Soliton

Solitons SPM Pulse Propagation Recap Other Soliton Types Conclusion
Soliton Propagation
Shuvan Prashant
Sri Sathya Sai University, Prasanthi Nilayam
March 6, 2010
as part of PHY 1003 Nonlinear Optics Coursework.

Outline
1 Solitons
Introduction
2 SPM
3 Pulse Propagation
4 Recap
5 Other Soliton Types
6 Conclusion
Solitary reaper
Soliton
Solitary Solution → Soliton:There exists a single solution to the
propagation equation.
Solitary reaper
Soliton
Big deal about Solitons

F Soliton suggests particle type behaviour
Solitary reaper
Soliton

F Solitons travel without any dispersion inside any standard
fiber
Solitary reaper
Soliton

fiber (even highly dispersive ones)
Solitary reaper
Soliton

F Result:
Solitary reaper
Soliton

F Result: Single-channel data streams possible of 100 to 200
Gbps
F In a WDM system, little (some but small) interaction between
channels using solitons exists.
Soliton sighted first time 1834
Scott Russell observed a heap of water in a canal that propagated

undistorted over several kilometers.
“a rounded, smooth and well-defined heap of water,
which continued its course along the channel apparently
without change of form or diminution of speed. I
followed it on horseback, and overtook it still rolling on
at a rate of some eight or nine miles an hour, preserving
its original figure some thirty feet long and a foot to a
foot and a half in height. ” [NLFO Agarwal]
Such waves were later called solitary waves.

Self Phase Modulation is the phase change of optical pulse

due to nonlinearity of medium’s RI
Consider the pulse
Ẽ (z, t) = Ãz, te i(k0 −ω0 t) + c.c. (1)

Consider the pulse
Ẽ (z, t) = Ãz, te i(k0 −ω0 t) + c.c. (1)
through a medium having nonlinear refractive index
n(t) = n0 + n2 I (t) where I (t) = 2n0 0 c|Ã(z, t)|2 (2)

Consider the pulse
Ẽ (z, t) = Ãz, te i(k0 −ω0 t) + c.c. (1)
Assumptions: Instantaneous material response and sufficiently
small length of material
Change in phase
φNL (t) = −n2 I (t)ω0 L/c (3)

Consider the pulse
Ẽ (z, t) = Ãz, te i(k0 −ω0 t) + c.c. (1)
Change in phase
φNL (t) = −n2 I (t)ω0 L/c (3)
Time varying pulse - spectral modification of pulse Instantaneous
frequency of the pulse
d
ω(t) = ω0 + δω(t) where δω(t) = φNL (t) (4)
dt

Consider the pulse
Ẽ (z, t) = Ãz, te i(k0 −ω0 t) + c.c. (1)
Change in phase
φNL (t) = −n2 I (t)ω0 L/c (3)
Time varying pulse - spectral modification of pulse Instantaneous
frequency of the pulse
d
ω(t) = ω0 + δω(t) where δω(t) = φNL (t) (4)
dt
[Boyd2003]
The Case of Curious sech pulse

Pulseshape I (t) = I0 sech2 (t/τ0 )

Nonlinear phase shift
φNL (t) = −n2 I (t)ω0 L/c

φNL (t) = −n2 I0 sech2 (t/τ0 )ω0 L/c

Change in instantaneous frequency
dI L ω0
δω(t) = −n2 ω0 = 2n2 LI0 sech2 (t/τ0 ) tanh(t/τ0 )
dt c cτ0
Leading edge shifted to lower frequencies and trailing edge to
higher frequencies

Change in instantaneous frequency
dI L ω0
δω(t) = −n2 ω0 = 2n2 LI0 sech2 (t/τ0 ) tanh(t/τ0 )
dt c cτ0
Leading edge shifted to lower frequencies and trailing edge to
higher frequencies
Max value of freq shift
ω0
δωmax w n2 LI0
cτ0
∆φmax
NL
ωmax w
τ0
ω0
where ∆φmax NL = n2 LI0
c

