4. CONCLUSION sented and its characteristics are investigated.

The application of Koch

A nonuniform inverted-L slotted double-sided array antenna has been
proposed and fabricated for LTE and WLAN application. The antenna
having 4 3 2 radiating array with mitered quarter wave transmission
line printed on both sides of FR4 substrate. It is observed that double-
sided array with nonuniform inverted-L slots suppresses the side lobe
less than 220 dB at both frequencies where the upper side excited for
5.8 GHz while the lower side for 2.6 GHz. An optimized air gap
between the substrate and reflector improved the reflection coefficient
and gain at both frequencies. The maximum gain recorded is about
7.12 dB at 2.6 GHz and 10.1 dB at 5.8 GHz, respectively. Good
agreement observed between the measurement and simulated result
fractal geometry at the edges of octagonal monopole provides desired
miniaturization and wideband phenomena due to its self-similar and
space filling properties. The two octagonal fractal antennas are placed
orthogonal to each other and used to construct UWB MIMO antenna.
An L-shaped stub is used in the ground plane of the geometry to provide
an improvement in the isolation. The band rejection in wireless local
area network band is achieved by etching a C-shaped slot from the
monopole of the individual antenna. The compact dimension 40 3
25 mm2 of the antenna exhibits nearly omnidirectional radiation pattern,
a low envelope correlation coefficient (<0.01), with good S-parameters
over the entire UWB frequency range. The measured results show good
agreement with the simulated one. V C 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

for reflection coefficient, E-plane, and H-plane at both frequencies. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:1919–1925, 2015; View this article
online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.29220

REFERENCES
Key words: ultrawideband antenna; fractal geometry; band-notch
1. S. Maci and G.B. Gentili, Dual-frequency patch antenna, IEEE
Antennas Propag Mag 39 (1997), 13–20.
2. J.R. Panda and R.S. Kshetrimayum, A printed 2.4 GHz/5.8 GHz 1. INTRODUCTION
dual-band monopole antenna for WLAN and RFID applications with
a protruding stub in the ground plane, In: NCC National IEEE con- The ultrawideband (UWB) technology is growing very rapidly
ference, Bangalore, 2011, pp. 1–5. because of its high data transmission capacity in a wide fre-
3. Z. Wang, H. Wang, M. Wei, and Q. Li, The design and implementa- quency band at very low power level. UWB system attracted
tion of double side printed patch antenna, In: International Confer- the interest of researchers from academia and industry after the
ence on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology (ICMMT), authorization of unlicensed use of 3.1–10.6 GHz band, by Fed-
Nanjing, 2008, pp. 1869–1871. eral Communication Commission (FCC) in 2002 [1]. Neverthe-
4. N. Zakaria, S.K.A. Rahim, T.S. Ooi, K.G. Tan, A.W. Reza, and less, UWB system faces multipath fading problem due to
M.S.A. Rani, Design of stacked microstrip dual-band circular polar-
reflection and diffraction between the receiver and the transmit-
ized antenna, Radioengineering 21 (2012), 875–880.
ter. This problem can be solved using multiple-input-multiple-
5. P.Q Mariadoss, M.K.A. Rahim, and M.Z.A. Abd Aziz, Butler matrix
using circular and mitered bends at 2.4 GHz, In: International Con- output (MIMO) technology [2]. In this technique, multiple
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6. J.-F. Huang and F.-J. Wu, Wideband printed and double-sided dipole fading characteristics, which in turn leads to improvement in
four elements array antenna on 5.2GHz UNII band, In: IEEE Inter- system reliability and channel capacity [3]. However, the use of
national Workshop on Anti-counterfeiting, Security, Identification, multiple antennas in a smaller area will cause for the degrada-
Xiamen, Fujian, 2007, pp. 23–27. tion of antenna characteristics due to mutual coupling among
7. D.M. Pozar and B. Kafuman, Design considerations for low side lobe antenna elements. Several UWB MIMO antennas have been
microstrip arrays, IEEE Trans Antenna Propag 38 (1990), 1176–1185. reported in the literature for UWB systems [4,5].
8. H.-S. Tae, K.-S. Oh, S.-E. Hong, M.-S. Lee, and J.-W. Yu, Low
The UWB systems faces electromagnetic interference prob-
side-lobe horn antenna with non-uniform slot array, Microwave Opt
lems with existing narrowband communication system operating
Technol Lett 56 (2014), 1860–1862.
9. W.A.W. Muhamad, T.A. Rahman, and M.F. Jamlos, The effects of
air-gap on spider radial line slot array (SRLSA) antenna for point to
point application, In: IEEE Symposium on Wireless Technology and
Applicationa (ISWTA), Kuching, 2013, pp. 388–390.
10. M.I. Jais, M.F. Jamlos, M. Jusoh, T. Sabapathy, M.K.A. Nayan, A.
Shahadah, H.A. Ramli, I. Ismail, and F.A.A. Fuad, 1.575 GHz dual-
polarization textile antenna (DPTA) for GPS application, In: IEEE
Symposium on Wireless Technology and Applications (ISWTA),
Kuching, 2013, pp. 376–379.

