INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ANIMAL SCIENCE (ISAS) 2017

05th - 10th June 2017, Herceg Novi, Montenegro

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Presentation will be: POSTER
SELECT TOPICS: Animal Breeding and Genetics

EFFECT OF FARM, SEASON AND GENOTYPE ON PERFPRMANCE

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TESTED GILTS
Žarković I.1, Radović I.1, Stančić I.;1 Dragin S1,Mirkov M.1.

Abstract: The aim of this reaserch is to confirm the effect of genotype, farm and season on
the observe performances of the tested gilts: life daily gain (LDG) g, average backfat
thickness (LS) mm, the average side backfat thickness (BS) mm, and the percentage of
meat (PM) %. The analyzed traits were made at the F1 gilts, genotype Large White x
Swedish Landrace (LYxSL) and Large White x German Landrace (LYxGL) including data
from several farms in Vojvodina, so that we can anlyze the variability of characteristics
trait. The observation was made in the cold and warm period of year.
It was found that the effect of genotype, season and farm have a statistically significant
effect on the observed traits (P<0,001) for the LS and BS, while for the trait of meat
percentage the statistically significant effect on the observed traits was only recorded
between the season (P<0,001;). At the live daily gain (LDG) recorded values between
genotype are 533.25;587.82, respectively to the season 585.04;564.09. At the observation
of average backfat thickness (LS) and the average side backfat thickness (BS) there are
statistically significant differences between genotype, farms and season and the resulting
values are 15.43;18,12 between genotype, while between the season are 17.53;17.50 at the
(BS). For the (LS), values are 13.83;18.04 between genotype, while between the season
that values is 17.23;16.92. At the observation on the meat percentage (PM) there are no
statistically significant difference between genotypes 55.93;56.97 (P>0,05.), while between
the the season there was a statistically significant difference 56.44;57.09 (P<0,001;).

Keywords:farm, season, genotype, gilts, performance test

Introduction
Selection based on the results in performance test leads to improvement of economically
importaint traits (gain, backfat thickness, the depth of the muscle) 2-3% per year (Popov et
al., 2006).

In order to achieve higher and economical production of breeding objective must be

focused on the repair of all economically important traits. It is necessary to improve the
nutrition, care and housing conditions, as well as the appropriate selection based on the

Žarković Ivan MSc, assistant, Radović Ivan PhD, professor; Stančić Ivan PhD, professor , Dragin
1

Saša PhD, professor, Mirkov Mile MSc, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Novi Sad,
Serbia;
 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ANIMAL SCIENCE (ISAS) 2017

05th - 10th June 2017, Herceg Novi, Montenegro

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selection of animals according to the testing results and estimates of breeding values using
modern methods with high precision, which allows us to select the best animals for
breeding. A significant factor in improving the efficiency of fattening traits includes
increased weight gain, feed conversion and meat percentage (Imboonta et al., 2007).

The increased selection of the meat conformation causes a significant reduction in fat and
subcutaneous adipose tissue (Bahelka et al.,2007). Breeding value of the gilts can be used
to estimate breeding values of parents, choosing the best combination of parents for
breeding, where at the end eventually can b received a much better production and better
quality of pork meat, which is the goal of every state (Jukna et al., 2009).

The importance of quality F1 gilts is reflected in the fact that such combinations produce
the best results in terms of the number of piglets born alive per litter per year, and the
number of litters. They also have a better milk yield and a large number of weaned piglets
per litter per year compared to the pure breed (Vidović et al., 2011).

Material and Method

The analyzis was made in to two genotype gilts F 1 generation Large White x Swedish
Landrace and Large White x German Landrace in Vojvodina. The study included five
farms, which are under the control of the Department of Animal Husbandry Faculty of
Agriculture in Novi Sad.Examination was made on a total number of 2426 gilts that have
finished performance test: Large White x Swedish Landrace (548), and Large White x
German Landrace (1878). During the tests the aggregate genotype gilts consisted of the
following characteristics: life daily gain (LDG) g, average backfat thickness (LS) mm,
average side of backfat thickness (BS) mm, and the meat percentage (PM)%. The
measurement was made with the device for the ultrasonic measurement Kraut Krammer
SU 21.The measurement position of back fat thickness and depth of muscle at the gilts is
carried out in the following anatomical locations, such as: fat thickness in the loin area
between the 3rd and 4th lumbal vertebra (as measured from the last lumbal vertebra), 7 cm
lateral to the dorsal line, back fat thickness in the dorsal part between the ribs 3 and 4 of
the back, lateral to 7cm from the back line and the depth of MLD in the dorsal area
between the ribs 3 and 4 of the back, 7 cm lateral to the backline.

