Statistics & Probability | cris naz

QUIZ
In the exams given to the top 40 students, the following scores were obtained. Construct the Frequency Distribution Table
given that 𝑖 = 5.

33 54 59 43 31 51 29 64 55 35
31 31 46 61 35 44 57 29 61 59
65 48 42 33 37 42 57 56 31 49
31 64 63 63 51 45 34 62 32 30

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MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

Measure of Central Tendency
 It is a value that describes to which a set of data will likely fall.
 It is a summary measure that attempts to describe a whole set of data with a single value that represents the
middle or center of its distribution.

In other words, it is a way to describe the center of a data set.

Mean
 It is the average of a set of data and is denoted by a symbol 𝑋
 It is the value equal to the sum of all the values in a data (∑ 𝑥) divided by the total elements in a given data (𝑁)
and is summarized by the formula given below:
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯ 𝑥𝑛−1 + 𝑥𝑛 ∑𝑥
𝑋= =
𝑁 𝑁
NOTE: The above formula is applicable only for ungrouped data. Ungrouped data are set of values not grouped per class
interval while grouped data refer to a summary of values grouped into numbers of class intervals in which frequency of
values that fall per given class interval is counted.

In getting the mean for grouped of data, the given table must be completed.
Class Interval Class Frequency (𝑓) Class Mark (𝑥) 𝑓𝑥

∑ 𝑓 = 𝑁 = ___________ ∑ 𝑓𝑥 = ____________

After completing the table above, the given formula can now be used to calculate for the mean of a grouped data
commonly called as the “weighted mean.”
𝑓1 𝑥1 + 𝑓2 𝑥2 + 𝑓3 𝑥3 + ⋯ 𝑓𝑛−1 𝑥𝑛−1 + 𝑓𝑛 𝑥𝑛 ∑ 𝑓𝑥
𝑋= =
𝑁 𝑁
Example:
The data shown are the scores in Statistics exam. Find the mean score of the 30 students if 9 class intervals shall
be used in grouping the data.
47 65 81 65 68 55
56 69 61 75 71 67
61 87 50 74 49 66
49 89 77 75 79 85
68 90 57 63 54 90

Solution:
1. Determine the Range.
𝑅 = 90 − 47 = 43

2. Determine the Class Size

𝑖 = 43 ÷ 9 = 4.78 𝑜𝑟 5

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 Statistics & Probability | cris naz

3. Construct and fill up the FDT.

CF CM
CI 𝑓𝑥
(𝑓) (𝑥)
47 - 51 4 49 196
52 - 56 3 54 162
57 - 61 3 59 177
62 - 66 4 64 256
67 - 71 5 69 345
72 - 76 3 74 222
77 - 81 3 79 237
82 - 86 1 84 84
87 - 91 4 89 356
∑ 𝑓 = 𝑁 =30 ∑ 𝑓 = 2035

∑ 𝑓𝑥 2035
𝑋 = = = 67.83
𝑁 30

Median
 It is usually denoted by 𝑋̃.
 It is the value of the middle when all elements in a set of data are arranged in ascending order. If the number is
odd, then there is exactly one element in the middle when the data is arrayed in ascending order. However, if
there is even number in a set of data, there will be two elements to be considered in the middle so that the media
for a set of data with even number of elements is equal to the average of the two middle elements.

Example #1:
Find the median of the measured height of all the athletes of the YMA University below:

181 211 195 189 200 206 195 188 189

Solution
1. Identify the location of the median element using the given formula:
𝑛+1
𝑀=
2
where: 𝑛 = total number of elements in a set of data

so,
9+1
𝑀= =5
2
Therefore, the 5th element is the median element of the given data.

2. Arrange the data in ascending order.

181 188 189 189 195 195 200 206 211

3. Take the 5th element in the arrayed data as the median.

̃ = 𝟏𝟗𝟓
𝑿

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 Statistics & Probability | cris naz

Example #2:
Find the median of the following raw data:

5 11 3 6 9 11 6 12 16 4 6 10

Solution:
1. Identify the location of the median element using the given formula:
𝑛+1
𝑀=
2
12 + 1
𝑀= = 6.5
2
2. Arrange the data in ascending order.

3 4 5 6 6 6 9 10 11 11 12 16

3. Take the average of the 6th and 7th elements in the arrayed of data as the median.
𝟔+𝟗
̃=
𝑿 = 𝟕. 𝟓
𝟐
How to Get the Median Class?
The median class is the class interval to which 𝑀 is included with respect to the less than cumulative frequency.
𝑁
For grouped data, 𝑀 is calculated by dividing the total number of frequencies by 2 ( 2 ).

