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REACTION ENGINEERING CHAPTER 1

CKB 20104 1.1 Definition of reaction rate
1.2 The general mole balance

CHAPTER 1 1.3 Types of reactor in industry

MOLE BALANCE Objectives

DR. KELLY YONG TAU LEN
Section of Chemical Engineering Technology UniKL MICET
Tel: 06-5512051, Email: kytlen@unikl.edu.my,
VLE: CKB20104 - kytlen_MICET
Upon the completion of this chapter, students are able to:
— Define the rate of chemical reaction
— Apply mole balance equation in reactors systems
— Identify commercial/industries reactor system

Introduction Introduction
What are the ways a species may lose its chemical identities?
When has a chemical reaction taken place?
When a chemical species lost its chemical identity and a new Combination
compound forms
Decomposition
Configuration

Kind Number
Chemical
Identity Isomerization

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1.1 Definition of Reaction Rate 1.1 Definition of Reaction Rate

Reactant A B
After reaction, reactant will disappear (reacted) while
product will appear (formed).
❀ The rate of DISAPPEARANCE and rate of FORMATION is
Reaction the number of moles of reactant/product reacting
(disappearing or forming) per unit time per unit volume
The rate at which this occur is called RATE OF
(mol/volume.time @ concentration/time).
REACTION (or simply known as REACTION Product ❀ However, we usually use rate of DISAPPEARANCE of
RATE) and it can be expressed in 2 ways either as: reactant A, –rA to represent the rate of reaction.
The rate of DISAPPEARANCE ❀ Both are functions of concentration, temperature, pressure
or and types of catalyst (if any).
The rate of FORMATION

Test Your Understanding 1.1 Definition of Reaction Rate

A B
A B
Rate of reaction can be evaluated in 2 ways:
+r means rate of formation and
Give one example of unit for –r means rate of disappearance
rate of DISAPPEARANCE –rA +rA
Rate of DISAPPEARANCE of reactant A Rate of FORMATION of reactant A
and
rate of FORMATION –rA value will be a POSITIVE number +rA value will be a NEGATIVE number
because A disappear because A disappear
e.g. –rA = 20 mol/dm3.s e.g. +rA = –20 mol/dm3.s

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1.1 Definition of Reaction Rate

Test Your Understanding
A B
Consider the reaction: A + 2B à 2C + D
Rate of reaction can be evaluated in 2 ways:
Given the rate of disappearance of A as 20.0 mol/L.min.
+r means rate of formation and
Determine
–r means rate of disappearance
1. The rate of disappearance and formation of A
–rB +rB 2. The rate of disappearance and formation of B
Rate of DISAPPEARANCE of product B Rate of FORMATION of product B
3. The rate of disappearance and formation of C
4. The rate of disappearance and formation of D
–rB value will be a NEGATIVE number +rB value will be a POSITIVE number
because B is formed because B is formed
e.g. –rB = –20 mol/dm3.s e.g. +rB = +20 mol/dm3.s

Importance Formulae for Liquid Phase Test Your Understanding

A→ B
Initial
Initial no. of Outlet Outlet no. of
Determine the example of units for
concentration
moles concentration

C A0 =
N A0 NA
moles
Concentration
Reactor C A=
V V Reactor
volume volume Molar Flow Rate
Initial
Concentration
Initial molar
flow rate
Outlet Outlet molar Number of Moles
concentration flow rate

C A0 =
F A0 Initial
CA =
FA
Outlet
Volumetric Flow Rate
volumetric volumetric
υ0 flow rate υ flow rate

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1.2 The General Mole Balance