C 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

V

A COMPACT OCTAGONAL FRACTAL

UWB MIMO ANTENNA WITH WLAN
BAND-REJECTION
Shrivishal Tripathi,1 Akhilesh Mohan,2 and Sandeep Yadav1 Figure 1 Geometry of the proposed fractal UWB MIMO antenna.
1
CoE-Information and Communication Technology, Indian Institute of [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at
Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342011, India; Corresponding wileyonlinelibrary.com]
author: shrivishal@iitj.ac.in
2
Electronics and Electrical Communication Department, Indian
Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India

Received 28 January 2015

ABSTRACT: In this article, a compact octagonal-shaped fractal ultra- Figure 2 Recursive Generation of Koch structure (a) Iteration-0, (b)
wideband (UWB) multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna is pre- Iteration-1, and (c) Iteration-2

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 8, August 2015 1919

Figure 3 Evolution of the FM of antenna structure with the applica-
tion of Koch geometry at the edges of octagonal geometry (a) initiator,
(b) after first iteration and, (c) after second iteration
in the UWB range such as IEEE 802.11 wireless local area net-
work (WLAN) from 5.15–5.85 GHz. To achieve WLAN band
rejection in the UWB range, different methods have been used
such as etching the different shaped structures either from the
radiator portion or from the ground plane of the UWB antenna.
Some of these are split-ring resonators [6], open loop resonators
[7], and U-shaped structures [8]. However, the application of
these techniques for band rejection could cause additional
mutual coupling between radiating structures and this affects the
band rejection behavior too. Hence, the design of a compact
UWB MIMO antenna with band-notch characteristics and low
mutual coupling is a challenging task. The UWB antenna with
band-notch characteristics in WLAN band are reported in [9,10].
Moreover, these antenna structures are large in dimensions and
difficult to integrate with modern portable UWB applications.
The application of fractal geometry in antenna design pro-
vides miniaturization and wideband phenomena because of its
self-similarity and space filling properties [11–13]. The space
filling property helps to increases the effective electrical path
length of the antenna in a given small area [11,12]. Several frac-
tal geometries such as Koch snowflake [12], hexagonal-shaped
[11], and Sierpinski triangle [11,12] are used to design UWB
antenna.
In this article, a compact MIMO UWB antenna with WLAN
a band-notch characteristic is presented. To achieve the com-
pactness and wideband phenomena, Koch fractal geometry is
applied at the edges of octagonal-shaped monopole. The band
rejection in WLAN band is obtained by introducing the C-
shaped slot in the fractal monopole (FM) of the structure. The
rectangular slots are introduced in the ground plane to achieve
the UWB operational band. A decoupling L-shaped grounded
Figure 4 Simulated S-parameters variation of proposed fractal UWB MIMO antenna with and without ground stub (a) S11 and S22 and (b) S21 and S12.
[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
1920 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 8, August 2015
stub is introduced between the two monopoles, which enhance
the isolation between the antenna elements. The prototype of
UWB MIMO antenna is fabricated and measured results show
good agreement with the simulated one.
2. ANTENNA DESIGN
2.1. Antenna Configuration
