully dissociated and reactions identical

OR
H+ + OH– → H2O (1) 1
(ii) HCN weak acid / partially dissociated (1)
∆Hionisation of HCN endothermic (1) 2
[19]

17. (a) (i) impurities lower / change the melting point /(impure solid)
melts over a range of temperatures
or the pure solid has a sharp melting point (1) 1
(ii) C=O / carbonyl responsible for peak at 1720cm–1 (1) 1
(iii) because of hydrogen bonding (1)
between (alcohol) molecules (1) 2
(iv) A is CH3–CH2–CH2–CHO (1) or in full
B is CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–O–H (1) or in full
Incorrect B can score consequentially on A being a carbonyl from data 2

(b) (i) Reagent: potassium hydroxide / sodium hydroxide (1) or

KOH / NaOH
Solvent: ethanol/alcohol (1) but aqueous alcohol(0) 2
(ii) CH3–CH2–CH=CH2 or in full (1)
if answer incorrect, consequential on B in (a)(iv) 1

(iii) CH3–CH2–CHBr–CH3 or in full (1)

consequential on D in (b)(ii) 1
(iv) Because CH3CH2CH+CH3/secondary ion / secondary intermediate is more stable
than the CH3CH2CH2CH2+/primary ion / primary intermediate (1)
(do not allow Markovnikov as the reason) 1
[11]

18. (a) Sodium dichromate/potassium dichromate/Na2Cr2O7/ K2Cr2O7/

KMnO4/potassium manganate (VII)/ permanganate. (1)
Sulphuric acid/H2SO4 (1) 2

(b) Acid: Donates protons/produces H+ ions in solution (1)

Weak: An acid that has only partly ionised/slightly dissociated. (1) 2

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19. (a) (i) Add Brady’s Reagent / 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (1)

Yellow/orange precipitate / crystals/ solid produced (1) 2
(ii) CH3CH2COCH3 (1)
Butanone (1) 2
(iii)

(1) 1

(b) (i) Esters (1) 1

(ii) CH3CH2CH2CO2CH2CH3 + H2O (1) 1
(iii) Ethyl butanoate (1) 1
(iv) Nucleophile/ nucleophilic (1) 1

(c) Cloudy/misty/steamy fumes/vapour/gas 1

(d) Cl is more electron withdrawing/electronegative (1)
Which makes carbonyl carbon more electrophilic/positive/susceptible to
nucleophilic attack
OR Cl is a better leaving group (than OH)
as Cl– is more stable (than –H) (1) 2
[12]

20. (a) pentyl dichloroethanoate (1)

ALLOW 1,1 OR 2,2-
ALLOW pent-1-yl /all one word
NOT penten
NOT pentan
NOT pentanyl
ester (1)
ALLOW esther 2

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(b) (i) using a pipette remove a known volume (say 20 cm3) (1)
remove some solution – either with a pipette
OR a known volume / 20 cm3
titrate with an alkali (such as sodium hydroxide) (1)
of known concentration (1)
– dependent on previous mark ie must have mentioned alkali
IGNORE quenching
using a named indicator eg. phenolphthalein/methyl orange (1)
NOT litmus / universal indicator
Measure pH on its own 1 (out of 4)
But if calculation fully explained from pH can get full marks 4

(ii) Kc =
[CHCl 2 COOC 5 H11 (l)]
[CHCl 2 COOH(l)] × [C 5 H10 (l)]
State symbols not required 1

1.7
(iii) C5H10 1.7 (1) = 5.67(5.7) NOT 5.66
0.3
0.6
CHCl2COOC5H11 0.6 (1) =2
0.3
(1) for ÷ moles at eq by 0.3 in both cases 3

0.6 / 0.3 2
(iv) 2Kc = × 1.7 / 0.3 (1) =
1.33 1.33 × 5.67
= 0.265 (1) dm3 mol–1 / mol–1 dm3 (1)
NOT dm–3
ALLOW 0.27 / 0.26 / 0.264
Penalise 1 SF or 4SF or more SF but only take off 1 mark maximum in
(iii) and (iv) for significant figure errors
ALLOW TE from expression in (ii)
TE using numbers for (iii) full marks possible 3
[13]

21. (a) (i) Pairs: acid NH4+ /ammonium ion and base NH3 /ammonia
acid H3O+ / hydronium ion and base H2O / water 1
Accept hydroxonium ion

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[ NH 3 ][H 3 O + ]
(ii) Ka = +
ignore lower case k 1
[ NH 4 ]

[NH 3 ][H + ]
Accept Ka = +
[NH 4 ]
Reject answers including [H2O]

(iii) [H3O+] = 10–5 mol dm–3 (1)

Assumption ionization of NH4+ (negligibly) small (1)

Assumption [NH3] = [H3O+] (1)

Accept [NH4+] = [NH4Cl] or NH4Cl totally ionized

thus [NH4Cl] = (1 × 10–5)2 / 5.62 × 10–10

= 0.178 mol dm–3 (1)
Answer to 2 or more S.F. 4

(iv) QWC
methyl red (1)
indicator constant or pKIn must be near the endpoint pH
OR indicator constant or pKIn must be near 5 (1)
2nd mark conditional on correct indicator 2
Accept pKIn in the steep part of the graph or it is a weak base-
strong acid titration

(b) CN– + H2O HCN + OH–

IGNORE state symbols 1
Accept “→” instead of “ “

(c) (i) nucleophilic addition 1

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(ii)
O(:)
C O C CN

(:)CN
(1) for both arrows (1) for intermediate
(1)
O(:) H CN OH
C CN + (:)CN
C CN

OR for second step

O(:) H OH
C CN C CN

(1) 3
Fish hook arrows (penalise once)

• Ignore the groups attached to the carbonyl carbon throughout

• The intermediate is not consequential on their first step
• The minus of the cyanide ion can be on either the C or the N
• The arrow can start from the minus of –CN in step 1 (but not
from the minus of CN–) and can start from the minus of O– in step 2
• The arrow from the bond must not go past the O atom
• Lone pairs not essential
• Single step addition of HCN or initial attack by H+/HCN scores zero
• Autoionisation of C=O can only score the last two marks ie max 2

(iii) QWC
if too acidic too small a concentration of cyanide ions (1)
Accept not enough / too little CN–
if too alkaline too little HCN to donate the proton in the last step
OR H+ ion concentration too low (1) 2

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(d) (i) rate = k[CH3CH2CH2Cl] [CN–]

Must be an equation
Must be [ ] NOT ( )
Ignore upper case K 1
Accept ‘R’ or ‘r’ for rate C3H7Cl] / [1-chloropropane]/
[chloropropane]
Accept [cyanide ion]/[cyanide]
Reject [KCN]

(ii)
–
H H H H

NC C Cl –
H C Cl NC C H + Cl
– C2 H 5 C2 H 5 C2 H 5
NC

Curly arrow (1)

Curly arrow (1) Transition state (1)

• Must have partial bonds in transition state
• CN and Cl must be on opposite sides of central C in the
transition state
• Accept negative charge on N of cyanide ion 3
Mechanism based on SN1 scores 0
Reject fish hook arrows (penalise once)
Reject arrow from N of CN
[19]

22. (a) methyl butanoate

Accept Methyl butaneoate 1
Reject ‘an’ missing

(b) the other three substances can form

intermolecular hydrogen bonds with themselves but the ester cannot. 1
Reject Discussion of London Forces

(c) Hydrolysis 1

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(d) QWC
Must cover advantages and disadvantages. Must not be contradictory
Advantages to manufacturers: (any two)
• not dependent on weather, seasons etc
• consistent taste /concentration/more consistent
• quality
• or alternative ideas
Disadvantages to consumers : (any two)
• some people put off by ‘non-natural’ food
• may not taste the same as natural product which may contain
other impurities
• unable to describe the product as organic
or alternative ideas 4
Reject cost with no justification

[C 3 H 7 COOH(l)][CH 3 OH(l)]
(e) Kc = (1)
[C 3 H 7 COOCH 3 (l)][H 2 O(l)]
Accept eq subscripts
Moles at Concentration /
equilibrium mol dm–3
butanoic acid = 4.4/88 = 0.05 1.67
methanol 0.05 1.67
ester (methyl butanoate) 0.05 1.67
water 0.95 31.7
all four equilibrium moles = (1)
Conc at equilibrium = equilibrium moles ÷ 0.030 (1)
1.67 × 1.67
Kc = (1) = 0.053 (1)
1.67 × 31.7
ignore significant figures unless value given to 1 s.f.
The units cancel because both the top and bottom of the fraction
have units of concentration squared.
Or same number of moles on both sides of the equation (1) 5
Reject absence of square brackets
[12]

23. (a) A 1

(b) D 1

(c) A 1

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[3]

24. (a) IGNORE ‘alkane’ in any answer

X : ester (1)
Reject carbonyl
Y : both alkene and alcohol or hydroxyl (1)
Accept carbon–carbon double bond
Accept “hydroxy”
Reject OH– or “hydroxide”
Z : both alcohol or hydroxyl and aldehyde (1) 3
Accept “hydroxy”
Reject OH– or “hydroxide” or “carbonyl”
Reject just the formula
O

(b) X : no reaction (1)

Y : no reaction (1)
Z:
H H H O

H C C C C
–
O
OH H H
(1) do not award if the bond from the carbon atom is clearly to
the H of the OH group 3
Accept
O

O H
–O– Na+ or –ONa
Reject any formula with the alcohol group oxidised

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(c) (i) CH3CH2CH2COONa/CH3CH2CH2COO–Na+/

H H H O

H C C C C
– +
O Na
H H H
(1)
Allow C3H7 / C2H5CH2
CH3OH/
H

H C O H

H 2
Accept
O

CH3CH2CH2C

O – Na + /
CH3CH2CH2COO– /
CH3CH2CH2CO2Na /
CH3CH2CH2CO2–Na+
Reject carboxylic acid
Or
…O– ―Na+

(ii)
H H H H

H C C C C OH

OH H H CN
/CH2(OH)CH2CH2CH(CN)OH
/ CH2(OH)CH2CH2CH(OH)CN (1) 1
[9]

25. (a) Aldehyde(s) 1

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(b) (blue to) red (1)

precipitate/solid (1) 2
Accept green/yellow/ brown/orange instead of red
[3]

26. (a) Can be given in either order

1st functional group
alkene or C=C or carbon-carbon double bond (1)
Reject just ‘double bond’ or just ‘carbon double bond’
bromine water/Br2 turns (from orange/brown etc. to)
colourless/decolorised (1)
INITIAL COLOUR NOT REQUIRED
Accept KMnO4
Accept acidified decolorised
Accept alkaline green
Reject ‘clear’ instead of ‘colourless’

2nd functional group

carboxylic (acid)
O

C
O H (1)
Accept carboxyl
Reject “carbonyl”
on addition of Na2CO3 or NaHCO3 or CaCO3 or Mg, fizzing occurs (1)
Accept gas evolved which turns limewater milky
OR
or universal indicator/ blue litmus turns red
Reject just “a gas/CO2/H2 evolved” for fizzing
OR
(warm with) a named alcohol plus conc. acid (as catalyst),
pleasant/fruity smell
Ignore references to testing with PCl5 4

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(b) (i) W as it contains an aldehyde group / –CHO group

OR
W can be oxidised (whereas X cannot)
OR
X cannot be oxidised
OR
W as X is a ketone (which cannot be oxidised) 1
Reject W with no reason or an incorrect reason (0)
Contains C=O

(ii) CH2 OHCH2 OH

OR
H H

H C C H

HO OH
OR
Ethan(e)-1-2-diol 1
Accept (CH2OH)2

(iii)
O O
C C
O H
H O
OR
HOOCCOOH
OR
Ethanedioic acid/oxalic acid 1
Accept (COOH)2
Accept ethan(e)-1,2-dioic acid or ethandioic acid
Reject any other name

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(c) (i)
O O H H

C C O C C O

H H

OR

O O H H

O C C O C C

H H

(2) for a correct structure

IF STRUCTURE IS INCORRECT, BUT A CORRECT ESTER
LINKAGE IS FULLY DRAWN (1)
the correct repeat unit must contain only 4 carbon and 4 oxygen atoms 2
Accept CQ polyester on basis of monomers in (b)(ii) and (iii)
Accept –CH2CH2–
instead of
H H

C C

H H
in relevant part of structure
only (1) if STRUCTURE IS CORRECT, BUT the ester linkage
has been written as COO/CO2

(ii) Condensation 1
[10]

27. (a)
H
H H C H O H
H C C C C H
H H H
Ketone + five carbon atoms (could be straight chain) (1)
Branched chain + rest of molecule (1) 2
Allow 1 CH3 group not displayed
Reject aldehyde
Reject if any hydrogen atoms missing (1 max)

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(b) 2-methylbutan(e)-3-one/
3-methylbutan(e)-2-one
Ignore punctuation 1
Accept 2-methylbutanone
Accept 3-methylbutanone
Allow TE from (a) provided it is a ketone
e.g. pentan-2-one, pentan-3-one
Reject 2-methylbuta(-3)one
Reject 2-methylbut(-3-)one
Reject 2-methylbutan-2-one
Reject methylbutanone

(c) C5H12O 1
Accept C5H11OH
Reject structural or displayed formula

(d) The reactants don’t distil over before they can react
Owtte 1
Accept higher % of alcohol will be oxidised/not all of the
alcohol will react/maximum chance of oxidising
Accept more time to oxidise to condense (any evaporated)
reactants
Reject BP of alcohol low
Reject explanation of what happens during refluxing
Reject to get a higher yield
Reject discussion of rate of reaction
[5]

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1. (a) The emf of a half-cell measured relative to the standard hydrogen electrode (1)
all solutions at 1 mol dm–3 concentration and gases at 1 atm pressure / 101 kPa
and at a stated temperature / 298K (1) Standalone mark
ALLOW pressure of 100 kPa 2

(b) Introducing another metal wire would set up its own p.d. / can
only measure a potential difference / need source and sink for
electrons / voltmeter requires two connections 1

(c) (i) 2Fe(s) + O2(g) + 2H2O(l) → 2Fe2+ (aq) + 4OH–(aq) or multiples

OR
2Fe(s) + O2(g) + 2H2O(l) → 2Fe(OH)2 (s)
Species (1)
balancing (1)
Do not allow species mark if electrons still in equation, but allow
balancing mark if 4e on both sides 2

ο
(ii) ∆E react = (+) 0.84 (V) (1)
Greater than zero therefore feasible (1) 2

QWC (iii) Zn oxidises preferentially to Fe / Zinc acts as sacrificial (anode) (1)

If Sn used (and damaged), Fe oxidises; preferentially (1)
Disallow “oxidises more readily”
ο
E Zn2+ / Zn more negative than for Fe
OR
ο
E Zn / Zn2+ more positive than for Fe
OR
Eθcell for Zn being oxidised by O2 is more positive than for Fe
being oxidised by O2
OR
ο
similar E arguments related to preferential oxidation with Sn (1) 3
disallow “higher” or “bigger” for more negative or more positive
[10]

2. (a) 3OCl– → 2Cl– + ClO3– (1)

chlorine (in OCl–) is (simultaneously) oxidised from +1 to +5 (1)

and reduced from +1 to –1 (1)
If only oxidation numbers given max 1 (out of 2)
If oxidation numbers omitted max 1 (out of 2) 3

(b) (i) blue / black to colourless 1

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(ii) no. moles S 2 O 32− used = 12.5 × 0. 1 / 1000 = 1. 25 × 10–3 (1)

no. moles I2 = 1.25 × 10–3 / 2 = 6.25 × 10–4 (1)

no. moles ClO– = no. moles 12 (1)
no. moles ClO– in original 10 cm3 = 10 × 6.25 × 10–4
= 6.25 × 10–3 (1)
no. moles ClO– in 1 dm3 = 100 × 6.25 × 10–3 (1) = 0.625 5

(iii) mass Cl2 = 0.625 × 71

= 44.4 (g)
mark consequentially on (ii)
must be 3s.f. in final answer 1

(c) Cl2 is the stronger oxidising agent because Cl2 oxidises S from
(+)2 to (+)6 (1)
but l2 oxidises S from (+)2 to (+)2.50 (1) 2

QWC (d) O2 oxidises KI / iodide to l2. or balanced equation (1)

ll2 reacts with starch / paper to give blue / black (1) 2
[14]

3. (a) C10H8
ALLOW (C5H4)2
NOT (C6H4)2 1

(b) (i) –600

NOT + 600
NOT 600 1

(ii) Naphthalene is more/very stable than double bonds suggest (1)

Must be a comparison for the 1st mark
Therefore the electrons/bonds may be/are delocalised
(over the ring system)
OR it is a delocalised system (1)
No TE from (i)
Delocalised mark can be given if delocalisation mentioned in (iii) 2

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(iii) No
because it is likely to react like benzene / delocalised structure /
no double bonds
OR bromine not a strong enough electrophile without a catalyst
OR “yes but only if bromine [NOT bromine solution] and a catalyst” 1