The analyzed performance of the tested gilts were observed from the effect of the farm,
the season and the genotype. The analysis of phenotypic parameters was made in the
program Statistica 12 suche as: the mean value, standard deviation, coefficient of
variation, the minimum and maximum values, with analysis of variance and Duncan's test.

In the reaserch was used a mixed model on the basis of which was analyzed phenotypic
variability characteristics of the life daily gain, fat thickness and percentage of meat.

Model: Yijkl = μ + Fi + Rj + Sk + eijkl

Where es: Yijkl- the value of the trait (LDG, LS, BS, PM), μ- the average value of the
population,Fi- fixed effect of farm effect, Rj- fixed effect of gilts genotype, Sk- fixed effect
of the season, eijkl- random effect of unidentified factors
 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ANIMAL SCIENCE (ISAS) 2017

05th - 10th June 2017, Herceg Novi, Montenegro

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.
Results and Discution
Phenotypic values of characteristics of gilts LyxSL and LYxGL are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Average values and variability of the studied traits

Trait N Min Max SD CV S
LDG g 2426 575,49 330,05 825,60 81,49 14,16 1,65
(LS, mm) 2426 17,51 4,00 40,00 4,76 27,18 0,09
(BS, mm) 2426 17,09 4,00 40,00 5,30 31,05 0,10
PM,% 2426 56,74 31,20 74,62 4,42 7,79 0,08

LDG-life daily gain; LS- average backfat thickness, mm ; BS- average side of backfat
thickness ; PM, %- meat percentage.

Table 1 shows average values and standard deviations, where we can see that gilts achieved
life daily gain in test which was 575.49g, respectively to the average value of the backfat
thickness and a average side of backfat thickness that is 17.51mm respectively to
17.09mm. The values of percentage of meat in the test was 56.74%.

Mijatovic et al. (2009) determined that the corrected LDG was 502 g, which is lower than
our results (575.49g), while according to other authors the values of life daily gain were
higher 585.04; (Szuluc et al. 2013; Petrovic et al. 2006). Average values of LS of 17:51
and BS of 17.09 mm (Table 1) were something higher than the value of 14.30mm, as
determined under Mijatovic et al. (2009), Imboonta et al. (2007). The value of the
percentage of meat was 56.74% which is in accordance with the information by Szuluc et
al. (2013); Mijatovic et al. (2009).

Table 2. The effect of farm season and genotype on life daily gain during tests
N S P
Farm
1 229 496,67 2,42
2 441 541,45 2,00
3 89 522,88 6,42 0.000**
4 95 576,29 5,39
5 1572 599,45 2,14
Season
Cold 1320 585,04 2,40
0.000**
Warm 1106 564,09 2,17
Genotype
LYxSL 548 533,25 2,19
0.000**
LYxGL 1878 587,82 1,94

In Table 2 we can see that influence of farm on live daily gain was statistically significant,
where as the largest live daily gain was determined on a farm 5 (599.45g), while the lowest
life daily gain was determined on a farm 1. (496.67g). Besides the effect of the farm it was
also determined statistically highly significant effect of the season (585.04g; 564.09g), and
 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ANIMAL SCIENCE (ISAS) 2017

05th - 10th June 2017, Herceg Novi, Montenegro

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genotype (533.25g; 587.82g) on the observed traits. Based on the results we can see that
gilts genotype LY x GL, in average for 18 days earlier achieve kilogram more in life daily
gain in relation to the LY x SL.

Chikwanha et al. (2007) noted that the effect of the season has an evident effect on the
increase and decrease of the body mass of sows during the season. According to the Bee
et.al. (2004), an increased ambient temperature affects on the performance of the animals
as well as to the voluntary intake of energy and release increased heat at pigs which results
in less gain, and this is in opposite with the results of the tests are done by Gentry et al.
(2004), which shows that there is a positive effect of winter periods in life gain. According
to our studies the largest values of the examined characteristics were realized in the winter
period, LDG (585.04; 564.09) and BS (17,23; 16,92), which is directed related with the
Gentry et al. (2004), obut in the opposite to the statements according to Bee et.al. (2004).

