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OBJECTIVE
Exposure to the knowledge of
metabolic pathways in diverse
INTRODUCTION TO microorganisms
METABOLISM
Understand mechanisms of
aerobic and anaerobic
metabolism
METABOLISM
• Step by step process by which cells take nutrients from
their environment and convert them into sufficient
cellular components to double their mass and then
become two cells.
Exposure to the knowledge of Chemical reaction biochemical reaction
Catalyzed by : enzyme
metabolic pathways
anabolism
catabolism
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METABOLISM CATABOLISM
• Refer to the sum of all chemical
• Catabolism – the breakdown of complex organic
reactions within a living organism. compounds into simpler ones.
• Chemical reaction = either release • These reactions are called catabolic/degrative
energy or require energy = energy reaction.
balancing act. • Are generally hydrolytic reactions (reaction that
use water and in which chemical bonds are
• In living cell, the enzyme regulated broken.
chemical reaction that release • Are exergonic (produce more energy than they
energy are generally the ones consume).
involved in CATABOLISM. • Example: Cells break sugars into carbon dioxide
and water.
ANABOLISM
• The enzyme regulated energy requiring reactions are
mostly involved in anabolism, the building complex
organic molecules from simpler one.
• These reaction are called anabolic or biosynthetic
reactions. Anabolism Catabolism
• Anabolic processes often involve dehydration synthesis • Reaction that require • Reactions that release
reaction (reaction that release water). energy to synthesize energy by breaking
complex molecules from complex molecules into
• Are endergonic – consume more energy than they simpler ones simpler ones that can be
produce. reused as building blocks.
• Example – formation of proteins from amino acids, nucleic • Needed for growth, • Provides an organism
acids from nucleotides and polysaccharides from simple reproduction and repair of with energy for its life
sugar. cellular structures processes, including
movement, transport and
• These biosynthetic reactions generate the materials for the synthesis of complex
cell growth. molecules.
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Reduction
An atom or molecule gains an electron or addition of H atom.
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Catabolism
Biosynthesis
Polymerization
Assembly
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Third Step – the two arrows in step 3 – Fifth step, the curved
show a coupling of two reactions. arrow leading from O2
As C is converted to D, ADP is converted to indicated that O2 is
ATP; the energy needed comes from C as reactant in the reaction.
it transforms into D. The reaction
converting D to E is readily reversible, as
indicated by the double arrow.
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Glycolysis
• Occurs in the cytosol of prokaryotes and
eukaryote.
• Either in absent or presence of Oxygen
Glycolysis
• Ten reaction involved
each glucose (6 C) 2 pyruvates (3 C)
• Type of ATP produced in cytosol is called
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
- phosphate is coming from another molecules
and being given to ADP
The respiration of
glucose typically occurs
in three principal stages: AEROBIC RESPIRATION
Typically- initial step
glycolisis, the krebs
is also glycolysis,
cycle and electron
however once
transport chain
glycolysis has taken
(system).
place, the pyruvic
acids is converted
1) Glycolysis is into one or more
oxidation of glucose different product,
to pyruvic acids with depending on the
the production of cell type
some ATP and energy
containing NADH
Aerobic Respiration
2) The kreb cycle is
the oxidation of acetyl
CoA (a derivative of
pyruvic acid) to ANAEROBIC
carbon dioxide, with RESPIRATION
the production of
some ATP, energy
containing NADH and
another reduced
electron carrrier,
FADH2(the reduced
form of flavin adenine 3) In the electron transport chain (system), NADH and
dinucleotide) FADH2 are oxidized, contributing the electron they
have been carried from the substrate
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Pyruvate Oxidation
NAD+
Acetyl CoA
NADH + H
CO2
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
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ATP
proton 4 proton
Cytochrome c oxidase
reduce oxygen to H2O
ATP synthases (specific channel)
O2 + 4H++ 4e- ---> 2H2O
ATP
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Anaerobic Respiration
Glycolysis process
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Lactase dehydrogenase
NADH ------------------- NAD+
Fermentation:
2 ATP per glucose
Aerobic respiration:
36-38 ATP
Cells concentrate the nutrient within cytoplasm produce precursor metabolites ( 12 such starter
compound)
Produces ATP (compound that store metabolic energy)
Microb use many different nutrients so that
many biochemical reaction are needed to bring nutrient Reducing energy (compounds that participate in various
into the cell essential reductive biochemical reactions)
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Biosynthesis Polymerization
• Make all the small molecule cell needed • Building blocks (monomers) produce in task
(including building blocks of macromolecules) three are chemically hooked together
from precursor metabolites. (polymerized)
• Use ATP and reducing power
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Coenzyme
Anaerobic and Aerobic metabolism • Coenzyme may assist the enzyme by accepting atoms removed
from the substrate or by donating atoms required by the substrate.
• Some coenzymes act as electron carriers, removing electrons from
• How cell make ATP: Energy-Releasing the substrate and donating them to other molecules in subsequent
reactions.
Pathways • Two of the most important coenzyme in cellular metabolism are
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and nicotinamide adenine
Oxidation- Reduction (Redox) Reaction dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+)
• (NAD+) – catabolic – energy yielding
Glycolysis
• NADP+) – anabolic – energy requiring
Pyruvate Oxidation
• FMN – flavin mononucleotide
Citric acid cycle • FAD – flavin adenine dinucleotide
Electron transport and chemiosmosis • CoA – coenzyme A – synthesis and breakdown fats; kreb cycle
• Cofactor – (forming a bridge between enzyme and substrate)
Anaerobic respiration example –Mg 2+
Fermentation
Regulation of cycles
The END
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