Me Laboratory 1 Manual 1

Technological Institute of the Philippines
College of Engineering & Architecture
Mechanical Engineering Department
Laboratory Manual
Mechanical Engineering Laboratory 1

(Measurements Laboratory)
Nicanor L. Serrano
Copyright 2013
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 1
(Measurements Laboratory)
Nicanor L. Serrano, ME
Master of Engineering (ME), TUP-Manila
BS Mechanical Engineering, TIP-Manila
ME Department Chair, TIP-Manila
2
PREFACE
This manual contains application that deals mainly with the applications of the engineering
measurements for pressure, temperature, flow, level reducing motions motion, weight and
volume of a given substance, area of a regular and irregular plane surfaces, and power. The
authors made it a point that all the theoretical practices inside the classroom are verified in
the actual condition. A theoretical background is written before each experiment but the
students are required to research further to validate and support all the data gathered.
Having a sketch of the actual experiment set-up also inculcates the basic foundation of
mechanical engineering. After each experiment, students are expected to gain the basic
actual experience in the mentioned applications. Furthermore, students are expected to
design their own experiments.
3
Table of Contents
Expt. No. Title Page

No.
1 Calibration of Pressure Measuring Instrument --------------------------- 5
2 Calibration of Temperature Measuring Instrument ----------------------- 18
3 Measurement of Weight and Volume ---------------------------------------- 24
4 Measurement of Area ----------------------------------------------------------- 32
5 Gas Flow Measurement -------------------------------------------------------- 48
6 Power Measurement ------------------------------------------------------------ 54
7 Psychrometric Measurement -------------------------------------------------- 63
8 Final Design Experiment -------------------------------------------------------- 72
4
Experiment No. 1
CALIBRATION OF PRESSURE MEASURING INSTRUMENT

Course Code: Program: ______________________________
__________________________
Course Title: Date Performed: ________________________
___________________________
Section: Date Submitted: ________________________
_______________________________
Students: Instructor: _____________________________
1. ___________________________
2. ___________________________
3. ___________________________
4. ___________________________
5. ___________________________
1. Objective:
The activity aims to demonstrate the calibration of pressure gauge specifically the dead-weight piston
gauge
2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):

The students shall be able to:
2.1 Identify the parts of a dead-weight piston gauge
2.2 Describe the procedure in calibrating a dead-weight piston gauge
2.3 Develop professional work ethics, including precision, neatness, safety and ability to follow
instruction.
3. Discussion:
A dead-weight piston gauge is used to introduce to students the principles of checking and adjusting of
manometers – (calibrating principles).
The pressure is applied via weights, which are placed on a weight support. The latter has a piston which
acts on hydraulic oil in a pipe system, so that a manometer which is also connected to the system should
indicate certain pressures.
5
The device contains a Bourdon spring manometer with a transparent dial. The display mechanism and the
various adjustment opportunities are therefore clearly identifiable.
Hydraulic oil is used to transfer pressure.
Manometer
Weight Support
Weights
Base Plate
The device for calibrating pressure gauges essentially consists of two units:
(1) The Pressure Gauge Unit. This is where the manometer to be calibrated is screwed in.
6
(2) The Load Unit. The load unit consists of several weights and a cylinder with a piston. An increase
in the load results in an increase in pressure. The load unit is connected to the pressure gauge unit
via an oil-filled line, enabling the manometer to display the increase in pressure.
Principle of Operation:
Connection between the load unit and the pressure gauge unit: Both units are connected by means of a
pipeline. When the support is loaded with weights, the oil pressure in the system increases. The seal
between the piston and the cylinder is metallic, with no other sealing elements. The fit has been very
carefully designed to ensure that the piston operates almost entirely without friction, and with minimal oil
leakage.
The weights are designated in such a way that pressure increments of 0.5 bar are possible.
Place the small weight on the weight support first. A guide pin is provided for this purpose. The unit is also
equipped with a drain and filling plug in order to drain or fill the oil.
The compensation cylinder can be used to raise and lower the weight load on the oil cushion of the
hydraulic oil. For the measurements, the load must be kept on the oil cushion so that the pressure is
applied in the hydraulic system.
After unscrewing the pressure relief knob, the weight load can be brought down until it is supported. The
hydraulic is then relieved of the load.
In addition, the compensation cylinder can be used to easily check the oil level and top it up if required.
Removing the Transport Protection:
Before the compensation cylinder can be used, the transport protection must be replaced with the
ventilation screw provided.
1. To do so, loosen the transport protection using the hexagon socket wrench provided and unscrew
completely. Keep the transport protection in a safe place in case of subsequent transportation.
2. Place the ventilation screw provided in the now empty tapped hole and tighten using the hexagon
socket wrench provided.
3. In the event of subsequent transportation, reinstall the transport protection in place of the
ventilation screw. To do so, follow this procedure in the reverse order.
Removing and Inserting the Transport Cap
The transport cap is held in the cylinder by an O-ring, not by a thread.

1. Removal of the transport cap:
a. Push the compensation cylinder hand lever until the pressure increases.
b. Hold the transport cap securely and push the hand lever further until the transport cap is
loose and can be removed. (Note: Pressurized oil may squirt out of the opening)
2. Insertion of transport cap:
a. Place transport cap in place
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b. Unscrew the pressure relief knob then press on the transport cap
c. Screw the pressure relief knob back in.
Topping up the Hydraulic Oil:
If despite repeatedly operating the hand lever the oil does not reach the brim of the cylinder, the oil must be
topped up. For this purpose, proceed as follows:
1. If you have already done so, remove the piston with a weight support.
2. Pull hand lever to its highest position
3. Unscrew pressure relief knob
4. Top oil to the first ledge
5. Fit piston with weight support
6. Push down piston with weight support
7. Screw in pressure relief knob
8. Perform zero balance to check the zero point of the manometer:
a. Push the hand lever down so that the piston is pushed out of the cylinder.
b. Remove the piston and weight support.
c. Adjust the oil level in the open cylinder until the cylinder is filled up to the edge.
d. The manometer being tested should now indicate zero, as it is only subject to ambient
pressure. If this is not the case, the pointer on the pressure gauge can be adjusted with a
small screwdriver. For this, remove the front glass by turning the front ring.
Changing Oil:
1. Remove the drain and filling plug.

2. Drain the old oil, bleed if necessary.
3. Make an additional screwed connection between the three-way valve and vacuum pump.
4. Open the three-way valve so that the vacuum pump generates a vacuum.
5. Reverse the three-way valve to allow oil into the system.
6. Then shut off the hydraulic system. (Note: Do not replace the pressure gauge. Oil can only be
refilled using a vacuum).
4. Materials and Equipment:
 Dead-weight Piston Gauge Complete Set
5. Procedure:
Once the zero point of a manometer has been checked, the weight support is re-inserted into the
cylinder of the pressure gauge unit. To do this:
1. Unscrew pressure relief knob
2. Press down weight support
3. Screw in pressure relief knob
8
- Press down the hand lever, thereby slowly lifting the piston with weight support until it just
floats on the oil with sufficient guidance. In order to avoid static friction, set the weight
support in gentle rotation. The mass of the support is 385 grams. Taking into account the
piston diameter of 12 mm, it is now possible to determine the increase in pressure
according to the following basic formula:
P = F/A
Where: P = pressure
F = Force = m x g
A = Area
m = mass of load unit
g = gravity constant
4. Other pressures occurring when the weight on the support is increased can be calculated in exactly
the same way.
5. The display of 0.5 bar is achieved by placing a weight with a mass of 193 grams on the support.
The other weights weigh 578 grams, which is equivalent to a pressure increase of 0.5 bar each
time. The following table shows the ratio of pressure to weights:
Mass in
0 385 578 1,156 1,734 2,312 2,890
grams
Pressure in
0 0.334 0.50 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
bar
Preparation for Experiment:
1. Remove the transport cap.

