1

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

1. Concrete is not able to resist direct tension (in comparison of its ability to
resist direct compression) because of its low tensile strength and brittle
nature. (Rakshita Nagayach, Civil Engineer at Urban Administration &
Development Dept., SGSITS Batch 2015, 2015)

2. The concrete has very low ability to bear tensile stress.( Tamara
Mumcuoglu,2015)

2
1.3 OBJECTIVE PROJECT

The goals of this study are;

 To investigate compressive strength of lightweight concrete

using rice husk.
 To investigate the density of lightweight concrete with using
rice husk.
 To compare conventional concrete and lightweight concrete
using rice husk.

1.4 SCOPE STUDY

This research to test the strength of lightweight concrete structures

that serve as walls for the building quickly. In this project, we have
set certain specifications for easy we can perform tasks smoothly. So
the main focus this study involved to used lightweight concrete in
the construction of the wall structure. In this project, we also are
focusing on the ratio of rice husk used in making a lightweight
concrete.

3
4
 Figure 1: ‘The Pantheon

2.2 TYPES OF LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE

Lightweight concrete can be prepared can be prepared either by injecting air in its
composition or it can be achieved by omitting the finer sizes of the aggregates or
even replacing them by a hollow, cellular or porous aggregate. Particularly,
lightweight concrete can be categorized into three groups;

i) No-fines concrete
ii) Lightweight aggregate concrete
iii) Aerated/Foamed concrete

2.2.1 NO-FINES CONCRETE

No-fines concrete can be defined as a lightweight concrete composed of cement and

fine aggregate. Uniformly distributed voids are formed throughout its mass. The
main characteristics of this type of lightweight concrete is it maintains its large voids
and not forming laitance layers or cement film when placed on the wall. Figure 2
shows one example of No-fines concrete.

5
 Figure 2: No-fines Concrete

No-fines concrete usually used for both load bearing and non-load bearing for
external walls and partitions. The strength of no-fines concrete increases as the
cement content is increased. However, it is sensitive to the water composition.
Insufficient water can caused lack of cohesion between the particles and therefore,
subsequent loss in strength of the concrete. Likewise too much water can cause
cement film to run off the aggregate to form laitance layers, leaving the bulk of the
concrete deficient in cement and thus weakens the strength.

2.2.2 LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE CONCRETE

Porous lightweight aggregate of low specific gravity is used in this lightweight

concrete instead of ordinary concrete. The lightweight aggregate can be natural
aggregate such as pumice, scoria and all of those of volcanic origin and the artificial
aggregate such as expanded blast-furnace slag, vermiculite and clinker aggregate.
The main characteristic of this lightweight aggregate is its high porosity which
results in a low specific gravity.

The lightweight aggregate concrete can be divided into two types according to
its application. One is partially compacted lightweight aggregate concrete and the
other is the structural lightweight aggregate concrete. The partially compacted
lightweight aggregate concrete is mainly used for two purposes that is for precast
concrete blocks or panels and cast in-situ roofs and walls. The main requirements for

6
this type of concrete is that it should have adequate strength and low density to
obtain the best thermal insulation and a low drying shrinkage to avoid cracking.

Structurally lightweight aggregate concrete is fully compacted similar to that of

the normal reinforced concrete of dense aggregate. It can be used with steel
reinforcement as to have a good bond between the steel and the concrete. The
concrete should provide adequate protection against the corrosion of the steel. The
shape and the texture of the aggregate particles and the coarse nature of the fine
aggregate tend to produce harsh concrete mixes. Only the denser varieties of
lightweight aggregate are suitable for use in structural concrete. Figure 3 shows the
feature of lightweight aggregate concrete.

Figure 3: Lightweight Aggregate Concrete

2.2.3 AERATED CONCRETE

Aerated concrete does not contain coarse aggregate, and can be regarded as an
aerated mortar. Typically, aerated concrete is made by introducing air or other gas
into a cement slurry and fine sand. In commercial practice, the sand is replaced by
pulverized- fuel ash or other siliceous material, and lime maybe used instead of
cement.