The geometry of the proposed UWB MIMO antenna with
WLAN band rejection is shown in Figure 1. It is fabricated on
FR4 substrate (dielectric constant of 4.4, loss tangent of 0.02),
with dimensions of 40 3 25 3 1.6 mm3. The octagonal-shaped
FM are placed orthogonal to each other, both fed by 50 X
microstrip line. The orthogonal orientation of these two antenna
elements helps to achieve better isolation between them [14].
The Koch fractal geometry is applied at the edges of octagonal
shape monopole to achieve the desired miniaturization and
wideband characteristics.
The generation of Koch fractal geometry is shown in Figure 2.
The iteration wise evolution of FM is presented in Figure 3.
Here, the octagonal shape works as an initiator and the Koch
geometry works as a generator in the design of monopole of the
antenna. Furthermore, rectangular slots of dimensions Ls2 3 Ws2
are introduced in the ground plane to achieve the UWB opera-
tional bandwidth. To obtain better isolation at lower frequency
edge of UWB band, an L-shaped stub is extended from the
ground plane between the two monopoles. It increases the effec-
tive current path and introduces an additional resonance at
2.6 GHz, which in turn improves isolation in UWB band. The
band rejection in WLAN band is obtained by etching C-shaped
slot from the FM of the UWB MIMO antenna. The analysis and
design of the proposed UWB MIMO antenna is carried out
using Ansoft HFSS ver.13. The optimized dimensions are as
follows: L 5 25 mm, W 5 40 mm, R 5 4.6 mm, Wm 5 2.6 mm,
Lg 5 8.5 mm, T 5 0.3 mm, d 5 0.8 mm, L1 5 1.2 mm,
L2 5 3.4 mm, L3 5 7 mm, L4 5 2.6 mm, L5 5 15.5 mm,
L6 5 1 mm, L7 5 6.25 mm, W1 5 6.2 mm, W2 5 9.2 mm,
Ls1 5 3.5 mm, Ws1 5 1 mm, Ls2 5 1.5 mm, Ws2 5 5 mm,
Ls3 5 1 mm, Ws3 5 1.5 mm, Ls4 5 2 mm, Ws4 5 8 mm,
Ls5 5 1 mm, and Ws5 5 2 mm.
2.2. Effect of L-Shape Ground Stub
Figure 4 shows the effect of L-shaped stub on the S-parameters
of the antenna. It is observed from Figure 4(a) that the imped-
ance bandwidth S11 < 210 dB improves significantly at lower
DOI 10.1002/mop
Figure 5 Simulated surface current distribution (a) at 4 GHz without L-shape stub when port1 is excited, (b) at 4 GHz with L-shape stub when port1
is excited, (c) at 4 GHz without L-shape stub when port2 is excited, (d) at 4 GHz with L-shape stub when port2 is excited, (e) at 9.6 GHz without L-
shape stub when port1 is excited, (f) at 9.6 GHz with L-shape stub when port1 is excited, (g) at 9.6 GHz without L-shape stub when port2 is excited,
and (h) at 9.6 GHz with L-shape stub when port2 is excited. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.
com]

and higher frequencies in the UWB operating band after the
introduction of L-shaped ground stub, which helps to obtain the
operating bandwidth from 3.3–10.8 GHz with three resonant fre-
quencies at 4, 6.4, and 9.6 GHz, whereas impedance bandwidth
response of S22 < 210 dB improves at higher frequencies. These
improvements can be attributed due to increment in the surface
current path. It is noticed that isolation of more than 15 dB is
required in UWB MIMO antenna for good performance [5,9]. It
is observed from Figure 4(b) that the decoupling bandwidth
response is suppressed significantly at lower frequency after the
introduction of L-shape ground stub, which in turn helps to
achieve decoupling bandwidth from 2.4–14 GHz.
The effect of L-shaped ground stub can be expressed in
terms of the surface current distributions of UWB MIMO
antenna at 4 and 9.6 GHz resonant frequencies. It is observed
from Figures 5(a) and 5(b), when port 1 is excited, that at