In Table 3 we can see that the difference of the backfat thickness was statistically
significant between the farm and the genotype, while as per season was determined a
statistically significant difference. Between the farm the lowest value of the backfat
thickness was 14mm (farm 2), in relation to 19.45mm (farm 4), while the lowest value
among the genotypes was at a LYxSL (15,43mm), and highest in LYxGL (18,12mm).

Table 3. The effect of farm season and genotype on the average value of the backfat
thicknes at the end of the test (LS).
N S P
Farm
1 229 15,00 0,31
2 441 14,00 0,17
3 89 16,83 0,42 0.000**
4 95 19,45 0,52
5 1572 18,79 0,11
Season
Cold 1320 17,53 0,13 0,040*
Warm 1106 17,50 0,13
Genotype
LYxSL 548 15,43 0,20
0.000**
LYxGL 1878 18,12 0,10
 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ANIMAL SCIENCE (ISAS) 2017

05th - 10th June 2017, Herceg Novi, Montenegro

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Table 4 . The effect of farm season and genotype on the average value
of the side of backfat thickness at the end of the test , (BS, mm).
N S P
Farm
1 229 14,31 0,299358
2 441 11,47 0,147368
3 89 16,15 0,430543 0.000**
4 95 18,60 0,479455
5 1572 19,03 0,117421
Season
Cold 1320 17,23 0,14
0.000**
Warm 1106 16,92 0,15
Genotype
LYxSL 548 13,83 0,19
0.000**
LYxGL 1878 18,04 0,11

In Table 4 we can see that the value of the side of backfat thickness showed statistically
significant differences between farms as well as between genotype and season. Between
farms the lowest value of side of backfat thickness was 11.47mm (farm 2), in relation to
19.03mm (farm 5). Between the genotype at the lowest value is at LYxSL (13.83mm), and
highest in LYxGL (18.04mm).

Petrovic et.al. (2013) has determined that there is a statistically significant effect of
genotype, season and farms on all the characteristics of growth, which is in accordance
with the results of tests that we get in our reaserch.

Table 5 . The effect of the farm, the season and the genotype on the percentage of meat on
the end of the test (PM,%)
N S P
Farm
1 229 57,35 0,31
2 441 55,57 0,18
3 89 55,00 0,45 0.000**
4 95 54,54 0,42
5 1572 57,21 0,11
Sezona
Hladna 1320 56,44 0,12
0.000**
Topla 1106 57,09 0,12
Genotip
LYxSL 548 55,93 0,20
0,400NZ
LYxGL 1878 56,97 0,09

In table 5 it can be seen that the highest meat percentage was measured at the tested gilts
on a farm 1 (57.35%) in relation to the farm 4 where the lowest value was (54.54%).
Based on these results it can be seen that there is a statistically highly significant difference
between farms for the value of the trait for meat percentage.
 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ANIMAL SCIENCE (ISAS) 2017

05th - 10th June 2017, Herceg Novi, Montenegro

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Also, a highly statistically significant difference is present between the percentage of meat
(P <0.001) compared to the effect of the season, whereas between the genotype there are
no statistically significant differences P <0.05.
Szyndler-Nędza et al. (2010) came to the conclusion that the difference between the
genotypes of the tested gilts was significant (P≤0,05 and P≤0,01) for all examined traits,
which is in accordance with our reaserc, except for the trait related for the percentage of
meat, where there was no statistically significant differences between genotypes.

Conslusion
Based on obtained results, it was determined that the genotype, farm and season have a
statistically significant effect on the analyzed characteristics of the tested gilts (P <0.001).
Genotype had no statistically significant effect (NZR> 0.05) for the trait of meat
percentage, while the farm and the season had a statistically significant difference for the
observed properties. Based on these results, the conclusion is that for the production of the
fattening gilts is best to use gilts F1 generation genotype LY x GL in relation to genotype
LYxSL, because gilts genotype LY x GL in average of 18 days earlier achieved kilogram
more in life gain compared to LyxSL. In pig production this gives huge savings in the food
consumption.

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