There are two methods to prepare the aerated concrete. The first method is to
inject the gas into the mixing during its plastic condition by means of a chemical

7
reaction. The second method, air is introduced either by mixing-in stable foam or by
whipping-in air, using an air-entraining agent. The first method is usually used in
precast concrete factories where the precast units are subsequently autoclaved in
order to produce concrete with a reasonable high strength and low drying shrinkage.
The second method is mainly used for in-situ concrete, suitable for insulation roof
screeds or pipe lagging. Figure 4 shows the aerated concrete.

Figure 4: Aerated Concrete

The differences between the types of lightweight concrete are very much related to
its aggregate grading used in the mixes. Table 1 shows the types and grading of
aggregate suitable for the different types of lightweight concrete.

8
 Table 1: Types and Grading of Lightweight Concrete

Types of Lightweight Type of Aggregate Grading of Aggregate

Concrete (Range of Particle Size)
No-fines concrete Natural Aggregate Blast- Nominal single sized
furnace slag Clinker material between 20mm
and 10mm BS sieve
Partially compacted Clinker Foamed slag May be of smaller
lightweight aggregate Expanded clay, shale, nominal single sized of
concrete slate, vermiculite and combined coarse and fine
perlite Sintered (5mm and fines) material
pulverized-fuel ash and to produce a continues but
pumice harsh grading to make a
porous concrete
Structural lightweight Foamed slag Expanded Continues grading from
aggregate concrete clay, shale or slate and either 20mm or 14mm
sintered pulverized fuel down to dust, with an
ash increased fines content
(5mm and fines) to
produce a workable and
dense concrete
Aerated concrete Natural fine aggregate The aggregate are
Fine lightweight generally ground down to
aggregate Raw finer powder, passing a 75
pulverized-fuel ash µm BS sieves but
Ground slag and burnt sometimes fine aggregate
shales (5mm and fines) is also
incorporated

Source from: Hjh Kamsiah Mohd Ismail (2004). Study of lightweight concrete
behaviour, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,Skudai , Johor.

9
2.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LIGHTWEIGHT
CONCRETE

Table 2 shows the advantages and disadvantages of using lightweight concrete as

structure.

Advantages Disadvantages
Rapid and relatively simple Very sensitive with water content
Construction in the mixtures
Economical in terms of Difficult to place and finish
transportation as well as reduction because of the porosity and
in manpower angularity of the aggregate. In
some mixes the cement mortar may
separate the aggregate and float
towards the surface

2.4 APPLICATION OF LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE

Lightweight concrete has been used since the eighteen centuries by the Romans. The
application on the ‘The Pantheon’ where it uses pumice aggregate in the construction
of cast in-situ concrete is the proof of its usage. In USA and England in the late
nineteenth century, clinker was used in their construction for example the ‘British
Museum’ and other low cost housing. The lightweight concrete was also used in
construction during the First World War. The United States used mainly for
shipbuilding and concrete blocks. The foamed blast furnace-slag and pumice
aggregate for block making were introduced in England and Sweden around 1930s.

10
 Nowadays with the advancement of technology, lightweight concrete expands
its uses. For example, in the form of perlite with its outstanding insulating
characteristics. It is widely used as loose-fill insulation in masonry construction
where it enhances fire ratings, reduces noise transmission, does not rot and termite
resistant. It also used for vessels, roof decks and other applications.

11
12
3.2 TESTING PROGRAM OF LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE

In order to study the behaviour of lightweight concrete, normal concrete testing was
done to determine the material and structural properties of each type of lightweight
concrete and how will these properties differ according to a different type of mixture
and its composition.

Once concrete has hardened it can be subjected to a wide range of tests to

prove its ability to perform as planned or to discover its characteristics. For new
concrete this usually involves casting specimens from fresh concrete and testing
them for various properties as the concrete matures.

3.3 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Compressive strength is the primary physical property of concrete (others are

generally defined from it), and is the one most used in design. It is one of the
fundamental properties used for quality control for lightweight concrete.
Compressive strength may be defined as the measured maximum resistance of a
concrete specimen to axial loading. It is found by measuring the highest compression
stress that a test cylinder or cube will support.