2. Top up with oil if necessary and check the zero signal.
Performing the Experiment:
1. Read off the zero signal on the pressure gauge, check it and make a note of it.
2. Set the weight carrier to 0.334 bar by inserting the piston in the load unit cylinder. To do this:
a. Unscrew pressure relief knob
b. Press down weight support
c. Screw in pressure relief knob
d. Press down the hand lever, thereby slowly lifting the piston with weight support until it just
floats on the oil with sufficient guidance. To avoid sticking due to static friction, gently twist
9
the weight carrier as it sinks. Note the pressure signal on the pressure gauge.
e. Place the load ring for 0.166 bar on the weight carrier. When so doing, make sure that the
weight carrier floats freely on the oil. To minimize sticking due to static friction while
performing this experiment, gently twist the weight carrier. Note the pressure signal on the
pressure gauge.
f. Add each of the four load rings for 0.5 bar in turn, repeating the action described above
and noting the pressure values.
6. Data and Results:
Ideal Reading Result
For Trial 1
Weight of loads with Measured pressure in Theoretical pressure in

pressure value in grams bar bar
0 0
385 0.334
578 0.50
1,156 1.0
1,734 1.5
2,312 2.0
2,890 2.5
For Trial 2

0 0
385 0.334
578 0.50
1,156 1.0
1,734 1.5
2,312 2.0
2,890 2.5
For Trial 3

0 0
385 0.334
578 0.50
10
1,156 1.0
1,734 1.5
2,312 2.0
2,890 2.5
Average Measured Pressure

0 0
385 0.334
578 0.50
1,156 1.0
1,734 1.5
2,312 2.0
2,890 2.5
Considering the Lower and Upper Limits:
For Trial 1
Load (with Measured Lower limit –1% Theoretical Upper limit +1%
imprint) in grams pressure in bar in bar pressure in bar in bar
0 -0.025 0 +0.025
385 +0.309 0.334 +0.359
578 0.475 0.50 0.525
1,156 0.975 1.00 1.025
1,734 1.475 1.50 1.525
2,312 1.975 2.0 2.025
2,890 2.475 2.50 2.525
For Trial 2
0 -0.025 0 +0.025
385 +0.309 0.334 +0.359
578 0.475 0.50 0.525
1,156 0.975 1.00 1.025
1,734 1.475 1.50 1.525
11
2,312 1.975 2.0 2.025
2,890 2.475 2.50 2.525
For Trial 3
0 -0.025 0 +0.025
385 +0.309 0.334 +0.359
578 0.475 0.50 0.525
1,156 0.975 1.00 1.025
1,734 1.475 1.50 1.525
2,312 1.975 2.0 2.025
2,890 2.475 2.50 2.525
Average Measured Pressure
0 -0.025 0 +0.025
385 +0.309 0.334 +0.359
578 0.475 0.50 0.525
1,156 0.975 1.00 1.025
1,734 1.475 1.50 1.525
2,312 1.975 2.0 2.025
2,890 2.475 2.50 2.525
12
Computation:
13
14
9. Graphical Evaluation:
15
10. Conclusion/Recommendation:
16
11. Assessment Rubric:
T I P - V PAA– 0 5 4 D
Revision Status/Date:0/2009 September 09
TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

RUBRIC FOR LABORATORY PERFORMANCE
CRITERIA BEGINNER ACCEPTABLE PROFICIENT SCORE
1 2 3
Laboratory Skills
Manipulative Members do not Members occasionally Members always
Skills demonstrate needed demonstrate needed demonstrate needed
skills. skills. skills.
Experimental Members are unable to Members are able to Members are able to
Set-up set-up the materials. set-up the materials set-up the material with
with supervision. minimum supervision.
Process Members do not Members occasionally Members always
Skills demonstrate targeted demonstrate targeted demonstrate targeted
process skills. process skills. process skills.
Safety Members do not follow Members follow safety Members follow safety
Precautions safety precautions. precautions most of the precautions at all
time. times.
Work Habits
Time Members do not finish Members finish on time Members finish ahead
Management/ on time with incomplete with incomplete data. of time with complete
Conduct of data. data and time to revise
Experiment data.
Cooperative Members do not know Members have defined Members are on tasks
and their tasks and have no responsibilities most of and have
Teamwork defined responsibilities. the time. Group responsibilities at all
Group conflicts have to conflicts are times. Group conflicts
be settled by the cooperatively managed are cooperatively
teacher. most of the time. managed at all times.
Neatness and Messy workplace during Clean and orderly Clean and orderly
Orderliness and after the workplace with workplace at all times
experiment. occasional mess during during and after the
and after the experiment.
experiment.
Ability to do Members require Members require Members do not need
independent supervision by the occasional supervision to be supervised by the
work teacher. by the teacher. teacher.
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Other Comments/Observations:
TOTAL SCORE
RATING=
x 100%
Experiment No. 2
CALIBRATION OF TEMPERATURE MEASURING DEVICE

Course Code: Program: ___________________________
__________________________
Course Title: Date Performed: _____________________
___________________________
Section: Date Submitted: _____________________
_______________________________
Students: Instructor: __________________________
1. ___________________________
2. ___________________________
3. ___________________________
4. ___________________________
5. ___________________________
1. Objective:
The activity aims to demonstrate the calibration of temperature measuring device specifically the
thermometer