(c) (i) Reagent

2-chloropropane (1)
ALLOW 1-chloropropane OR other halogenopropanes
NOT chloropropane
NOT bromo-2-propane
ALLOW formula with or without non-systematic name
ALLOW ClCH(CH3)2 OR (CH3)2CHCl OR C(CH3)2HCl OR ClC(CH3)2H
Catalyst
aluminium chloride / AlCl3/Al2Cl6
OR aluminium bromide / AlBr3
OR iron(III) chloride/FeCl3 (1)
NOT AlCl4(–)
NOT ”iron” on its own
If both correct but wrong way round 1 (out of 2) 2

(ii) electrophilic (1)

substitution (1)
Can be given in any order
Mark independently 2
[9]

4. (a) (i) EITHER

ΔEθ = (+) 0.15 (V) OR Eθ (MnO4–/ Mn2+) more positive or
greater than Eθ
(Cl2 / Cl–); accept reverse argument (1)
(so) MnO4– reacts with Cl– OR Cl– ions form Cl2
OR KMnO4 reacts with HCl (1)
OR
2MnO4– + 16H+ + 10Cl– →– 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5Cl2 (1)
Eθ = (+) 0.15(V) (1) 2

(ii) stated colour change of colourless to (pale) pink NOT purple OR

stays (pale) pink
OR pink to colourless
OR first excess of (coloured) manganate((VII))
IGNORE “self-indicating”
IGNORE references to Mn2+ 1

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(b) (i) (Multiply iron half-equation by five to) cancel out electrons
OR balance electrons 1

0.0200 × 20.10
(ii) Moles MnO4− =
1000
= 0.000402 mol MnO4− (1)

Moles Fe2+ per 25.0 cm3 = 5 × 0.000402

= 0.00201 mol Fe2+ (1)
200
Moles Fe2+ per 200 cm3 = 0.00201 × mol Fe2+
25
= 0.01608 mol Fe2+ (1)
Mass of FeSO4 . 7H2O = 0.01608 × 278
= 4.47g or via concentrations (1)
4.47
Percentage purity = × 100%
6.00
= 74.5% (1) ALLOW 74.7% / 75%
Correct answer + working (5)
ALLOW 2 or more sig figs
6.00
If start by dividing , and final answer is incorrect, candidate can
278
access first three marks only.
If third step omitted, answer 9.3% OR 9.33% OR 9.4% 5

(c) (i) Eθ = + 1.46 – ( – 0.13) = ( + ) 1.59 (V)

Correct answer alone (1) 1

PbSO 4 precipitated (1) 


[H + ( aq) ] not 1 mol dm – 3 (1) 
(ii) 2+ –3
 any of these
[Pb ( aq) ] not 1 mol dm (1) 
the conditions (in the car battery) are not standard (1)

“temperature non-standard” alone or “not 1 atm pressure”

alone does not score 1
[11]

5. (a) (i) Add silver nitrate (solution) (1) ACCEPT correct formula
(pale) yellow precipitate/solid(1)
OR
Add chlorine (solution)/bromine (solution) and hydrocarbon solvent (1)
Solvent goes purple/pink/violet (1)
2nd mark is dependent on 1st 2

(ii) Iodine /I and sulphur / S identified (1) -NOT I2 /I–/iodide

Iodine

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initial (+)5 final –1 (1)

Sulphur
initial (+)4 final (+)6 (1)
ACCEPT as roman numerals
ACCEPT +/– on either side/sub or superscript
ACCEPT as words 3

(iii) 1 × –6 = –6, 3 × +2 = +6 ALLOW TE from (ii)

OR total change in oxidation number of +6 for S, –6 for I
ACCEPT justification in terms of electrons 1

(b) (i) pipette

ALLOW burette
NOT measuring cylinder 1

(ii) Starch (solution) (1)

blue/dark blue/blue-black/black to colourless (1)
ALLOW max 1 if candidate states “no indicator needed/self-indicating”
with colour change brown/yellow to colourless
If no indicator given but correct colour change 1 (out of 2) 2

24.0
(iii) × 2.4(0) × 10 − 4 OR 0.00024 (mol)
1000
The mark is for the answer 1

2.40 × 10 −4
(iv) = 1.2(0) × 10–4 (mol) OR 0.00012 (mol)
2
ALLOW TE from (iii)
The mark is for the answer 1

(v) 1.2 × 10–4 × 100 = 0.012(0) (mol dm–3)

ALLOW TE from (iv)
The mark is for the answer 1
[12]

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6. (i) (Buchner) flask / boiling tube connected to pump, glass tube

through stopper into solution
eg
pump
pump

or

ACCEPT
Air
pump

But must be a test tube and tube to bottom as shown 1

(ii) 8H+ 4H2O

ACCEPT multiples 1

(iii) Number of moles of manganate(VII) ion

20 × 0.020
= = 0.0004 (0) (1)
1000
Number of moles of electrons
= 5 × 0.00040 = 0.002(0) (1)
Number of moles of vanadium ions
10 × 0.10
= = 0.001 (1)
1000
(as vanadium(V) is formed by loss of 2 moles of electrons)
Oxidation number of vanadium in aerated solution is +3 (1) 4

(iv) It is a powerful oxidising agent, Eο = +1.51 V

OR
It is self-indicating 1
[7]

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7. (a) (i) uses Eο values to find Ereaction = (+) 1.57 (V) (1)
Reject – 1.57
Zn + 2NO3– + 4H+ → Zn2+ + 2NO2 + 2H2O (1) 2
Accept equation with equilibrium sign
Rejection equation with Zn on the right

(ii) Ereaction for the production of hydrogen is (+) 0.76 (V) (1)
smaller than reaction in (i) so is less likely (1)
OR
NO3– being the oxidised form of a redox couple with a more
positive Eο than Eο H+/½ H2 (1)

is a stronger oxidising agent than H+ (1) 2

(iii) hexaaquacopper(II) (1)

OH 2 2+
H2 O Cu OH 2
H2 O OH 2
OH 2

OR
OH 2
H2 O OH 2
H2 O OH 2
OH 2 (1)
Both marks stand alone
[IGNORE charge] 2
[IGNORE how H2O ligand is bonded to central cation]
Accept hexaquacopper(II)
Reject formula

(iv) ligand exchange/replacement/substitution (1)

[Cu(H2O)6]2+ + 4Cl– CuCl42– + 6H2O (1)
OR
[Cu(H2O)6]2+ + 4HCl CuCl42– + 4H+ + 6H2O (1) 2
ALLOW →
Accept H2CuCl4 + 2H+ for CuCl42– + 4H+

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(b) (i) Eο for the reaction is – 0.39 (V) (so not feasible) [value is required]. 1
Accept Cu2+ being the oxidised form of the redox couple with
the more negative Eο, will not oxidise I–

(ii) CuI is a solid (so conditions are not standard) (1)

Equilibrium is pulled over/moves to favour the r.h.s. (1) 2
Reject just ‘conditions not standard’

(iii) [Cu(NH3)4]+

OR [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]+ 1

Accept [Cu(NH3)2]+

Reject [Cu(NH3)6]+
Reject any 2+ complex

(iv) (atmospheric) oxygen (1)

oxidises Cu+ to Cu2+ (1) 2
Reject air for oxygen

(c) (i) starch (1)

blue-black/blue/black to colourless (1) 2
Reject clear for colourless

(ii) (If added too early) insoluble complex/black solid formed, making
titre too low
OR (If added too early) insoluble complex/black solid formed,
removes iodine from solution
OR (If added too early) insoluble complex/black solid formed,
causes inaccurate titre.
OR (If added too early) insoluble complex/black solid formed, not
all the iodine is titrated. 1

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(iii) Amount thiosulphate = 0.01655 dm3 × 0.1 mol dm–3 (1)

= amount Cu2+ in 25.0 cm3 = 1.655 × 10–3 mol (1)
amount of Cu2+ in 250 cm3 = 1.655 × 10–3 × 10 (1)
mass of Cu (in sample) = 1.655 × 10–2 × 63.5 (1) = 1.051 g
% Cu in brass = 1.051 × 100/1.5 = 70 % (1)
[IGNORE sf]
[mass of 1.051g with working scores (4);
correct answer with no working scores (3).]
Mark consequentially 5
[22]

8. (a) 3d104s1 and 3d10 1

Accept 4s13d10

(b) (i) QWC*

the (3)d sub–shell is full (1)
Accept orbitals (it must be plural) for sub-shell
Reject comments on partially filled sub-shell
so no d-d transitions are possible
OR no transitions in the right energy range are possible (1)
(and no light is absorbed)
Any mention of light emission loses 2nd mark 2

(ii) combine the half–reactions to get 2Cu+ → Cu2+ + Cu (1)

IGNORE state symbols
and show that Eο for this is (+) 0.37 (V) (and as it is positive it is
feasible) (1)
conditional on correct reaction 2
Reject just ‘> 0.3 (V)’

(iii) activation energy (for the disproportionation) is high

OR
Cu+ is kinetically stable 1
Reject activation energy for one of the half-equations is too
high

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(c) (i) divides each by atomic mass (1)

divides by smallest to obtain Cu2SO6H2 (1) 2
Division by atomic number scores zero

(ii) CuSO4.Cu(OH)2 (2)

If formula wrong but sulphate/ SO4 is present scores 1 (out of 2) 2
Accept Cu2SO4(OH)2
Accept Cu2(OH)2SO4
Accept (CuOH)2SO4
Reject HSO4 instead of SO4

(iii) [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ 1

Accept [Cu(NH3)4]2+

Reject [Cu(NH3)6]2+

(iv) ligand exchange / ligand substitution 1

(d) (i) QWC

(add aldehyde to 2,4–DNP) to obtain precipitate/ppt/solid/crystals (1)
recrystallise derivative (1)
determine melting temperature of derivative (1)
compare with data tables (1) 4th mark conditional on melting
temperature of a derivative being measured 4
Reject any identification method based on IR, NMR or mass for
last 2 marks

(ii) the aldehyde is distilled off as it is formed 1

Reject any mention of reflux
Reject just ’the aldehyde is distilled off’

(iii) propanoic acid OR CH3CH2COOH OR CH3CH2CO2H 1

Accept C2H5 for CH3CH2

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(iv) No (extra) oxygen present

OR catalyst specific to formation of aldehyde / only lowers Ea
of first oxidation
OR presence of hydrogen gives reducing conditions
OR copper is not an oxidising agent
OR aldehydes rapidly leave catalyst surface 1

(v) (At high pressure) all active sites are occupied/full

OR
(At higher pressures) rate controlled by availability of sites. 1
Accept reverse argument for low pressure
[20]

9. (a) (i) Cr: [Ar] 3d54s1

Cu: [Ar] 3d104s1
Both needed for the mark 1
Accept 4s13d5
Accept 4s13d10
Accept [Ar] written in full

(ii) all the others are 4s2 / have full 4s orbital (1)
Accept Cr and Cu/they do not have a full 4s orbital
Reject just ‘only have one electron in 4s’
OR
Have incomplete 4s orbital
The d subshell is more stable when either half or fully filled
OR
A specific example of chromium having half-filled or
copper having filled d sub-shell/set of d orbitals which
is more stable (1) 2
Accept sub-energy levels d shell
Reject half-filled or filled d orbital(s)

(b) (i) Octahedral drawn must be 3-D

IGNORE any or no charge 1
Accept –H2O (bond to H) except on water molecules on left of
Cr

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(ii) Dative bond formed from electron pair/lone pair on oxygen

(of the water molecule) to the ion
This could be shown on a diagram 1
Accept a clear description of the dative bond
Reject ‘dative’ alone or from water
Reject just “dative bond formed from oxygen”

(iii) [Cr(H2O)6]3+ + OH– → [Cr(H2O)5OH]2+ + H2O

OR
[Cr(H2O)6]3+ + 2OH– → [Cr(H2O)4(OH)2]+ + 2H2O
OR
[Cr(H2O)6]3+ + 3OH– → Cr(OH)3 + 6H2O
OR
[Cr(H2O)6]3+ + 3OH– → [Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3H2O
First mark is for the correct Cr product
Second mark is conditional on the first and is for the rest
of the equation correct and balanced 2

(iv) Forms a green precipitate (1)

IGNORE initial colour of solution
(which reacts or dissolves or changes to)
a green solution (with excess reagent) (1)
Accept any shade of green
2nd mark is conditional on an initial ppt 2

(v) acid / acidic 1

Accept amphoteric/able to be deprotonated
Reject coloured ions/ligand exchange/ deprotonation /partially
filled d orbitals

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(c) (i) Check working – correct answer can be obtained by not dividing
by 2 for 2nd mark and not multiplying by 2 for 4th mark
amount thiosulphate in titre = 0.0372 dm3 × 0.100 mol dm–3
= 3.72 × 10–3 mol (1)
3.72 × 10 −3
amount I2 = (1) = 1.86 × 10–3 mol
2
2nd mark cq on amount thiosulphate
amount dichromate in 25 cm3
1.86 × 10 3
= (1) = 6.2 × 10–4 mol
3
3rd mark cq on amount I2

Total mass Cr = 6.2 × 10–4 mol × 2 × 10 × 52 g mol–1 (1)

= 0.645 g
4th mark cq on amount dichromate
% of Cr = 64.5 % (1)
IGNORE SF unless rounded to 1 SF cq on mass Cr, provided less than 1 g
Accept 64.48 %

OR
amount thiosulphate for whole sample
= 0.0372 dm3 × 0.100 mol dm–3 × 10
= 3.72 × 10–2 mol (1)
amount I2 = 1.86 × 10–2 mol (1)

amount dichromate = 6.2 × 10–3 mol (1)

mass Cr = 6.2 × 10–3 mol × 2 × 52 g mol–1 (1)
= 0.645 g
% of Cr = 64.5% (1)
IGNORE SF unless rounded to 1sf Mark consequentially, as above
Note:
Correct answer with no working (3) 5

(ii) Colour at the end point would be green which

would prevent the loss of iodine colour being seen
OR
colour change at end point would be disguised by the colour of Cr3+ 1
Accept chromium instead of Cr3+
Reject end point disguised by colour of Cr2O72–/orange
[16]

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10. (a) MnO4– needs acid to be reduced to Mn2+ 1

(b) 5 1

(c) (i) 1.79 ×10–4 1

(ii) 1.79 × 10–4 mols of Fe2+ in one tablet

1
∴ mols of MnO4– = × 1.79 × 10–4 (1)
5
0.01 mol in 1000 cm3
1 1000 1.79 × 10 −4
∴ × 1.79 × 10–4 in ×
5 0.01 5
= 3.58
= 3.6 cm3 (1) 2

(iii) No, titration value too low

Either: use more tablets
Or: use more dilute solution of KMnO4 1

(d) QWC
(It is acceptable because) well below the maximum safe limit (1)
Not significantly different from recommended daily dose
OR Variation in body mass means that different doses are acceptable
OR only if max 1 tablet per day is written on the bottle (1) 2
[8]

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1. (a) (i) The potential difference between a standard hydrogen electrode

and the (half-) cell (1)
all concentrations measured at 1 mol dm–3 and any gases are at 1 atm pressure (1)
2
(ii) Fluorine or F2 (1) 1

(b) (i) all/listed (1) 1

(ii) iodine and bromine (1) 1
(iii) This answer is consequential on part (ii)
Mix solution of Cr(II) - blue with the oxidising agent given in (ii) (1)
goes green and stays green / but does not go orange (1) 2
[7]

2. (a) (i) [Ar]3d6 (1) 1

allow 1s2 etc

(b) (i) • Zn / Iron (1) not the zinc ion or iron ion
• more negative potential than -0.28V (1)
NB this mark must show evidence of use of the data
gives +E for reduction reaction (1)
consequential on second mark 3

(ii) • rate too slow / activation energy too high / kinetically stable /
allow oxide layer if metal electrode specified (1)
• non-standard conditions (1) 2

(c) (i) Co(H2O)62+ (1) 1

(ii) Example:
Co(H2O)62+ + 4Cl− → CoCl42− + 6 H2O
Any valid equation that shows a ligand exchange but begins with
Co(H2O)62+ (1)
ligand exchange correctly balanced (1) 2
[9]

3. (a) (i) Use E θ values for reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ by Zn (Eθ cell = + 1.53V) (1)
and Fe2+ to Fe by Zn (Eθcell = +0.32V)(1)
They have positive Eθ so are feasible (1) NOT “will happen”
OR
ALLOW Zn2+/Zn is more negative than both Fe3+/Fe2+ and Fe2+/Fe (1)
so zinc is a stronger reducing agent (1)
so zinc reducing both is feasible (1) 3

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(ii) Reduction of Fe2+ has high activation energy / kinetically stable 1

(b) (i) Mn O4– + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ → Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O

Species (1)
Balance (1)
Any state symbols ignored. 2

(ii) purple colour of MnO4– lost (1)

end point when yellow / colourless solution (1)
becomes (permanently) pink (1) 3

(c) Amount MnO4– in 1st titration = 0.0182 dm3 × 0.0200 mol dm–3
= 3.64 × 10–4 mol (1)
Amount Fe2+ in original solution = 5 × above value = 1.82 × 10–3 mol (1)
Amount Fe2+ in 2nd titration = amount of Fe2+ and Fe3+ original solution (1)
= 0.0253 dm3 × 0.0200 mol dm3 × 5 = 2.53 × 10–3 mol
Amount of Fe3+ in original solution = 0.00253 – 0.00182 = 7.10 × 10–4 mol (1)
Amount zinc needed to reduce Fe3+ = ½ × 0.000710 = 0.000355 mol
Mass of zinc = 0.000355 mol × 65.4 g mol–1 = 0.0232 g (1) 2,3 or 4 SF
Consequential on their moles iron
The marks are for the following processes:
Either volume of MnO4– to moles of MnO4– (1)