There are three type of test that can be use to determine compressive strength
cube, cylinder, or prism test. The ‘concrete cube test’ is the most familiar test and is
used as the standard method of measuring compressive strength for quality control
purposes (Neville, 1994).

13
Apparatus:

1. Concrete cube mould size 150mm x 150mm x 150mm

2. Trowel

3. Tray

4. Compacting steel rod with size 25mm x 25mm

5. Oil or grease

14
6. Curing tank

7. Compression test machine

15
Procedure:

1. Concrete is prepared with the design mix of (1:2:4), weight 26kg (to make 3
concrete cube) and water ratio of 0.50 – 0.65.

2. The concrete cube mould is made from steel or cast iron with smooth inner
surface. Every mould must have steel base plate to support and prevent
leakage.

3. The mould and base plate is cleaned and applied with oil to prevent concrete
from sticking to the sides of the cube. The base plate is attached to the mould
by using bolt and nuts.
4. Cube is filled by three layers of concrete.
5. Each layer is compacted for 25 times. This process is carried out
systematically and compaction is done uniformly to all surface of the
concrete.
6. After the compaction of the top layer, used the trowel to finish off the surface
level with the top of the mould, and the outside of the mould should be wiped
clean.

16
7. Immediately after making the cubes they should be marked clearly. This can
be done by writing the details of the cube in ink on a small piece of paper and
placing it on the top of the concrete until it is remoulded.
8. Concrete cubes let for 24 hours for harden before the mould can be
dismantled.
9. After remoulding, weight the concrete cubes before submerging it in water
for curing. The weight of the cube is stated as ( M1 kg).
10. Compression strength test will be carried out for concrete at age 7, 14, 21 and
28 days.

17
3.4 SEIVE ANALYSIS TEST

The experiment is carry out to determine a good distribution of aggregate by using

sieves and comparing the result obtain with BS 410.The plotted distribution curve
can give a clear picture of the quality of different sizes of aggregates. A good
distribution curve must be an “ Ideal Fuller Curve’.

Apparatus:

1. Division box size 25.4 mm and 44.45 mm.

2. 1 pail of dry course aggregate (granite)
3. ½ pail of dry fine aggregate (sand)
4. Sieve size: 0.15mm (no.100), 0.30mm(no.50) , 0.60mm (no.25), 1.2mm
(no.14) , 2.4mm (no.7).
5. Sieve pan and cover

6. Mechanical sieve shaker.

18
Procedure:

1. Perform a visual classification on the soil provide.

2. Inspect your sieve stack. Check for any loose screens, holes in the screens or
tears at the seams. Clean the sieve if necessary. Use a course wire brush for
larger sieve sizes, but use a soft nylon brush with smaller sieve sizes.
3. Collect ½ pail of fine aggregate (sand) and 1 pail of course aggregate at
different places.
4. Divide the sample of fine aggregate with a division box, size 25.4 mm and
course aggregate with the division box size 44.45mm.

19
3.5 DENSITY

The density of both fresh and hardened concrete is of interest to the parties involved
for numerous reasons including its effect on durability, strength and resistance to
permeability.

Hardened concrete density is determined either by simple dimensional checks,

followed by weighing and calculation or by weight in air/water buoyancy methods
(ELE International, 1993).

Method of density:

Density (ρ) is the mass of a unit volume of hardened concrete expressed in kilograms
per cubic metre. (BS EN 12390-7:2009)

Ρ = m/v

Where

M can be m₁ = the mass of the as-received specimen in air (in kg)

or m₂ = the mass of the saturated specimen in air (in kg)

or m₃ = the mass of the oven-dried specimen in air (in kg)

V can be V₁ / V₂ = the volume of the specimen calculated from its dimensions

(in m³)

V₃= the volume of the specimen determined by the displacement of the water (in
m³).