2.1 Explain the principle of temperature reading using thermometer
2.2 Calibrate a thermometer
instruction.
3. Discussion:
Many devices have been invented to accurately measure temperature. It all started with the establishment
of a temperature scale. This scale transformed the measurement of temperature into meaningful numbers.
In the early years of the eighteenth century, Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the Fahrenheit scale.
He set the freezing point of water at 32 degrees and the boiling point at 212 degrees. These two points
formed the anchors for his scale.
Later in that century, around 1743, Anders Celsius (1701-1744) invented the Celsius scale. Using the same
anchor points, he determined the freezing temperature for water to be 0 degree and the boiling temperature
100 degrees. The Celsius scale is known as a Universal System Unit. It is used throughout science and in
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most countries.
Measuring temperatures of -10 to 150° C can be accomplished quite easily by means of an ordinary
laboratory thermometer. However, measuring temperatures in the range of liquid nitrogen can prove to be
very difficult with an ordinary thermometer. Thermocouple thermometers however, are fairly accurate over a
wide range of temperatures. A thermocouple is an electrical junction between two dissimilar metals.
This junction produces a small voltage at different temperatures. By calibrating the voltage with known
temperatures, an accurate thermocouple thermometer can be made. Commercial thermocouples of various
types are usually already calibrated and are readily available.
When working with very low temperatures it is inconvenient to work with the Celsius or Fahrenheit scales
because of their inherent negative numbers. The K scale, with 0 K representing the temperature where a
substance has zero heat energy, is a more appropriate temperature scale to use. This scale is very
convenient for measuring the very low temperatures of liquid nitrogen. On this scale liquid nitrogen would
have a temperature of 77 K.
The three main temperature scales used for measuring temperature are Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin.
The Kelvin scale is used for most scientific work because it is proportional to the kinetic energy in a
substance.
There is a limit to how cold something can be. The Kelvin scale is designed to go to zero at this minimum
temperature. The relationships between the different temperature scales are:
o
K = 273.15 + oC o
C = (5/9)*(oF-32) o
F = (9/5)*oC+32
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At a temperature of Absolute Zero there is no motion and no heat. Absolute zero is where all atomic and
molecular motion stops and is the lowest temperature possible. Absolute Zero occurs at 0 degrees Kelvin
or -273.15 degrees Celsius or at -460 degrees Fahrenheit. All objects emit thermal energy or heat unless
they have a temperature of absolute zero.
If we want to understand what temperature means on the molecular level, we should remember that
temperature is the average energy of the molecules that composes a substance. The atoms and molecules
in a substance do not always travel at the same speed. This means that there is a range of energy (the
energy of motion) among the molecules. In a gas, for example, the molecules are traveling in random
directions at a variety of speeds - some are fast and some are slow. Sometimes these molecules collide
with each other. When this happens the higher speed molecule transfers some of its energy to the slower
molecule causing the slower molecule to speed up and the faster molecule to slow down. If more energy is
put into the system, the average speed of the molecules will increase and more thermal energy or heat will
be produced. So, higher temperatures mean a substance has higher average molecular motion. We do not
feel or detect a bunch of different temperatures for each molecule which has a different speed. What we
measure as the temperature is always related to the average speed of the molecules in a system
Highly accurate temperature measuring equipment is now widely available at very reasonable costs but,
while this should be making the task of making temperature measurement easy, many users make simple
mistakes that negate the benefits of using high specification sensors and measuring equipment.
When most people have a requirement to measure a temperature, their first reaction is to purchase the
highest specification, most expensive sensor and measuring instrument they can afford. Speaking as a
manufacturer, this is a reaction we applaud as it sells a lot of equipment. It is however the wrong way to set
about making accurate measurements.
Consider what you are trying to measure the temperature of. An example that seems simple at first is
measuring room temperature to 1°C accuracy. The problem here is that room temperature is not one
temperature but many.
Pyrometry is the science of high temperature measurement. The Seebeck effect is used for permanent
installations in the pyrometer field, for profitability in testing and research, and for determining temperatures
20
at points normally inaccessible to the other instruments. Only the small thermocouple itself needs to be at
Temperature measurement includes the following devices:
a.) Glass tube mercury thermometers
- These are used for installation in thermometer wells in flow lines; measuring
temperature of condensate, circulating water, feedwater, bearing oil, etc. They are
necessarily local reading but are often installed as check on remote reading bulb and
tube thermometers.
b.) Gas-filled bulb and tube thermometer
- These can be applied to measure temperature of gases or liquids up to 540 C and

indicate or record same at point as far distant as 100 m from the location of the bulb.
c.) Vapor pressure thermometer
- A type used to measure temperatures up to 260 C. It consists of a bulb partially filled

with a liquid connected to a length of tubing. It has fewer power plant applications than
the gas-filled type.
d.) Electrical resistance thermometer
- A thermometer for accurate measurement of feedwater and condensate temperatures,

and for measurement of the temperature of windings of electrical machines.
e.) Thermocouple thermometer or pyrometer
- The thermocouple is used to measure high-range temperatures such as furnace, flue

gas, preheated air, or superheated steam temperatures. Multiple station automatic
indicating and recording potentiometers are available.
 Standard Thermometer (Properly Calibrated)

 Thermometer comparison bath
 Uncalibrated thermometer
5. Procedure:
1. Check the devices to ensure that there are no defects and that it is properly calibrated.
21
2. Put enough water into the thermometer-comparison bath.
3. Mark the zero reading in the thermometer to be calibrated.
4. Immersed the bulbs of the standard thermometer and the uncalibrated thermometer into the
bath. The standard thermometer will serve as the reference.
5. Switch on the heater.
6. Mark on the uncalibrated thermometer corresponding changes in temperature reading on the

standard thermometer. Use convenient increment.
7. Refine the calibration by dividing the markings into equal smaller intervals.
8. After the conduct of the experiment, clean and check all the devices and return them to their
proper places.
6. Conclusion and Recommendation
22
T I P - V PAA– 0 5 4 D

1 2 3
Laboratory Skills
time. times.
Work Habits
Experiment data.
23
experiment.
TOTAL SCORE
RATING=
x 100%
Experiment No. 3
MEASUREMENT OF WEIGHT AND VOLUME

Course Code: Program:
___________________________ ________________________________
Course Title: Date Performed:
____________________________ __________________________
Section: Date Submitted:
________________________________ __________________________
Members: Instructor:
_______________________________
1. ____________________________
2. ____________________________
3. ____________________________
4. ____________________________
5. ____________________________
1. Objective(s):
The activity aims to demonstrate the calibration of a platform scale by measuring the weight and volume
of a given substance.