Convert to moles of Fe2+ by multiplying either moles of MnO4– by 5 (1)

Realising that 2nd titration measures total number of moles of iron (1))
Subtracting to get original moles Fe3+ (1)
Going to moles Zn then mass Zn (1)

OR
Volume MnO4– for Fe3+, which has been reduced by zinc (1) 3rd point

= 25.3 cm3 – 18.2 cm3 = 0.0253 dm3 – 0.0182 dm3 = 0.0071 dm3 (1) 4th
point
Amount of MnO4– = 0.0071 dm3 × 0.0200 mol dm–3 = 1.42 × 10–4 mol (1) 1st
point
Amount Fe3+ reduced by zinc = 5 × above value = 7.10 × 10–4 mol (1) 2nd
point
Amount zinc needed = ½ × 7.10 × 10–4 = 3.55 × 10–4 mol
mass of zinc needed = 3.55 × 10–4 mol × 65.4 g mol–1 = 0.00232 g (1) 5th
point 5

(d) (i) [Fe(H2O)6]2+ + H2O → [Fe(H2O)5OH]+ + H3O+

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H3O+ in equation (1)

other ion in equation (1)
(Fe 2+) polarises the O–H bond in ligand (1) 3

(ii) [Fe(H2O)6]3+ more acidic than [Fe(H2O)6]2+ (1)

Fe3+ higher charge density than Fe2+ (1)
Fe3+ ion if more polarising (1) 3
[20]

4. (a) (i) The potential (difference) / e.m.f. (of a half–cell) relative to the
standard hydrogen electrode (1)”
Concentrations (of all ions) 1 mol dm–3 and
(any gases at) pressure 1 atm (1)
Ignore any references to temperature 2
(ii) One from:
Can only measure a potential difference
Or
So that comparisons can be made between any half cells 1

(b) (i) 5H2O2 + 2MnO4– + 6H+ → 5O2 + 2Mn2+ + 8H2O (2)

(1) for species
(1) for balancing the correct species
∆E οreaction = + 0.84 (V) (1)
or if just states “0.84”, must mention that this is a positive value 3

(ii) Fizzing/bubbles (1)

(pink) colour lost / stays colourless (1)
(end point) solution remains pink / pale purple (1) 3
(iii) 2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2 (1)
O (in H2O2) oxidised from –1 to 0 (in O2) (1)
O (in H2O2) reduced from –1 to –2 (in H2O) (1) 3
[12]

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5. (a) (i) Fe [Ar]

3d64s2
or 3d64s2
or 3d64s2
or 4s23d6 (1)
Fe2+ [Ar]
3d6
or 3d6
or 3d64s0 (1)
Letter d must be lower case
Any additional letters of numbers (0) 2

(ii) The mark is for the shape

ALLOW bond to H of H2O (except on left side if OH2 is given)

IGNORE charge unless incorrect 1

(iii) [Fe(H2O)6]2+ + 2OH– → [Fe(OH)2(H2O)4] + 2H2O

OR
[Fe(H2O)6]2+ + 2OH– → Fe(OH)2 + 6H2O
OR equations with 2NaOH as reactant and 2Na + as product
IGNORE state symbols 1

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(iv) Green precipitate / solid → foxy-red / red-brown / brown / orange

Both colours and precipitate / solid needed
NOT darkens 1

(v) N2 + 3H2 → / 2NH3

OR equation with Cl2 1

(b) (i) Emf of cell / potential difference of cell containing Fe2+ and Fe (1)
and standard hydrogen electrode / half cell NOT ‘SHE’
OR hydrogen electrode and 1 mol dm–3 H+ and 1 atm H2 (1)
1 mol dm–3 Fe2+
IGNORE temperature 3

QWC*(ii) Emf of hydrogen electrode is zero – stated or implied (e.g. if

calculate Ecell = +0.44(V)) (1)
Fe + 2H+ → Fe2+ + H2 (1) – equation stand alone
Potential for the reaction is positive so reaction is feasible (1)
OR
H+ and (½)H2 has a more +ve electrode potential than Fe2+ and Fe (1)
H+ will oxidise Fe / H+ is an oxidising agent / Fe is a reducing
agent for H+ / other correct redox statement (1)
Fe + 2H+ → Fe2+ + H2 (1) – stand alone 3

(iii) High Ea so slow reaction / reactants are kinetically stable

IGNORE any mention of non-standard conditions 1

(c) 2Fe3+ + 2I– → 2Fe2+ + I2 or words E0 = (+) 0.23V (1)

So I– would reduce Fe3+ / Fe3+ would oxidise I– / E0 positive so reaction
L → R (1)
OR reverse argument (2)
OR
Fe3+ and Fe2+ has a more positive electrode potential than I2 and I– (1)
I– will reduce Fe3+ / Fe3+ will oxidise I– (1) 2
[15]

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6. (a) The emf of a half-cell measured relative to the standard hydrogen electrode (1)
all solutions at 1 mol dm–3 concentration and gases at 1 atm pressure / 101 kPa
and at a stated temperature / 298K (1) Standalone mark
ALLOW pressure of 100 kPa 2

(b) Introducing another metal wire would set up its own p.d. / can
only measure a potential difference / need source and sink for
electrons / voltmeter requires two connections 1

(c) (i) 2Fe(s) + O2(g) + 2H2O(l) → 2Fe2+ (aq) + 4OH–(aq) or multiples

OR
2Fe(s) + O2(g) + 2H2O(l) → 2Fe(OH)2 (s)
Species (1)
balancing (1)
Do not allow species mark if electrons still in equation, but allow
balancing mark if 4e on both sides 2

ο
(ii) ∆E react = (+) 0.84 (V) (1)
Greater than zero therefore feasible (1) 2

QWC (iii) Zn oxidises preferentially to Fe / Zinc acts as sacrificial (anode) (1)

If Sn used (and damaged), Fe oxidises; preferentially (1)
Disallow “oxidises more readily”
ο
E Zn2+ / Zn more negative than for Fe
OR
ο
E Zn / Zn2+ more positive than for Fe
OR
Eθcell for Zn being oxidised by O2 is more positive than for Fe
being oxidised by O2
OR
ο
similar E arguments related to preferential oxidation with Sn (1) 3
disallow “higher” or “bigger” for more negative or more positive
[10]

7. (a) (i) Forms ions which have partially filled d-orbitals

OR
Forms ions which have a partially filled d-subshell 1

(ii) Scandiurn / Sc and Zinc / Zn 1

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(b) (i) Fe2+ [Ar] 3d6

Mn2+ [Ar] 3d5 (1) for both correct 1
(ii) Fe3+ is 3d5 / half filled d-subshell which is more stable than 3d6 (1)
Mn2+ is (already) 3d5 (which is more stable than 3d4) (1) 2

(c) Shape (1)

Bonding to correct atoms (1)
(4–) (4–)

CN CN
NC CN
NC CN
Fe Fe
OR
NC CN
NC CN
CN CN
2

(d) Two As atoms oxidised from +3 to +5 per mole of As2O3

(loss of 4e–) (1)
∴if 5 moles oxidised, total 20e– Lost / change in oxidation no. = 20 (1)
∴4 moles MnO4– reduced, total 20e– gained / change in oxidation no. 20
∴each Mn(VII) gains 5e– / change in oxidation no. 5 (1)
∴Mn(ll) / Mn2+ (1) NOT standalone mark 4

(e) (i) VO3– + 2H+ / 2H3O+ → VO2+ + H2O / 3H2O 1

(ii) No because oxidation no. of V is +5 in VO2+ / Oxidation no. of V

unchanged (at +5) 1
(iii) First green colour : VO2+ and VO2+ (1)

Second green colour : V3+ / [V(H2O)6 ]3+ (1)

Violet colour : V2+ / [V(H2O)6 ]2+, (1) 3

[16]

8. (a) 3OCl– → 2Cl– + ClO3– (1)

chlorine (in OCl–) is (simultaneously) oxidised from +1 to +5 (1)

and reduced from +1 to –1 (1)
If only oxidation numbers given max 1 (out of 2)
If oxidation numbers omitted max 1 (out of 2) 3

(b) (i) blue / black to colourless 1

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(ii) no. moles S 2 O 32− used = 12.5 × 0. 1 / 1000 = 1. 25 × 10–3 (1)

no. moles I2 = 1.25 × 10–3 / 2 = 6.25 × 10–4 (1)

no. moles ClO– = no. moles 12 (1)
no. moles ClO– in original 10 cm3 = 10 × 6.25 × 10–4
= 6.25 × 10–3 (1)
no. moles ClO– in 1 dm3 = 100 × 6.25 × 10–3 (1) = 0.625 5

(iii) mass Cl2 = 0.625 × 71

= 44.4 (g)
mark consequentially on (ii)
must be 3s.f. in final answer 1

(c) Cl2 is the stronger oxidising agent because Cl2 oxidises S from
(+)2 to (+)6 (1)
but l2 oxidises S from (+)2 to (+)2.50 (1) 2

QWC (d) O2 oxidises KI / iodide to l2. or balanced equation (1)

ll2 reacts with starch / paper to give blue / black (1) 2
[14]

9. (a) (i) EITHER

ΔEθ = (+) 0.15 (V) OR Eθ (MnO4–/ Mn2+) more positive or
greater than Eθ
(Cl2 / Cl–); accept reverse argument (1)
(so) MnO4– reacts with Cl– OR Cl– ions form Cl2
OR KMnO4 reacts with HCl (1)
OR
2MnO4– + 16H+ + 10Cl– →– 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5Cl2 (1)
Eθ = (+) 0.15(V) (1) 2

(ii) stated colour change of colourless to (pale) pink NOT purple OR

stays (pale) pink
OR pink to colourless
OR first excess of (coloured) manganate((VII))
IGNORE “self-indicating”
IGNORE references to Mn2+ 1

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(b) (i) (Multiply iron half-equation by five to) cancel out electrons
OR balance electrons 1

0.0200 × 20.10
(ii) Moles MnO4− =
1000
= 0.000402 mol MnO4− (1)

Moles Fe2+ per 25.0 cm3 = 5 × 0.000402

= 0.00201 mol Fe2+ (1)
200
Moles Fe2+ per 200 cm3 = 0.00201 × mol Fe2+
25
= 0.01608 mol Fe2+ (1)
Mass of FeSO4 . 7H2O = 0.01608 × 278
= 4.47g or via concentrations (1)
4.47
Percentage purity = × 100%
6.00
= 74.5% (1) ALLOW 74.7% / 75%
Correct answer + working (5)
ALLOW 2 or more sig figs
6.00
If start by dividing , and final answer is incorrect, candidate can
278
access first three marks only.
If third step omitted, answer 9.3% OR 9.33% OR 9.4% 5

(c) (i) Eθ = + 1.46 – ( – 0.13) = ( + ) 1.59 (V)

Correct answer alone (1) 1

PbSO 4 precipitated (1) 

+ –3 
[H ( aq) ] not 1 mol dm (1) 
(ii) 2+ –3
 any of these
[Pb ( aq) ] not 1 mol dm (1) 
the conditions (in the car battery) are not standard (1)

“temperature non-standard” alone or “not 1 atm pressure”

alone does not score 1
[11]

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10. (a) (i) uses Eο values to find Ereaction = (+) 1.57 (V) (1)
Reject – 1.57
Zn + 2NO3– + 4H+ → Zn2+ + 2NO2 + 2H2O (1) 2
Accept equation with equilibrium sign
Rejection equation with Zn on the right

(ii) Ereaction for the production of hydrogen is (+) 0.76 (V) (1)
smaller than reaction in (i) so is less likely (1)
OR
NO3– being the oxidised form of a redox couple with a more
positive Eο than Eο H+/½ H2 (1)

is a stronger oxidising agent than H+ (1) 2

(iii) hexaaquacopper(II) (1)

OH 2 2+
H2 O Cu OH 2
H2 O OH 2
OH 2

OR
OH 2
H2 O OH 2
H2 O OH 2
OH 2 (1)
Both marks stand alone
[IGNORE charge] 2
[IGNORE how H2O ligand is bonded to central cation]
Accept hexaquacopper(II)
Reject formula

(iv) ligand exchange/replacement/substitution (1)

[Cu(H2O)6]2+ + 4Cl– CuCl42– + 6H2O (1)
OR
[Cu(H2O)6]2+ + 4HCl CuCl42– + 4H+ + 6H2O (1) 2
ALLOW →
Accept H2CuCl4 + 2H+ for CuCl42– + 4H+

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(b) (i) Eο for the reaction is – 0.39 (V) (so not feasible) [value is required]. 1
Accept Cu2+ being the oxidised form of the redox couple with
the more negative Eο, will not oxidise I–

(ii) CuI is a solid (so conditions are not standard) (1)

Equilibrium is pulled over/moves to favour the r.h.s. (1) 2
Reject just ‘conditions not standard’

(iii) [Cu(NH3)4]+

OR [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]+ 1

Accept [Cu(NH3)2]+

Reject [Cu(NH3)6]+
Reject any 2+ complex

(iv) (atmospheric) oxygen (1)

oxidises Cu+ to Cu2+ (1) 2
Reject air for oxygen

(c) (i) starch (1)

blue-black/blue/black to colourless (1) 2
Reject clear for colourless

(ii) (If added too early) insoluble complex/black solid formed, making
titre too low
OR (If added too early) insoluble complex/black solid formed,
removes iodine from solution
OR (If added too early) insoluble complex/black solid formed,
causes inaccurate titre.
OR (If added too early) insoluble complex/black solid formed, not
all the iodine is titrated. 1

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(iii) Amount thiosulphate = 0.01655 dm3 × 0.1 mol dm–3 (1)

= amount Cu2+ in 25.0 cm3 = 1.655 × 10–3 mol (1)
amount of Cu2+ in 250 cm3 = 1.655 × 10–3 × 10 (1)
mass of Cu (in sample) = 1.655 × 10–2 × 63.5 (1) = 1.051 g
% Cu in brass = 1.051 × 100/1.5 = 70 % (1)
[IGNORE sf]
[mass of 1.051g with working scores (4);
correct answer with no working scores (3).]
Mark consequentially 5
[22]

11. (a) e.m.f. of a half cell relative/compared to a (standard) hydrogen electrode

OR
voltage produced from a half cell joined to a hydrogen electrode (1)
Accept potential (difference) /voltage for emf
Accept emf of a cell with standard hydrogen as the left
electrode
Accept a description of the half cell e.g. a metal dipping into a
solution of its ions
Reject SHE
(solutions at) 1 mol dm–3 concentration, (gases at) 1 atm/100 kPa/
105Pa/ 1 Bar pressure and stated temperature (1)
all 3 conditions needed STAND ALONE 2
Accept 101 kPa
Accept 298 K or 25 °C
If any other temperature is quoted it must be as an example of a
stated temperature
Reject ‘constant’ pressure “STP”
Reject room temperature
Reject just “273 K”

(b) Can only measure a potential difference/emf

(if a reference electrode is present)
OR
voltmeter needs 2 connections
OR
Cannot measure the potential difference between a metal and a
solution of its ions 1
Reject just “electron source and sink”
Reject to make comparisons between half cells

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(c) (i) 1st mark

(simultaneous) oxidation and reduction of a (single) species/
substance/ reactant/compound/chemical
Reject oxidation and reduction occur at the same time
Or the oxidation state/number is both increased and
decreased of a (single) species/ substance/ reactant/
compound/chemical
Reject oxidation states are …
Or a (single) species/ substance/ reactant/compound/
chemical both loses and gains electrons (1)
2nd mark
For a given type of atom within an ion/ molecule
Or Illustrated by a suitable example in which the
individual atom is identified (1) 2

(ii) 2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2 (1)

Reject 2H+ on both sides of equation

Ecell = (+) 1.09 (V) (1)
Reject greater than any other stated number
Ecell is positive/greater than 0 so the reaction is feasible (1)
3rd mark must be cq on sign of Ecell 3

(iii) activation energy of the reaction may be high

OR
reaction too slow to be observed 1
Reject just “Not enough energy to overcome the activation
energy”
Reject conditions are non-standard
Reject just “kinetically stable”
[9]

12. (a) (i) The activation energy for the reaction is high
or to ensure that more molecules have E ≥ Ea. 1
Accept E > Ea
Reject to overcome Ea alone
Reject reactants kinetically stable;
reactants thermodynamically stable

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(ii) protonates the alcohol (1)

Reject ‘as a catalyst’ alone
providing H2O as the leaving group which is more easily displaced
by the bromide ion/is a better leaving group than hydroxide (1)
OR
reacts with NaBr (1)
to give HBr (which is the attacking reagent) (1) 2