20
3.6 SLUMP TEST

In construction and and civil engineering, the concrete slump test (MS 7.1:1971) is
an in situ test or a laboratory test used to measured how hard and consistent a given
sample of concrete is before curing. The concrete slump test is in essence, a method
of quality control. For a particular mix, the slump should be consistent. A change in
slump height would demonstrate an undesired change in the ration of concrete
ingredients: adjust the proportions of the ingredients to keep a concrete batch
consistent.

Apparatus:

1. Slump cone
2. Steel soleplate
3. Steel tamping rod 16 mm diameter and 600mm long
4. Steel ruler (60cm)
5. Large pan
6. Trowel to mix concrete mixture.
7. Concrete (cement, sand , aggregates and water)

21
Procedure:

1. The weight and weight ingredient is calculate based on the ratio provide
concrete. Make sure the aggregates is dry and clean of dirt.
2. The volume and measures of water is calculate with measuring cylinder under
water cement ratio required.
3. Place the mixing pan on the floor and moisten it with some water. Place the
sand in the pan. The cement ,rice husk and sand are mix in it. Add the course
aggregate and mix thoroughly.
4. The water and dry cement ingredients are mixing thoroughly using the trowel,
with 2 levels. The scope is mixing until well mix.
5. Firmly hold the slump cone using the two foot holds on the steel base plate
2’x2’ (50.8cm x 50.8cm).
6. Concrete is pour into the mould of three (3) layers where each layer is
compact by 25 times with steel rod round at one end. Firstly, fill one third of
the slump cone with the concrete mixture. Then tamp the layer 25 times using
the steel rod.
7. Remember not to punch the concrete with steel rods. Fill concrete in the
mould and spread evenly with noise emissions.
8. Add more concrete mixture to the two thirds () mark. Repeat the tamping for
25 times.
9. Fill up the whole cone up to the top, then repeat tamping for 25 times.
10. Remove excess concrete from the opening of the slump cone. Clean the
concrete that fell on the plate. Slowly remove the cone by lifting it vertically
in 5 to 10 seconds. Make sure the concrete samples doesn’t remove.
11. Measure the slump-height of concrete u sing a ruler after the concrete
stabilizes.
12. To get the slump height, the difference height between the reference points
and the highest point of the concrete is measured. It also is to get the slup
reduction.

22
13. Measure and record all the debris. This test must be repeated if the sample
undergoes shear or the ruins of collapsed rubble. Record the ruins and the
type if it still shows the ruins.

Figure 2: Type of Slump

23
 3.8 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FOR CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE

To achieve one of the objective that is to compare the compressive strength between
the conventional concrete and our experimental lightweight concrete, the data will be
gathered using the internet, Malaysian standard and British standard.

From the internet, we get

Table 3: age and strength percent

Age Strength percent

1 day 16%

3 days 40%

7 days 65%

14 days 90%

28 days 99%

(source:https://theconstructor.org/concrete/compressive-strength-concrete-cube-test/1561/)

24
 Table 4: Compressive Strength Classes

RATIO COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH MINIMUM

CLASSES/GRADE CHARACTERISTIC
CUBE STRENGTH
N/mm²
1:3:6 M10 10
1:2:4 M15 15
1:1.5:3 M20 20

(source:http://stg.jsm.gov.my/documents/372014/372056/MS+523+PART+1+200
5-CONCRETE+-
+PART+1+SPECIFICATION,%20PERFORMANCE,%20PRODUCTION+AND
+CONFORMITY+(SECOND+REVISION)-840200.pdf/b681ccf6-9960-49b5-
9661-ba3b69b6306b?version=1.0&previewFileIndex=)

25
26
4.2 RESULTS OF CUBE COMPRESSIVE TEST

Out of many test applied to the concrete, this is the utmost important which gives an
idea about all the characteristics of concrete. By this single test, one judge that
whether concreting has been done properly or not. For cube test, two types of
specimens either cubes of 150mm x 150mm x 150mm or 100mm x 100mm x 100mm
depending on the size of aggregate used. For our experiment, the cubical mould used
is 150mm x 150mm x 150mm.

This concrete is poured into the mould and tempered properly so it will not
have any voids. After 24 hours these mould are removed and test specimens are put
into water for curing. The top surface of these specimens should be made even and
smooth. This is done by putting cement paste and spreading smoothly on whole area
of specimen. These specimens are tested by compression testing machine after 7, 14,
21 and 28 days curing.

