Methodology.

Methodology
4. METHODOLOGY
Aim of the study.
Preparation of Mugdharasa I and II.
4.1 NIMBUKA SWARASA EXTRACTION.
Aim : Extraction of swarasa from Nimbu fruits.

Principle: Extraction of swarasa from Nimbuka fruits.
Source of collection : Nimbuka fruits are procured from market and got authenticated from
the experts.
Equipments :
o Tulayantra.
o Cloth piece
o Knife
o Juice extractor
o Vessel, plate.
o Measuring cylinder.
o pH meter.
Table No.3 - Showing ingredients required for Nimbu swarasa extraction.

SI No. Ingredients Latin name Part used No of fruits Qty of swarasa
1 Nimbuka Citrus limon Linn Fruit 25 570ml
Procedure:
1. Fully ripened 25 Nimbu fruits are taken and washed with water & cleaned by cloth piece.
2. Then cut in to two halves with the help of Knife and seeds are removed from the Nimbuka
cut pieces.
3. Next Nimbu pieces are kept in juice extractor and pressed and the juice was collected in a
vessel and again filtered through cloth piece.
4. Collected swarasa was measured through measuring cylinder.
74
“Pharmaceutical Standardization of Mugdha Rasa and its Anti-Microbial Study.”
Methodology
Precautions:
 Fully ripened fruit must be collected.
 Seeds should be removed .
 The equipments which are used for procedure should be clean.
Observations:
 Collected swarasa was dull yellow in colour.
 Measured, 570ml in quantity.
 It was free from contamination.
Table No.4 - Showing organoleptic features of Nimbu swarasa.

SI No. Features Results.
1 Color Light yellow.
2 Touch Soft liquid.
3 Odor Sweetish odor.
4 Taste Sour.
5 pH 2.51.
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Methodology
4.2 HINGULA BHAVANA.

Aim: Bhavana to the Hingula.
Reference: R S S-1/47-48.
Principle: Nimbu swarasa bhavana to the Hingula, to convert it in to fine particles, suitable
for further procedure.
Source of collection : Grahya Hingula was procured from Desh Bhagat Pharmacy and got
authenticated from the experts in the Subject of Rasashastra.
Equipments:
o Tula yantra.
o Khalva yantra .
o Juice extractor.
o Knife.
o Vessel, plate, spoon.
Table No. 5 - Showing ingredients required for Hingula bhavana.

SI No. Ingredients English /Latin name Chemical formula Quantity
1 G.Hingula Cinnabar/Mercuric Hgs 570gms
sulphide
2 Nimbu Lemon/Citrus limon --------- 570ml
swarasa Linn.
Procedure:
1. Priorly weighed grahya Hingula is taken in khalvayantra, pounded and
then crushed in to fine powder form.
2. To this Nimbu swarasa is added until the powders immersed completely and wait for few
minutes.
3. Then the mixture is triturated continuously for one day i.e. for about 12 hrs.Trituration is
continued till the consistency turns in to thick paste form.
4. Intermittently the Hingula sticked to the khalva yantra was scraped carefully to avoid
wastage.
5. Then this homogenous mixture was allowed to dry in khalvayantra & was covered with thin
plastic sheet.
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Methodology
6. On 2nd day, the mixture is in semisolid form, and again triturated for 3hrs and allowed it to
dry.
7. Then completely dried Hingula powder was collected carefully and weighed and preserved in
an airtight container.
Precautions:
 After the fine powder of Hingula, Nimbuka swarasa is added and mardana was done
carefully, so that it should not spill out.
 After complete drying only, the mixture should be stored in container.
Observations:
 On immediate trituration with Nimbu swarasa the colour noticed was Aruna varna(dark red
colour).
 On continous trituration the consistency became thick and colour also became dark red.
 After the procedure the Hingula mixture loses its shining ,and the particles become more
finer.
 The time consumed for one Bhavana was 14hrs.
 Pleasant smell of Nimbuka was present minimally.
 Total quantity obtained 577gms.
 Weight gain was noticed at finally about 7gms.
Table No.6 - Organoleptic features of Hingula before and after Bhavana.
SI No Features. Before After

1 Color Shiny reddish brown Dark red, reduced shining.
2 Touch Rough powder Fine, soft powder
3 Odor Odorless Nimbukavat.
4 Weight 570gms 577gms
4.3 KHATIKA SHODHANA.
Aim: Shodhana of Khatika.

Reference: R T 11/210.
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Methodology
Principle: Shodhana of Khatika with jala followed by Nirmaleekarana process, helps to

separate the impurities.
Source of collection : Grahya Khatika was collected from Desh Bhagat Pharmacy got
authenticated from the experts in the Subject of Rasashastra.
Equipment:
o Tulayantra
o Khalvayantra
o Stainless steel vessel
o Measuring jar
o Plate and spoon
o Vastra
Table No.7 – Showing Ingredients required for Khatika shodhana.

SI No. Ingredients English name. Chemical formula Quantity
1 G.Khatika Chalk CaCO3 500gms
2 Jala Water H2O 2 lits.
Procedure:
1. Grahya Khatika was taken in khalva yantra, pounded, crushed and then triturated till it is
turned in to fine powder form.
2. Prepared powder was taken in stainless steel vessel.
3. To this 2 lits of shuddha jala is added and the mixture was stirred continuously for about 5-
10minutes.
4. Another stainless vessel was taken and its mouth is covered with fine white colored cloth
piece and then tied with thread around the neck of vessel.
5. The prepared Khatika mixture was stirred and poured on to the cloth covered vessel for
filteration.
6. After filtration, cloth piece was taken out, and the filtered Khatika mixture was kept
undisturbed for about 8hrs.
7. The watery portion which was collected on the surface of the vessel was decanted, and the
thick white colored Khatika (paste form) settles at the bottom was collected.
8. The collected material is in paste form and was taken in wide mouth vessel, and kept for
drying under sunlight.
9. After complete drying, solid pieces of Khatika were collected and stored in container.
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Methodology
Precautions:
 Khatika should be powdered before used for shodhana.
 Shuddha jala should be used, to avoid any type of contamination.
 After adding jala, the mixture should be stirred properly.
 Fine thin cotton cloth should be used for filtration, so by this fine particles of impurities also
gets separate.
 Nirmaleekarana should be carried till the Khatika particles settles at the bottom of vessel.
 Supernant water should be decanted carefully, to avoid mixing of Khatika again with water.
 Collected filtrate is kept in sunlight for drying & the mouth of the vessel should be covered
with thin cotton cloth to avoid mixing of any type of impurities.
 After complete drying only, Khatika pieces are stored in container.
Observation:
 Grahya Khatika is dull white in color.
 After mixing water, it easily mixes, and the mixture turns in to dull white suspension form.
 After filtering through the cloth, the foreign materials, sand particles seen on the filtered
cloth.
 The filtrate is clean and has the consistency thicker than water.
 For drying, it takes about 3-4 days.
 Dried shodhita Khatika looks brighter then raw Khatika and softer than before.
Table No.8 - Showing organoleptic features of Khatika before and after shodhana.
SI No Features. Before After

1 Color Buff white Bright white
2 Touch Soft Soft
3 Odor Odorless Odorless
4 Weight 500gms 480gms
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Methodology
4.4 PARADA NISKASANA FROM HINGULA.
Aim : Parada niskasana From Bhavita Hingula.