(iii) H-bonding between water and the alcohol not strong

enough to overcome hydrophobic interactions /effect of
alkyl group (1)
acid and alcohol form ionic species/C4H9OH2+ which
is more soluble (1) 2
Accept butyl group

(iv) Removes acid 1

Accept neutralises HCl /HBr
Accept neutralises acid

(v) Removes water 1

Accept absorbs water
Accept dries the product

(vi) Electric heating mantle or sand bath or oil bath (1)

Accept water bath
Reject heat under reflux
Reject no naked flame
Reject fume cupboard
because the alcohol/reaction mixture/bromobutane is
flammable or because the heating is uniform and less
likely to crack the flask (1)
This mark is conditional on the first being scored. 2
Reject ‘volatile’ for ‘flammable’

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(b) QWC
EITHER
Intermediate (ion) in SN1 is planar (1)
Accept intermediate carbocation is a planar molecule
intermediate molecule alone loses this mark
equal attack (by hydroxide ions) from either side (1)
produces a racemic mixture (1)
Reject attack by bromide ions
Note: Statement that the SN2 mechanism is consistent with
the information cannot score any marks.
OR
SN2 involves attack from one side (1)
so configuration of the product would be inverted (1)
leading to retention of optical activity so must be SN1 (1)
Accept forms one optical isomer only
Statement that the reaction is SN1 alone scores zero. 3

(c) (i) Orange → green 1

(ii) Cr2O72– + 6e– + 14H+ → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O (1)

(3CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3 → 3CH3COCH2CH3 + 6H+ + 6e–)

Cr2O72– + 3CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3 + 8H+ → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O +
3CH3COCH2CH3 (1)
No consequential marking on incorrect equations. 2
Accept C4H9OH and C4H8O

Accept equation having non-cancelled H+ ions

Reject equation having non-cancelled electrons

(iii) The broad peak/absorption/trough around 3400 cm–1 due to –OH (1)
Accept 3230 – 3550
Reject broad transmission
has disappeared in the product to be replaced by C=O at 1700 cm–1 (1)
Accept 1680 – 1750
If no reference to both groups responsible for the peaks then max (1)
OR
If no reference to both wavenumbers responsible for the
peaks then max (1) 2

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(d) (i) Addition of barium ions pulls equilibrium to r.h.s. (1)

increases [H+] and so lower pH/the pH falls (1) stand-alone mark 2
Reject ‘..so gets more acidic’

(ii) lower pH/pH falls 1

Reject ‘mixture is more acidic’ for ‘lower pH’
[20]

13. A
[1]

14. A
[1]

15. C
[1]

16. D
[1]

17. (a) B 1

(b) C 1
[2]

18. (a) (i) Fe[Ar] 3d64s2 in either order, allowing superscripts to be subscripts
Fe[Ar] 3d6 or 3d64s0 in either order, allowing
superscripts to be subscripts
Letter d must be lower case 1
Reject any other letters

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(ii)
OH 2
H2O OH 2
2+
Fe
H2O OH 2
OH 2

OH 2 OH 2

OR H2O Fe 2+ OH 2

H2O
OH 2

OR
H2O
H2O OH 2

Fe 2+

H2O OH 2
H2O

Instead of dotted line

ALLOW bond to H of H2O (accept on left side if OH2 is given)
IGNORE charge unless incorrect 1

(iii) [Fe(H2O)6]2+ + 2OH– → [Fe(OH)2(H2O)4] + 2H2O

OR
[Fe(H2O)6]2+ + 2OH– → Fe(OH)2 + 6H2O 1

(iv) Green precipitate/solid → Foxy-red/red-brown/

brown/orange
Both colours and precipitate/solid needed 1
Reject just “Darkens”

(b) (i) QWC

Emf of cell/ potential difference of cell containing Fe (1)
dipping into a 1 mol dm–3 Fe2+ solution (1)
And standard hydrogen electrode/half cell
OR hydrogen electrode and 1 mol dm–3 H+ and 1 atm
H2
OR description of standard hydrogen electrode (1)
IGNORE temperature 3
Reject‘SHE’

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(ii) QWC
Emf of hydrogen electrode is zero – stated or implied
e.g. if calculate Ecell = +0.44 V (1)
Potential for the reaction is positive so reaction is feasible
OR Fe half cell has more negative electrode potential
OR H+ and (½)H2 has a more positive electrode potential (1) 2

(iii) High Ea so slow reaction / reactants are kinetically stable

IGNORE any mention of non-standard conditions 1
[10]

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1. (a) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2/4s2 3d6 OR 3d8 (4s0) (1)
Incomplete d shell (in the ion) (1) 2

(b) (i) Ni(CO)4 1

(ii) 0 1

(c) (i) Ni(H2O)62+ (aq) + NH3(aq) → Ni(H2O)5(NH3)2+ (aq) + H2O(I) 1

QWC* (ii) ∆S is likely to be small / close to zero (1) – No TE
Same number of moles/molecules/particles in the same states
on both sides of the equation (1) 2

(d) (i) Ag+(aq) + Cl–(aq) → Ag(+)Cl(–)(s) 1

(ii) 1 mole of AgCl has a mass of 143.5/(108+35.5) (1)
OR 143.3 from Data Book (or 143.4)
Number of moles of AgCl = 6.133/143.5 = 0.0427(4) 0.04280 (1)
Number of moles of complex = 0.04274/2 = 0.02137
Therefore mass of 1 mole = 5.000/0.02137 = 234/234.4 (1)
3SF sufficient but not 2SF 3

(iii) 59 + 18 × x + 17 × (6 – x) +71 = 234

232 + x = 234
x=2 1
([Ni(H2O)2(NH3)4]Cl2) Formula NOT needed for mark
(iv) The two water molecules could be at 180° or 90° to one another

Octahedral structure (1)

ALLOW the word octahedral to explain diagram's shape 2
[14]

2. (a) (i) 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5

OR
1s22s22p63s23p63d54s1 1
QWC*(ii) V and Mn have two 4s electrons / filled 4s (orbital) Cr has one (1)
due to stability of half-filled shell/4s and 3d levels have similar
energies (1) 2

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QWC*(b) Cr3+(aq), Cr2+(aq)(IPt) –0.41(V) (1)

[O2(g) + 2H2O(l)], 4OH–(aq)(IPt) +0.4(0) (V) (1)
ALLOW a state symbol omission in each.
ALLOW half equations
Can be given in a cell diagram
by application of the anti-clockwise rule oxygen will oxidise Cr2+
OR
E0 cell = (+) 0.81(V) and this is greater than (+) 0.6 (V)
OR
Cr2+ has more negative electrode potential so will reduce oxygen /
oxygen more positive etc. (1) 3

QWC*(c) (i) Water acts as a ligand by a non-bonding pair (of electrons on

the oxygen atom) (1)
Making a dative (covalent)/co-ordinate bond (to the chromium ion) (1) 2
(ii) Bidentate/chelate/bridging 1

QWC*(iii) Two peaks in the NMR spectrum (1)

Due to two different environments of hydrogen atoms /
H in H2O and H in CH3 (1)
Mark independently 2

QWC*(iv) Any two:

C-H just below 3000 / 2962-2853 / 1485-1365
O-H 3200-3800
C=O 1700-1750
C-O 1230 - 1250
ALLOW values or ranges within these ranges
If more than two given, –1 for each incorrect 2

(d) (i) 3C2H6O to 3C2H4O provided 1 Na2Cr2O7 (1)

4H2SO4 and 7H2O (1)
ACCEPT multiples 2
(ii) Orange to green
ALLOW qualified green e.g. blue-green
NOT green to orange 1
(iii) (Sodium dichromate(VI)) is a carcinogen / toxic / irritant
In any combination
Lose mark for anything else with these. 1
[17]
Mark Scheme

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3. (a) (i) Add silver nitrate (solution) (1) ACCEPT correct formula
(pale) yellow precipitate/solid(1)
OR
Add chlorine (solution)/bromine (solution) and hydrocarbon solvent (1)
Solvent goes purple/pink/violet (1)
2nd mark is dependent on 1st 2

(ii) Iodine /I and sulphur / S identified (1) -NOT I2 /I–/iodide

Iodine
initial (+)5 final –1 (1)
Sulphur
initial (+)4 final (+)6 (1)
ACCEPT as roman numerals
ACCEPT +/– on either side/sub or superscript
ACCEPT as words 3

(iii) 1 × –6 = –6, 3 × +2 = +6 ALLOW TE from (ii)

OR total change in oxidation number of +6 for S, –6 for I
ACCEPT justification in terms of electrons 1

(b) (i) pipette

ALLOW burette
NOT measuring cylinder 1

(ii) Starch (solution) (1)

blue/dark blue/blue-black/black to colourless (1)
ALLOW max 1 if candidate states “no indicator needed/self-indicating”
with colour change brown/yellow to colourless
If no indicator given but correct colour change 1 (out of 2) 2

24.0
(iii) × 2.4(0) × 10 − 4 OR 0.00024 (mol)
1000
The mark is for the answer 1

2.40 × 10 −4
(iv) = 1.2(0) × 10–4 (mol) OR 0.00012 (mol)
2
ALLOW TE from (iii)
The mark is for the answer 1

3
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(v) 1.2 × 10–4 × 100 = 0.012(0) (mol dm–3)

ALLOW TE from (iv)
The mark is for the answer 1
[12]

4. (i) (Buchner) flask / boiling tube connected to pump, glass tube

through stopper into solution
eg
pump
pump

or

ACCEPT
Air
pump

But must be a test tube and tube to bottom as shown 1

(ii) 8H+ 4H2O

ACCEPT multiples 1

(iii) Number of moles of manganate(VII) ion

20 × 0.020
= = 0.0004 (0) (1)
1000
Number of moles of electrons
= 5 × 0.00040 = 0.002(0) (1)
Number of moles of vanadium ions
10 × 0.10
= = 0.001 (1)
1000
(as vanadium(V) is formed by loss of 2 moles of electrons)
Oxidation number of vanadium in aerated solution is +3 (1) 4

4
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(iv) It is a powerful oxidising agent, Eο = +1.51 V

OR
It is self-indicating 1
[7]

5. (a) (i) uses Eο values to find Ereaction = (+) 1.57 (V) (1)
Reject – 1.57
Zn + 2NO3– + 4H+ → Zn2+ + 2NO2 + 2H2O (1) 2
Accept equation with equilibrium sign
Rejection equation with Zn on the right

(ii) Ereaction for the production of hydrogen is (+) 0.76 (V) (1)
smaller than reaction in (i) so is less likely (1)
OR
NO3– being the oxidised form of a redox couple with a more
positive Eο than Eο H+/½ H2 (1)

is a stronger oxidising agent than H+ (1) 2

(iii) hexaaquacopper(II) (1)

OH 2 2+
H2 O Cu OH 2
H2 O OH 2
OH 2

OR
OH 2
H2 O OH 2
H2 O OH 2
OH 2 (1)
Both marks stand alone
[IGNORE charge] 2
[IGNORE how H2O ligand is bonded to central cation]
Accept hexaquacopper(II)
Reject formula

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(iv) ligand exchange/replacement/substitution (1)

[Cu(H2O)6]2+ + 4Cl– CuCl42– + 6H2O (1)
OR
[Cu(H2O)6]2+ + 4HCl CuCl42– + 4H+ + 6H2O (1) 2
ALLOW →
Accept H2CuCl4 + 2H+ for CuCl42– + 4H+

(b) (i) Eο for the reaction is – 0.39 (V) (so not feasible) [value is required]. 1
Accept Cu2+ being the oxidised form of the redox couple with
the more negative Eο, will not oxidise I–

(ii) CuI is a solid (so conditions are not standard) (1)

Equilibrium is pulled over/moves to favour the r.h.s. (1) 2
Reject just ‘conditions not standard’

(iii) [Cu(NH3)4]+

OR [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]+ 1

Accept [Cu(NH3)2]+

Reject [Cu(NH3)6]+
Reject any 2+ complex

(iv) (atmospheric) oxygen (1)

oxidises Cu+ to Cu2+ (1) 2
Reject air for oxygen

(c) (i) starch (1)

blue-black/blue/black to colourless (1) 2
Reject clear for colourless

(ii) (If added too early) insoluble complex/black solid formed, making
titre too low
OR (If added too early) insoluble complex/black solid formed,
removes iodine from solution
OR (If added too early) insoluble complex/black solid formed,
causes inaccurate titre.
OR (If added too early) insoluble complex/black solid formed, not
all the iodine is titrated. 1

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(iii) Amount thiosulphate = 0.01655 dm3 × 0.1 mol dm–3 (1)

= amount Cu2+ in 25.0 cm3 = 1.655 × 10–3 mol (1)
amount of Cu2+ in 250 cm3 = 1.655 × 10–3 × 10 (1)
mass of Cu (in sample) = 1.655 × 10–2 × 63.5 (1) = 1.051 g
% Cu in brass = 1.051 × 100/1.5 = 70 % (1)
[IGNORE sf]
[mass of 1.051g with working scores (4);
correct answer with no working scores (3).]
Mark consequentially 5
[22]

6. (a) 3d104s1 and 3d10 1

Accept 4s13d10

(b) (i) QWC*

the (3)d sub–shell is full (1)
Accept orbitals (it must be plural) for sub-shell
Reject comments on partially filled sub-shell
so no d-d transitions are possible
OR no transitions in the right energy range are possible (1)
(and no light is absorbed)
Any mention of light emission loses 2nd mark 2

(ii) combine the half–reactions to get 2Cu+ → Cu2+ + Cu (1)

IGNORE state symbols
and show that Eο for this is (+) 0.37 (V) (and as it is positive it is
feasible) (1)
conditional on correct reaction 2
Reject just ‘> 0.3 (V)’

(iii) activation energy (for the disproportionation) is high

OR
Cu+ is kinetically stable 1
Reject activation energy for one of the half-equations is too
high

(c) (i) divides each by atomic mass (1)

divides by smallest to obtain Cu2SO6H2 (1) 2
Division by atomic number scores zero

(ii) CuSO4.Cu(OH)2 (2)

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If formula wrong but sulphate/ SO4 is present scores 1 (out of 2) 2

Accept Cu2SO4(OH)2
Accept Cu2(OH)2SO4
Accept (CuOH)2SO4
Reject HSO4 instead of SO4

(iii) [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ 1

Accept [Cu(NH3)4]2+

Reject [Cu(NH3)6]2+

(iv) ligand exchange / ligand substitution 1

(d) (i) QWC

(add aldehyde to 2,4–DNP) to obtain precipitate/ppt/solid/crystals (1)
recrystallise derivative (1)
determine melting temperature of derivative (1)
compare with data tables (1) 4th mark conditional on melting
temperature of a derivative being measured 4
Reject any identification method based on IR, NMR or mass for
last 2 marks

(ii) the aldehyde is distilled off as it is formed 1

Reject any mention of reflux
Reject just ’the aldehyde is distilled off’

(iii) propanoic acid OR CH3CH2COOH OR CH3CH2CO2H 1

Accept C2H5 for CH3CH2

(iv) No (extra) oxygen present

OR catalyst specific to formation of aldehyde / only lowers Ea
of first oxidation
OR presence of hydrogen gives reducing conditions
OR copper is not an oxidising agent
OR aldehydes rapidly leave catalyst surface 1

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(v) (At high pressure) all active sites are occupied/full

OR
(At higher pressures) rate controlled by availability of sites. 1
Accept reverse argument for low pressure
[20]

7. (a) (i) Cr: [Ar] 3d54s1

Cu: [Ar] 3d104s1
Both needed for the mark 1
Accept 4s13d5
Accept 4s13d10
Accept [Ar] written in full

(ii) all the others are 4s2 / have full 4s orbital (1)
Accept Cr and Cu/they do not have a full 4s orbital
Reject just ‘only have one electron in 4s’
OR
Have incomplete 4s orbital
The d subshell is more stable when either half or fully filled
OR
A specific example of chromium having half-filled or
copper having filled d sub-shell/set of d orbitals which
is more stable (1) 2
Accept sub-energy levels d shell
Reject half-filled or filled d orbital(s)

(b) (i) Octahedral drawn must be 3-D

IGNORE any or no charge 1
Accept –H2O (bond to H) except on water molecules on left of
Cr

(ii) Dative bond formed from electron pair/lone pair on oxygen

(of the water molecule) to the ion
This could be shown on a diagram 1
Accept a clear description of the dative bond
Reject ‘dative’ alone or from water
Reject just “dative bond formed from oxygen”

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(iii) [Cr(H2O)6]3+ + OH– → [Cr(H2O)5OH]2+ + H2O

OR
[Cr(H2O)6]3+ + 2OH– → [Cr(H2O)4(OH)2]+ + 2H2O
OR
[Cr(H2O)6]3+ + 3OH– → Cr(OH)3 + 6H2O
OR
[Cr(H2O)6]3+ + 3OH– → [Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3H2O
First mark is for the correct Cr product
Second mark is conditional on the first and is for the rest
of the equation correct and balanced 2

(iv) Forms a green precipitate (1)

IGNORE initial colour of solution
(which reacts or dissolves or changes to)
a green solution (with excess reagent) (1)
Accept any shade of green
2nd mark is conditional on an initial ppt 2