27
 DATA COLLECTION FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE

RESULT:

Table 4.1: Result of Compressive Strength on 7, 14, 21, and 28 days.

Days Cube 1 Cube 2 Cube 3

7 Max strength = 3.436Mpa Max strength = 4.002Mpa Max strength = 3.572Mpa

Mass = 4.30kg Mass = 4.29kg Mass = 4.30kg
Density = 1274kg/m³ Density = 1271kg/m³ Density = 1274kg/m³

14 Max strength = 4.244Mpa Max strength = 5.023Mpa Max strength = 4.864Mpa

Mass = 4.60kg Mass = 4.56kg Mass = 4.63kg
Density = 1362kg/m³ Density = 1351kg/m³ Density = 1371kg/m³

21 Max strength = 5.046Mpa Max strength = 5.77Mpa Max strength = 5.023Mpa

Mass = 4.66kg Mass = 4.52kg Mass = 4.58kg
Density = 1380kg/m³ Density = 1339kg/m³ Density = 1357kg/m³

28 Max strength = 4.690Mpa Max strength= 5.626Mpa Max strength = 4.915Mpa

Mass = 4.15kg Mass = 4.75 kg Mass = 4.31kg
Density = 1230kg/m³ Density = 1407 kg/m³ Density =1277 kg/m³

28
MIXING CONCRETE

To make a concrete, first we must mix all the materials such as cement, aggregates
and sand. To make it stick together, mix them with water.

We make all the concrete cube on different date.

Cube 1 = Ratio 1:2:4 = 7 August 2017 (Monday)

Cube 2 = Ratio 1:1.5:3 = 10 August 2017 (Thursday)

Cube 3 = Ratio 1:3:6 = 14 August 2017 (Monday)

Then we put the concrete in curing process after 24 hour of concrete cube being
made.

COMPRESSIVE TEST

Table 4.2: Date For Compressive Test For The Test Cube

CUBE CUBE 1 CUBE 2 CUBE 3

AGE RATIO: 1:2:4 RATIO: 1:1.5:3 RATIO: 1:3:6

7 DAYS 15 August 2017 18 August 2017 22 August 2017

14 DAYS 22 August 2017 25 August 2017 29 August 2017

21 DAYS 29 August 2017 1 September 2017 5 September 2017

28 DAYS 5 September 2017 8 September 2017 12 September 2017

29
 6

5
Compressive strength

4
7 days
14 days
3
21 days
28 days
2

0
Cube 1 (1:2:4)

Figure 1: Graph Compressive Strength

Graph above shows the relationship between the concrete cube aged and the maximum
compressive strength. Based on the graph, the compressive strength on the 7 days is
the lowest which is 3.436 MPa only. It is normal to be the lowest as it is the beginning.
Then cube 1 for 14 days was increasing from 7 days which is 4.244 MPa only. The
highest compressive strength is on 21 days which is 5.044 MPa. The graph shows that
from 7 days aged to 21 days aged are increasing but drop out on 28 days aged. The
reading compressive strength for 28 days which is 1230 MPa.

30
 7

6
Compressive strength

4 7 days
14 days
3 21 days
28 days
2

0
Cube 2 (1:1.5:3)

Figure 2: Graph Compressive Strength

Graph above shows the relationship between the concrete cube aged and the maximum
compressive strength for cube 2 which is ratio 1:1.5:3 . The lowest compressive
strength is on the 7 days which is only 4.002 MPa. The cube 1 for 14 days was
increase from 7 days which is 5.023 MPa. The highest compressive strength is 5.77
MPa on the 21 days aged concrete. The compressive strength is increasing from the
beginning until on the 21 days and drop a bit on the 28 days. The compressive strength
on 28 days is 5.626 MPa. So it decreases by 0.144 MPa.