Example:
Class Interval Class Frequency < Cumulative
(𝒇) Frequency
10 – 20 5 5
21 – 31 10 15
32 – 42 11 26
43 – 53 7 33
54 – 64 23 56
65 – 75 55 111
76 – 86 7 118
87 – 97 8 126
98 – 108 4 130
∑ 𝑓 = 𝑁 = 130
If we will solve for 𝑀:
𝑁 130
𝑀= = = 65
2 2

Since 𝑀 is 65, therefore, the medial class is the class interval 65 – 75. Now that we know our median class, we can
now get the values needed for the formula of Median for grouped data using the following formula.

𝑁
− < 𝑐𝑓𝑏
𝑋̃ = 𝑋𝐿𝐵 + 𝑖 ( 2 )
𝑓𝑚
where:
𝑋𝐿𝐵 = Lower class boundary of the median class
𝑖 = class size
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 Statistics & Probability | cris naz

𝑁 = total number of frequencies

< 𝑐𝑓𝑏 = less than cumulative frequency before the median class
𝑓𝑚 = class frequency of the median class

1. Lower class boundary of the median class.

Recall: Lower class boundary = Lower class limit – 0.5
Upper class boundary = Upper class limit + 0.5
So,
𝑿𝑳𝑩 = 𝟔𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟓 = 𝟔𝟒. 𝟓
2. Class size
Recall: 𝑖 = Upper Class Limit – Lower Class Limit + 1
So,
𝑖 = 75 − 65 + 1 = 11
3. Less than cumulative frequency before the median class
By looking at the FDT, < 𝑐𝑓𝑏 = 56

4. Median class frequency (𝑓𝑚)

By looking at the FDT, 𝑓𝑚 = 55
Therefore,
𝑵 𝟏𝟑𝟎
−<𝒄𝒇𝒃 −𝟓𝟔
̃ = 𝑿𝑳𝑩 + 𝒊 ( 𝟐
𝑿 ) = 𝟔𝟒. 𝟓 + 𝟏𝟏 (𝟐
) = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟑
𝒇𝒎 𝟓𝟓

Mode
 It is defined as the element in a set of data that has the most number of frequencies.

Example #1:
Find the median of the measured height of all the athletes of the YMA University below:

181 211 195 189 200 206 195 188 189

Solution:
1. List down all the values and their corresponding frequencies
Value Frequency
181 1
211 1
195 2
189 2
200 1
206 1
188 1
N=9

2. Take the value that has the highest frequency.

̃ = 𝟏𝟗𝟓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟏𝟖𝟗
𝑿

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 Statistics & Probability | cris naz

How to Ge the Modal Class?

The modal class is the class interval with the highest class frequency. Let us consider the given FDT below.
Class Interval Class Frequency
(𝒇)
10 – 20 5
21 – 31 10
32 – 42 11
43 – 53 7
54 – 64 23
65 – 75 55
76 – 86 7
87 – 97 8
98 – 108 4
∑ 𝑓 = 𝑁 = 130

Therefore, the modal class is the class interval 65 – 75 since it has the highest frequency which is 55. The mode of grouped
data can be calculated using the given formula below:
𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓𝑚𝑏
𝑋̃ = 𝑋𝐿𝐵 + 𝑖 ( )
2𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓𝑚𝑎 − 𝑓𝑚𝑏
where: 𝑋𝐿𝐵 = Lower class boundary of the modal class
𝑖 = class size
𝑓𝑚 = class frequency of the modal class
𝑓𝑚𝑎 = class frequency of the modal class after the modal class
𝑓𝑚𝑏 = class frequency of the modal class before the modal class

1. Lower class boundary of the modal class

𝑋𝐿𝐵 = 65 − 0.5 = 64.5
2. Class size
𝑖 = 75 − 65 + 1 = 11
3. Class frequency of the modal class
𝑓𝑚 = 55
4. Class frequency of the modal class after the modal class
𝑓𝑚𝑎 = 7
5. Class frequency of the modal class before the modal class
𝑓𝑚𝑏 = 23
Therefore,
𝒇𝒎 − 𝒇𝒎𝒃
̃ = 𝑿𝑳𝑩 + 𝒊 (
𝑿 )
𝟐𝒇𝒎 − 𝒇𝒎𝒂 − 𝒇𝒎𝒃
𝟓𝟓 − 𝟐𝟑
𝑿̃ = 𝟔𝟒. 𝟓 + 𝟏𝟏 ( )
𝟐(𝟓𝟓) − 𝟕 − 𝟐𝟑
𝑿̃ = 𝟔𝟖. 𝟗

Activity:
Find the median and mode of the given assignment yesterday.

Assignment:
Explain the uses of Percentile, Quartile and Decile in statistics.

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