(v) acid / acidic 1

Accept amphoteric/able to be deprotonated
Reject coloured ions/ligand exchange/ deprotonation /partially
filled d orbitals

(c) (i) Check working – correct answer can be obtained by not dividing
by 2 for 2nd mark and not multiplying by 2 for 4th mark
amount thiosulphate in titre = 0.0372 dm3 × 0.100 mol dm–3
= 3.72 × 10–3 mol (1)
3.72 × 10 −3
amount I2 = (1) = 1.86 × 10–3 mol
2
2nd mark cq on amount thiosulphate
amount dichromate in 25 cm3
1.86 × 10 3
= (1) = 6.2 × 10–4 mol
3
3rd mark cq on amount I2

Total mass Cr = 6.2 × 10–4 mol × 2 × 10 × 52 g mol–1 (1)

= 0.645 g
4th mark cq on amount dichromate
% of Cr = 64.5 % (1)
IGNORE SF unless rounded to 1 SF cq on mass Cr, provided less than 1 g
Accept 64.48 %

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OR
amount thiosulphate for whole sample
= 0.0372 dm3 × 0.100 mol dm–3 × 10
= 3.72 × 10–2 mol (1)
amount I2 = 1.86 × 10–2 mol (1)

amount dichromate = 6.2 × 10–3 mol (1)

mass Cr = 6.2 × 10–3 mol × 2 × 52 g mol–1 (1)
= 0.645 g
% of Cr = 64.5% (1)
IGNORE SF unless rounded to 1sf Mark consequentially, as above
Note:
Correct answer with no working (3) 5

(ii) Colour at the end point would be green which

would prevent the loss of iodine colour being seen
OR
colour change at end point would be disguised by the colour of Cr3+ 1
Accept chromium instead of Cr3+
Reject end point disguised by colour of Cr2O72–/orange
[16]

8. (a) B 1

(b) C 1
[2]

9. C
[1]

10. D
[1]

11. D
[1]

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12. (a) (i) Fe[Ar] 3d64s2 in either order, allowing superscripts to be subscripts
Fe[Ar] 3d6 or 3d64s0 in either order, allowing
superscripts to be subscripts
Letter d must be lower case 1
Reject any other letters

(ii)
OH 2
H2O OH 2
2+
Fe
H2O OH 2
OH 2

OH 2 OH 2

OR H2O Fe 2+ OH 2

H2O
OH 2

OR
H2O
H2O OH 2

Fe 2+

H2O OH 2
H2O

Instead of dotted line

ALLOW bond to H of H2O (accept on left side if OH2 is given)
IGNORE charge unless incorrect 1

(iii) [Fe(H2O)6]2+ + 2OH– → [Fe(OH)2(H2O)4] + 2H2O

OR
[Fe(H2O)6]2+ + 2OH– → Fe(OH)2 + 6H2O 1

(iv) Green precipitate/solid → Foxy-red/red-brown/

brown/orange
Both colours and precipitate/solid needed 1
Reject just “Darkens”

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(b) (i) QWC

Emf of cell/ potential difference of cell containing Fe (1)
dipping into a 1 mol dm–3 Fe2+ solution (1)
And standard hydrogen electrode/half cell
OR hydrogen electrode and 1 mol dm–3 H+ and 1 atm
H2
OR description of standard hydrogen electrode (1)
IGNORE temperature 3
Reject‘SHE’

(ii) QWC
Emf of hydrogen electrode is zero – stated or implied
e.g. if calculate Ecell = +0.44 V (1)
Potential for the reaction is positive so reaction is feasible
OR Fe half cell has more negative electrode potential
OR H+ and (½)H2 has a more positive electrode potential (1) 2

(iii) High Ea so slow reaction / reactants are kinetically stable

IGNORE any mention of non-standard conditions 1
[10]

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3d 4s
1. (a) 2
Mn [Ar]
2+
Mn [Ar]

(b) (i) [Mn(H2O)6]2+ 1

(ii) [Mn(H2O)6]2+ + 2NH3 → Mn(OH)2 + 2NH4+ + 4H2O

or
[Mn(H2O)6]2+ + 2NH3 → [Mn(H2O)4(OH)2] + 2NH4+
or
[Mn(H2O)6]2+ + 2OH– → Mn(OH)2 + 6H2O
or
[Mn(H2O)6]2+ + 2OH– → [Mn(OH)2(H2O)4] + 2 H2O
Any of above score 2 marks as follows:(1) mark for species (1) mark for balance
Deprotonation or Acid /base (1) 3

(iii) (Mn(II) is ) oxidised / undergoes oxidation (1)

to Mn(IV) / Mn(III) / to higher oxidation state/ will increase (1)
Variable oxidation states (1)
coloured compounds (1) 4
(c) (i) from +4 to +6/ up by 2 / +2 1
(ii) Amount of KMnO4 = 0.0228 × 0.0216 mol 1

= 4.925 × 10–4mol

(iii) Amount of SO32– in 25cm3 = 5/2 × 4.925 × 10–4mol 1

= 1.231 x 10–3 mol

(iv) Amount of SO32– in 250cm3 = 10 × 1.231 × 10–3 mol (1)
= 1.231 × 10–2 mol
Mass of pure Na2SO3 = 126 x 1.231 × 10–2 g (1)
= 1.551g 2
(v) Purity of sample = (1.551g/ 1.75g) x 100%
= 88.6% 1
[16]

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2. (a) (i) The potential difference between a standard hydrogen electrode

and the (half-) cell (1)
all concentrations measured at 1 mol dm–3 and any gases are at 1 atm pressure (1)
2
(ii) Fluorine or F2 (1) 1

(b) (i) all/listed (1) 1

(ii) iodine and bromine (1) 1
(iii) This answer is consequential on part (ii)
Mix solution of Cr(II) - blue with the oxidising agent given in (ii) (1)
goes green and stays green / but does not go orange (1) 2
[7]

3. (a) Sc [Ar]
Cr [Ar]
Cr 3+ [Ar]

Cr3+ consequential on structure for Cr 3

(b) Electronic configuration differs from previous element by an

electron in a d (sub) shell / electrons are filling the d-shell (1)
transition elements have one ion with partially-filled d-shell (1) 2
Not ‘highest energy shell is the ‘d’-shell
outer electron in ‘d’ shell

(c) (i) [Ar]

Ligand electrons
2
Correct electron structure for complex ion (1)
ligand electrons identified (1) 6 pairs identified stand alone mark
Consequential on structure of Cr3+

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3+
(ii) OH2
H 2O OH 2
Cr
H 2O OH 2
OH2

There must be some attempt to show a 3-D structure

‘Octahedral’ could rescue a poor diagram

(iii) d-orbitals split (in energy by ligands) / or diagram to illustrate

electron transitions / jumps from lower to higher energy level (1)
absorbs light in visible region (1) 3

(d) (i) Green precipitate (1)

(deep) green solution in excess sodium hydroxide (1) 2

(ii) Deprotonation / acid base (1) 1

[14]

4. (a) (i) [Ar]3d6 (1) 1

allow 1s2 etc

(b) (i) • Zn / Iron (1) not the zinc ion or iron ion
• more negative potential than -0.28V (1)
NB this mark must show evidence of use of the data
gives +E for reduction reaction (1)
consequential on second mark 3

(ii) • rate too slow / activation energy too high / kinetically stable /
allow oxide layer if metal electrode specified (1)
• non-standard conditions (1) 2

(c) (i) Co(H2O)62+ (1) 1

(ii) Example:
Co(H2O)62+ + 4Cl− → CoCl42− + 6 H2O
Any valid equation that shows a ligand exchange but begins with
Co(H2O)62+ (1)
ligand exchange correctly balanced (1) 2
[9]

5. (a) An element that has at least one of its ions has an incomplete d shell (1) 1

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(b) (i) Coloured ions / compounds/ complexes/ solutions (1)

variable oxidation states (1) 2

(ii) Cr(H2O)62+ / hexa aqua chromium (II) ion (1)

Not Cr2+ or Cr(II). 1

(c) (i) Cr Cl H2 O 2
19.5 / 52 40 / 35.5 40.5 / 18 (1)
0.375 1.127 2.25
0.375/0.375 1.127/0.375 2.25/0.375 (1)
1 3 6
NB 2 method marks

(ii) Violet Cr(H2O)63+.3Cl− (1)

Green is [Cr(H2O)5Cl]2+2Cl−.H2O (1) 2
NB for 2 marks must make clear which is which and must be a
salt which adds up to Cr(H2O)6Cl3
[8]

6. (a) (i) 1

(ii) 1

Allow single headed arrows or other suitable notation

[Mark (ii) consequentially on (i)]

(b) (i) Covalent (1)

Coordinate or dative (1) 2
(ii) Deprotonation or acid-base 1
(iii) [Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] or Cr(OH)3 1
(iv) Ligand exchange or ligand substitution 1
(v) [Cr(NH3)6]3+ or [Cr(OH)x (H2O)y(NH3)z]charge 1
x + y + z = 6, z at least one, correct charge will be between 0 and +3, x = max 3

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(c) • d – orbitals/subshell/energy level split (in energy by

ligands)/diagram to illustrate (1)
• Electron transitions/jumps from lower to higher energy level (1)
• Absorbs light in visible region/reference to white light (1) 3
If imply or state that emission is occurring, only the first
marking point is available
[11]

7. (a) (i) 1s22s22p63s23p63d84s2 1

(ii) 1s22s22p63s23p6 3d8 1

(b)
OH2
H2 O OH 2
Ni
H2 O OH 2
OH2
(1)
Shape mark
Must be 3–D ie wedges or dashes
labelled covalent between O–H OR arrow to H2Oand labelled covalent
bond (1)
labelled dative covalent between O atom and ion (1) 3

(c) (i) [Ni(H2O)4(OH)2]

ALLOW Ni(OH)2 1

(ii) Deprotonation (1)

two successive deprotonations / neutral species producing insoluble
compound (1) 2

(iii) Ligand exchange (1)

giving (soluble) [Ni(H2O)0 or 2(NH3)6 or 4]2+ OR in words (1) 2
[10]

5
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8. (a) (i) Use E θ values for reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ by Zn (Eθ cell = + 1.53V) (1)
and Fe2+ to Fe by Zn (Eθcell = +0.32V)(1)
They have positive Eθ so are feasible (1) NOT “will happen”
OR
ALLOW Zn2+/Zn is more negative than both Fe3+/Fe2+ and Fe2+/Fe (1)
so zinc is a stronger reducing agent (1)
so zinc reducing both is feasible (1) 3

(ii) Reduction of Fe2+ has high activation energy / kinetically stable 1

(b) (i) Mn O4– + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ → Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O

Species (1)
Balance (1)
Any state symbols ignored. 2

(ii) purple colour of MnO4– lost (1)

end point when yellow / colourless solution (1)
becomes (permanently) pink (1) 3

(c) Amount MnO4– in 1st titration = 0.0182 dm3 × 0.0200 mol dm–3
= 3.64 × 10–4 mol (1)
Amount Fe2+ in original solution = 5 × above value = 1.82 × 10–3 mol (1)
Amount Fe2+ in 2nd titration = amount of Fe2+ and Fe3+ original solution (1)
= 0.0253 dm3 × 0.0200 mol dm3 × 5 = 2.53 × 10–3 mol
Amount of Fe3+ in original solution = 0.00253 – 0.00182 = 7.10 × 10–4 mol (1)
Amount zinc needed to reduce Fe3+ = ½ × 0.000710 = 0.000355 mol
Mass of zinc = 0.000355 mol × 65.4 g mol–1 = 0.0232 g (1) 2,3 or 4 SF
Consequential on their moles iron
The marks are for the following processes:
Either volume of MnO4– to moles of MnO4– (1)

Convert to moles of Fe2+ by multiplying either moles of MnO4– by 5 (1)

Realising that 2nd titration measures total number of moles of iron (1))
Subtracting to get original moles Fe3+ (1)
Going to moles Zn then mass Zn (1)

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OR
Volume MnO4– for Fe3+, which has been reduced by zinc (1) 3rd point

= 25.3 cm3 – 18.2 cm3 = 0.0253 dm3 – 0.0182 dm3 = 0.0071 dm3 (1) 4th
point
Amount of MnO4– = 0.0071 dm3 × 0.0200 mol dm–3 = 1.42 × 10–4 mol (1) 1st
point
Amount Fe3+ reduced by zinc = 5 × above value = 7.10 × 10–4 mol (1) 2nd
point
Amount zinc needed = ½ × 7.10 × 10–4 = 3.55 × 10–4 mol
mass of zinc needed = 3.55 × 10–4 mol × 65.4 g mol–1 = 0.00232 g (1) 5th
point 5

(d) (i) [Fe(H2O)6]2+ + H2O → [Fe(H2O)5OH]+ + H3O+

H3O+ in equation (1)
other ion in equation (1)
(Fe 2+) polarises the O–H bond in ligand (1) 3

(ii) [Fe(H2O)6]3+ more acidic than [Fe(H2O)6]2+ (1)

Fe3+ higher charge density than Fe2+ (1)
Fe3+ ion if more polarising (1) 3
[20]

9. (a) (i) 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s2 accept any order 1

(ii) 1s22s22p63s23p63d10 Conseq on (a) (i) 1
(b) d-block: last (added) electron is in a d–(sub) shell / orbital (1)
Not transition: does not form ions with partially filled d-(sub) shell /
orbitals (1) 2
(c) 3D-drawing e.g. wedges / hatches or perspective diagram (1)
Labels covalent bond within water molecule (1). This must be drawn
out /use of a key is acceptable.
Shows dative covalent bond from water to central Zn2+ (1)
Labels a 90° angle (1)
Ignore absence of charge on ion 4

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(d) (i) White precipitate /solid /suspension (1) NOT powder

Colourless solution (in excess ammonia) NOT “clear” (1) 2
(ii) [Zn(H2O)6] + 2NH3 → [Zn(OH)2(H2O)4]+ 2NH4
2+ +

Or
[Zn(H2O)6]2+ + 2OH– → [Zn(OH)2(H2O)4]+ 2H2O
Or
[Zn(H2O)6]2+ + 2OH– → Zn(OH)2 + 6H2O
Or
[Zn(H2O)6]2+ + 2NH3 → Zn(OH)2 + 2NH4+ + 4H2O (1)
[Zn(OH)2(H2O)4] + 4NH3 → [Zn(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ + 2OH– + 2H2O
Or
Zn(OH)2 + 4NH3 → [Zn(NH3)4]2+ + 2OH–
(1) for cation formed
(1) for balancing equation with the correct species (2) 3

(e) (i) d-(sub) shell / orbitals are full / 3d10 arrangement of electrons (1)
No jumps of d-electrons /no d-d transitions (1)
Any mention of e– falling back down or “no splitting of d-orbitals” and
second mark is not awarded 2
(ii) Cr is a transition metal / Cr can have d-d transitions /CrO42– is
yellow / Cr(+6) or Cr(VI) is yellow 1
[16]

10. (a) (i) Fe [Ar]

3d64s2
or 3d64s2
or 3d64s2
or 4s23d6 (1)
Fe2+ [Ar]
3d6
or 3d6
or 3d64s0 (1)
Letter d must be lower case
Any additional letters of numbers (0) 2

8
565
 PMT

(ii) The mark is for the shape

ALLOW bond to H of H2O (except on left side if OH2 is given)

IGNORE charge unless incorrect 1

(iii) [Fe(H2O)6]2+ + 2OH– → [Fe(OH)2(H2O)4] + 2H2O

OR
[Fe(H2O)6]2+ + 2OH– → Fe(OH)2 + 6H2O
OR equations with 2NaOH as reactant and 2Na + as product
IGNORE state symbols 1

(iv) Green precipitate / solid → foxy-red / red-brown / brown / orange

Both colours and precipitate / solid needed
NOT darkens 1

(v) N2 + 3H2 → / 2NH3

OR equation with Cl2 1

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(b) (i) Emf of cell / potential difference of cell containing Fe2+ and Fe (1)
and standard hydrogen electrode / half cell NOT ‘SHE’
OR hydrogen electrode and 1 mol dm–3 H+ and 1 atm H2 (1)
1 mol dm–3 Fe2+
IGNORE temperature 3

QWC*(ii) Emf of hydrogen electrode is zero – stated or implied (e.g. if

calculate Ecell = +0.44(V)) (1)
Fe + 2H+ → Fe2+ + H2 (1) – equation stand alone
Potential for the reaction is positive so reaction is feasible (1)
OR
H+ and (½)H2 has a more +ve electrode potential than Fe2+ and Fe (1)
H+ will oxidise Fe / H+ is an oxidising agent / Fe is a reducing
agent for H+ / other correct redox statement (1)
Fe + 2H+ → Fe2+ + H2 (1) – stand alone 3

(iii) High Ea so slow reaction / reactants are kinetically stable

IGNORE any mention of non-standard conditions 1

(c) 2Fe3+ + 2I– → 2Fe2+ + I2 or words E0 = (+) 0.23V (1)