Ref : R S S-1/47-48.
Principle: Parada Niskasana from B.Hingula through urdhvapatana procedure.
Equipments :
o Tulayantra
o Khalva yantra
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Methodology
o Plate and spoon

o Assembled vidhyadharayantra.
o Cloth piece
o Mrittika.
o Gas burner
o Thermometer
o Thermocouple
o Ice cubes
Table No.9 - Showing ingredients required for Parada Niskasana.
SI No. Ingredients English name Chemical formula Quantity
1 B.Hingula Mercury sulphide Hgs 550gms
Procedure :
1. Two earthen vessels were taken and the mouth of one vessel is wide, and the base of another
one vessel should be broad one selected.
2. Both the vessels are properly cleaned with the cloth.
3. About 550gm of Bhavita Hingula is placed and spread inside the wide mouth vessel.
4. Broad bottom vessel is placed over the wide mouth vessel i.e. the base of upper(broad
bottom) vessel touch the mouth(wide mouth) of lower vessel and this type of arrangement of
vessels was known as vidhyadhara yantra.
5. Sandhibandhana is done with mrittika lepita vastra, after drying one lepa another lepa is
applied; likewise, 4-6 mrittikavastra lepa was applied, and dried it completely.
6. Then vidhyadhara yantra is subjected to agni.
7. Upper vessel is filled with ice water, after every 15 mins water is changed for proper
condensation.
8. Thermocouple is applied to note the temperature.
9. Thermometer is used to see the temperature of water which was placed in upper vessel.
10. Tivraghni was maintained throughout the procedure, continued for about 8 hrs.
11. After swangasita of yantra, sandhibandhana was removed and globules of parada are
collected those are adhered to the bottom of the upper vessel.
12. Globules of Parada were scraped with the spoon and collected in container
13. Collected globules along with black powder (burnt sulphur) filtered through four fold cloth
for 4 times, weighed and preserved H.Parada in airtight container.
14. Brownish black colored residue was collected from the lower vessel.
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Methodology
Precautions:
 Properly cleaned Khalvayantra should be used to avoid any type of
contamination.
 Bhavita Hingula should be spread equally all over.
 Sandhibandhana should be done carefully for 4-5 times, to avoid any leakage and it has to
sustain more temperature.
 Heat should be maintained equally throughout the procedure.
 Condensation should be done properly to get more amount of Parada.
 After procedure,Vidhyadhara yantra should be opened carefully,to avoid any wastage of
Parada globules.
 Parada globules are collected carefully to avoid any loss.
 Collected Parada globules are filtered for 4-5 times, so to get clean & clear H.Parada.
Observations.
 At the bottom of upper vessel fine globules of Parada were adhered and bottom was
completely black in color due to the burnt sulphur.
 The residue remained in lower vessel was turned to brownish dark black color.
 Obtained Parada brightens more like silver compared to market sample of Parada.
 Total wt of Bhavita Hingula -550gm.
 Total wt of residue remained (lower vessel) - 376.4gm.
 Total wt of Parada obtained was -69.6gm.
 Thermocouple shows the temperature up to (big gas burner)-7600C.
 Room temperature was-260C.
 Temperature of tap water-220C.
 Temperature of ice cube was-40c.
 Temperature of ice cube water was-150C.
 Temperature of ice water which was added to the upper vessel after 15 minutes-330- 340C.
 Number of times ice water added was-20 times.
 For whole procedure ice cubes required was-20kg.
Table No.10 - Showing organoleptic features of H.Parada.
82
Methodology
SI No Features H.Parada
1 Color Silvery white.
2 Touch Soft & cold.
3 Odor Odorless
4 Total qty obtained 69.6gm.
4.5 PARADA SHODHANA.

Aim: Shodhana of H.Parada.
Reference: RT-5/27-30.
Principle: Mardana of Parada with sudharaja for 3 days & then with nisthusha lashuna &
saindhava lavana.This procedure helps to remove impurities and to increase the potency of
the drug.
Equipment:
o Tulayantra.
o Khalva yantra.
o Vastra.
o Plate, spoon.
o Jala.
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Methodology
Table No.11 – Showing ingredients required for H.Parada shodhana.

SI No. Ingredients English/Latin name Part used Quantity
1 Parada Mercury (Hg) whole 200gms
2 Sudharaja Lime (Ca(OH)2) whole 200gm
3 Saindhava Salt (NaCl) whole 50gm
4 N.lashuna Allium sativum Linn. Bulbs. 97.02gm
Procedure.
1. Weighed quantity of Parada and Sudharaja are taken in khalva yantra and triturated
continuously for 3 days i.e. 6hrs /day.
2. On fourth day mardana was done for about 1hr,colour of Sudharaja turns into black. Most of
the Parada was get collected in the middle of khalva which was shining. This Parada was
collected in the glass jar seperatly.Remaining Sudharaja was washed with hot water and
remaining Parada was collected after vastra galana.
3. To this Parada equal part of Nistush lashuna and its half part Saindhav lavana was added and
triturated well till the khalka turns in to Krishna varna.
4. Next,this is to be washed with water and shiny,clean and clear Parada was collected and
stored in glass jar.
Precautions:
o Properly cleaned Khalvayantra should be used, to avoid mixing of any type of
contamination.
o Trituration should be carried carefully,to avoid wastage of Parada.
o While collecting Parada from Sudha mixture,little water should be added to collect Parada
easily.
o While washing with water due to Hamsagati of Parada, it floats on the surface of water and
goes out with water, so it should be washed carefully .
Observations.
On 1st day
 While triturating Parada with Sudharaja, after 1 hr Parada mixed with sudha in the form of
small droplets.
 After 5hrs mardana, color of Sudha becomes dull.
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Methodology
On 2nd day
 On second day mardana was done for about 6hrs.
 Parada was mixed with Sudha in the form of fine droplets. Dullness of Sudharaja increased.
On 3rd day
 On third day mardana was done for about 6hrs.
 While trituration, shining globules of Parada were gets collect at the centre of Khalva, and
colour of Sudharaja turns in to dark grey.
On 4th day
1. On fourth day mardana was carried and intermittently the Parada which was collected at
centre was taken out simultaneously and stored.
2. Colour of Sudharaja turns completely black. Most of the Parada was get collected in the
middle of khalva which was shining.
3. Luster of Parada was increased.
4. Weight of Parada obtained after mardana with Sudha- 57.02gm.
5. With Sudha,Parada loss was seen about -2.8gms.
On 5th day
6. On fifth day mardana of this Parada was done by taking its equal wt of Nistusha lashuna and
its half part of Saindhava.Immediatly Parada get mixed with Rasona in the form of very small
droplets.
7. Slowly colour of Rasona Kalka became blackish somewhat large globules of Parada were
seen in lashuna Kalka.
8. After 5hrs Kalka become black. Most of the Parada get collected in the middle of the khalva.
9. Obtained Parada was very shiny, clear.
10. Wt of shodhita Parada obtained is - 56gm.
11. With Kalka,Parada loss was seen about 1.2 gms.
12. At the end, total quantity of Parada obtained after whole procedure was -56gms.
13. Total quantity of Parada lossed during whole procedure was about - 4gms.
Table No.12 – Showing organoleptic features of Parada before & after shodhana.
85
Methodology
SI No. Features Before Shodhana After shodhana