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 8, August 2015 1921
Figure 6 Simulated surface current distribution at 5.5 GHz notch frequency (a) port 1 is excited and (b) port 2 is excited. [Color figure can be viewed
in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Figure 7 Photograph of the fabricated UWB MIMO antenna (a) front view and (b) rear view. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which
is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

4 GHz resonant frequency, significant amount of surface current 9.6 GHz, stub blocks the flow of currents from FM2 to FM1
is coupled to the ground stub, which leads to the reduction of when compared with the case without the stub and with the
surface currents at FM2 of the antenna from FM1. Thus, incre- stub.
ment in impedance bandwidth and decoupling bandwidth at low
frequency is also observed. When port 2 is excited at 4 GHz, 2.3. Effect of C-Shaped Slot
Figures 5(c) and 5(d) show that significant amount of current is The band rejection characteristics over the WLAN (5.15–
coupled to the stub and flow of surface current from FM2 to 5.825 GHz) notch band is obtained by etching C-shaped slot
FM1 is reduced significantly. Figures 5(e) and 5(f) show that at from the FM of the antenna. The length of the slot is calculated
9.6 GHz, when port 1 is excited, the surface current intensity at mathematically by the following expression:
both the FMs increases as compared with lower resonant fre-
quency, which leads to improvement in S11 and S21 in the UWB
c
spectrum as well as radiation characteristics of the antenna. L¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  2L1 1L2 12L3 (1)
Similarly, for Figures 5(g) and 5(h) when port 2 is excited, at 2fnotch eeff

Figure 8 Comparison of simulated and measured S-parameters result (a) S11 and S22 and (b) S21 and S12. [Color figure can be viewed in the online
issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

1922 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 8, August 2015 DOI 10.1002/mop
Figure 9 Radiation characteristics of the UWB MIMO antenna in E-plane and H-plane at 4.0 GHz (), 6.4 GHz (), and 9.6 GHz () (a) port 1 is
matched and (b) port 2 is matched. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

where, c is speed of the light, eeff is the effective dielectric con-
stant as calculated in [15], and L is the length of the slot. The
calculated length of the C-shaped slot using (1) is 16.2 mm,
whereas actual length is 16.6 mm, which is close to calculated
length. It can be observed from simulated surface current distri-
bution of antenna at 5.5 GHz notch frequency in Figure 6 that
when port1/port2 is excited, the surface current is concentrated
near the C-shaped slot only.

Figure 10 Measured gain of the proposed UWB MIMO antenna.

[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at
wileyonlinelibrary.com] Figure 11 ECC of the proposed UWB MIMO antenna

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 8, August 2015 1923
 TABLE 1 Fidelity Factor of the Proposed Antenna

Probe Positions (x-z Fidelity Probe Positions (x-y Fidelity

Plane) Factor Plane) Factor
h 5 08, u 5 08 0.7752 u 5 08, h 5 908 0.8648
h 5 308, u 5 08 0.8842 u 5 308, h 5 908 0.6660
h 5 608, u 5 08 0.8352 u 5 608, h 5 908 0.8738
h 5 908, u 5 08 0.7180 u 5 908, h 5 908 0.9013
h 5 1208, u 5 08 0.8859 u 5 1208, h 5 908 0.9222
h 5 1508, u 5 08 0.8979 u 5 1508, h 5 908 0.9466
h 5 1808, u 5 08 0.6604 u 5 1808, h 5 908 0.9252

transmission for reliable transmission in a communication chan-

nel. In case of a 2 3 2 MIMO antenna, its value should be less
than 0.4 b/s/Hz for reliable transmission [18,19] and it is calcu-
lated using the correlation matrix as follows [19]:

Figure 12 Capacity Loss of the proposed UWB MIMO antenna  

Closs ¼ 2log2 det wR (3)

where wR is the correlation matrix of the receiving antenna and

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
To verify the concept of present UWB MIMO antenna, the proto-
type of the antenna is fabricated and is measured using Agilent
E5071C vector network analyzer. The photographs of the fabri-
cated UWB antenna with its top and bottom view are shown in
Figure 7. The simulated and measured S11, S22, and S21 of the
UWB MIMO antenna are shown in Figure 8.The measured S11
and S22 results are in good agreement with simulated results. The
mutual coupling behavior of antenna is less than 215 dB. Thus,
the presented UWB MIMO antenna satisfies the desired character-
istics in the UWB operating range, so the antenna is an appropriate
choice for portable UWB MIMO system.
Figure 9 shows the measured radiation pattern in E-plane
(xz-plane) and H-plane (yz-plane) at different resonant frequen-
cies. It is observed that radiation pattern is quasi-omnidirectional
in H-plane. Figure 9(a) shows the radiation pattern at resonant fre-
quencies when port 1 is excited, whereas port 2 is terminated using
a 50 X matched load. Figure 9(b) displays the radiation pattern
when port 2 is excited and port 1 is terminated with a 50 X
matched load. The radiation pattern at higher frequencies shows
small distortion compared with lower frequencies due to the
reflection at edges from the FM of antenna. The bends and curves
of fractal geometry cause for the change in current path, which in
turn leads to enhancement in radiation characteristics of the
antenna [16]. Figure 10 shows the measured gain of the proposed
antenna for both ports in the UWB band. The gain response is
within 3 dB variation range outside WLAN notch band. The gain
response is suppressed significantly in the notch band.
The envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is an essential
parameter to estimate the diversity performance of a MIMO
antenna and calculated using S-parameters [17]:
jS11 S12 1S21 S22 j2
qe ¼ (2)
ð12ðjS11 j2 1jS21 j2 ÞÞð12ðjS22 j2 1jS12 j2 ÞÞ
Figure 11 represents the ECC of the proposed UWB MIMO
antenna. It is observed that ECC value is less than 0.01 across
the entire UWB range due to its efficient design, whereas for
good diversity performance, its value should be less than 0.5
[14]. This indicates the good diversity performance is achieved
by the proposed UWB MIMO antenna.
Similarly, in a rich multipath environment, quality of UWB
MIMO system is estimated in terms of capacity loss (b/s/Hz)
also. This parameter is used to define the upper bound of rate of
expressed mathematically as:
" #
q11 q12  
wR ¼ ; qii ¼ 12 jSii j2 1jSij j2
q21 q22
and
 
qij ¼ 2 Sii Sij 1Sji Sij ; for i; j51 or 2:
Figure 12 shows the capacity loss changes with the variation of
frequencies. It is observed that the capacity loss value are always less
than 0.3 b/s/Hz in the UWB operating range, except for WLAN notch
band, where it is higher than the threshold value of 0.4 b/s/Hz.
4. TIME-DOMAIN ANALYSIS
The time domain characteristic provides a better understanding of
antenna, which processes short pulses of large bandwidth. The level
of distortion introduced by the antenna to its input signal is calcu-
lated in terms of fidelity factor, as given in [20]. The default Gaus-
sian modulated pulse of CST of spectrum range 3.1–10.6 GHz is
selected as input signal, which satisfies the FCC indoor and outdoor
power mask [21]. The probe is defined in the elevation and azi-
muthal plane at a distance of 300 mm, to accomplish the far field
criteria for every 308 from 08 to 1808. The value of fidelity factor
>0.5 is quite acceptable for well matching in UWB MIMO antenna
[22]. Table 1 shows the fidelity factor variation in the UWB spec-
trum range from 0.66 to 0.94. These results show that the proposed
antenna structure has good pulse preserving capability.
5. CONCLUSION
A compact fractal UWB MIMO antenna with WLAN band-
notched characteristics is presented in this article. The applica-
tion of Koch geometry provides miniaturization and wideband
phenomena. The L-shaped ground stub helps to improve the iso-
lation between orthogonally placed FM antennas. The band
rejection at 5.5 GHz notch band is obtained by etching C-
shaped slot from the monopole antenna. Moreover, the applica-
tion of fractal geometry helps to obtain the stable radiation pat-
tern at higher resonant frequencies in the UWB band. The
proposed antenna has a compact dimension of 40 3 25 mm2.
This design approach provides a good solution for wideband
compact antenna with excellent antenna characteristics. Thus,
the proposed antenna is suitable for UWB MIMO applications.

1924 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 8, August 2015 DOI 10.1002/mop
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8. W. Jiangand and W.Q. Che, A novel UWB antenna with dual
notched bands for WiMAX and WLAN applications, IEEE Antennas
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9. G. Peng, H. Shuang, W. Xubo, X. Ziqiang, W. Ning, and Z. Yi,
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notched characteristics, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag Lett 13
(2014), 376–379.
10. J.-M. Lee, K.-B. Kim, H.-K. Ryu, and J.-M. Woo, A compact ultra-
wideband MIMO antenna with WLAN band-rejected operation for
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14. M.P. Karaboikis, V.C. Papamichael, G.F. Tsachtsiris, C.F. Soras,
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V lower cut off frequency of the proposed antenna. Agarwall et al.
DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 8, August 2015
DESIGN OF AN ULTRAWIDEBAND
PLANAR CIRCULAR METAL ANTENNA
Santanu Mondal and Partha Pratim Sarkar
Department of Engineering and Technological Studies, University of
Kalyani, Kalyani, West Bengal, India; Corresponding author:
parthabe91@yahoo.co.in
Received 28 January 2015
ABSTRACT: In this article, a planar circular metal antenna is
designed for ultrawideband applications. A modified design formula is
proposed to predict the lower cut off frequency of the antenna. The error
between theoretical and simulated lower cut off frequency is within 5%
for variation of radius of the radiating element from 3 to 9 cm. A short-
ing strip is connected as a top inductive load to reduce the size of the
antenna. The simulated and measured reflection coefficient, gain, and
radiation pattern of the proposed shorted planar circular metal antenna
are in good agreement. V C 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt
Technol Lett 57:1925–1928, 2015; View this article online at
wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.29217
Key words: ultrawideband; shorting strip; planar metal antenna
1. INTRODUCTION
The ultrawideband (UWB) systems in the frequency range of
3.1–10.6 GHz provide high data-rate-transmission capabilities
(typically 100 Mbps) with low power spectral densities (241.3
dBm/MHz), ensuring thereby low interference with other
narrow-band wireless devices [1]. Agarwall et al. proposed a
formula to predict the lower cut off frequency of the planar
monopole antennas [2]. Recently, planar printed monopole
antennas have been developed for UWB applications [3–5].
Many nonplanar metal antennas are reported for wideband and
bidirectional radiation pattern [6,7]. In Ref. 8, a design formula
of a planar elliptical metal antenna is reported.
In this article, initially, a planar circular metal antenna
(PCMA) is designed. The antenna with diagram is discussed in
detail in Section 2. In this section, a modified design formula is
proposed to predict the lower cut off frequency of the antenna.
In Section 3, various antenna parameters such as reflection coef-
ficient, gain, and radiation pattern are obtained by finite integra-
tion technique-based full wave commercial software CST studio
[9]. The simulated results are compared with some measured
results in this section.
2. ANTENNA DESIGN
The geometry of the proposed PCMA is shown in Figure 1. The
circular radiating element is made by a copper plate of thickness
1 mm. The center conductor and ground of CPW line consists
of the same material which has been used for radiating element.
The design parameters of the antenna as given in Figure 1 are
optimized by analyzing the best reflection coefficient character-
istics. The optimized dimensions of PCMA are R 5 13 mm,
d 5 4.5 mm, W1 5 1 mm, W2 5 3 mm, W3 5 4.5 mm,
W4 5 17 mm, W5 5 4.5 mm, p 5 1 mm as shown in Figure 1. A
coaxial to CPW transition is designed to achieve wide imped-
ance matching [10,11].
The length of the proposed planar metal antenna is larger
compared with that of reported k/4 monopole antenna [2], so
the expression for length of the antenna (l) in Ref. 2 is modified
in this article. The modified expression of l is considered here
after analyzing the simulation and experimental verification of
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