So I– would reduce Fe3+ / Fe3+ would oxidise I– / E0 positive so reaction
L → R (1)
OR reverse argument (2)
OR
Fe3+ and Fe2+ has a more positive electrode potential than I2 and I– (1)
I– will reduce Fe3+ / Fe3+ will oxidise I– (1) 2
[15]

11. (a) (i) Forms ions which have partially filled d-orbitals
OR
Forms ions which have a partially filled d-subshell 1

(ii) Scandiurn / Sc and Zinc / Zn 1

(b) (i) Fe2+ [Ar] 3d6

Mn2+ [Ar] 3d5 (1) for both correct 1
(ii) Fe3+ is 3d5 / half filled d-subshell which is more stable than 3d6 (1)
Mn2+ is (already) 3d5 (which is more stable than 3d4) (1) 2

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(c) Shape (1)

Bonding to correct atoms (1)
(4–) (4–)

CN CN
NC CN
NC CN
Fe Fe
OR
NC CN
NC CN
CN CN
2

(d) Two As atoms oxidised from +3 to +5 per mole of As2O3

(loss of 4e–) (1)
∴if 5 moles oxidised, total 20e– Lost / change in oxidation no. = 20 (1)
∴4 moles MnO4– reduced, total 20e– gained / change in oxidation no. 20
∴each Mn(VII) gains 5e– / change in oxidation no. 5 (1)
∴Mn(ll) / Mn2+ (1) NOT standalone mark 4

(e) (i) VO3– + 2H+ / 2H3O+ → VO2+ + H2O / 3H2O 1

(ii) No because oxidation no. of V is +5 in VO2+ / Oxidation no. of V

unchanged (at +5) 1
(iii) First green colour : VO2+ and VO2+ (1)

Second green colour : V3+ / [V(H2O)6 ]3+ (1)

Violet colour : V2+ / [V(H2O)6 ]2+, (1) 3

[16]

12. (a) 3OCl– → 2Cl– + ClO3– (1)

chlorine (in OCl–) is (simultaneously) oxidised from +1 to +5 (1)

and reduced from +1 to –1 (1)
If only oxidation numbers given max 1 (out of 2)
If oxidation numbers omitted max 1 (out of 2) 3

(b) (i) blue / black to colourless 1

11
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 PMT

(ii) no. moles S 2 O 32− used = 12.5 × 0. 1 / 1000 = 1. 25 × 10–3 (1)

no. moles I2 = 1.25 × 10–3 / 2 = 6.25 × 10–4 (1)

no. moles ClO– = no. moles 12 (1)
no. moles ClO– in original 10 cm3 = 10 × 6.25 × 10–4
= 6.25 × 10–3 (1)
no. moles ClO– in 1 dm3 = 100 × 6.25 × 10–3 (1) = 0.625 5

(iii) mass Cl2 = 0.625 × 71

= 44.4 (g)
mark consequentially on (ii)
must be 3s.f. in final answer 1

(c) Cl2 is the stronger oxidising agent because Cl2 oxidises S from
(+)2 to (+)6 (1)
but l2 oxidises S from (+)2 to (+)2.50 (1) 2

QWC (d) O2 oxidises KI / iodide to l2. or balanced equation (1)

ll2 reacts with starch / paper to give blue / black (1) 2
[14]

3d 4s
13. (a) [ Ar ] (1)
3d 4s
[ Ar ] (1)

Allow ↑ instead of and ↓ instead of 2

(b) Forms ion(s) which have a partially OR an incompletely filled

d-(sub)shell OR d-orbital(s) 1

(c) (i) Dative (covalent) OR co-ordinate (1)

Covalent (1) 2

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(ii) [Ni(H2O)6]2+ + 2NH3 → [Ni(OH)2(H2O4)] + 2NH +4

OR
[Ni(H2O)6]2+ + 2NH3 → Ni(OH)2 + 4H2O + 2NH +4
OR
[Ni(H2O)6]2+ + 2OH– → [Ni(OH)2(H2O4)] + 2H2O
OR
[Ni(H2O)6]2+ + 2OH–→ Ni(OH)2 + 6H2O
IGNORE state symbols
IGNORE missing square brackets in any formula 1

(iii) H+ removed (by NH3 OR OH–) (1)

From (H2O) ligands (1)
NOT just from “complex” 2

(iv) Ligand exchange

OR ligand replacement
OR ligand substitution 1

(v) [Ni(OH)2(H2O)4] + 6NH3 → [Ni(NH3)6]2+ + 2OH–+ 4H2O

OR
Ni(OH)2 + 6NH3 → [Ni(NH3)6]2+ + 2OH–

Allow formation of [Ni(NH3)4]2+ OR [Ni(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+

cation formed (1)
balancing equation (1) 2

(d) d-orbitals split (in energy) by ligands (1)

QWC ALLOW d-sublevel
absorbs light (in visible region) (1)
NOT “uv light”
electron is promoted OR electron moves to a higher energy level (1)
Any mention of emission of light can only score 1st mark 3
[14]

13
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1. (a) (i) – *CH(CH3)– (1) 1

(ii) (the three) OH groups (1)
allow adrenalin to form more hydrogen bonds with water
(than does benzedrine) (1) 2

(b) (i) 1
–
CH 2 CH(CH 3 )NH3 +(Cl )

Can use R in place of C6H5CH2CH(CH3)– in both (i) and (ii)

(ii) 1
CH 2 CH(CH 3 )N C CH 3
(1)
H O

O
(iii)
CH 3 C CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) N C CH 3

O H
substitution(s) in ring at any position(s) (1)
production of amide (1) 2

(d) R NHCH 3 R H 2
C C C C
H H H NHCH 3

(e) (i) (CH(CH3)–NH2)+ (1) 1

(ii) (CH2–NH–CH3)+ / (CH(OH)CH2)+ (1)

max 1 for (e) if no charges shown
must show some structure in answers ie. C2H5N(0) 1
[11]

2. (a) (i) The enthalpy / heat / heat energy change / released when 1 mol of benzene is
formed (1) from its elements (1) under standard conditions 2
(ii) The enthalpy / heat / heat energy change when 1 mol of benzene burns (1) in
excess oxygen / burns to form carbon dioxide plus water / is completely oxidized
under standard conditions (1)
The second mark is not awarded if standard conditions are not mentioned in part
(i) or (ii). 2

1
571
 PMT

6C + 3H 2 C6 H6
(b)

∆H1 ∆H2
6CO 2 + 3H 2 O
For correct cycle shown (1) or equivalent equations
∆H1 = 6 × (–394) + 3 × (–286) = –3222 kJ (1) for either showing calculation or
answer
∆Hf = –3222 – (–3273) = +51 kJ mol–1 (1) 3

(c) Benzene has π electrons delocalised (1) Therefore bond energy NOT that of C–C or
C=C

localised (1)

Energy +215 Delocalised (1) –consequential

+51
6C(s) + 3H 2 (g)

(d) (i) rate = k[benzene][bromine] 1

(ii) rate would be decreased (1)
Ea of rate determining step (or the idea of it) would be increased (1) 2
[14]

2
572
 PMT

3. (a) CH3CO+ (1)

Candidate may not identify electophile but may score this mark if they use the
correct electrophile in the mechanism
CH3COCl + AlCl3 → CH3CO+ + AlCl4– (1) 2

AlCl 4-
(1)
+ H
OCCH 3
COCH3
(1)
(1)

COCH3
+ HCl

In the mechanism the electrophile can be shown as

δ+ δ–
CH3CO – Cl → AlCl3
–

(b) Notes: The arrow for the first mark should start inside the ring and
go to the carbon of the CO group.
The arrow for the last mark should start on the bond and finish inside the ring.

AlCl 4-
(1)
+ H
OCCH 3
COCH3
(1)
(1)

COCH3
+ HCl

3
573
 PMT

(c) There are several routes through this; all can score full marks
CN
CH3 O
C CH3 C OH
(1)
(1)
+ HCN
Dilute HCl (1) Heat 9under
reflux) (1)
Slightly acidic / slightly alkaline / or
buffered at name pH between 5 Dilute NaOH (1) followed
and 9 / mixture of KCN and acid. / by acid (1)
HCN plus KCN (1) CO 2 H

CH3 C OH

5
[10]

4. (a) 2S2O32− + l2 → S4O6+2– + 2I− or clearly stated (1)

amount of thio = 26.8 × 0.1 / 1000 = 2.68 × 10−3 mol (1)
ratio of copper to thio is 1:1 (1)
total amount of copper = 2.68 × 10−3 mol × 10 = 2.68 × 10−2 mol (1)
mass of copper = 2.68 × 10–2 mol × 63.5 g mol−1 = 1.70g (1)
purity = 1.70 × 100 / 1.74 = 97.8 / 97.7 % (1) 6
allow 2 to 4 sig figs in final answer mark consequentially

(b) The increase in successive ionisation energies is similar (1)

compensated for by bond formation or hydration enthalpy or
energy or lattice enthalpy (1)
catalysis involves metal ion moving from one oxidation state
to another (1)
and back (1) 4

(c) (i) Sodium nitrite + aq / conc / dilute HCl / hydrochloric acid (1)
any temperature between 0 and 10 °C or a range between 0 & 2
10° C (1)

(ii) If too cold reaction too slow (1)

if too warm product or nitrous acid decomposes / products
would be phenol and nitrogen (1) 2

4
574
 PMT

+ –
N N(Cl) + OH
(iii)

–
N N OH + H + (Cl or HCl)

3 structures (2)
2 structures (1)
Balance (1)
It is not necessary to show the full structure for the diazo compound
e.g C6H5N2+ is acceptable.
Conditions – phenol in alkali (1) yellow / orange / red ppt (1) 5

(d) Conc HNO 3 +

(1) Sn (1) + conc 6
conc H 2 SO4 HCl (1)
NO2 NH 2
30 to (1) heat (1)
55 ºC (1)
Condition mark depends on reasonable reagents
If give alternative route then – 1 for each error
Name of nitrobenzene acceptable
[25]

5. (a) (i) Aluminium chloride or AICl3 or iron(III) chloride or FeCl3 (1)

catalyst (1) 2

CH 3 COCl AlCl 3 CH 3 CO + + AlCl 4– (1)

CH 3 CO + COCH 3
(1)
+ H (1)
(AlCl 4–)
(1)

(ii)
COCH 3
+ HCl (+ AlCl 3 )

Marks:
formation of electrophile
attack on electrophile from ring
intermediate
removal of proton 4

(b) Esterification / condensation (1)

5
575
 PMT

O
CH 3 C O

(1) 2

OH OH OH
(c) (i) OH

OH
OH
Three correct 2 marks. 2 correct 1 mark 2

(ii)
O O
O O C CH 2 C

Ester link (1)

polymer / with correct benzene ring links (1) 2

(d) Benzene diazonium chloride (solution) / ion shown or C6H5N+≡N (1)

Sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid (1)
0−10°C (1)
alkaline solution (of phenol) (1)
[16]

6. (a)
H
O C H
H
H C H
C C

C C
H C H

H
Fully displayed showing all C, H and circle or kekulé structure. 1

6
576
 PMT

(b) Understanding of ‘electrophile’ – positive/electron deficient entity

ACCEPT Species that accepts a lone pair of electrons (1)
Understanding of ‘substitution’– exchange/replace for another entity / atom /
hydrogen (1) 2

(c)
OCH3
NO2

Must contain a hexagon (with ring or kekulé inside)

Bonds must go from ring to O of OCH3, and
to N of NO2 1

(d) C7H7OBr )
C7H6OBr2 ) Any two
C7H5OBr3 )
HBr ) 2

(e) (i) Methoxybenzenesulph/fonic acid 1

(ii) Detergents/drugs/dyes 1

(f) (i) D hydrogen / H2 (1)

E (Raney) nickel / nickle / Ni /Platinum /Pt (1) 2
(ii) Addition (1)
Reduction (1) 2

(g) (i) Petroleum/crude oil/coal 1

(ii) Not carcinogenic / (cumulative) poison / toxic use of benzene in
schools is illegal 1
[14]

7. (a) (i) Conc. sulphuric acid(1)

Conc. nitric acid (1) 2
[Conc. must be stated, or implied, for both acids]

7
577
 PMT

(ii) HNO3 + H2SO4 → H2O + HSO4– + NO2+ (1)

Can be shown in two stages
Or
HNO3 + 2H2SO4 → H3O+ + 2HSO4– + NO2+ (1)
NO 2+ NO 2
(1) for intermediate
+ H
(1)
(1)

NO 2
(+ H + )

I.e. curved arrow from benzene ring of electrons towards N in NO2+

ion (1)
Intermediate correctly drawn, including positive charge (1)
Curved arrow from C-H bond back into benzene ring (1) 4

(iii) Electrophilic substitution 1

(b) 3
NO 2 NO 2 NO 2
NO 2

NO 2 NO 2 O2 N NO 2
NO 2
(1) (1) (1)
Vertical/right hand substituents must be shown with C to N bond
[Mark consequentially on structural formula given for
“nitrobenzene” in (a)(ii)]

(c) Tin / iron and concentrated hydrochloric acid/conc. HCl (1)

Heat (under reflux) (1) 2
Second mark consequential on correct / “near miss” reagents

8
578
 PMT

(d) (i) H H 1

N C C H
O H
Allow:
NH C CH3
O

(ii) • Dissolve in minimum volume (1)

• Of boiling/hot solvent (or any specified solvent other than water)
(1)
• Filter through a heated funnel (1)
• Cool or leave to crystallise (1)
• Filter under suction/filter using Buchner funnel (1)
• Wash crystals with cold solvent (1) 6
NB If no solvent used, no marks available at all in part (d)(ii)
[19]

8. (a) (i) It is non-superimposable on mirror image/ it has a single asymmetric

carbon atom 1
(ii) rotates the plane (of polarisation) (1)
of (plane–) polarised (monochromatic) light (1)
OR
Use a polarimeter (1)
rotates the plane (of polarisation) of the light (1) 2
(iii) product is an equimolar mixture/racemic mixture (1)
so rotations cancel (1) 2

(b) – NH3 +Cl– on the amino group (1)

–COO– Na+ on the carboxyl group (1) 2
(c) Zwifterion’s structure (1)
There is ionic attraction between adjacent zwitterions (1) 2

9
579
 PMT

(d) (i) (polymer formed by) elimination/ removal of a small molecule/ water
(between two monomers) 1
(ii) any CIOC***COCl (1) and H2N*CH2*NH2 (1) 2
(iii) structure consequential on answer to (ii) showing amide link (1)
and extension of the chain (1) 2
(iv)
H H H H
N C C N C C N C C
H CH3 O CH3 O H CH 3 O
CONH drawn out (1)
Show 3 units (1) 2
[16]

9. (a) (i) –240 (kJ mol–1) 1

(ii) –360 (kJ mol–1)
Penalise incorrect units once only 1
(iii) Overlap of p-orbitals / π (system) (1)
(results in) delocalisation (1)
makes benzene (more) stable (by 152 kJ mol–1) (1)
QWC* 3

10
580
 PMT

(b) (i) AlBr3/ AIC13 / FeBr3 / Fe

Formula must be correct; no names 1
(ii) Ignore curly arrows in this first step; mark species only
(consistent with catalyst)
+ –
Br 2 + AlBr 3 Br + AlBr4 (1)

Br
Br
+ +
Br + +H

(1) (1) structure

(1) arrow
Alternative way of showing part played by catalyst

Br BrAlBr3

Allow Kekulé intermediate 4

+ Br
H

(iii) Electrophilic substitution 1

[11]

10. (a) 6

solution X Y
Sodium fizzing/ effervescence/ no reaction /
carbonate bubbles (1) no bubbles (1)
Brady’s reagent no change/ yellow /orange / orange-red or
(2,4-dinitro (stays) yellow/orange (1) yellow-orange precipitate /
phenyl hydrazine) (crystalline) solid (1)
Potassium no change Goes from orange to green/
dichromate + /(stays) orange (1) brownish green/dull green (1)
sulphuric acid

11
581
 PMT

(b) (i) 1

Do not allow if bond is obviously to wrong atom from benzene

ring

(ii) 1

(iii) Undisplayed ester + unchanged – CHO (1)

Correctly displayed for both groups (1) 2

(iv) sulphuric acid / hydrochloric acid 1

(v) Cl (and O) electronegative/electron withdrawing (1)
So Cδ+ is more/ very susceptible to nucleophilic attack/ more δ+/
more electrophilic (1) 2

(c) (i) Electrophiles / electrophilic 1

(ii) Brδ+/ Br+/ Brδ+– Brδ– 1
(iii) Any substitution product with Br on benzene ring, and other 1
groups unchanged
(iv) lone pairs / electrons on phenolic group make ring more 1
negative than in benzene / lone pairs on OH donated to ring
[17]

12
582
 PMT

11. (a) (i) Fuming sulphuric acid / conc.sulphuric acid & sulphur trioxide (1)
Warm/(heat under) reflux/ hot/ high temperature (1)
[fuming/conc. could appear as a condition]
OR
concentrated sulphuric acid
(heat under) reflux for several hours (1) 2
(ii) SO3/ SO3H+ 1