2.1 Measure weight and volume using a platform scale
2.2 Calibrate a platform scale
2.3 Develop professional work ethics, including precision, neatness, safety and ability to
follow instruction.
3. Discussion:
24
Regular platform scale calibration is a necessity for any business that relies on measurement accuracy to
perform its daily operations, whether it’s a manufacturing, water treatment, shipping, farming, or food
service business. The following is a general guideline to help you make the most of the delicate procedure
for calibrating a platform scale:
The relation between weight and volume of a substance is the measure of its specific weight. As defined,
specific weight is the amount of weight (force) over the unit volume. The larger the specific weight, the
larger the amount of force exerted over a unit of volume. The common unit for weight is KN, Kg force, and
pound force. For volume its unit can be expressed in m 3, ft3, gallons, liter, etc. Platform scale balance is
one of the most common instruments in determining the weight of a substance. Volume can be measured
using graduated cylinder or by the calibrated volume tank.
The mass of a body is always quantified in terms of a measurement of the weight of the body, this being the
downward force exerted by the body when it is subject to gravity. Three methods are used to measure this
force.
The first method of measuring the downward force exerted by a mass subject to gravity involves the use of
a load cell. The load cell measures the downward force F, and then the mass M is calculated from the
equation: M = F/g, where g is acceleration due to gravity. Because the value of g varies by small amounts
at different points around the earth’s surface, the value of M can only be calculated exactly if the value of g
is known exactly. Nevertheless, load cells are, in fact, the most common instrument used to measure mass,
especially in industrial applications. Several different forms of load cells are available. Most load cells are
now electronic, although pneumatic and hydraulic types also exist. These types vary in features and
accuracy. But all are easy to use as they are deflection-type instruments that give an output reading without
operator intervention.
The second method of measuring mass is to use a spring balance. This also measures the downward force
when the measured mass is subject to gravity. Hence, as in the case of load cells, the mass value can only
be calculated exactly if the value of g is known exactly. Like a load cell, the spring balance is also a
deflection-type instrument and so Is easy to use.
The third method of measuring mass is to use some form of mass balance instrument. These provide an
absolute measurement, as they compare the gravitational force on the mass being measured with the
gravitational force on a standard mass. Because the same gravitational force is applied to both masses, the
exact value of g is immaterial.
Mass balance instruments are based on comparing the gravitational force on the measured mass with the
gravitational force on another body of known mass. This principle of mass measurement is known
commonly as weighing and is used in instruments such as the beam balance, weigh beam, pendulum
scale, and electromagnetic balance. Various forms of mass balance instruments are available.
For Beam Balance:
In the beam balance, standard masses are added to a pan on one side of a pivoted beam until the
25
magnitude of the gravity force on them balances the magnitude of the gravitational force on the unknown
mass acting at the other end of the beam. This equilibrium position is indicated by a pointer that moves
against a calibrated scale.
Instruments of this type are capable of measuring a wide span of masses. Those at the top end of the
range can typically measure masses up to 1000 grams, whereas those at the bottom end of the range can
measure masses of less than 0.01 gram. Measurement resolution can be as good as 1 part in 10 7 of the
full-scale reading if the instrument is designed and manufactured very carefully. The lowest measurement
inaccuracy value attainable is ±0.002%.
One serious disadvantage of this type of instrument is its lack of ruggedness. Continuous use and the
inevitable shock loading that will occur from time to time both cause damage to the knife edges, leading to
deterioration in measurement accuracy and measurement resolution. A further problem affecting their use
in industrial applications is that it takes a relatively long time to make each measurement. For these
reasons, the beam balance is normally reserved as a calibration standard and is not used in day-to-day
production environments.
For Weight Beam Balance:
The weigh beam operates on similar principles to the mass beam balance but is much more rugged. In the
first form, standard masses are added to balance the unknown mass and fine adjustment is provided by a
known mass that is moved along a notched, graduated bar until the pointer is brought to the null, balance
point. The alternative form has two or more graduated bars. Each bar carries a different mass, which is
moved to appropriate positions on the notched bar to balance the unknown mass. Versions of these
instruments are used to measure masses up to 50 tonne.
Calibration Principle:
The primary requirement in mass calibration is maintenance of a set of standard masses applied to the
mass sensor being calibrated. Provided that this set of standard masses is protected from damage, there is
little reason for the value of the masses to change. Despite this, values of the masses must be checked at
prescribed intervals, typically annually, in order to maintain the traceability of the calibration to reference
standards. The instrument used to provide this calibration check on standard masses is a beam balance, a
weigh beam, a pendulum scale, or an electromagnetic balance.
A beam balance is used for calibrating masses in the range between 10 mg to 1 kg. The measurement
resolution and accuracy achieved depend on the quality and sharpness of the knife edge that the pivot
formed from. For high measurement resolution, friction at the pivot must be as close to zero as possible,
and hence a very sharp and clean knife edge pivot is demanded. The two halves of the beam on either side
of the pivot are normally of equal length and are measured from the knife edge. Any bluntness, dirt, or
corrosion in the pivot can cause these two lengths to become unequal, causing consequent measurement
errors. Great care is therefore required in the use of such an instrument, but, provided that it is kept in
good condition, particularly with regard to keeping the knife edges sharp and clean, high measurement
26
accuracy is achievable. Such a good condition can be confirmed by applying calibrated masses to each
side of the balance. If the measurement is then balanced exactly, all is well.
In order to use the weigh beam as a calibration standard, it has to be manufactured and maintained to a
high standard. However, providing these conditions are met, it can be used as a standard for calibrating
masses up to 50 tonne.
Platform Scale Balance
27
Calibrated Volume Tank
Set of weights
 Platform scale balance (200 kg)

 Set of weights
 Calibrated volume tank
 Supply of water
28
5. Procedure:
1. Check the volume tank and the platform balance to ensure that they are properly calibrated.
Set the scale to zero.
2. Measure the weight of the empty tank.
3. Put water into the tank until the level reaches the first scale. Record the indicated gross weight.
4. Add water until the next scale is reached. Record the indicated gross weight.
5. Repeat step 4 until ten trials are completed.
6. After the conduct of the experiment, drain the tank and return the platform scale reading to
zero. Return the devices to their respective places and dry the area.
Weight of empty tank = ________________
Equivalent Volume of a scale = _______________
TRIALS VOLUME GROSS WEIGHT NET WEIGHT SPECIFIC

WEIGHT
29
7
10
Net Weight = Gross weight minus the weight of empty tank
Specific Weight = Weight / Volume
30
T I P - V PAA– 0 5 4 D

1 2 3
Laboratory Skills
time. times.
Work Habits
31
Experiment data.
experiment.
TOTAL SCORE
RATING=
x 100%
Experiment No. 4
MEASUREMENT OF AREA
Course Code: Program: _____________________________
___________________________
Course Title: Date Performed: _______________________
____________________________
Section: Date Submitted: _______________________
________________________________
Members: Instructor: ____________________________
1. ____________________________
2. ____________________________
3. ____________________________
4. ____________________________
5. ____________________________
1. Objective:
The activity aims to demonstrate the procedure of measuring the area of different regular and irregular
shapes and sizes using the planimeter.

32
2.1 Measure the area of different regular and irregular shapes and sizes using planimeter.
2.2 Calculate the percentage error between the actual measurement and the computed value.
instruction.
3. Discussion:
COMPENSATING POLAR PLANIMETER
The planimeter is an instrument for determining the areas of figures on a plane surface having either
straight or irregular boundaries as one might find on maps, plans, etc.
ZERO SETTING is the time-saving feature of the planimeter, as all readings start from zero and the
final reading represents the area desired. In using planimeters without ZERO SETTING it is necessary to
read and record an initial reading and also a final reading and subtract the initial reading whereas with
ZERO SETTING planimeter the initial reading is zero so the final reading represents the area of the figure.
In order to obtain the best results with a planimeter, it is essential that the plan or map be laid out
smooth and attached to a surface that is approximately horizontal.
To assemble the planimeter for use , lay the tracing arm with carriage on the plan or map and insert
the ball end of the pole arm in the receptacle in the carriaage. The instrument will then be supported by the
pole arm weight with anchor pin, the measuring and idler wheels of the carriage and the tracing magnifier.
COMPENSATING POLAR PLANIMETER
33
MEASUREMENT METHOD FOR COMPENSATING POLAR PLANIMETER
1. Pole Outside the Area to be Measured:

2.
1. Select from the table enclosed in the planimeter case the tracer arm setting to obtain the
desired result. Move the carriage roughly to this setting, tighten the clamp screw of the
micrometer block, and by means of the micrometer screw bring the index and vernier to the
desired setting on the tracer arm.
2. Place the magnifying tracer in the approximate center of figure to be measured. Now move
the pole weight to a position where the angle between the pole arm and tracer will
circumscribe the area. If it does not, move the pole weighty until this can be accomplished or
divide the area into parts. In this case obtain the area of the parts and add them together to
obtain the total area. When operating the planimeter, be sure that the pole weight base is
placed on the paper.
3. Pick out and mark a starting point on the figure boundary line. Hold the index point of the
magnifier tracer on the starting point and with Zero setting Slide Bar on the front edge of the
carriage, set the measuring wheel and dial to zero readings.
4. Beginning at the starting point, carefully trace the boundary line in a clockwise direction to the
starting point, always keeping the index mark (centerpoint of the circle) of the magnifying
tracer on the boundary line.
5. Read the dial and measuring wheel as described above. Multiply this number by the value of
the vernier unit of the measuring wheel as indicated on the table which has a metric table on
one surface and an English unit on the reverse side.
3. Pole Inside the Area to be Measured:
4.
This method is used in measuring large areas but is more complicated procedure. Better
results in general can be obtained by dividing the large area into several parts and determining
the area of each part by the previous method used for the Pole Outside Area, and then adding
the areas of the parts to obtain the total area. When measuring large areas with the pole set
inside the area it is necessary to know the value of the “Base Circle” (constant).This is the
circle that results when the tracer draws a circle around the pole with the plane of the
measuring wheel intersecting the pole, in which case the measuring wheel does not revolve.
The base circle is determined in the factory and is shown on the table under the heading
constant. It is expressed in vernier units and is only valid for the tracer arm setting.
With the pole within the figure, always trace the boundary line in a clockwise direction. The
resulting final vernier unit reading will be either positive or negative and represent the area
between the base circle and the figure boundary line. Positive readings result when the area of
the figure is larger than the area of the base circle and negative readings when the area of the
figure is smaller than the area of the base circle.
34
Major Parts of the Compensating polar Planimeter
MEASUREMENT METHOD FOR DIGITAL PLANIMETER
Characteristics of Planimeter:
On this instrument, the measurement is performed always with scale of 1:1. The unit selection between cm 2
and in2 is available. Also the measurement in pulse count value is possible.
Preparation:
Level and paste the drawing to be measured on the drawing board approximately horizontal. Place the
tracer at an approximate center of an area to be measured. Next, place the pole base at the position which
will make the pole arm at a right (90º) angle with the tracer arm. Then trace the outline of the drawing with
the tracer arm. Then trace the outline of the drawing with the tracer lens roughly two or three times. In
these tracings, if you find an inconvenient movement of the instrument, adjust the position of the pole base
to get a smoother movement.
35
Press “ON” key and “O.” is displayed immediately.
Press “UNIT” key and then either cm2 of in2 is displayed. If “UNIT” key is not pressed, the measurement is
performed in pulse count mode.
Note: Important. With this instrument, the measurement is always performed in pulse count mode even if a
unit (cm2 or in2) is being displayed. So be cautious about following matter. When a measurement is
performed, the gained numeral display is not a measured area value display as yet. This is a pulse count
display only. When a unit (cm2 or in2) is being displayed, the measured area display can be obtained only
after pressing “AVER” key, “MEMO” key of “HOLD” key.
Tracing an Area.
(1) Pole outside an area to be measured
Put a mark on the outer circumference of the area in order to use it as the staring point for
measurement. Press “STAR” key and a buzzer sounds lightly. After confirming “0.” Is displayed,
move the tracer lens clockwise keeping the tracer point of the tracer lens onto the circumference
line. After tracing around the circumference to the starting point, press “HOLD” key in Cumulative
Measurement or press “MEMO” key in Mean Value Measurement or press “AVER” key. In this
case, if a unit symbol (cm2 or in2) is being displayed, the measured value display changes from
pulse count value display to a measured value display in a unit which is being displayed. If no unit
symbol is being displayed, the measured value display is a pulse count value display.
(2) Pole inside an area to be measured
The procedure of tracing an area with the pole inside is the same as that of (1). However, it is
recommended to put a starting mark at the right side of an area so that the displayed value can be
seen in right order.
36
Digital
Planimeter Model Planix 7
37
Digital Planimeter
Model PLACOM KP-
82N
 Compensating Polar Planimeter

 Digital Planimeter
5. Procedure:
1. The instructor should discuss and illustrate the proper handling and use of a polar planimeter
and digital planimeter as provided for by the user’s manual.
2. Draw a 3-inch square and an irregular shape figure on separate clean sheet of bond papers.
Make sure the areas are within the range of the planimeter.
3. Using the planimeter, trace the perimeter of the 3-inch square. First, do it in the clockwise
direction then in the counterclockwise direction. Fill up the data sheet.
4. Repeat procedure 3 on the irregular shape figure.
5. Refer to the discussion on each type of planimeter for detailed procedure on the use of each
type of planimeter.
Note: The planimeter is a precision measuring instrument and it is sensitive; so handle it with care. Make
sure the measurement is done on a flat and smooth surface.
For 3-inch square (Using the Polar Planimeter)
Clockwise Direction:
Trial 1
Readings:
38
Initial : _____________
Recording Dial : _____________
Measuring Wheel : _____________
Wheel Vernier : _____________
Total (R) : _____________
Trial 2
Readings:
Initial : _____________
Total (R) : _____________
Trial 3
Readings:
Initial : _____________
Total (R) : _____________
Average reading (R) of the area : _____________
(EV – TV)
Percentage Error = ----------------------- x 100%
TV
EV = experimental value of the average area

TV = computed value of area
Counter Clockwise Direction:
Trial 1
Readings:
39
Initial : _____________
Total (R) : _____________
Trial 2
Readings:
Initial : _____________
Total (R) : _____________
Trial 3
Readings:
Initial : _____________
Total (R) : _____________
Average Reading of the area
(EV – TV)
TV

For Irregular Shape (Students to create his own shape) Using the Polar Planimeter:
Trial 1
40
Readings:
Initial : _____________
Total (R) : _____________
Trial 2
Readings:
Initial : _____________
Total (R) : _____________
Trial 3
Readings:
Initial : _____________
Total (R) : _____________
(EV – TV)
TV

Trial 1
Readings:
41
Initial : _____________
Total (R) : _____________
Trial 2
Readings:
Initial : _____________
Total (R) : _____________
Trial 3
Readings:
Initial : _____________
Total (R) : _____________
(EV – TV)
TV

For 3-inch square (Using the Digital Planimeter)
Trial 1
Readings:
42
Initial : _____________
Total (R) : _____________
Trial 2
Readings:
Initial : _____________
Total (R) : _____________
Trial 3
Readings:
Initial : _____________
Total (R) : _____________
(EV – TV)
TV

Trial 1
Readings:
Initial : _____________
43
Total (R) : _____________
Trial 2
Readings:
Initial : _____________
Total (R) : _____________
Trial 3
Readings:
Initial : _____________
Total (R) : _____________
(EV – TV)
TV

For Irregular Shape (Students to create his own shape) Using Digital Planimeter:
Trial 1
Readings:
44
Initial : _____________
Total (R) : _____________

Trial 2
Readings:
Initial : _____________
Total (R) : _____________
Trial 3
Readings:
Initial : _____________
Total (R) : _____________
(EV – TV)
TV

Trial 1
Readings:
Initial : _____________
45
Total (R) : _____________
Trial 2
Readings:
Initial : _____________
Total (R) : _____________
Trial 3
Readings:
Initial : _____________
Total (R) : _____________
(EV – TV)
TV

46
T I P - V PAA– 0 5 4 D

1 2 3
Laboratory Skills
47
time. times.
Work Habits
Experiment data.
experiment.
TOTAL SCORE
RATING=
x 100%
Experiment No. 5
GAS FLOW MEASUREMENT

__________________________ __________________________________
___________________________ ____________________________
_______________________________ ____________________________
_________________________________
48
1. ___________________________
2. ___________________________
3. ___________________________
4. ___________________________
5. ___________________________
1. Objective:
The activity aims to demonstrate the principle of gas flow using the velocity and area of the duct.