31
 6

5
Compressive strength

4
7 days

3 14 days
21 days
2 28 days

0
cube 3 (1:3:6)

Figure 3: Graph Compressive Strength

Graph above is about the relationship between the concrete cube age and the
maximum compressive strength of cube 3 which is ratio 1:3:6. The compressive
strength on the 7 days which is 3.572 MPa . The lowest compressive strength are
cube 3 for 7 days . The cube 3 for 14 days was increase from 7 days which is 4.864
MPa . The next day the cube 3 has been more strength compression on the 21 days
which is 5.023 MPa . On the 28 days age, the compressive strength drop about 0.108.
MPa from 21 days age. Based on the graph the cube 3 for 21 days is higher value of
compressive strength than 7 ,14 and 28 days.

32
 8
6
4 Cube 1
2 Cube 2
0 Cube 3
7 14 21 28
days days days days

Figure 4: Compressive Strength Versus Days To Test The Cube

From the results, all the cubes will be in curing process for a few of aged that are 7,
14, 21, and 28 days. So, the strength of the concrete will be test on aged 7, 14, 21 and
28 days. The strength of the concrete will be tested using the machine compression
test. We can see the maximum strength of lightweight concrete at 21 days. Based on
the table 4.2, the maximum results for cube 1 is 5.046Mpa, cube 2 is 5.770Mpa, and
for the cube 3 is 5.023Mpa. Based on the results of compressive strength reading of
cube 2 is more higher than cube 1 and 3. The reading of all cubes are increasing until
21 days but drop on 28 days. Probability this result had little error during process to
make the cube lightweight of concrete likes add more water during mixture the
concrete that caused 3 cube have different compression strength readings. It can
conclude that the cube of lightweight concrete mixing rice husk is less strength than
conventional concrete in compressive strength. But density of lightweight concrete
mixing rice husk is lighter than normal concrete. So the density can related the
compressive strength because if the compressive strength is stronger than the density
of the concrete is lighter.

33
 1500
1400
1300 Cube 1
1200 Cube 2
1100 Cube 3
7 14 21 28
days days days days

Figure 5: Density Versus Days

Based on the density results, 3 cube have different density reading. The reading
density at 7 days has 3 cubes of approximately density readings which is 1274 kg/m³
for cube 1, 1271 kg/m³ for cube 2 and 1274 kg/m³ for cube 3. The next day is 14
days the density reading is increasing for 3 cube which is 1362 kg/m³ for cube 1 ,
1351 kg/m³ for cube 2 and the for cube 3 is 1371 kg/m³. The density reading
decreasing for cube 2 and 3 which is 1339 kg/m³ and 1357 kg/m³. While cube 1 is
increasing the density reading at 21 days which is 1380 kg/m³. The cube 1 and 3 was
decrease the density reading at the 28 days which is 1230 kg/m³ and 1277 kg/m³.
While the cube 2 increase and more dense than cube 1 and 3 which is 1407 kg/m³.
From the graph , the highest density is cube 2 at 28 days while and the lowest density
is cube 1 at 28 days.

34
4.3 MODE FAILURE OF CONCRETE

Based on the observation that have been carried out, the mode of failure for the two
types of concrete is shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7 that the failure mode for Normal
Concrete, and the mode of failure for Lightweight Concrete with Rice husk. Part of
the picture after the concrete compressive strength tests are shown in below.

Figure 6: Normal Concrete

Figure 7: Lightweight Concrete

35
Failure mode can be seen from diagram, known that normal concrete has higher
compressive strength compare to concrete added with Rice husk. Failures to form a
cube of normal concrete and lightweight concrete are not significantly different
either at the age of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. From observation, it was found that the
resulting failure of cubes takes place in the side. Hollow concrete cube situation as a
result of improper compaction caused the failure on the side of the concrete cubes.
Improper compaction happen because during the compaction process total of hit
exceed the limit that stated in MS 523. And the distance between the concrete mix
and the hammer are inconvenience.

36
37
5.2 DISCUSSION

From the result of compressive test, the compressive value increase until 21 days and
back to decrease in 28 days. Based on the result of experiment, the compressive
strength of all cube on 7, 14, and 21 day are increasing but it drop for 28 days cube.
Possible reason for drop maybe because of a few reason. First, the ratio of water in
the mix maybe excessive or less. The error can affect the compressive strength of the
concrete.