(b) (i) OR C6H5Br 1

(ii) Substitution (1) Electrophile (1) 2

(iii) As oxygen lone pair is delocalised into ring / interacts with e– in ring (1)
Benzene ring more attractive to electrophiles/greater electron
density/more nucleophilic (1) 2

(c) (i) Ethylbenzene/Phenylethane 1

(ii) Aluminium chloride reacts with chloroethane (1)
Inducing a positive charge on the ethyl group (1)
OR correct equation showing charges
AlCl3 + CH3CH2Cl → AlCl4 + CH3CH2 (2) 2

(d) (i) UV/sun light 1

(ii) 1,2,3,4,5,6-(hexa)chloro cyclohexane 1
[13]

13
583
 PMT

12. (a) (i) C6H5O–Na+ / C6H5ONa / C6H5O– 1

Do not allow covalent O-Na
(ii)

1
No other Isomer allowed
OR

IGNORE bond to H of OH

(iii)

1
No ring substitution allowed

(b) (i) NaNO2 / sodium nitrate / nitrate(III) (1)

conc aq / dil HCl / hydrochloric acid (1)
NOT HCI
Any temperature between 0 - 10 °C
OR range between 0 - 10 °C (1)
NOT “less than 10 °C”
IGNORE everything before phenylamine eg starting from benzene
Conditions are dependent on correct or nearly correct reagents 3

14
584
 PMT

(ii)

Correct diazonium ion (1) if - +N=N the + must be on correct N

Correct equation (1)
IGNORE position of OH group
Can include Cl– if equation is balanced
ALLOW + C6H5OH → ………. + H+ 2

(iii) Alkaline / alkali / sodium hydroxide / NaOH / KOH / potassium hydroxide /

sodium carbonate / sodium hydrogencarbonate
IGNORE temperature 1
[9]

13. (a) (i) Chloromethane / bromomethane (1)

ALLOW methyl chloride
(anhydrous) aluminium chloride (1)
NOT iron (III) chloride / bromide
ALLOW formulae 2

(ii) Substitution (1)

Electrophilic (1)
In any order
–1 for each extra incorrect type eg addition as well as substitution 2

(iii) CH3Cl + AlCl3 → AlCl4− and CH3+ / CH3+ AlCl4− (1)

ALLOW TE with FeCl3
and the positive ion/electrophile is then attracted to the (delocalised)
electrons in the benzene ring/negative benzene ring (1) 2

15
585
 PMT

(b) (i)

2 (or 3 or 4)-chloro(-1-)methylbenzene (1) – must be consistent

with formula
ALLOW 1-chloro-4-methyl benzene / 1methyl-4-chlorobenzene etc 2

(ii) Chlorine (in an inert solvent) (1)

NOT aq/H2O
iron OR iron(III) chloride (1)
Mark independently
ALLOW formulae 2

(c) (i) Substitution (1)

Nucleophilic (1)
IGNORE hydrolysis
NOT SN1
NOT hydrogenation 2

(ii) second order

because the halogenoalkane is a primary one / two particles/both
reactants are involved in RDS (1)
Formulae showing carbon atom has a δ+ with OH− attacking it

If SN1 ALLOW max 1 for showing halogenoalkane ionising in

slowest step 2

(d) (Full) oxidation /redox

16
586
 PMT

NOT reduction
NOT partial oxidation 1

(e) Any 2
set them on fire/heat (1)
both burn with a sooty flame (1)
add sodium (1)
both give off bubbles of gas /hydrogen/fizz/effervesce/sodium will
disappear/white solid forms (1)
add PCl5 (1)
misty fumes of HCl (1)
nitric and sulphuric acid (1) NOT nitration
produces yellow/brown/red products (1) NOT brown gas disappears
If they describe esterification to produce oily drops of the same ester
max 2
NOT reagents which produce no reaction eg. Brady’s reagent
NOT decolorise bromine water
NOT decolorise bromine and iron / iron bromide 4
[19]

14. (a) (i) C3H5 (1)

7.2 / 24 = 0.3mol CO2 / 0.3 mol C (1)
4.5 × 2
4.5/18 = 0.25mol H2O / = 0.5 mol / g H (1)
18
ALLOW deductions based on one calculation
3.6
e.g. 0.5g H ∴ 3.6g C ∴ = 0.3 mol C.
12
Follow through their reasoning – if it logically arrives at the
correct ratio (2)
4.1 4.1 4.1
e.g. mol A → × 6 mol C → × 6 × 24 dm3 CO2 etc 3
82 82 82

17
587
 PMT

(ii)

Mark independently
ALLOW other three, four and five membered ring structures
ALLOW fully/partially displayed formulae
NOT open-chain structure with 2 × C=C NOR C6H10Br2, open
chain with one C=C 2

(iii) Structural formula (1)

OR T.E. providing correct numbers of bonds

May be in equation
Ethanol/alcohol(ic) and heat / pressure / sealed tube (1)
C6H10Br2 + 4NH3 → C6H14N2 + 2NH4Br (2)
ACCEPT HBr (for(1)) 4

(b)

ACCEPT any multiples / partial multiples

ALLOW allowed TE from (iii)
IGNORE ‘n’s 2
Condensation (polymerisation) (1)
[11]

18
588
 PMT

15. (a) Delocalisation / π-systern (1)

due to overlap of six p-orbitals
OR
Due to overlap of p-orbitals around the ring (1)
Confers stability / benzene at a lower energy level / more energy needed to break
bonds compared with having three separate π / double bonds / cyclohexatriene,
Kekule structure (1) Standalone mark 3

(b) 1st step: sulphuric and nitric acid (1)

concentrated (1)
Intermediate: Nitrobenzene /C6H5NO2 (1)
2nd Step: Tin / iron and conc HCl (followed by addition of alkali) (1)
disallow Sn or Fe as catalyst 4

(c) (i) AlBr3 / FeBr3 / AlCl3 / Al2Cl6 / FeCl3 / Fe2Cl6 1

19
589
 PMT

(ii) AlBr3 + CH3CH2Br CH3CH2+ + AlBr4− (1)

ALLOW C2H5+ in this equation only

2 3
+
CH 2 CH 3 H
(1) for arrow Intermediate (1)
CH 2 CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 + HBr + AlBr3
Br – AlBr3
H

(1) for arrow from C – H bond

OR

CH 2 CH 3
+
CH 2 CH 3 H
(1) for arrow Intermediate (1)
CH 2 CH 3 CH 2 CH 3
+
+ H
H

(1) for arrow

(3)
Arrows
Do not allow to C2H5+ 4
ALLOW to point / go to + charge
ALLOW C2H5 in intermediate
(iii) Electrophilic substitution 1
[13]

16. (a) C10H8

ALLOW (C5H4)2
NOT (C6H4)2 1

(b) (i) –600

NOT + 600
NOT 600 1

20
590
 PMT

(ii) Naphthalene is more/very stable than double bonds suggest (1)

Must be a comparison for the 1st mark
Therefore the electrons/bonds may be/are delocalised
(over the ring system)
OR it is a delocalised system (1)
No TE from (i)
Delocalised mark can be given if delocalisation mentioned in (iii) 2

(iii) No
because it is likely to react like benzene / delocalised structure /
no double bonds
OR bromine not a strong enough electrophile without a catalyst
OR “yes but only if bromine [NOT bromine solution] and a catalyst” 1

(c) (i) Reagent

2-chloropropane (1)
ALLOW 1-chloropropane OR other halogenopropanes
NOT chloropropane
NOT bromo-2-propane
ALLOW formula with or without non-systematic name
ALLOW ClCH(CH3)2 OR (CH3)2CHCl OR C(CH3)2HCl OR ClC(CH3)2H
Catalyst
aluminium chloride / AlCl3/Al2Cl6
OR aluminium bromide / AlBr3
OR iron(III) chloride/FeCl3 (1)
NOT AlCl4(–)
NOT ”iron” on its own
If both correct but wrong way round 1 (out of 2) 2

(ii) electrophilic (1)

substitution (1)
Can be given in any order
Mark independently 2
[9]

17. (a) (i) White precipitate OR white suspension OR white solid 1

21
591
 PMT

(ii)
OH OH
Br Br
+3Br2 +3HBr

Br
2,4,6-tribromophenol (1)
rest of equation if for formation of a tribromophenol (1)
C6H5OH + 3Br2 → C6H2Br3OH + 3HBr scores (1) 2

(iii)
O
O C
CH 3
C = O in ester must be shown 1

(iv) C (atom) is (very) δ+ because Cl highly electronegative

OR Cl electron withdrawing (1)
IGNORE references to oxygen
(so C atom) susceptible to nucleophilic attack OR (so C atom)
strongly electrophilic (1)
IGNORE references to activation energy 2

(b) Sn and conc hydrochloric acid (accept conc HCl) OR Fe and conc
hydrochloric acid (accept conc HCl)
IGNORE any references to NaOH
IGNORE references to Fe or Sn as a catalyst 1

(c) (i) • Sodium nitrite OR NaNO2 OR sodium nitrate(III) (1)

NOT JUST HNO2
• Hydrochloric acid OR dilute sulphuric acid OR aqueous
sulphuric acid 2
ACCEPT HCl if qualified. Do not accept conc. sulphuric acid
Only award the hydrochloric acid mark if NaNO2 or KNO2 or HNO2
given as co-reagent

(ii) Below 0 °C : reaction too slow (1)

Above 5 °C : product decomposes OR diazonium ion decomposes (1) 2
NOT HNO2 decomposes

22
592
 PMT

(iii)

N=N OH
OR O –
instead of
OH group 1

(iv) Dissolve in minimum volume of boiling solvent OR dissolve in

minimum volume of hot solvent (1)
QWC NOT JUST “small volume”
[ALLOW any specified solvent including water]
Filter hot OR filter through heated funnel (1)
Cool or leave to crystallise (1)
Filter (under suction) (1)
Wash solid with cold solvent (and leave to dry)
OR wash solid with small volume of solvent (and leave to dry) (1) 5
[17]

18. (a) Nitric acid / HNO3 (1)

Dilute / 4M acid and boil/heat (1) 2

(b) Reduction
ALLOW redox 1

(c) (i) 4(–) aminophenol / 4(–)hydroxyphenylamine

OR 1(–)amino(–)4(–)hydroxybenzene etc
ALLOW para / p etc 1
(ii) Add copper(II) (sulphate solution) / Cu2+ (1)
Green / brown (precipitate) forms (1) 2

(d) (i)
OH ONa

(+ 2NaOH) (+ CH 3 CO 2 Na + H 2 O)

NHCOCH 3 NH 2
Organic formula fully correct (2)
Only one group reacting (1) 2

23
593
 PMT

(ii) No because, phenol is not a strong enough acid to react with sodium
carbonate (1)
NOT “because phenol is a weak acid” 1

(e) (i) Van der Waals’ and (permanent) dipole – (permanent) dipole, and
QWC hydrogen bonds (1)
Van der Waals between aromatic rings / everywhere / anywhere (1)
(Permanent) dipole force between carbonyl / C=O groups (1)
Hydrogen bonds eg between N–H and O=C (1) 4
BUT must make it clear which atoms are involved

(ii) Van der Waals total forces in paracetamol are too strong
QWC OR
Hydrogen bonds in water are too strong
ALLOW carbon chain too long / large
ALLOW because of benzene ring 1

(f) (Broad) OH (stretching absorption from) (1)

3750 – 3200 (cm–1) (1)
OR
(Broad) NH (stretching absorption from) (1)
3500 – 3140 (cm–1) (1)
Bond must be specified for 1st mark but range mark is
not dependent on 1st mark 2

(g) (i) C8H9O2N+

Fully correct with charge 1

(ii) 43–CH3CO+ / C2H3O+ / CHNO+

93–C6H5O+ (1)
IGNORE charges unless both negative, then 1 max if fully correct
ACCEPT semi-structural formulae but NOT
+
OH
2

(h) No gastric / internal bleeding / suitable for younger children 1

[20]

24
594
 PMT

19. (a) (i) Conc(entrated) / fuming sulphuric acid / sulphur trioxide / SO3 (1) 1
Accept oleum (1)
Reject sulphuric acid / H2SO4

(ii) Substitution (1)

Electrophilic (1) 2

(b) (i) To avoid losing too much vanillin (in the filtrate when
crystallisation occurs) OWTTE 1
Accept to maximise the yield
Reject answer only referring to saturation

(ii) Insoluble impurities removed by hot/ first filtration (1)

Soluble impurities remain in solution (1) 2

(iii) Measure mpt (1)

Compare with data OR sharp melting point (1) 2
Accept bpt. method can only score 2nd mark

(c) Vanillin is likely to be a product since ………..

IR spectrum of product shows an absorption for aldehyde C=O
stretching /vibration (1)…
…………
at about 1740–1720 cm–1 /any value within this range (1)
(This is absent in the 2-methoxyphenol IR spectrum) 2
[10]

20. (a) Reagent: chloromethane/CH3Cl (1)

Accept bromomethane/ CH3Br/iodomethane/ CH3I
Catalyst: (anhydrous) aluminium chloride/AlCl3/Al2Cl6 (1)
OR equivalent bromides
Accept iron(III) chloride/ bromide
Reject iron
Mark independently 2

(b) (i) (free) radical substitution 1

25
595
 PMT

(ii) Cl2 → 2Cl• (1)

PhCH3 + Cl• → PhCH2• + HCl (1)
PhCH2• + Cl2 → PhCH2Cl + Cl• (1)
any one of:
2 PhCH2• → PhCH2CH2Ph
PhCH2• + Cl• → PhCH2Cl
2 Cl• → Cl2 (1)
[IGNORE curly arrows]
If the initiation or propagation steps are wrong, only the
termination step can score consequentially on any two of their
radicals. 4
Dot must not be on Ph penalise once
P instead of Ph penalise once

(iii) flask and vertical condenser – need not be shown as separate items
(1) [Ignore direction of water flow; penalise sealed condenser]
gas entry into liquid in flask (1) [allow tube to go through the side
of the flask, but tube must not be blocked by flask wall]
Allow the gas to be bubbled down a tube coaxial with the
condenser bore.
Bubbling gas into a beaker OR other vessel without a
condenser 0 (out of 3)
heating from a electric heater/heating mantle/sand bath/water
bath/oil bath (1) diagram or words
labelling of diagram not necessary
[IGNORE uv source] 3
Reject just ‘heat’, Bunsen
[10]

21. (a) (i) methylbenzene/phenylmethane 1

(ii)
CH3
SO 3 H

1
Accept alternative substitution products with
–SO3H group on other ring positions
SO3– H+
Accept multiple substitutions
Accept Displayed Formulae
Reject bonding to ring through H or O atom

26
596
 PMT

(b) (i) (conc.) nitric acid (1)

Accept HNO3
Reject dilute, HNO3 (aq)
(conc.) sulphuric acid (1) Mark independently 2
Accept H2SO4
Reject H2SO4(aq)
Reject incorrect formula in conjunction with name

(ii) NO2+ 1

Reject NO2δ+

(c) (i) Substitution (1)

Electrophilic / electrophile (1) 2
Accept either way round
Reject incorrect type or mechanism in conjunction with correct
response

(ii) the ring is more susceptible to attack by electrophiles/

more nucleophilic/ ring has greater electron density (1)
as methyl group pushes electrons into ring/ toluene has a
dipole moment (1) 2

(d) Oxidation 1
Accept partial oxidation
Reject redox
Reject full oxidation

27
597
 PMT

(e) sodium/ potassium dichromate((VI)) (1)

Accept Na2Cr2O7/ K2Cr2O7
sulphuric acid (1)
or
Potassium manganate ((VII)) (1)
Accept H2SO4
dil. or conc.
‘acidified dichromate’ = 1
or
KMnO4
Sulphuric acid (1) 2
Accept H2SO4
‘acidified manganate’ = 1
OR
Potassium manganate ((VII)) (1)
Sodium hydroxide (1)
Reject incorrect oxidation numbers
Reject incorrect Formula in conjunction with correct name
[12]

22. (a) (i)

–
O O

H C H

+
H N H

H
Positive charge must be on the N atom
The minus charge must be on the O in the C―O if no
delocalisation shown 1
Accept delocalised carboxylate group with a negative charge
shown
Reject compressed structural formula

28
598
 PMT

(ii) (H+ from) COOH (group) protonates the –NH2(group) 1

Accept transfer of H+ from COOH to NH2

Or
“self-protonation”
Reject just “protonation”
Reject just “acid-base reaction”

(iii) Read the whole answer!