Test Your Understanding
A GA A
N A0 NA F A0 FA A
C A0 = C A= C A0 = CA = FA0 FA
V V υ0 υ
Rate of flow of A into Rate of generation Rate of flow of A out Rate of accumulation
the system + of A by chemical
– of the system of A within system
(moles/time) reaction within system (moles/time) = (moles/time)
Deduce the reason why there is initial IN (moles/time) OUT ACCUMULATION
GENERATION
volumetric flow rate (v 0) and outlet volumetric 𝑽 𝒅𝐍 𝐀
FA0 𝐆𝐀 = ' 𝒓𝑨 FA
flow rate (v) but there is only Volume (V) in the 𝒅𝒕
equation above Rate of generation, GA is a product NA represents the no. of
of variation in the rate of reaction, moles of species A in
r A throughout the reactor volume, V the system at time t

1.2 The General Mole Balance 1.3 Types of Reactor in Industry: Batch Reactors
A GA A
A
FA0 FA
Rate of flow of A into Rate of generation Rate of flow of A out Rate of accumulation
the system + of A by chemical
– of the system of A within system
(moles/time) reaction within system (moles/time) = (moles/time)
IN (moles/time) OUT ACCUMULATION
GENERATION
𝑽 𝒅𝐍 𝐀
FA0 𝐆𝐀 = ' 𝒓𝑨 FA
𝒅𝒕
𝑽
𝒅𝐍𝐀 Basic Equation for Chemical
𝐅𝐀𝟎 + ' 𝒓𝑨 − 𝐅𝐀 =
𝒅𝒕 Reaction Engineering
Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ftnLJ6VDwS8

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1.3 Types of Reactor in Industry: Batch Reactors
Key Characteristics
• Unsteady-state operation because
there is NO flow through the system.
• No spatial variation of concentration
and temperature (well-mixed).
• Mainly used for small scale
operation.
• Suitable for slow reactions
• Has no inflow and no outflow of
reactants or products while reaction
is carried out.
1.3 Types of Reactor in Industry: Batch Reactors
• Used for small scale operation.
• For testing new process.
• Manufacturing of expensive products.
• Processes that are difficult to convert to
continuous operations.
Advantages:
• High conversions obtained by leaving reactant in
the reactor for long periods of time.
Disadvantages:
• High labor costs per batch.
• Variability of product from batch to batch.
• Difficulty large scale production.

1.3 Types of Reactor in Industry: Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)

• Commonly used in industrial processing.
Continuous Flow Reactors • Also referred to as backmix reactor.
• Used primarily for liquid phase reaction.
Plug Flow
Reactor
Continuous (PFR)
Packed
Stirred Tank Bed
Reactor Reactor
(CSTR) (PBR)
Continuous
Flow
Reactors
Source: http://www.youtube.com/watchv=sSjn7doP550&list=PL4bHyGq-6VBol0o9LMUC7Z2E ntbS-4Iv9

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Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) Plug Flow Reactor (PFR)

Key Characteristics • Commonly used in industrial processing.
• Consists of a cylindrical pipe
• Used more often for gas phase reaction
• Steady state operation (flow through the
system), hence no accumulation.
• Can be used in series configurations.
• No spatial variation of concentration
or temperature (well-mixed).
• Mainly used for liquid phase reaction.
• Suitable for viscous liquid.
• Reactants are continuously introduced
into the reactor while products are
continuously removed.
Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I241zL4vJ7A

Plug Flow Reactor (PFR) Packed Bed Reactor (PBR)

Key Characteristics
• Steady-state operation (flow through the system),
hence no accumulation
• Consists of a cylindrical pipe which reactants and
products can flow through
• Spatial variation in axial direction but not in radial
direction
• Suitable for fast reaction mainly used for gas phase
reaction
• Temperature control may be difficult
• There are no moving parts

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Packed Bed Reactor (PBR) Understanding the Impact of Reactor in our Life
IN OUT

Key Characteristics
• Similar to PFR. Can be thought of as PFR packed with
solid particles, which are almost always catalysts.
• Steady-state operation.
• Spatial variation.
• Mainly used for gas phase catalytic reaction although
examples for liquid phase reaction are also known.
• Temperature control may be difficult.
• There are no moving parts.
• Pressure drop across the packed bed is an important
consideration.