1 Color Silvery white Silvery, bright white
2 Touch Soft & cold Soft & cold
3 Odor Odorless Odorless
4 Weight 200gms 97.02gms
4.6 PREPARATION OF MUGDHARASA I.

Aim: To prepare Mugdharasa.
Reference: R T 6/9-11.
Principle: Mardana of S.H.Parada & S.Khatika in khalvayantra, this helps to convert it in to
homogenous,nischandra powder form.
Equipments:
o Tulayanmtra.
o Khalvayantra.
o Plate, spoon.
Table No.13 - Showing ingredients required for preparation of Mugdharasa I.

1 H.Parada Mercury Hg 50gms
2 S.Khatika Chalk CaCO3 100gms
Procedure:
1) Weighed quantity of Shodhita Khatika is taken in khalvayantra, pounded, and triturated till it
turns in to fine powder form.
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Methodology
2) Then to this weighed quantity of H.Parada is added and again the mixture is triturated
continuously for about 6hrs/day.
3) Likewise the mixture is triturated continuously for 3 days, till it is converted in to
homogenous ,grey colored, nischandra powder form.
Precautions:
o Khatika should be powdered before to use.
o Trituration should be carried continuously without disturb.
o While triturating care should be taken, to avoid any wastage.
o After preparation observed for Nischandra & mridutva.
o Prepared powder should be stored in airtight container.
Observation:
 Shodhota khatika is bright white in color.
 After pounding easily turned in to powder form.
 After adding S.H.Parada it not easily mixes with shodhita khatika.
 After continuous trituration (dridamardana) for about 1hour slight color change was seen, i.e.
bright white to dull white.
 After 2-6 hrs trituration Parada separated in to small globular form, and colour of mixture
goes on changes from bright white to dull grey colour.
 After 6-12hrs trituration the mixture turned in to homogenous form, and Parada completely
mixes, and colour change was seen from dull grey to dark grey.
 After 12-18hrs trituration the mixture is turned too soft and too fine form.
 The mixture was taken and observed under sunlight for nischandrata, there were no any
shining particles are seen in that & the powder was soft in nature.
Table No.14 - Showing organoleptic features of Prepared Mugdharasa I.
SI No Features Mugdharasa
1 Color Grey
2 Touch Soft & fine powder
3 Odor Odorless
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Methodology
4 Texture Dull, no shining

5 Weight 145gms
4.7 PREPARATION OF MUGDHARASA II.

Aim: To prepare Mugdharasa II.
Reference: R T 6/9-11.
Principle: Mardana of S.Parada & S.Khatika in khalvayantra, this helps to convert it in to
homogenous, nischandra powder form.
Equipments:
o Tulayanmtra.
o Khalvayantra.
o Plate, spoon.
Table No.15 - Showing ingredients required for preparation of Mugdharasa II.

1 S.Parada Mercury Hg 90gms
2 S.Khatika Chalk CaCO3 90gms
Procedure:
4) Weighed quantity of Shodhita Khatika is taken in khalvayantra, pounded, and triturated till it
turns in to fine powder form.
5) Then to this weighed quantity of S.Parada is added and again the mixture is triturated
continuously for about 6hrs/day.
6) Likewise the mixture is triturated continuously for 3 days, till it is converted in to
homogenous ,grey colored, nischandra powder form.
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Methodology
Precautions:
o Khatika should be powdered before to use.
o Trituration should be carried continuously without disturb.
o While triturating care should be taken, to avoid any wastage.
o After preparation observed for Nischandra & mridutva.
o Prepared powder should be stored in airtight container.
Observation:
 Shodhota khatika is bright white in color.
 After pounding easily turned in to powder form.
 After adding S.Parada it not easily mixes with shodhita khatika.
 After continuous trituration (dridamardana) for about 1hour slight color change was seen, i.e.
bright white to dull white.
 After 2-6 hrs trituration Parada separated in to small globular form, and colour of mixture
goes on changes from bright white to dull grey colour.
 After 6-12hrs trituration the mixture turned in to homogenous form, and Parada completely
mixes, and colour change was seen from dull grey to dark grey.
 After 12-18hrs trituration the mixture is turned too soft and too fine form.
 The mixture was taken and observed under sunlight for nischandrata, there were no any
shining particles are seen in that & the powder was soft in nature.
Table No.16 - Showing organoleptic features of Prepared Mugdharasa II.
SI No Features Mugdharasa II
1 Color Grey
2 Touch Soft & fine powder
3 Odor Odorless
4 Texture Dull, no shining
5 Weight 186gms
89
Methodology
4.8 ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY.
Aim of the study.
Physico-chemical analysis of Raw, intermittent and Mugdharasa I and II.
Method.
1) Physical analytical study.
i. Qualitative analysis.
ii. Quantitative analysis.
Physical analytical study.
Qualitative analysis.
1) Identification Of Hingula & Khatika According To Geological

Parameters.
Aim : Identification of Hingula & Khatika acc to geological parameters.
Apparatus: Streak plate, Magnifying glass,Moh’s hardness scale,10% solun of HCl.
Procedure:
The first thing to do is to observe and test the collected mineral. Use the largest piece for
examination. Examine the mineral for all of the following properties,
Mineral Identification.
Step 1: Color – Color is important in mineral identification. It determines

the colour of the mineral, When both Hingula & Khatika are observed
under natural light-they shown,
Observations:
90
Methodology
Hingula is scarlet red colour .

Khatika is dull white colour.
Step 2: Streak – It determines what the color of the mineral when it is ground into a powder.
To test streak of a mineral , rub the mineral on a piece of unglazed porcelain plate, and see
what color it leaves behind. Here, the mineral will always leave a trace of the exact same
color.
Observations:
Hingula leaves red coloured line on streak plate.

Khatika leaves white coloured line on streak plate.
Step 3: Luster - Luster is the way a mineral reflects light. The mineral's appearance due to
the amount and quality of light reflected from its surfaces. It determines whether the
mineral is shiny or dull and whether or not it has a metallic or non-metallic luster.
Observations:
As both Hingula & Khatika comes under non metallic mineral

group.
 Hingula shows - Adamantine luster. (A luster between metallic and

glassy is called adamantine).
Khatika shows luster like- earthy dull muddy.
Step 4: Diaphaneity – Diaphenity determines whether the mineral is

transparent, translucent or opaque.
Observations:
Hingula is translucent in nature. Here translucent means light passes

through the mineral but the objects are not seen through it.
 Khatika is semi translucent-in nature.
Step 5 : Tenacity - Tenacity determines how the particles of a mineral hold together or resist
separation.
Hingula shows – Brittle & sectile.
Khatika shows – Sectile.
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Methodology
Step 6: Cleavage - Cleavage describes how a crystal breaks when

subject to stress on a particular plane. If part of a crystal breaks due to
stress and the broken piece retains a smooth plane or crystal shape, the
mineral has cleavage.
Hingula shows – Perfect.

Khatika shows – Absent.
Step 7: Fracture - Fracture is the characteristic mark left when a mineral

chips or breaks, fracture is the "chipping" of a mineral.
Hingula shows – conchoidal to subconchoidal.

Khatika shows – Subconchoidal to uneven.
Step 8: Hardness - Moh's Hardness Scale (H) ranks the hardness of
minerals from 1 to 10. Talc is the softest and diamond is the hardest. To
test the hardness of a mineral, try scratching the mineral with a common
object such as a fingernail (which has a hardness of 2.5), a penny (with a
hardness of 3), a knife or piece of glass (H=5.5), and a steel knife (H=6.5).
Observations:
Hingula is not able to scratch with finger nail, a penny or a knife due to
its more hardness. It can be scratched on topaz, so its hardness is 8,as
topaz is having hardness of 8,according to Moh’s hardness scale.
Khatika can be easily scratched with the finger nail & it is easily
powdered, so its hardness is 1,according to Moh’s hardness scale.
Step 9: Specific Gravity – The relative density of a mineral is its mass

divided by its volume. The specific gravity of a mineral is it's mass
divided by the mass of an equal volume of water.
Sp Gr = Wa
Wa – Ww
Wa = Weight of mineral specimen in air.
Ww = Weight of mineral specimen in water.
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Methodology
Observations:
Hingula shows specific gravity about -5.1.
Khatika is soluble in water, so it is not possible by this method.
Step 10: Chemical reaction – When treated with HCl – it reacts with
acid and produces fizz ( means the effervescence is seen, with reaction of certain
carbonate minerals to the acid test.) .
Observations:
Hingula not reacts with dil HCl.

Khatika powder reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid-and produces
effervesces strongly with dil HCl.
2) Determination of pH value.
Aim: To determine the pH of samples.

Apparatus: pH meter, Glass beaker.
Materials: Nimbuka,Sudha,Grahya & S.Khatika, Mugdharasa I and II.
Procedure:
1) Standardization of pH meter.
2) Switch the pH meter on and let electronic component warm up and sterilize before
proceeding equilibrate electrodes in buffer solution and sample solution at the same
temperature before pH measurement.
3) Set the temperature indication knob of the instrument at the observed room temperature at the
time of pH measurement.
4) Standardize the pH meter with buffer solution of pH 7 using standardization knob control and
then repeat with standardize solution of pH 4 using control knob of instrument.
Measurement of pH of samples Nimbuka, Khatika, Sudha and Mugdharasa I and II.
Preparation of test solution:
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Methodology
A 10 percent w/v suspension is prepared by taking Khatika, Sudha & Mugdharasa I and II
powder in separate beaker.
o Each of Khatika, Sudha & Mugdharasa powder weighed accurately about 2.5gms and to this
25 ml distilled water is added and the mixture is stirred properly.
o Shake well and homogenize the sample just before taking pH reading, Dip the Electrode in
sample solution in such a way that the glass bulb of the electrode is fully immersed in
solution. This ensures the glass membrane is in proper contact with the solution.
o Measure the pH and note the constant reading.
Table No.17 - Showing pH measurement of different samples.

SI No. Samples pH
1 Nimbu swarasa 2.51
2 Grahya Khatika 7.57
3 Shodhita Khatika 7.50
4 Mugdharasa I 7.41
5 Mugdharasa II 7.38
6 Sudha 11.32
3) Determination of the Solubility of sample.
Aim: To determine the solubility of given sample.

Apparatus: Glass beakers, Stirrer, water bath.
Materials: Grahya & shodhita Khatika, Mugdharasa,Water.
Chemicals: Ether, Benzene, Chloroform, Etanol.
Procedure:
1) Dissolve 1gm of sample in an appropriate solvent in which one want to check the solubility
of sample. Warm the solution (in case of the organic solvents like chloroform, methanol, and
acetone etc heat on the water bath).
2) Observe how the mixture looks, is it completely mixed with solvents, or the drug completely
settles at the bottom of vessel, or is it partially mixed some part remains as it is,colour
changes are observed .
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Methodology
Table No.18 - Solubility of Grahya & Shodhita Khatika &

Mugdharasa in different solvents.
SI No Different Solvents Grahya.K& S.Khatika Mugdharasa I and II
1 Water Suspension forms(white Suspension Suspension
ppt) forms(white ppt) forms(white ppt)
2 Alcohol Sparingly soluble Sparingly soluble Sparingly
soluble
3 Ether Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble
4 Chloroform Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble
5 Benzene Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble
4)Trace element analysis.
Aim: To check purity of the sample.

Apparatus: Test tubes, Water bath, Spatula.
Chemicals: Con H2SO4,Hg Cl2,Na2OH,Al(OH)3,
Materials: H.Parada,S.H.Parada,Mugdharasa.
Procedure:
 1gm of H.Parada,S.H.Parada & Mugdharasa are taken separately in test tube & to this 5ml of
con HNO3 is added, heated on water bath, filtered through filter paper & filtered solutions
stored in separate test tubes.
 H.Parada & S.H.Parada are tested for presence of Lead & Tin.
 Mugdharasa tested for Lead, Tin, Magnecium, Allumina, Ferric oxide etc.
 For lead : 1ml of Prepared solution + 1ml of con H 2SO4  no white precipitate - indicates
absence of Lead.
 For Tin : 1ml prepared solution + 1gm Hg Cl 2  no white ppt---indicates absence of Tin.
 For Mg : 1ml sample solution + 1mlNa2OH  white ppt formed----indicates presence of
Mg.
 For Al : 1ml sample solution + 1ml Sodium phosphate  white gelatinous ppt formed,
indicates presence of Alumina.
 For Ferric : 1ml sample solution + Potassium ferricyanide solution  reddish brown
color----indicates presence of Ferric oxide.
Table No.19– Showing results of Mugdharasa I & Mugdharasa II.

SI No Elements Mugdharasa I Mugdharasa II
1 Silica Absent Absent
95
Methodology
2 Magnesium Present Present

3 Alumina Present Present
4 Iron oxide Present Present
5 Lead Absent Absent
6 Tin Absent Absent
Table No.20– Showing results of H.Parada and S.H.Parada..
SI No. Trace elements H.Parada S.Parada.

1 Lead Absent Absent
2 Tin Absent Absent
96
Methodology
Quantitative Analysis.
1) Determination of Specific Gravity.
Aim: To know the specific gravity of the given sample.
Apparatus: Pycnometer,Digital balance.
Materials: Grahya Khatika,Shodhita Khatika, Mugdharasa, Distilled water.
Procedure:
First pycnometer sterilization is carried. Then empty picnometer with stopper is weighed on
digital balance, and reading should be noted. Next pycnometer is filled with water up to mark
and stopper is placed and its weight is noted. Then the sample solution is prepared in 1:10
ratio i.e.1part sample and its 10 part water is mixed,& stirred properly. Then prepared
solution is filled slowly in pycnometer up to mark and then stopper is placed on mouth of
pycnometer slowly and its weight is noted.
Observations:
Table No.21 – Showing readings of Grahya & shodhita Khatika, Mugdharasa I &
Mugdharasa II.
S No Sample W1 W2 W3 W4 W5
1 G.Khatika 18.137gm 43.389 gm 43.517gm 25.252gm 25.380gm
2 Shodhita 18.137gm 43.389 gm 43.507gm 25.252gm 25.370gm

Khatika
3 Mugdharasa I 18.137gm 43.389 gm 43.493gm 25.252gm 25.356gm
4 Mugdharasa II 18.137gm 43.389gm 43.514gm 25.152 gm 25.250 gm
Where,
W1= Wt of empty picnometer
W2= ample Wt of picnometer + Distilled water
W3= Wt of picnometer + sample solution
97
Methodology
W4=Wt of distilled water

W5= Wt of sample solution
Specific gravity = Wt of sample solution at 250C x Density of water.

Wt of distilled water at 250 C
= W5 x 1
W4
1.Grahya Khatika:
Specific gravity = 25.380 x1

25.252
= 1.01.
2.Shodhita Khatika:

25.252
= 1.00.
3.Mugdharasa:

25.252
= 1.00.
Table No.22 - Showing Specific gravity of Different samples.
SI No. Samples. Specific gravity.

1 Grahya Khatika. 1
2 Shodhita Khatika 1
3 Mugdharasa I 1
4 Mugdharasa II 1
98
Methodology
2) Determination of loss on drying.
Aim: To know the moisture content of the samples of Khatika , S.Khatika and Mugdharasa.
Apparatus: Oven, Crucible, and Chemical balance.
Materials: Grahya & shodhita Khatika ,Mugdharasa I and II.
Procedure:
1) Weigh the crucible & preconditioned it.
2) Weigh 2 gms of sample by placing it in pre-weighed, preconditioned crucible.
3) Place the crucible in hot air oven at 1100 C for half an hour till a constant weight is obtained.
4) Difference in the weights of sample before & after placing in hot air oven is the Loss on
drying at 1100C.
.
Table No.23 - Showing readings of Grahya Khatika, S.Khatika & Mugdharasa I &
Mugdharasa II.
S No Sample W1 W2 W3 W4 W5
1 Khatika 45.970gm 48.030 48.027 2.056 2.057
2 Shodhita Khatika 52.450gm 54.448 54.443 2.000 1.993
3 Mugdharasa I 50.440gm 52.495 51.882 2.059 1.442
Mugdharasa II 50.50gm 52.05 52 1.55 1.50
Where;
W1= Wt of Empty Crucible.
W2= Wt of Crucible + sample
W3= Wt of Crucible + Residue
W4= Wt of Sample.
99
Methodology
W5= Wt of Residue.
Calculation:
% Moisture content = W5 x 100
W4
Where,
W4= Wt of Sample.
W5= Wt of Residue.
1.Grahya Khatika:
% Moisture con = 2.057x100
2.056
= 100.00%.
2.Shodhita Khatika
% Moisture content = 1.993x100
2.004
= 99.65%.
3.Mugdharasa I.
% Moisture content = 1.442 x100
2.059
= 70.03%.
3.Mugdharasa II.
% Moisture content = 1.50 x100
1.55
= 96.77%.
100
Methodology
3) Determination of Loss on ignition.
Aim: To know the total ash content of the samples Khatika , S.Khatika and Mugdharasa I and
II.
Apparatus: Platinum crucible, oven, desiccator, & chemical balance.
Materials: Grahya & Shodhita Khatika.
Procedure:
1) Crucible is to be conditioned in the oven at 1050 C for one hour & cool it in a Desiccator.
2) Weigh it accurately in a chemical balance.
3) Weigh about 2-gm air-dried & powdered sample in preweighed & conditioned Crucible.
4) Incinerate the drug at a temperature not exceeding until it is free from carbon.
5) Calculate the % of the total ash content with reference to the original weight taken of Air-
dried drug for the analysis.
Table No.24 - Showing readings of Grahya & S.Khatika.

SI No Sample W1 W2 W3 W4 W5
1 Khatika 42.938 45.980 45.770 3.047 1.832
2 Shodhita 42.938gm 45.970 42.622 3.028 0.316

Khatika
Where;
W4= Wt of Sample.
101
Methodology
W5= Wt of Residue.
Calculation:
% Ash Content = W5 x 100
W4
Where, W4= Wt of Sample. & W5= Wt of Residue.
1.Grahya Khatika:
% Ash Content = 1.832 x 100
3.047
= 60.12%.
2.Shodhita Khatika:
% Ash Content = 0.316 x 100
3.028
= 10.44%.
4) Determination of water soluble ash.
Aim: To determine the water soluble ash content of Khatika, Shodhita Khatika.
Apparatus: Platinum crucible, Muffle furnace, desiccator, & chemical balance, water bath.
Materials: Grahya Khatika & shodhita Khatika, Distilled water,whattmans filter paper.
Procedure:
1. Crucible is to be conditioned in the oven at 1050 C for one hour & cool it in a Desiccator.
2. Weigh it accurately in a chemical balance.
3. Weigh about 2-gm air-dried & powdered sample in pre weighed & conditioned Crucible.
4. Incinerate the drug at a temperature not exceeding until it is free from carbon.
5. Boil the ash for 5 minutes with 25ml water, collect the insoluble matter in a gooch crucible,
or on an ashless filter paper, wash with hot water, and ignite to constant weight at a low
temperature.
6. Substract the weight of the insoluble matter from the weight of the ash, the difference in
weight represents the water soluble ash.
7. Calculate the percentage of water soluble ash with reference to the moisture free drug.
Table No.25 –Showing readings of water soluble ash of G.Khatika & Shodhita Khatika.
102
Methodology
SI No Sample W1 W2 W3 W4 W5
1 G.Khatika 40.765 42.785 42.671 2.020 1.906
2 Shodhita 27.349 29.357 29.217 2.005 1.980

Khatika
Where;
W4= Wt of Sample.
W5= Wt of Residue.
Calculation:
% Water soluble ash Content = W5 x 100
W4
1.Grahya Khatika.
% Water soluble ash Content = 1.906 x 100
2.020
= 94.36%
2.Shodhita Khatika.
% Water soluble ash Content = 1.980 x 100

2.005
= 98.75%.
5) Determination of Acid insoluble ash.
Aim: To determine the acid insoluble ash content of Khatika, Shodhita Khatika.
Apparatus: Platinum crucible, Muffle furnace, desiccator, & chemical balance,water bath
Materials: Grahya & shodhita Khatika,Dilute HCl.
103
Methodology
Procedure:
1. Crucible is to be conditioned in the oven at 1050 C for one hour & cool it in a Desiccator.
2. Weigh it accurately in a chemical balance.
3. Weigh about 3-gm air-dried & powdered sample in pre weighed & conditioned Crucible.
4. Incinerate the drug at a temperature not exceeding until it is free from carbon.
5. Place the ash, in a crucible; add 15ml of water and 10 ml of Hydrochloric acid cover with
watch glass. boil for 10 minutes and allow cooling.
6. Collect the insoluble matter on an ashless filter paper, wash with hot water until the filtrate is
neutral, ignite to dull redness, cool in desiccators and weigh.
7. Calculate the percentage of acid insoluble ash with reference to the air dried drug.
Table No.26 – Showing results of Acid insoluble ash of Grahya & S.Khatika.
SI No Sample W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 A I ash%
1 Khatika 42.938 45.958 43.101 3.047 0.163 5.37%
2 Shodhita 40.847 43.867 41.632 3.000 0.785 26.17%

Khatika
Where;
W4= Wt of Sample.
W5= Wt of Residue.
Calculation:
% Acid insoluble ash Content = W5 x 100
W4
1.Grahya Khatika.
104
Methodology
% Acid insoluble ash Content = 0.163 x 100

3.047
= 5.35.
2.Shodhita Khatika.
% Acid insoluble ash Content = 0.785 x 100

3.000
= 26.17.
6) Determination of Particle size.
Aim :To determine the particle size of given sample.

Apparatus: Compound microscope, Stage & Eye piece micrometer.
Glass slide.
Material: Mugdharasa.
Need for assay:
The particles should be fine because less the particle size, more the absorption of the drug.
Procedure:
 Compound microscope is cleaned with acetone.
 Eye piece & Stage micrometers are fixed to compound microscope.
 Calibration of one division of Eye piece micrometer.
To calibrate the values of one division of eye piece micrometer, following is the schedule,
 Put the eye piece micrometer on the diagram of the ocular.
 Put the stage micrometer on the stage of microscope.
 So the lines of two micrometer coinside,count the number of lines required to coincide.
 Consider anyone line of the eye piece micrometer with any one line of stage micrometer &
then see the next line of eye piece micrometer coinciding with the line of stage micrometer.
Count the divisions of eye piece micrometer & those of stage micrometer present between
these two coinciding lines.
Calculation:
105
Methodology
1 division of stage micrometer = 0.01mm = 10 µ.

6 divisions of eye piece micrometer = 4 divisions of stage micrometer.
The value of one division of eye piece micrometer is calculated as follows,
1divisions of stage micrometer = 0.01 = 10 µ.

4 divisions of eye piece micrometer = 40 µ.
Now,6 divisions of eye piece micrometer = 4 divisions of stage micrometer
= 40 µ. = 6.667 µ.
6
Measurement of particle size of Mugdharasa.

 Next, on the surface of glass slide a small quantity of Mugdharasa powder is dusted,
 Place the prepared slide on the stage & observed under microscope,& see how many lines are
required.
 Eye piece micrometer shows 4 divisions & stage micrometer shows 6 divisions ,
So,
1 division of stage = 0.01mm = 10 µ.
& 6 division of stage = 60 µ.
Now 4 division of Eye piece = 6 division of stage = 60 µ.
= 60/4 = 15µ.
So, lastly 1 division stands = 15µ.
 Eye piece micrometer shows particle size up to-0.5 to 3 division, when it is converted in to
microns it gives,
0.5 x 15 to 3 x 15 = 7.5 to 45
Particle size of Mugdharasa varies up to- 7.5 to 45 microns.
106
Methodology
4.9 ANTIMICROBIAL STUDY METHODOLOGY.
Aim of the study.

In vitro evaluation of Mugdharasa & its bacterostatic and bactericidal activity
against the strains of gram + ve and gram – ve bacterias.
Methods:
The antimicrobial study was designed by following two methods as;
1. Agar disc diffusion method
2. Broth dilution method.
These are adopted to determine the Susceptibility of microbes towards
Mugdharasa.
Method of collection of Data:

1. Mugdharasa is prepared by following standard pharmaceutical procedures in P.G Department
of Rasashastra Desh Bhagat Ayurvedic college.
2. The Antimicrobial study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology.
1. AGAR DISC DIFFUSION METHOD.

 In the present study, the Antimicrobial screening was done By Agar disc diffusion method.
 This is one of the methods official in Indian Pharmacopea.
 Where the Antimicrobial powder dissolved in saline water is diffused from the cup through
an agar layer in petri-dish to an extent such that the growth of added microorganisms is
restricted entirely in circular area or zone around the cavity containing the solution of an
antibiotic substance.
 The Antimicrobial activity is expressed as zone diameter in millimeters, which is measured
with a divider.
107
Methodology
 Mugdharasa was screened for Antimicrobial activity against wide spectrum of micro-
organisms and the activity was compared with appropriate standard allopathic drugs.
The procedure was carried under three steps.
Step 1. Includes,
 Sterilization.
 Preparation of stock solution.
 Preparation of test solution .
 Preparation of Agar media.
 Preparation of Agar plates.
Step 2. includes,
Experimental procedure.
Step 3. includes,
Reading Agar plate results.
Materials used:
o BHI Agar media
o Stock solution
o Inoculated Microorganisms solution
o Sterile micro-pipettes
o Petri dishes - 4
o Sterile (metal)borer
o Cotton swab
o Incubator
o Spirit lamp
o Micropipettes.
Organisms used in the study:

Bacteria –
108
Methodology
Gram positive:
o Staphylococcus aureus
Gram negative:
o Escherichia coli
o Shigella Flexner
o Vibreo cholera
Step 1:
Sterilization :
Sterilization of the medium, tubes for slants, borer etc. was done by autoclaving at 15 lbs /
square inch for 20 mins.
The glass wares like syringes, petridishes, pipettes, empty test tubes, were sterilized by dry
heat in an oven at a temperature of 160OC for 1 hrs.
Preparation of stock solution:

1. 500 mg of Mugdharasa is taken and dissolved in 1 ml of saline water to get a concentration
of 500mg/ml.
2. From prepared stock solution main test solutions are prepared by taking different four
concentrations i.e 1:2,1:5,1:10, & 1:20 and tested for its antibacterial activity, totally four
concentrations were tested.
Preparation of test solution :

The test solution here prepared using saline water to get the following concentrations
1. 1:2 -------- 125 mg/ml
2. 1:5 ------- 62.5 mg/ml
3. 1:10 ------- 13mg/ml
4. 1:20 ------- 6mg/ml
Preparation of inoculums :
Mueller - Hinton agar medium (Himedia labs) of the following composition
was used for preparation of slants.
 Peptone 5.0 gm
 Beef extract 1.5 gm
 Sodium chloride 5.0 gm
109
Methodology
 Agar 15.0 gm
 Yeast extract 15.0 gm
 Distilled water to make 1000 ml
About 28 gm of prepared medium was taken in 1000 ml of distilled water and boiled to
dissolve completely. After being streaked with micro organisms and aseptic conditions.
The slant were incubated at 37OC + 1OC for 24 hrs.
These 24 hrs cultures were used for preparation of inoculums.
The suspension of micro organisms was prepared in 10 ml of sterile water and 0.5 ml of this
suspense was added for 10 ml of the agar medium.
Preparation of Agar media:

Different types of media have been used according to the types of organisms.
In the present study, BHI( Brain heart infusion) agar media employed possessing the
following composition (Ready made medium).
 Agar 15.0 gm
 Calf brain infusion from 200.00 gm
 Beef heart infusion from 250.00 gm
 Protease peptone 10.00 gm
 Dextrose 2.00 gm
 Disodium phosphate 2.50 gm
About 52.0 gm of above readymade medium was dissolved in freshly prepared

distilled water (1000ml) by gentle heating. Heat to boiling to dissolve the medium
completely.Sterlize by autoclaving at 15lbs pressure (121 0C) for 15mins.Mix well before
pouring.
Preparation of Agar plates :

The sterilized medium was cooled at 40OC and 0.5 ml of inoculums per 100 ml of medium
was added to the conical flask.
This was shaken gently to avoid the formation of air bubbles and then transferred into petri-
dishes. So as to obtain 6mm thickness of medium.
110
Methodology
The medium in the plate was allowed to solidify at room temperature.
Step 2:
Experimental Procedure :
1. The sterile borer was used to prepare five cups of 8 mm diameter in the medium of each
petri-dish.
2. An accurately measured 50 mL solution of each concentration of solutions of dissolved
powder (prepared standard drug) were added to the cups with the help of micropipette.
3. All the plates were kept at room temperature for effecting diffusion of drug dissolved and
standards.
4. Later, they were incubated at 37+1OC for 24 hrs.
5. Next day, the presence of definite zones around the cup of any size indicated antibacterial
activity .
6. The control were run simultaneously to assess the activity of saline water which was used as
the vehicle for drug powder.
7. The diameter of the zone of inhibition was measured and recorded.
8. The zones of inhibition for the antibacterial activities of dissolved powder were calculated by
measuring the inhibitory effect towards the growth of bacteria around nutrient agar cup.
Step 3:
Reading of results:
 After 18 to 24 hours of incubation, each plate is examined. If the plate was satisfactorily
streaked, and the inoculums was correct, the resulting zones of inhibition will be uniformly
circular and there will be a confluent lawn of growth. The diameters of the zones of complete
inhibition (as judged by the unaided eye) are measured, including the diameter of the disc.
Zones are measured to the nearest whole millimeter, using sliding calipers or a ruler, which is
held on the back of the inverted petri plate.
 The results are expressed as,
Zone more than 12mm Sensitive (S).
Zone 4 to 12 mm Intermediate (IM).
Zone less than 4mm Resistant (R).
2 . BROTH DILUTION TEST METHOD.

111
Methodology
The Broth Dilution method is a simple procedure for testing a small number of isolates, even
single isolate. It has the added advantage that the same tubes can be taken for MBC tests
also:
Procedure was carried mainly under three steps,
Step 1.
Sterilization.
Preparation of inoculums.
Preparation of stock solution.
Preparation of Broth media.
Step 2.
Serial dilution procedure.
Reading MIC results.
Materials:
 B H I Broth media
 Overnight broth culture of test organisms (Inoculated microorganisms)
 Mugdharasa powder (required antibiotic in powder form ).
 Required solvent- sterile Distilled Water.
 Sterile capped 7.5 x 1.3 cm tubes / small screw-capped bottles,
 Incubator.
 Cotton swabs.
 Sterile graduated Micropipettes-5,10,50,200.500mL size.
 A suitable rack to hold 40 tubes in four rows i.e. 10 tubes in each row.
Organisms used in the study:

Bacteria –
Gram positive:
 Staphylococcus aureus.
Gram negative:
 Escherichia coli.
 Shigella Flexner.
 Vibreo cholera.
112
Methodology
Step 1.
Sterilization :
Sterilization of the medium, tubes for slants, etc. was done by autoclaving at 15 lbs / square
inch for 20 mins. The glass wares like syringes, pipettes, empty test tubes, were sterilized by
dry heat in an oven at a temperature of 160OC for 1 hrs.
Preparation of inoculums :
Mueller - Hinton agar medium of the following composition
was used for preparation of slants.
 Peptone 5.0 gm
 Beef extract 1.5 gm
 Agar 15.0 gm
 Yeast extract 15.0 gm
 Distilled water to make 1000 ml
About 28 gm of prepared medium was taken in 1000 ml of distilled water and boiled to
dissolve completely. After being streaked with micro organisms and aseptic conditions.
The slant were incubated at 37OC + 1OC for 24 hrs.
Preparation of Broth media:

Brain Heart Infusion media was used for the preparation of Broth
solution.
 Calf brain infusion from ---- 200.00
 Beef heart infusion from ---- 250.00
 Protease peptone ---- 10.00
 Dextrose ---- 2.00
 Sodium chloride ---- 5.00
 Disodium phosphate ---- 2.50
Suspend 37.0gms in 1000ml distilled water dispense in to bottles or tubes as
desired. Sterlize by autoclaving at 15lbs pressure (1210C).
113
Methodology
Preparation of Stock solution:

 Stock solution is prepared by using saline water.
 The stock solution is prepared in the concentration 1gm/ml.The volume of the solution used
during the procedure is 0.2mL, so the concentration of the drug finally stands as 1mg/ml.
Step 2. Experimental procedure:

 To start with, glass test tubes plugged with cotton all are autoclaved.
 Ten Borosilicate glass test tubes are taken in four rows each, one corresponding for the serial
dilution w.r.t one organism.
 Test tubes are serially numbered from 1-10.
 The first test tube placed in the row in rack with the name of the organism used in the study.
 200 mL of the (BHI) Brain heart infusion broth is initially taken in all the test tubes of eight
rows.
 To the first tube of all the four rows, 200mL of the stock solution is added.
 It is pipette in and out to ensure uniform mixing.
 200 mL of the first test tube is then pipette to the second tube and the process is repeated till
the 10th tube.
 From the 10th tube 200 mL is pipette out and discarded.
 Every time when 200 mL of solution is introduced in the test tube it is gently pipette in and
out within the test tube to ensure proper mixing.
 During every withdrawal of 200 mL of the solution and introduction to another tube, a new
pipette is made use of.
 In the above said method, serial dilutions are made similarly with 10 test tubes arranged in
four rows corresponding for four microorganisms of two drug samples.
 The concentration in the test tube now stands as 500mg (tube-1),250mg (tube-2),125mg(tube-
3),62.5mg(tube-4),31.5mg(tube-5),16mg(tube-6),
8mg(tube-7),4mg(tube-8),2mg(tube-9),1mg(tube-10).
 Now adjust the bacterial count 1.58*108 organisms per ml by comparing with McFarland’s
standards. The suspension of the organisms, , Staphylococcus aureus, E.coli, Shigella
Flexner, Vibreo cholera in the
( BHI) Brain heart infusion Broth is then inoculated to all the test tubes of a corresponding
four rows ,in the concentration of 200 MicroLitres.
 All tubes are inoculated at 350C for 24hrs without shaking or agitation.
114
Methodology
 After 24hrs of incubation the test tubes are read for MIC.This is defined as the concentration
of the first tube in the series to show visible traces of growth of bacteria, which is evident, by
turbidity or cloudiness of the solution in the test tube.
 Turbidity indicates that bacterial growth has not been inhibited by the concentration of the
preparation contained in the medium.
 The main advantage of the ‘Broth dilution’ method for the MIC determination lies in the fact
that it can readily be converted to determine the MBC as well.
Reading of MIC results.

MIC is expressed as the lowest dilution, which inhibited growth judged by lack of turbidity in
the tube.
Because very faint turbidity may be given by the inoculum itself, the inoculated tube kept in
the refrigerator overnight may be used as the standard for the determination of complete
inhibition.
The MIC of Mugdharasa shows sensitivity towards all four tested organisms up to 1mg/ml
concentration of the drug.
115

Methodology.

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Methodology

4.1 NIMBUKA SWARASA EXTRACTION.

Aim : Extraction of swarasa from Nimbu fruits.

Table No.3 - Showing ingredients required for Nimbu swarasa extraction.

Table No.4 - Showing organoleptic features of Nimbu swarasa.

1 Color Light yellow.

2 Touch Soft liquid.

3 Odor Sweetish odor.

4.2 HINGULA BHAVANA.

Table No. 5 - Showing ingredients required for Hingula bhavana.

Table No.6 - Organoleptic features of Hingula before and after Bhavana.

SI No Features. Before After

4.3 KHATIKA SHODHANA.

Aim: Shodhana of Khatika.

Principle: Shodhana of Khatika with jala followed by Nirmaleekarana process, helps to

Table No.7 – Showing Ingredients required for Khatika shodhana.

SI No Features. Before After

4.4 PARADA NISKASANA FROM HINGULA.

Aim : Parada niskasana From Bhavita Hingula.

o Plate and spoon

Table No.10 - Showing organoleptic features of H.Parada.

4.5 PARADA SHODHANA.

Table No.11 – Showing ingredients required for H.Parada shodhana.

SI No. Features Before Shodhana After shodhana

4.6 PREPARATION OF MUGDHARASA I.

Table No.13 - Showing ingredients required for preparation of Mugdharasa I.

Table No.14 - Showing organoleptic features of Prepared Mugdharasa I.

4 Texture Dull, no shining

4.7 PREPARATION OF MUGDHARASA II.

Table No.15 - Showing ingredients required for preparation of Mugdharasa II.

Table No.16 - Showing organoleptic features of Prepared Mugdharasa II.

4.8 ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY.

Aim of the study.

Physico-chemical analysis of Raw, intermittent and Mugdharasa I and II.

Physical analytical study.

1) Identification Of Hingula & Khatika According To Geological

Step 1: Color – Color is important in mineral identification. It determines

Hingula is scarlet red colour .

Hingula leaves red coloured line on streak plate.

As both Hingula & Khatika comes under non metallic mineral

 Hingula shows - Adamantine luster. (A luster between metallic and

Khatika shows luster like- earthy dull muddy.

Step 4: Diaphaneity – Diaphenity determines whether the mineral is

Hingula is translucent in nature. Here translucent means light passes

 Khatika is semi translucent-in nature.

Step 6: Cleavage - Cleavage describes how a crystal breaks when

Hingula shows – Perfect.

Step 7: Fracture - Fracture is the characteristic mark left when a mineral

Hingula shows – conchoidal to subconchoidal.

Step 9: Specific Gravity – The relative density of a mineral is its mass

Hingula not reacts with dil HCl.

Aim: To determine the pH of samples.

Table No.17 - Showing pH measurement of different samples.

3) Determination of the Solubility of sample.

Aim: To determine the solubility of given sample.

Table No.18 - Solubility of Grahya & Shodhita Khatika &

Aim: To check purity of the sample.

Table No.19– Showing results of Mugdharasa I & Mugdharasa II.

2 Magnesium Present Present

Table No.20– Showing results of H.Parada and S.H.Parada..

SI No. Trace elements H.Parada S.Parada.

1 G.Khatika 18.137gm 43.389 gm 43.517gm 25.252gm 25.380gm

2 Shodhita 18.137gm 43.389 gm 43.507gm 25.252gm 25.370gm