High energy needed to overcome (strong) ionic attractions (1)
Accept “ionic bonds” or “ionic lattice” instead of “ionic
attractions”
Reject just “intermolecular forces”
Or H bonding
Or van der Waals’ forces etc
award zero overall
between zwitterions (1)
Accept between adjacent species
Ignore reference to “molecules” if clearly used in the context
of attraction between ions 2

+
(b) (i) NH3CH2COOH / +H3NCH2COOH / +H3NCH2COOH
OR written right to left
OR
O OH

H C H

+
NH3 1
Accept –CO2H
OR
–NH3+Cl–
Or –NH3Cl
Reject molecular formula

29
599
 PMT

(ii) NH2CH2COO– / NH2CH2CO2– /

–
O O

H C H

NH2 1
Accept ―COONa
or
―COO–Na+
Reject molecular formula

(iii) CH3CONHCH2COOH/
O OH

H C H

H N

C O

H C H

H 1
Accept CH3CONHCH2CO2H
OR ‘no reaction’ (1)
Reject molecular formula

(iv) NH2CH2COOCH3 /
H

O O C H

C
H

H C H

H N H 1
Accept NH2CH2CO2CH3

30
600
 PMT

(c) (i) (Glutamic acid molecule) has four different groups attached
to a C (atom)
Or
(Glutamic acid molecule) has four different groups attached
to a chiral centre
Accept contains an asymmetric carbon (atom)
Or
molecule has no plane of symmetry
Reject just “has a chiral centre”
Or
Just “the molecule is asymmetrical”
OR
has mirror images which are not superimposable 1

(ii) (the isomers) rotate the plane (or polarisation) of (plane-) polarised
light (1)
Accept “….rotate plane polarised light”
in opposite directions (1)
Reject just “in different directions”
Ignore any reference to polarimeter 2

(d) H2N(CH2)6NH2 (1)

ClOC(CH2)4COCl /
O O

ClC(CH 2)4C Cl (1)

[Monomers can be given in either order] 2

Accept NH2(CH2)6NH2
HOOC(CH2)4COOH / HO2C(CH2)4CO2H /
O O

HO C(CH 2)4 C OH
COOH(CH2)4COOH
Or COCl(CH2)4COCl
[13]

31
601
 PMT

23. (a) (i)

SO3 H

Bond from benzene ring must be to the sulphur atom

Hydrogen atom must be linked to oxygen 1
Accept C6H5SO3H
Accept C6H5SO2OH
Reject C6H5HSO3

(ii) Fuming sulphuric acid / oleum / sulphur trioxide / SO3 / sulphur

trioxide or SO3 in sulphuric acid 1
Accept concentrated sulphuric acid / H2S2O7
Reject H2SO4 / H2SO4(aq) / sulphuric acid / dilute sulphuric
acid

(iii) (aromatic) Electrophilic substitution 1

Accept Electrophillic / Electrophylic / Eletrophilic substitution
Reject Electrophic substitution

(iv) SO3/ SO3H+

Ignore name if given with formula 1
Accept HSO3+

Reject sulphur trioxide / SO3+ / SO3–

(b) (i)
SO3 H

H3 C CH 3
Allow TE from (a)(i) 1
Accept
SO3 H

CH 3 CH 3
Formula for 2,6-dimethyl benzene sulphonic acid

32
602
 PMT

(ii) Reagent X: CH3Cl (1)

Catalyst Y: AlCl3 (1)
Allow TE from (b)(i) e.g. CH3CH2Cl if an ethylbenzene 2
Accept CH3Br / CH3I (1)
Accept Al2Cl6/AlBr3/AlI3 (1)
One correct name and one correct formula (2)
Names for both answers (1 max)

(iii) Hydrogen chloride / HCl 1

Accept answer consequential on (b)(ii), e.g. HBr
Reject hydrochloric acid

(c) (i) 4-chloro-3, 5-dimethylphenol

3,5-dimethyl-4-chlorophenol 1
Accept no/wrong punctuation
Allow name based on hydroxybenzene
Allow “cloro” or “methyl”

(ii) Hydrogen bonding interactions between dettol and water are weaker
than those between water molecules
OR
Hydrogen bonding interactions between dettol and water are weaker
thatn the van der Waals’ forces in dettol
Look for good use of scientific language. Answer must include a
specific type of intermolecular force 1
Accept hydrogen bonding between dettol and water is weak
Reject dettol molecule is too big
Accept dettol can only form one H-bond with water/only has
one OH group to H-bond with water
Reject arguments based on lone pairs of electrons on OH group
being delocalised into the ring
[10]

24. (a) (i) (anhydrous) aluminium chloride

[Name or formulae] 1
Accept Al2Cl6
Accept AlBr3 FeBr3
Accept FeCl3
Reject Fe

33
603
 PMT

(ii)
CH 3 CHCH 3 + AlCl 3 CH3 CHCH3 + AlCl 3 Br – (1)
Br
H CH 3
CH 3 CHCH 3 + CH
+

(1) (1) CH 3

( Br AlCl 3– ) CH 3
H CH 3
CH
+ CH + (H +/ HBr + AlCl3 )
CH 3
(1) CH 3

OR
CH 3
H CH 3
H C Br AlCl 3
+ CH + Br AlCl 3–
CH 3
(1) (1) (1) CH 3

( Br AlCl 3– ) CH 3
H CH 3
CH
+ CH + (H +/ HBr + AlCl3 )
CH 3
(1) CH 3

34
604
 PMT

OR
CH3 CHCH 3 –
+ AlCl 3 CH 3 CHCH 3 + Br AlCl 3
Br +

+ H
CH 3 CHCH 3 CH(CH 3 )2
+

– +HBr + AlCl 3
+ H Br AlCl 3
CH(CH 3 ) 2
CH(CH 3 ) 2

Equation for formation of electrophile (1)

IGNORE if incorrect arrows added at this point
First arrow must be from C=C or from or within ring
to C with + and can point to + (1)
Correct intermediate as shown in mechanism above (1)
Second arrow from C–H bond into ring (1) 4
Accept either a delocalised or Kekule ring
If CH3CHBrCH3 → CH3CH+CH3 + Br– loses 1st mark but can
score 2nd, 3rd and 4th marks

(b) (i) CH3CH2CH2+ 1

Accept C2H5CH2+

Reject C3H7+

(ii) secondary carbocation is more stable than primary (1)

primary carbocation (CH3CH2CH2+) rearranges to produce
a secondary carbocation
OR
primary carbocation (CH3CH2CH2+) turns into a secondary
carbocation
OR
a description of the rearrangement e.g. a hydrogen atom
moves from the middle to the end (1) 2
Reject any reference to stability of intermediate /product

35
605
 PMT

(c) (i) First mark

sodium nitrite /sodium nitrate(III)/NaNO2 (1)
Second mark
hydrochloric acid / HCl(aq) (1)
IGNORE concentration of acid
2nd mark is conditional on NaNO2 or HNO2 2
Reject HNO2
Reject HCl/hydrogen chloride

(ii) below 0 °C reaction is too slow (1)

above 10 °C the product/benzenediazonium ions
decomposes /hydrolysed (1) 2
Accept HNO2 decomposes

(iii)
N N

OH
N=N link, can be shown linear (1)
IGNORE other atoms
Remainder correct (1) 2
IGNORE position of OH group.
Accept —ONa or O– instead of OH
Reject —N=N—O—

36
606
 PMT

(d) (i) QWC

First two
add 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine/Brady’s reagent (1)
orange/yellow ppt (1)
Allow this second mark if the name of the reagent is
slightly incorrect e.g. 2,4-diphenylhydrazine
Accept 2,4-dnp(h)
Accept any combination of yellow and orange
Must be ppt
Reject just “Red ppt”
Reject “solid” for “ppt”
OR
IR absorption due to C=O stretch (1)
at 1700 cm–1 (1)
Third mark
Does not give a silver mirror with ammoniacal silver nitrate
(or Tollens’ reagent)
Accept no change with Tollens’
OR
no red ppt/stays blue with Fehling’s or Benedict’s solution
Reject Iodoform
OR
H+/Cr2O72– does not change from orange to green/stays orange
OR
H+/MnO4– does not change from purple to colourless/stays purple (1) 3

(ii) the C=O group is polar and the nucleophile attacks the δ+ carbon (1)
whereas C=C is non-polar/electron-rich, the double bond/π-bond
is attacked by electrophiles (1)
OR
C=O is polar and C=C is non–polar (1)
Nucleophile attacks the δ+ carbon in C=O and
electrophiles attack the π/double bond in C=C, which
is electron rich/non-polar (1) 2

37
607
 PMT

(iii)
–
H3 C H3 C O:
C O C
H3 C H3 C CN
–
:CN

–
H3 C O: H CN H3 C OH –
C C + :CN
H3 C CN H3 C CN
both curly arrows in 1st diagram, attack by cyanide, arrow
must start from C or –ve charge on C not N and –ve charge
must be present somewhere on ion; lone pair not essential.
Arrow must start from bond between C and O
and point towards the O (1)
Accept curly arrow from O to H+
Intermediate – lone pair not essential but negative charge is
essential (1)
Arrow from O (lone pair not needed) or negative charge to HCN
or H+, this can be shown on the diagram of the intermediate (1)
If HCN is used the arrow from H–CN bond is required
Any other ketone or aldehyde, max (2) 3
[22]

25. (a) (i) The activation energy for the reaction is high
or to ensure that more molecules have E ≥ Ea. 1
Accept E > Ea
Reject to overcome Ea alone
Reject reactants kinetically stable;
reactants thermodynamically stable

(ii) protonates the alcohol (1)

Reject ‘as a catalyst’ alone
providing H2O as the leaving group which is more easily displaced
by the bromide ion/is a better leaving group than hydroxide (1)
OR
reacts with NaBr (1)
to give HBr (which is the attacking reagent) (1) 2

38
608
 PMT

(iii) H-bonding between water and the alcohol not strong

enough to overcome hydrophobic interactions /effect of
alkyl group (1)
acid and alcohol form ionic species/C4H9OH2+ which
is more soluble (1) 2
Accept butyl group

(iv) Removes acid 1

Accept neutralises HCl /HBr
Accept neutralises acid

(v) Removes water 1

Accept absorbs water
Accept dries the product

(vi) Electric heating mantle or sand bath or oil bath (1)

Accept water bath
Reject heat under reflux
Reject no naked flame
Reject fume cupboard
because the alcohol/reaction mixture/bromobutane is
flammable or because the heating is uniform and less
likely to crack the flask (1)
This mark is conditional on the first being scored. 2
Reject ‘volatile’ for ‘flammable’

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(b) QWC
EITHER
Intermediate (ion) in SN1 is planar (1)
Accept intermediate carbocation is a planar molecule
intermediate molecule alone loses this mark
equal attack (by hydroxide ions) from either side (1)
produces a racemic mixture (1)
Reject attack by bromide ions
Note: Statement that the SN2 mechanism is consistent with
the information cannot score any marks.
OR
SN2 involves attack from one side (1)
so configuration of the product would be inverted (1)
leading to retention of optical activity so must be SN1 (1)
Accept forms one optical isomer only
Statement that the reaction is SN1 alone scores zero. 3

(c) (i) Orange → green 1

(ii) Cr2O72– + 6e– + 14H+ → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O (1)

(3CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3 → 3CH3COCH2CH3 + 6H+ + 6e–)

Cr2O72– + 3CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3 + 8H+ → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O +
3CH3COCH2CH3 (1)
No consequential marking on incorrect equations. 2
Accept C4H9OH and C4H8O

Accept equation having non-cancelled H+ ions

Reject equation having non-cancelled electrons

(iii) The broad peak/absorption/trough around 3400 cm–1 due to –OH (1)
Accept 3230 – 3550
Reject broad transmission
has disappeared in the product to be replaced by C=O at 1700 cm–1 (1)
Accept 1680 – 1750
If no reference to both groups responsible for the peaks then max (1)
OR
If no reference to both wavenumbers responsible for the
peaks then max (1) 2

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(d) (i) Addition of barium ions pulls equilibrium to r.h.s. (1)

increases [H+] and so lower pH/the pH falls (1) stand-alone mark 2
Reject ‘..so gets more acidic’

(ii) lower pH/pH falls 1

Reject ‘mixture is more acidic’ for ‘lower pH’
[20]

26. (a) (i) Step 1

Reagent
Fuming sulphuric acid / sulphur trioxide/sulphur(VI) oxide/oleum (1)
Accept SO3/H2S2O7
Reject (Concentrated) sulphuric acid/H2SO4
Conditions
Reflux / heat (1)
Only allow heat for this mark if the reagent is reasonable
(e.g. conc sulphuric acid)
Accept if just stated temperature must be above 75 °C
Step 2
Reagent
Sodium hydroxide (1) 3
Accept sodium carbonate/sodium
Accept hydrogencarbonate/sodium
Reject sodium chloride

(ii) Step 1
(electrophilic) substitution (1)
Accept sulphonation
Reject Nucleophilic substitution
Step 2
neutralisation or acid-base (1) 2

(b) (i) Friedel-Craft(s)

Accept phonetic spelling 1
Accept alkylation

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(ii) Reagent
C12H25Cl
OR
C12H25Br (1)
Accept (1-)chlorododecane
C12H25I
Catalyst
AlCl3 (1) 2
Accept Al2Cl6
Accept Aluminium chloride
Reject AlCl4
Reject AlCl4–
[8]

27. (a) Electrophilic substitution (1)

IGNORE extras eg Friedel Craft, alkylation UNLESS contradictory
1-chloro-(2)-methylpropane (1)
IGNORE punctuation
Accept (2)-methyl-1-chloropropane
Accept CH3CH(CH3)CH2Cl/CH(CH3)2CH2Cl
Accept “Bromo”/”iodo” for “chloro”
Reject 1-methyl-2-chloropropane
Reject missing “1” from position of Cl in name
Catalyst
AlCl3/aluminium chloride (1) 3
Accept Al2Cl6, AlBr3, FeBr3

(b) LiAlH4 is a source of H– / hydride ion (1)

Hydrogen might reduce/attack benzene ring/ H– won’t attack

region of negative charge/ H– can attack (δ+) C in keto group (1) 2
Reject comments on conditions or safety eg temperature,
pressure
Reject LiAlH4/H– is a more powerful reducing agent

Reject H– is a nucleophile/a stronger nucleophile

Reject any mention of attack on carboxylate ion (for 2nd mark)

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(c) Note: although many candidates have calculated the empirical formula,
this is not required.
Molecular formula of ibuprofen = C13H18O2 (1)
Allow if given at end
Allow marks for masses and number of moles if answers are
rounded to 2 SF in “OR” but method is correct.
EITHER
Mr = 206 (1)
1
1g= mol = 4.854 × 10–3 mol
216
mass CO2 produced from 13 C
= 13 × 44 × 4.854 × 10–3 = 2.78 g (1)
mass H2O from 18 H
= 9 × 18 × 4.854 × 10–3 = 0.787 g (1)
OR
(2.78 × 12)
Mass C = = 0.758g
44
(0.786)
Mass H = = 0.0873g (1)
9
(0.758)
Moles C = = 0.0632
12
Moles H = 0.0873 (1)
Ratio C:H = 0.0632: 0.0873 = 13:18 (1) 4

(d) (i) (Aspirin and ibuprofen) both contain same (types of)
bond(s)(so absorb at same frequency/wavenumber) 1
Accept list of at least 4 bonds which are present in both
Reject “groups” for “bonds”

(ii) Data is required for mark

Y = paracetamol
Peak at 3500–3300 (N–H)
IGNORE mention of amine
OR 3500–3140 (N–H or amide)
OR 3750–3200 ((phenolic) O–H)
OR Only Y has peaks above 3000 cm–1 (so must contain
different type of bond to X and Z) 1
Reject C–H in arene = 3030 as present in both
Reject 1700–1630 (amide)

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(iii) 57 in Ibuprofen
C4H9+ /CH3CH(CH3)CH2+/CH(CH3)2CH2+
OR
C2O2H+/CCO2H+ (1)
Accept structural or displayed formulae
Do not allow lines at
15 (CH3+)
76 (C6H4+)
43 (C3H7+ or CH3CO+)
45 (COOH+)
as present in both
Aspirin
59 (1) OCOCH3+ /C2H3O2+ (1)
OR
121 (1) C6H4CO2H+ (1)
OR
180 (1) C9H8O4+ (parent ion) (1)
OR
137 (1) C6H4(CO2H)O+ (1)
Penalise no/wrong charges once only 3
[14]

28. A
[1]

29. B
[1]

30. D
[1]

31. B
[1]

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32. A
[1]

33. B
[1]

34. C
[1]

35. D
[1]

36. (a) B 1

(b) B 1

(c) A 1

(d) D 1
[4]

37. (a) (i)

Br
+ Br 2
Br
188

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(ii)
δ+ δ–
Br Br (1)

Br Br (1)

Br Br

Br
(1)

Br 3

(b) (i)
Br

+ Br 2 + HBr
1

(ii) Br2 + FeBr3 → Br+ + FeBr4– / δ+ δ–

BrFeBr4 (1)
Step 1
Arrow from ring towards Br+ (1)
Intermediate (1)
Step 2
Arrow from bond, ring to H, to inside ring (and from FeBr4–
to H+) and formation of products (1) 4

(iii) FeBr4– + H+ → FeBr3 + HBr 1

(c) (i) QWC

Both attacked by an electrophile (1)
Due to stability of delocalised ring (1)
benzene attacked by (stronger electrophilic) Br+
rather than Brδ+ in Br2 (1) 3

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(ii) QWC
Cyclohexene
Addition of Br– does not involve bond breaking
/results in more exothermic reaction than loss of H+ (1)
Benzene
No Br– available in benzene reaction (1) Stability of
ring regained by loss of H+ (1) 3

(d) Three / 3 1
[17]

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