Chapter (13)

1.Strong acid (inorganic acid umbGefrygwmudkaNymwm ) is highly ionized—releases

proton/H+ ions readily
2. Weak acid (Organic acid umbGefygwmudkaNymwm) is slightly ionized—releases
proton/H+ ions with difficulties.
3.strong acid example HCL
4.weak acid example CH3COOH
5. concentrated or dilute Nzpfwmu strong/weak acid NzpfwmeJ Yrqdkif / concentrated
strong acid vnf;&Sdovdk diluted strong acid vnf;&Sdw,f
6. Kw means ionic product of water. Kw u temperature aNymif;&ifvdkufajymif;w,f/ water is
purified by distilling.
7. ph < 7 is Acid. pOH <7 is base.
8.ph > 7 is Alkali/Base. pOH> 7 is acid.
9. ph=7 pure distilled water
10. Ka MuD;NyD; pKa i,f&if Strong acid i,fNyD; pKa MuD;&if weak
acid
11. Arrhenius acid --------- produce H+ Arrhenius base ----------- produce OH-
12. Bronsted acid ---------- proton donor Bronsted base ------- proton acceptor
13. Lewis acid ---------- accept electron pair Lewis base -----------donote electron pair
14. conjugate oabmudkem;vnf&rnf/ conjugate acid (nmbuf) u base (b,fbuf) eJ h wGJyg/
15. conjugate base (nmbuf) u acid (b,fbuf) eJ h wGJyg/ Strong qdk&if Weak
conjugate….
16. Hydrogen ion is small because it has proton only.
17. acidic qdk&if Hydrogen 0ifxGufvG,f Replaceable vkyf&vG,f
18. protogenic property ------ proton donating property udkaNymwm
19. Protophilic ---------------- proton accepting property udkaNymwm
20. Standard condition ------ 25 C or 298K
21. Hydrolysis ------------------- Salt reacts with water .
22. Neutral aqueous solution -- H+ OH- equal value 1*10-7 mol dm-3, 10^-14 product value..
example . pure water
23. Buffer solution resists the change of ph. ph+pOH =14
 Chapter (12)
1. Halogens mean salt formers ----- combine readily with metal to form salts
2. All halogens have similar properties but not identical
3. Halogens are strong oxidizing agents and black shining solid
4. Four elements ---- Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine are the halogens
5.Halogens exist as diatomic molecules
6. Halogens essential electronic structure of ns2 np5
7. Chlorine is lee reactive than fluorine
8. color of chlorine is greenish yellow. Chlorine is bleaching agent or bleaching powder.
9. Chlorine sterilize water for domestic and industrial use.
10. Chlorine reacts with water to from Hydrochloric acid
11.liquid bromine ------ causes burns on the flesh.

Chapter (10)
1. Ammonia turns red litmus paper blue.
2. Nitrogen major constituent of atmosphere ------ 79% volume and 76% weight.
3. Nitrogen is a colorless and odourless
4.Nitrogen gas is relatively inert and does not support combustion
5. Nitrogen used to manufacture ammonia
6. Haber process ------ ammonia (colorless and pungent smell) -----very soluble in water
7. Ammonia gas collected by downward displacement of air.
8. test for solubility of ammonia ------ fountain experiment
9.anesthetic --- dinitrogen oxide---- laughing gas---- minor surgical operation
10.Nitric acid------ powerful oxidizing agent
11. nitrogen dioxide (pungent smell) (reddish brown)
12. carbondioxide ----- 0.03% by volume
13. Ammonia dried by quck lime
14. Nitric acid ----- powerful oxidizing agent
 Chapter (9)
1. Rusting is the most common form of corrosion
2. Properties of steel depend on composition
3. Pig Iron is known as cast iron
4. wrought iron purest form of industrial iron
5. haematite ------ an important ore of iron
6. iron is extracted by reduction of ozide with carbon
7. copper extracted from copper pyrites
8. copper------ malleable and ductile property
9.blue copper (II) sulphate is CuSO4. 5H20
10. silver manufacture ---- cyanide process
11. argentite ------ ore of silver
12. Ag2S ------ silver glance
13. silver nitrate ------- photographic industry
14. source of zinc ------zinc sulphide
15. zinc-lead ore ------- shan state
16. zinc ------ poor conductor
17. zinc-------used in galvanization of iron
18. zinc----------------