2.1 Measure the flow of gas using the duct system
instruction.
3. Discussion:
Flow measurement is concerned with quantifying the rate of flow of materials. Such measurement is quite a
common requirement in the process industries. The material measured may be a solid, liquid, or gaseous
stare. When the material is in solid state, flow can only be quantified as the mass flow rate, this being the
mass of material that flows in one unit of time. When the material is in liquid or gaseous state, flow can be
quantified as either the mass flow rate or the volume flow rate, with the latter being the volume of material
that flows in one unit of time. Of the two, a flow measurement in terms of mass flow rate is preferred if
every accurate measurement is required. The greater accuracy of mass flow measurement arises from the
fact that mass is invariant whereas volume is a variable quantity.
A particular complication in the measurement of flow rate of liquids and gases flowing in pipes is the need
to consider whether the flow is laminar or turbulent. Laminar flow is characterized by a motion of the fluid
being in a direction parallel to the sides of the pipe, and it occurs in straight lengths of pipe when the fluid is
flowing at a low velocity. However, it should be noted that even laminar flow is not uniform across the cross
section of the pipe, with the velocity being greatest at the center of the pipe and decreasing to zero
immediately next to the wall of the pipe.
Differential head meters using thin plate orifice as a primary element often measure the flow of gas. This is
head measurement, requiring a primary element and a meter. The primary element is the orifice, available
to any would-be user. It is in the meters, which infer the rate of flow from the orifice differential head, that
instrument differences arise. The meters often have patented features.
Steam or air under high pressures, say 3.5 kg/cm 2 gage and up, with manometer displacements of up to
508 cm of water may be so considered. Air flowing under light plenums, such as 0.07 kg/cm 2 gage or less,
could be considered incompressible if the manometer differential were limited to the order of 2.54 cm of
water.
The pitot static tube is another device that measures flow by creating a pressure difference within a fluid-
carrying pipe. However, in this case, there is negligible obstruction of flow in the pipe. The pitot tube is a
very thin tube that obstructs only a small part of the flowing fluid and thus measures flow at a single point
across the cross section of the pipe. This measurement only equates to average flow velocity in the pipe for
49
the case of uniform flow.
All applications of this method of flow measurement assume laminar flow by ensuring that the flow
conditions upstream of the obstruction device are steady state: a certain minimum length of straight run of
pipe ahead of the flow measurement point is specified in standard tables. However, a useful rule of thumb
widely used in process industries is to specify a length of 10 times the pipe diameter. If physical restrictions
make this impossible to achieve, special flow-smoothing vanes can be inserted immediately ahead of the
measurement point.
The pitot static tube is used mainly for making temporary measurements of flow, although it is also used in
some instances for permanent flow monitoring. It measures the local velocity of flow at a particular point
within a pipe rather than the average flow velocity as measured by other types of flow meters. This may be
very useful where there is a requirement to measure local flow rates across the cross section of a pipe in
the case of nonuniform flow. Multiple pitot tubes are normally used to do this.
Pitot tubes have the advantage that they cause negligible pressure loss in the flow. They are also
inexpensive, and the installation procedure consists of the very simple process of pushing them down a
small hole drilled in the flow-carrying pipe. Their main failing is that measurement inaccuracy is typically
about ±5%, although more expensive versions can reduce inaccuracy down to ±1%.
Typical Air Duct System
50
Installation of Pitot Tubes
 Air Duct System

 Fan and Motor
 Water Manometer
 Rubber Tubings
5. Procedure:
1. Conduct a visual inspection of the set up (duct system, fan and motor) to ensure that they are
in good running condition. Switch on the motor for a one-minute test run then switch off.
2. Measure the cross section of the discharge duct where the pitot tube is to be installed.
3. Put water into the manometer tube. Be sure there is no trapped air in the water column.
4. Install the pitot tube (if it is not permanently installed) then connect the openings to the ends of
the manometer with rubber tubings.
5. Switch on the fan motor and observe the manometer liquid until it becomes steady.
6. Measure and record the difference in elevation between the water columns in the manometer.
7. Switch off the motor. Disconnect the manometer and return the devices to their respective
places.
Parameter Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Average

Cross Section of
Discharge Duct
51
Area of the
Discharge Duct
Manometer
Reading
Velocity of Air
Inside the Duct
Volume Flow
Rate
Show Computation:
52
T I P - V PAA– 0 5 4 D

53
1 2 3
Laboratory Skills
time. times.
Work Habits
Experiment data.
experiment.
TOTAL SCORE
RATING=
x 100%
Experiment No. 6
POWER MEASUREMENT
54
___________________________ ______________________________
____________________________ ________________________
________________________________ ________________________
_____________________________
1. ____________________________
2. ____________________________
3. ____________________________
4. ____________________________
5. ____________________________
1. Objective(s):
The activity aims to demonstrate the measurement of power using the prony brake apparatus