[Boyd2003]
Chirping of an optical pulse by propagation through a

nonlinear optical Kerr medium
[SalehTeich]
How do Pulses Propagate in Dispersive Media ???
Ẽ (z, t) = Ã(z, t)e i(k0 z−ω0 t) + c.c. (5)

where k0 = nlin (ω0 )ω0 /c
How does pulse envelope function propagate in dispersive media ?
Wave Equation
∂ 2 Ẽ 1 ∂ 2 D̃
− =0 (6)
∂z 2 c 2 ∂t 2
Fourier Transforms
Z ∞
dω
Ẽ (z, t) = E (z, ω)e −iωt (7)
−∞ 2π
D(z, ω) = (ω)E (z, ω)
Using Fourier transforms in wave equation
∂ 2 E (z, ω) ω2
+ (ω) E (z, ω) (8)
∂z 2 c2
[Boyd2003]
Pulse Propagation in Dispersive Media

Slowly varying amplitude
Z ∞
0 0
Ã(z, ω ) = Ã(z, t)e iω t dt
−∞

Z ∞
0 0
−∞
E (z, ω) = A(z, ω − ω0 )e ik0 z + A∗ (z, ω + ω0 )e −ik0 z

Z ∞
0 0
−∞
E (z, ω) ' A(z, ω − ω0 )e ik0 z
On substitution into the wave equation

∂A
2ik0 + (k 2 − k02 )A = 0 (9)
∂z
p
where k(ω) = (ω)ω/c; k 2 − k02 ∼ 2k0 (k − k0 )
∂A(z, ω − ω0 )
− i(k − k0 )A(z, ω − ω0 ) = 0
∂z

Z ∞
0 0
−∞
E (z, ω) ' A(z, ω − ω0 )e ik0 z
On substitution into the wave equation

∂A
2ik0 + (k 2 − k02 )A = 0 (9)
∂z
p
where k(ω) = (ω)ω/c; k 2 − k02 ∼ 2k0 (k − k0 )
∂A(z, ω − ω0 )
− i(k − k0 )A(z, ω − ω0 ) = 0
∂z
[Boyd2003]
1
k = k0 + ∆kNL + k1 (ω − ω0 ) + k2 (ω − ω0 )2 (10)
2
Nonlinear contribution of propagation constant
∆kNL = ∆nNL ω0 /c = n2 I ω0 /c (11)
with I = [nlin (ω0 )c/2π]|Ã(z, t)|2

dk 1 dnlin (ω0 ) ∼ 1
k1 = = nlin (ω0 ) + ω =
dω ω=ω0 c dω ω=ω0 vg (ω0)
1
k = k0 + ∆kNL + k1 (ω − ω0 ) + k2 (ω − ω0 )2 (10)
2
Nonlinear contribution of propagation constant
∆kNL = ∆nNL ω0 /c = n2 I ω0 /c (11)
with I = [nlin (ω0 )c/2π]|Ã(z, t)|2

dk 1 dnlin (ω0 ) ∼ 1
k1 = = nlin (ω0 ) + ω =
dω ω=ω0 c dω ω=ω vg (ω0)
2 0
d k d 1 ∼ −1 dvg
k2 = = =
dω 2 ω=ω0 dω vg (ω0 ) ω=ω0 vg2 dω ω=ω
0
[Boyd2003]

∂A 1
− i∆kNL A − ik1 (ω − ω0 )A − ik2 (ω − ω0 )2 A = 0 (12)
∂z 2
Frequency Domain to Time domain transformation
Z ∞
d(ω − ω0 )
A(z, ω − ω0 )e −i(ω−ω0 )t = Ã(z, t)
−∞ 2π
∂A 1
∂z 2
Z ∞
d(ω − ω0 )
A(z, ω − ω0 )e −i(ω−ω0 )t = Ã(z, t)
−∞ 2π
Z ∞
d(ω − ω0 ) ∂
(ω − ω0 )A(z, ω − ω0 )e −i(ω−ω0 )t = i Ã(z, t)
−∞ 2π ∂t
∂A 1
∂z 2
Z ∞
d(ω − ω0 )
A(z, ω − ω0 )e −i(ω−ω0 )t = Ã(z, t)
−∞ 2π
Z ∞
d(ω − ω0 ) ∂
−∞ 2π ∂t
Z ∞
d(ω − ω0 ) ∂2
(ω − ω0 )2 A(z, ω − ω0 )e −i(ω−ω0 )t = − 2 Ã(z, t)
−∞ 2π ∂t
∂A 1
∂z 2
Z ∞
d(ω − ω0 )
A(z, ω − ω0 )e −i(ω−ω0 )t = Ã(z, t)
−∞ 2π
Z ∞
d(ω − ω0 ) ∂
−∞ 2π ∂t
Z ∞
d(ω − ω0 ) ∂2
(ω − ω0 )2 A(z, ω − ω0 )e −i(ω−ω0 )t = − 2 Ã(z, t)
−∞ 2π ∂t
The final equation is

∂ Ã ∂ Ã 1 ∂ 2 Ã
+ k1 + ik2 2 − i∆kNL Ã = 0 (13)
∂z ∂t 2 ∂t
[Boyd2003]

On co-ordinate transformation from t to τ
z
τ =t− = t − k1 z and Ãs (z, τ ) = Ã(z, t) (14)
vg
∂ Ãs 1 ∂ 2 Ãs
+ ik2 − i∆kNL Ãs = 0 (15)
∂z 2 ∂τ 2
Defining nonlinear propagation as
ω0 n0 n2 ω0
∆kNL = n2 I = |Ãs |2 = γ|Ãs |2 (16)
c 2π
Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation
∂ Ãs 1 ∂ 2 Ãs
+ ik2 = iγ|Ãs |2 Ãs (17)
∂z 2 ∂τ 2
[Boyd2003]
Solitary Solution
Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation
∂ Ãs 1 ∂ 2 Ãs
+ ik2 = iγ|Ãs |2 Ãs (18)
∂z 2 ∂τ 2
Soliton
Ãs (z, τ ) = A0s sech(τ /τ0 )e iκz (19)
where pulse amplitude an pulse width
−k2 −2πk2
I0 = |A0s |2 = 2
= (20)
γτ0 n0 n2 ω0 τ02
and phase shift experienced by the pulse upon propagation

1
κ = −k2 /2τ02 = γ|A0s |2 (21)
2
This is the Fundamental Soliton solution [Boyd2003]
How it happens? A Recap in words
Anomalous dispersion regime λ > 1310nm

Chromatic dispersion ( remember GVD ) causes shorter
wavelengths to travel faster.
Thus a spectrally wide pulse disperses → the shorter
wavelengths got to the leading edge of the pulse
What makes it work?
High intensity pulses → Change in RI → Phase change and

frequency change
Non-linear Kerr effect → self-phase modulation (SPM)
SPM causes a chirp effect where longer wavelengths tend to
move to the beginning of a pulse
Opposite direction to the direction of GVD in anomalous
dispersion regime
If the pulse length and the intensity are right, negative GVD
and SPM strike a balance and the pulse will stay together.
What makes it work?
The faster (high-frequency components) at the beginning of

the pulse are slowed down a bit and the slower (low-frequency
components) in the back are speeded up.
Soliton
launch a pulse of right energy and right duration into a fibre

medium → short travel → evolves into the characteristic
sech(hyperbolic secant) shape of a soliton.
[IBM]
N-soliton
Dark Soliton
If you have a small gap within an unbroken high power optical

beam or a very long pulse, the gap in the beam can behave exactly
like a regular soliton! Such gaps are called dark solitons.
Spatial Soliton
Temporal Optical Solitons → Spatial Solitons

intense beam of light → a beam which holds together in the
transverse direction without spatial (lateral) dispersion
It travels in the material as though it was in a waveguide
although it is not!
Beam constructs its own waveguide
Diffraction effects and SPM
Application
Potentially to be used as a guide for light at other wavelengths
Fast optical switches and logic devices by carrying beams of
different wavelength .
[IBM]
Spatial Soliton
Pros and Cons
Amplifiers at regular intervals and working with an intense

signal → Practical problem
Low maximum power limits on the signal imposed by effects
like SBS and SRS
To Retain the soliton shape and characteristics amplification
needed at intervals of 10 to 50 km!
Virtually error-free transmission over very long distances at
speeds of over 100 Gbps.
Optical TDM needed as the electronic systems to which the
link must be interfaced cannot operate at these very high
speeds.
Laboratory prototype stage right now
Attractive for long-distance links in the future. [IBM]
To sum up
Solitons are solitary solution to the NLS equation in the

anomalous dispersion regime for a material having positive
SPM
Solitons evolve into sech pulses
Different types of solitons have been explored
Laboratory Stage only
References
Nonlinear Optics, R Boyd, II Edition(2003), Elsevier

Publications
Photonics, Saleh & Teich , II Edition(2007), Wiley Interscience
Understanding Optical Communications, I Edition(1998),
International Technical Support Organization
Nonlinear Fiber Optics, III Edition(2004), AP
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Solitons SPM Pulse Propagation Recap Other Soliton Types Conclusion

Sri Sathya Sai University, Prasanthi Nilayam

as part of PHY 1003 Nonlinear Optics Coursework.

5 Other Soliton Types

Big deal about Solitons

Big deal about Solitons

Big deal about Solitons

Big deal about Solitons

Big deal about Solitons

Soliton sighted first time 1834

Scott Russell observed a heap of water in a canal that propagated

Such waves were later called solitary waves.

Self Phase Modulation is the phase change of optical pulse

Self Phase Modulation is the phase change of optical pulse

Self Phase Modulation is the phase change of optical pulse

Self Phase Modulation is the phase change of optical pulse

Self Phase Modulation is the phase change of optical pulse

The Case of Curious sech pulse

The Case of Curious sech pulse

The Case of Curious sech pulse

The Case of Curious sech pulse

The Case of Curious sech pulse

The Case of Curious sech pulse

The Case of Curious sech pulse

Chirping of an optical pulse by propagation through a

How do Pulses Propagate in Dispersive Media ???

Ẽ (z, t) = Ã(z, t)e i(k0 z−ω0 t) + c.c. (5)

Pulse Propagation in Dispersive Media

Pulse Propagation in Dispersive Media

Pulse Propagation in Dispersive Media

On substitution into the wave equation

Pulse Propagation in Dispersive Media

On substitution into the wave equation

Pulse Propagation in Dispersive Media

∆kNL = ∆nNL ω0 /c = n2 I ω0 /c (11)

with I = [nlin (ω0 )c/2π]|Ã(z, t)|2

Pulse Propagation in Dispersive Media

∆kNL = ∆nNL ω0 /c = n2 I ω0 /c (11)

with I = [nlin (ω0 )c/2π]|Ã(z, t)|2

Pulse Propagation in Dispersive Media

Pulse Propagation in Dispersive Media

Pulse Propagation in Dispersive Media

Pulse Propagation in Dispersive Media

Pulse Propagation in Dispersive Media

The final equation is

Pulse Propagation in Dispersive Media

and phase shift experienced by the pulse upon propagation

How it happens? A Recap in words

Anomalous dispersion regime λ > 1310nm

What makes it work?

High intensity pulses → Change in RI → Phase change and

What makes it work?

The faster (high-frequency components) at the beginning of

launch a pulse of right energy and right duration into a fibre

If you have a small gap within an unbroken high power optical

Temporal Optical Solitons → Spatial Solitons

Pros and Cons

Amplifiers at regular intervals and working with an intense

Solitons are solitary solution to the NLS equation in the

Nonlinear Optics, R Boyd, II Edition(2003), Elsevier

Thank You for your patient listening

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