in alloys such as brass

19. free metals--------- gold, silver
20. Rusting is an orage-red powder
21. Gold, platinum are unreactive and do not corrode
22. car bumpers------- chromium to prevent rusting.

Chapter (8)
1. Alkali metals are easily inflammable when they touch to water
2. metals at the lowest place of activity series found free in nature
3. elements above hydrogen in electro chemical series can displace hydrogen from acids
4. Position at alkali metals are high in electro chemical series
5. Reactive metals aremanufactured by electrolysis
6. Li, Na, K are so reactive that stored under kerosene
7. Alkali metals are very good –reducing agents
8. Reactive metals are not found free in nature
9. all alkali metals react vigorously with water with the exception of Li.
10. sodium , potassium extracted by electrolysis of fused sodium chloride
11. a small amount of calcium chloride is used to lwer melting point
12. sodium in mercury ------sodium amalgam
13. sodium hydroxide (white deliquescent solid) is industrial chemicals
14. solvay process ------ sodium carbonate manufacture
15. softening of hard water --------sodium carbonate
16. sodium chloride naturally found in sea water
17. brine is a saturated quaeous sodium chloride
18. sodium nitrate is used as fertilizer
19. sodium thiosulphate ------ photographic hypo
20. Myanmar is one of the worlds largest producer of lead ore.
21. lead is poor conductor bluish grey metal
22. Aluminium found as silicate in nature
23.sources of aluminium------ bauxite
24. Aluminium oxide (or) alumina
25. lead protect radiation
26. lead is used against radioactive materials
27. calcium is used as drying agent
28. limestone----- marble
29. Gypsum to manufacture of plaster of paris
30. soda ash ----- Na2CO3
 Chapter (5)

1. Non- metals attract elections

2. Oxidation is the loss of electrons from substance, reduction is gain of electrons
3. Oxidation is the addition of oxygen to a substance
4. The addition of electronegative element is oxidation
5. Anions oxidations u anode rSm oxidized Nzpfw,f electrochemical reaction
6. Any element increase in ozidation number oxidized every oxidation must be
accompanied by corresponding reduction
7. Reduction → cathode
8. Electropositive elements → reducing agent
9. Electrons are transferred from reducing agent to oxidizing agent
10. Oxidizing agent → acceptor of electrons
11. Reducing agent → donor of elecrons
12. Oxygen oxidizes most metals ------ non- metals to their oxidation
13. Electrolytic process involve redox reaction
14. Electrochemical reaction
15. Positive ions → cations → cathode reduction
16. Negative ions → anions → anode oxidizing
 Chapter (7)

1. Heat change &dk;&dk; unit m ⟹ ⧍H enthalpy change

2. Standard condition ⟹ ⧍Hᶿ standard enthalpy change
298 K and 1 atm
Unit kJ mol ˉ¹
3. Kinetic energy ↔ movement of a body
Moving of a body
4. Chemical Energy ↔ structure of a substance
5. Electrical Energy ↔ from generator
6. Reaction Nzpf&if heat change w,f
7. Combustion exo → heat xkwf release → ⧍H = - → surrounding temperature ↑
Exo → heat absorb → = + → surrounding temperature ↓
8. Sulphuric acid udk water eJU a&m&if flask becomes hot
Acid udk dilution → exother⧍H mic
9. Freezing of water → exo → decrease in temperature
10. Melting of ice → endo → increase in temperature
11. (Cold) Glucose is dissolved in water → endo thermic
12. ⧍H = + heat gain
13. ⧍H = - heat loss