2.1 Measure the power of an engine using the prony brake apparatus
instruction.
3. Discussion:
The average person knows, or thinks he knows, the meaning of power, and he uses the term frequently in
everyday language. But what is the exact technical meaning of this word, and how it is best defined? If a
person has a good and comprehensive idea of “energy,” it is quite simple for him to understand the
technical meaning of power, for power is the rate at which energy is produced and consumed. Any physical
unit of energy when divided by a unit of time automatically becomes a unit of power. However, it is in
connection with the mechanical and electrical forms of energy that the term “power” is generally used. The
rate of production or consumption of heat energy and, to a certain extent, of radiation energy is not
ordinarily thought of as power. Power is primarily associated with mechanical work and electrical energy.
Therefore, we will define power as the rate of flow of energy and state that a power plant is a unit built for
the production and delivery of a flow of mechanical and electrical energy.
Power can be measured by means of prony brake apparatus. The brake power is computed by multiplying
the torque by rotational speed of the shaft. It can be expressed in terms of Horsepower (Hp) or Kilowatts.
The Prony brake is a simple type of dynamometer used to measure the amount of torque produced by a
55
motor or engine in order to determine its brake horsepower rating. The device was invented in 1821 by a
French engineer named Gaspard de Prony, and continues to be widely used by tractor and heavy
equipment manufacturers. A Prony brake consists of a belt that is wrapped around the output shaft of an
engine or motor. A series of weights are then attached to the ends of the belt until the engine stalls under
the friction created by the load. The amount of weight needed to stall the engine determines the amount of
torque or pulling power that the engine is capable of producing.
A modern Prony brake usually consists of some type of brake drum along with a pulley that is connected to
an engine’s output shaft on one side, and a brake lever on the opposite side. A device used to measure the
amount of force being applied to the brake arm is also attached to the Prony brake as well. An additional
device is utilized to measure the number of revolutions per minute (RPM) that the engine’s output shaft is
turning during the test. A tension band is also attached to the pulley in order to apply braking force to the
output shaft of the engine being tested.
Brake horsepower (BHP) is the amount of power generated by a motor without taking into consideration
any of the various auxiliary components that may slow down the actual speed of the motor. Sometimes
referred to as pure horsepower, brake horsepower is measured within the engine's output shaft. Depending
on the configuration of the engine, the point on the output shaft that is the focus of the measurement is the
engine dynamometer.
The reference to this type of horsepower measurement as brake horsepower has its origins in the braking
systems that were used on some of the first automobiles in the early 20th century. In many instances, cars
were equipped with a hand brake that would slow the forward projection of the vehicle. This same hand
brake was also used in the manufacturing process to gauge the amount of torque created within the motor,
making sure the output was within acceptable limits.
In the actual calculation of brake horsepower, it is necessary to consider the total load of the electric motor.
This means disregarding any drain on the power that is due to the water pump, generator, or the gearbox
that work in conjunction with the motor of the vehicle. The amount of power loss that occurs due to the
action of various belts and pulleys is also added back into the base figure, making it possible to determine
the true amount of pure horsepower being generated by the motor.
Similarly, Brake horsepower is the amount of work generated by a motor under ideal conditions. This work
is calculated without the consideration of effects of any auxiliary component, that may slow down the actual
speed of the motor. Brake horsepower is measured within the engine's output shaft and was originally
designed to calculate and compare the output of steam engines. The horsepower was a widely adopted
unit to measure the output of turbines, piston engines, electric motors, and other machinery. Brake
horsepower is a very important unit for airplane engines and turbines. It helps the proper calculation of the
engine's efficiency, in order to ensure its smooth working between the take off and landing of the flight.
56
Engine with Prony Brake Apparatus
Digital Photo Tachometer
57
Prony Brake Application
58
 Gasoline engine
 Prony brake apparatus
 Tachometer
 Stopwatch
 Coolant
5. Procedure:
1. Check all equipment and devices needed for the experiment:
a.) For the gasoline engine, check the amount of fuel, engine oil, and radiator coolant
b.) For the prony brake apparatus, check the belt and set the scale to zero
2. Run the engine at an idle condition (no-load) for about five minutes to allow engine oil to
circulate, then bring it to its rated speed. Check the rpm using the tachometer.
3. Tighten the prony brake belt until a reading is registered on the scale. Measure the shaft's
rotational speed (rpm). Read the scale readings on the tight and slack sides. Pour coolant to
the flywheel and belt if necessary.
4. Repeat procedure 3 until the engine comes to near stop.
5. Loosen the belt then stop the engine.
6. Clean the engine and the entire laboratory room.
Engine Specification:
Model: _______________________________
Type: ________________________________
Volume Displacement: __________________
Flywheel Diameter: ____________________
59
TRIALS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Scale
Readings
 Tight Side
 Slack Side
 Net
Speed (rpm)
Power
 Net scale reading, Fnet = F1 – F2
Where:
Fnet = net-belt tension
F1 = tight side tension of the belt
F2 = slack side tension of the belt
Power = 2 R Fnet N
R = flywheel radius
N = rpm
Power : __________________
7. Computation:
60
61
62
T I P - V PAA– 0 5 4 D

1 2 3
Laboratory Skills
time. times.
Work Habits
Experiment data.
experiment.
TOTAL SCORE
RATING=
x 100%
63
Experiment No. 7
PSYCHROMETRIC MEASUREMENT
___________________________ _______________________________
____________________________ _________________________
________________________________ _________________________
Students: Instructor:
______________________________
1. ____________________________
2. ____________________________
3. ____________________________
4. ____________________________
5. ____________________________
1. Objective(s):
The activity aims to demonstrate the measurement of dry bulb and wet bulb temperature using the sling
psychrometer and the psychrometric chart.