Secondly, some of the concrete is not remould on the right time. Mould should
be open after 24 hours. But some of the concrete cube are opened before the 24 hour
time frame. Next, the mix between cement, sand, and aggregate are not mix well
using the ratio and not following the MS and BS standard. The compressive strength
of concrete will not achieve the normal and lightweight concrete solve.

Besides, the Rice husk (rice husk) that we use as one of the factors of failure
we observed that this substance absorb water. The bonds between all the mixtures are
weak because of high presence of water. Next, the concrete cube should be test by
aged of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. But it is delay due to public holiday. Other, the
temperature can also be the factor to get a good quality of concrete the water in
curing process should be between 20°c - 35°c. Due to the bad weather during our
curing process, the temperature may drop down.

(Source:https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.reasearchgate:net/publication/2818061
78_Effect_of_water_Temperature_on_Concrete_Properties/amp)

38
5.3 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, based on the studies that have been done, the characteristics of
lightweight concrete with using rice husk ( rice husk) can be analysed not strong
likes normal concrete but density more lighter than normal concrete. The lightweight
concrete create by our group is not suitable for construction building because the
strength our lightweight concrete so far weak than normal concrete.

39
5.4 SUGGESTION

After completed a study on concrete with the addition of Rice husk (rice husk) to add
with LECA ball in concrete a number of proposals put forward for concrete
improvements in order to produce a better engineering materials as well as
economical.

1. To avoid the Rice husk (rice husk) from absorbing the water cement sand and
LECA ball need to makes thoroughly first and complete the hydration before
adding the Rice husk (rice husk).
2. Since Rice husk (rise husk) absorbed water easily the water cement ratio
needs to be added as increases of Rice husk (rice husk) content in concrete.
3. For future research a large number of the sample need to be prepared so that
the data will be more accurate.

40
REFERENCES

As with normal weight concrete, water reducing plasticizing and mineral admixtures
are frequently used with lightweight concrete mixtures to increase strength and
workability as well as to facilitate placing and finishing.

Departments of Standards Malaysia (2005). Malaysian Standard MS 523: Part

1:2005. Concrete-Part 1: Specification, Performance, Production and Conformity
(Second Revision)

Everything about concrete. 2012. Lightweight concrete, how do you make concrete
weigh less. http://www.everything-about-concrete.com/lightweight-concrete.html

Himanshu Gautam & Bk Kalundu (2015)

Hjh Kamsiah Mohd Ismail (2004). Study of lightweight concrete behaviour,

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: Tesis Ph.D.

Hunker (2001). Tension vs compression of concrete. Retrieved from

http://www.hunker.com/12003167/

Michael Hass & Rakshita Nagayach (2015)

Quora (2015). Are steel and concrete strong or weak in compression and extension.
Retrieved from http://www.quora.com [August 25, 2015]

Slideshare (2013). Lightweight and Heavyweight Concrete. Retrieved from

http://www.slideshare.net/SEMEDARSALIM/

The Concrete Countertop Institute. 2013. Properties of Concrete.

http://www.concretecountertopinstitute.com/blog/2013/08/lightweight-%20concrete-
is-it-really-necessary-for-countertops

41
The Constructor (1997). All about lightweight concrete. Retrieved from
http://www.theconstructor.org/concrete/

Voids and other discontinuities in materials often lead to a reduction in a material's

tensile strength

42
GANTT CHART IN

SEMESTER 5

43
GANTT CHART IN

SEMESTER 5

44
APPENDIX 1

Calculate density:
(BS EN 12390-7:2009)

Ρ = m/v

Where

M can be m₁ = the mass of the as-received specimen in air (in kg)

or m₂ = the mass of the saturated specimen in air (in kg)

or m₃ = the mass of the oven-dried specimen in air (in kg)

V can be V₁ / V₂ = the volume of the specimen calculated from its dimensions

(in m³)

V₃= the volume of the specimen determined by the displacement of the water (in
m³).

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