Transport Processes 1

Lecture 3: Mechanical Energy Balance and Bernoulli’s Equation

Example 1
Water at 85 °C is being stored in a large, insulated tank at atmospheric
pressure. It is being pumped at steady state by a pump at a rate of
0.567 cu. m from this tank to a second tank whose water level is 20 m
above the water level on the first tank. The motor driving the pump
supplies energy at a rate of 7.45 kW. The water passes through a heat
exchanger, where it gives up 1408 kW of heat. Calculate the final
temperature of the water delivered to the second tank. Ans. 48.41 °C
Example 2
Water with a density of 998 kg/ cu. m is flowing at a steady mass flow
rate through a uniform-diameter pipe. The entrance pressure of the
fluid is 68.9 kPa abs in the pipe, which connects to a pump that actually
supplies 155.4 J/kg of fluid flowing in the pipe. The exit pipe from the
pump is the same diameter as the inlet pipe. The exit section of the
pipe is 3.05 m higher than the entrance and the exit pressure is 137.8
kPa abs. The Reynolds number in the pipe is above 4000 in the system.
Calculate the friction loss in the pipe system. Ans. 56.5 J/kg
Design Equations for Laminar and
Turbulent Flow in Pipes
Vmax vs. Vave
Design Equations for Laminar and
Turbulent Flow in Pipes
Vmax vs. Vave
Pressure Drop and Friction Loss in
Laminar Flow
•Recall Navier-Stokes Equations…
Math Magic!!!

The Hagen-Poiseuille Equation for LAMINAR FLOWS ONLY!

Example 3
A small capillary with an inside diameter of 2.22 x 10^-3 m and a length
of 0.317 m is being used to continuously measure the flow rate of a
liquid having a density of 875 kg/m3 and μ=1.13 x 10^-3 Pa-s. The
pressure drop reading across the capillary during flow is 0.0655 m
water (density of 996 kg/m3). What is the volumetric flow rate in m3/s
if end effect corrections are neglected? Ans. 1.066 x 10^-6
Friction factor, f
•For laminar and turbulent flows,

For laminar flow…

Moody’s Diagram
Please refer to the Handbook…
Example 4
Ninety-eight percent sulphuric acid is pumped at 4.5 tonne/h (1.25
kg/s) through a 25 mm diameter pipe, 30 m long, to a reservoir 12 m
higher than the feed point. Calculate the pressure drop in the pipeline.
μ = 2.5 x 10^-3 Pa-s
Density = 1840 kg/m3
Pressure drop and Friction Factor in
Flow of Gases
•
Or…

Note:
is the density at the average pressure
When the pressure drop is greater than 10% incompressible flow
cannot be assumed.
Example 5
A gasoline storage tank drains by gravity to a tank truck. The pipeline
between the tank and the truck is 200 ft of 1-in schedule 40
commercial steel pipe. Both tank and truck are open to the
atmosphere, and the level in the tank is 20 ft above the level in the
truck. What is the flow rate of the gasoline? Ans. 12.6 gal/min
Example 6
We wish to transport 500 cu. ft/min of air horizontally from an air
conditioner to an outbuilding 800 ft away. The air is a 40 degF and 0.1
psig (the atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia). At the outbuilding the
pressure is to be 0.0 psig. We will use a circular sheet-metal duct with a
roughness of 0.00006 in. The viscosity of air can be taken as 0.017 cP at
the given temperature. Find the required duct diameter. Ans. 8.15 in
Effect of Heat Transfer on Friction
Factor
•
For non-circular conduits
• We use the hydraulic radius

• The hydraulic diameter is now defined as

Friction Losses in Expansion,
Contraction and Pipe Fittings
•1. Sudden enlargement losses

2. Sudden contraction losses

3. Fittings and valves

Important Notes on the K’s

Listen to the lecturer…

Example 7
Hot water in an open storage tank at 82.2 degC is being pumped at a
rate of 0.379 cu m/min from the storage tank. The line from the storage
tank to the pump suction is 6.1 m of 2-in schedule 40 steel pipe and it
contains three elbows. The discharge line after the pump is 61 m of 2-in
pipe and contains two elbows. The water discharges to the atmosphere
at a height of 6.1 m above the water level in the storage tank.
a. Calculate all the frictional losses
b. What is the power requirement of the pump if its efficiency is 75%?
Example 8
A new water piping system is being designed for an apartment
complex. The supply water to this complex must provide 1200 gal/min
at a pressure of 25 psi and will come from the large diameter main city
supply line which is maintained at 65 psi. We want to determine the
appropriate pipe diameter to use to connect the city line to the
apartment complex line. We are going to use a plastic material with an
equivalent roughness of 5x10^-7 ft. We also know that we are going to
use 100 ft of pipe, 4 threaded 90 elbows, 10 threaded unions and a
swing check valve for forward flow. The elevation difference between
the main source and the apartment source is 10 ft. Determine the pipe
diameter to use. (Density = 1.94 slugs/ cu ft, μ=2.34 x 10^-5 lb-s/sq. ft)
Empirical Relations
• Blasius Equation (For turbulent flow in smooth tubes)

• Colebrook Formula (For rough pipes)

• Churchill Equation
Empirical Relations
• Churchill equation (for any type of flow)