2.1 Measure the dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures of the surrounding atmosphere using the
sling psychrometer.
instruction.
3. Discussion:
Air is composed of nitrogen, oxygen, and small amounts of water vapor. Nitrogen makes up 77%, while
oxygen accounts for 23%. Water vapor can account for 0 to 3% under certain conditions. Water vapor is
measured in grains or, in some cases, pounds per pound of dry air. Seven thousand (7,000) grains of water
equal one pound.
Temperature determines the amount of water vapor that air can hold. Hotter temperatures mean that air
has a greater capacity to hold water suspended. Water is condensed out of air as it is cooled. Outside,
water condensation becomes rain. Inside, it becomes condensation on the window glass. Thus, dry air acts
somewhat like a sponge. It absorbs moisture. There are four properties of air that account for its behavior
under varying conditions. These properties are dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, dew point
temperature, and relative humidity.
There are certain amounts of water vapor per pound of dry air. They can be plotted on a psychrometric
chart. Psychro is a Greek term meaning “cold.” A pscychrometer is an instrument for measuring the aquous
vapor in the atmosphere. A difference between a wet bulb thermometer and a dry bulb thermometer is an
64
indication of the dryness of the air. A psychrometer, then, is a hygrometer, which is a device for measuring
water content in air. A psychrometric chart indicates the different values of temperature and water moisture
in air. The dry bulb temperature is located in one place and the wet bulb in another. If the two are known, it
is easy to find the relative humidity and other factors relating to air being checked.
To obtain the relative humidity of air it is necessary to use two thermometers. One thermometer is a dry
bulb; the other is a wet bulb. The device used to measure relative humidity is the sling psychrometer. It has
two glass-stem thermometers. The wet bulb thermometer is moistened by a wick attached to the bulb. As
the dual thermometers are whirled, air passes over them. The dry and wet bulb temperatures are recorded.
Relative humidity is determined by graphs, slide rules, or similar devices.
A sling psychrometer is an instrument that measures relative humidity (a hygrometer). The sling has two
thermometers, a dry bulb and a wet bulb thermometer, mounted together on a chain. The wet bulb
thermometer is wrapped in muslin that is moistened with distilled water. The user then swings the sling until
the temperatures stabilize, then quickly notes the two temperatures. To interpret the readings and
determine the humidity, a chart is then used for the specific altitude at which the reading was taken.
Basically, the drier the air is, the more moisture evaporates from the moistened muslin-covered
thermometer, and the greater the difference between the two thermometers. If the relative humidity is
100%, then the two temperatures will be the same.
Slings have been around for years, and are becoming less and less used for many reasons. With the
advent of digital hygrometers, it's just easier to pull out a device and read the screen. Additionally, besides
being cumbersome and time consuming, slings contain mercury, a hazardous material, and must be
handled with care. A sling will typically read 5-10% high due to user error. Some of the mistakes that can be
made while using a sling are:
1. If the sock on the wet bulb thermometer is not clean, the humidity measured from a sling will err on the
high side.
2. If the water used for the wet bulb thermometer is not distilled water, the humidity measured from a sling
will err on the high side.
3. If the sling is not swung around long enough, the humidity measured from a sling will err on the high
side.
4. If the thermometer measurements are not read quickly enough after swinging the sling, the humidity
measured from a sling will err on the high side.
5. If the charts used to interpret the results are not for the same altitude where the readings were taken, the
humidity will be incorrect. Additionally, the charts are only available in 100’ increments, and it is often
difficult to determine the exact altitude of the user.
Sling psychrometers are the standard for accurately measuring ambient temperature and humidity. Every
meteorologist should know how to use one correctly.
1. Inspect the cotton wick on the sling psychrometer and make sure that it is in good condition and firmly in
65
contact with the thermometer bulb. A psychrometer with a yellowed or frayed wick will not give an accurate
reading, and the wick should be replaced. Do not touch the wick with your fingers, because contaminants
will affect the accuracy.Also, check for a separated mercury column.
2. Thoroughly saturate the wick with distilled water. If the water beads up and does not easily soak in, the
wick should be replaced.
3. Face into the wind (if any) and begin swinging the psychrometer at a steady, comfortable pace (about 2
turns per second is good). Be extremely careful that you don't strike the psychrometer on a nearby table,
railing, or other obstruction! Also, keep it far enough from your body that you don't pick up your own body
heat.
4. After about 1 minute, stop and check the wet-bulb temperature, quickly reading it to the nearest 1/10
degree (if you stop too long, the temperature will start to change). Then continue swinging the
psychrometer for another minute or so. Check the wet-bulb temperature again and see whether it has
changed from your previous reading. If it has, continue swinging for another minute and check again.
Repeat as necessary. Your goal is to get the lowest possible reading out of the wet bulb thermometer
(assuming that it started out near the dry air temperature). Important note: make sure that the wick does not
become too dry. If it does, you will need to add another drop or two of distilled water and start over.
5. Carefully but quickly read and record the nal wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to the nearest 0.1
degree, interpolating between tick marks as necessary.
6. Use whatever method is available (psychrometric computer, Skew-T diagram, or table) to compute the
dewpoint and relative humidity. Important Tips: Most beginners do not take accurate psychrometer readings
because of the following common mistakes: (1) not ventilating the psychrometer long enough to reach
equilibrium; (2) not getting the wick wet enough, or letting it dry out; (3) holding it too close to the body or
taking too long to read the thermometers; (4) touching the bulb ends with the hands while reading; (5) not
facing into the breeze. Every one of these mistakes usually leads to a wet-bulb temperature reading that is
too warm.
66
The Sling Psychrometer
The Psychrometric Chart (Metric Units)
67
The Psychrometric Chart in English Units
68
 Sling Psychrometer
 Psychrometric Chart
 Stop watch
5. Procedure:
1. Check the sling psychrometer to ensure that thermometers are properly secured.
2. Wet the wick of the wet bulb thermometer until it is saturated.
3. The instructor should designate the locations (inside the campus) where measurements of wet
bulb and dry bulb temperature are to be performed.
4. To get the dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures, whirl the sling psychrometer for about 2
minutes within the designated locations. Be sure the sling psychrometer will not hit anybody
while it is being whirled. Repeat this procedure for at least three different areas in the
designated locations.\
5. Repeat procedure 4 in all the designated locations.
6. Use the psychrometric chart to get the other properties of air required by this experiment.
Place: ______________________
Date: ______________________
Time: _____________________
69
Location Trials Dry Bulb Wet Bulb Relative Specific % Saturation
Temp Temp Humidity Humidity
Note: Relative Humidity, Specific Humidity, and % saturation can be taken from the psychrometric chart.
70
71
8. Assessment (Rubric for Laboratory Performance):
T I P - V PAA– 0 5 4 D

1 2 3
Laboratory Skills
time. times.
Work Habits
Experiment data.
experiment.
TOTAL SCORE
72
RATING=
x 100%
FINAL PROJECT AND STUDENT ASSESSMENT
1. FINAL PROJECT (DESIGN AND CONDUCT OF EXPERIMENT)
a. Think of a project applying the engineering principles or theories you learned from this course.
b. Design a procedure for an experiment to be conducted.
c. Perform experiment using the formulated experiment procedure.
d. Analyze and synthesize the results.
2. COURSE EVALUATION
Evaluation of the course based on the achievement of experiment objective(s).
3. IMPACT OF OUTCOMES – BASED TEACHING AND LEARNING
The focus of the essay should be on the attainment of;
 Intended Learning Outcomes (ILO)

 Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILO)
 Program Intended Learning Outcomes (PILO)
73

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Technological Institute of the Philippines

College of Engineering & Architecture

Mechanical Engineering Department

Mechanical Engineering Laboratory 1

Expt. No. Title Page

1 Calibration of Pressure Measuring Instrument --------------------------- 5

2 Calibration of Temperature Measuring Instrument ----------------------- 18

3 Measurement of Weight and Volume ---------------------------------------- 24

4 Measurement of Area ----------------------------------------------------------- 32

5 Gas Flow Measurement -------------------------------------------------------- 48

6 Power Measurement ------------------------------------------------------------ 54

7 Psychrometric Measurement -------------------------------------------------- 63

8 Final Design Experiment -------------------------------------------------------- 72

CALIBRATION OF PRESSURE MEASURING INSTRUMENT

2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):

Hydraulic oil is used to transfer pressure.

Removing the Transport Protection:

Removing and Inserting the Transport Cap

The transport cap is held in the cylinder by an O-ring, not by a thread.

Topping up the Hydraulic Oil:

1. Remove the drain and filling plug.

4. Materials and Equipment:

 Dead-weight Piston Gauge Complete Set

1. Unscrew pressure relief knob

2. Press down weight support

3. Screw in pressure relief knob

Preparation for Experiment:

1. Remove the transport cap.

Performing the Experiment:

6. Data and Results:

Ideal Reading Result

Weight of loads with Measured pressure in Theoretical pressure in

Weight of loads with Measured pressure in Theoretical pressure in

Weight of loads with Measured pressure in Theoretical pressure in

Average Measured Pressure

Weight of loads with Measured pressure in Theoretical pressure in

Considering the Lower and Upper Limits:

Average Measured Pressure

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

CALIBRATION OF TEMPERATURE MEASURING DEVICE

2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):

Temperature measurement includes the following devices:

a.) Glass tube mercury thermometers

b.) Gas-filled bulb and tube thermometer

- These can be applied to measure temperature of gases or liquids up to 540 C and

c.) Vapor pressure thermometer

- A type used to measure temperatures up to 260 C. It consists of a bulb partially filled

d.) Electrical resistance thermometer

- A thermometer for accurate measurement of feedwater and condensate temperatures,

e.) Thermocouple thermometer or pyrometer

- The thermocouple is used to measure high-range temperatures such as furnace, flue

4. Materials and Equipment:

 Standard Thermometer (Properly Calibrated)

3. Mark the zero reading in the thermometer to be calibrated.

5. Switch on the heater.

6. Mark on the uncalibrated thermometer corresponding changes in temperature reading on the

6. Conclusion and Recommendation

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

MEASUREMENT OF WEIGHT AND VOLUME

2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):

For Beam Balance:

For Weight Beam Balance:

Platform Scale Balance

4. Materials and Equipment: