USMLE Step 2 Rapid Review

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1. Abdominal pain, 5. Bilateral acoustic

ascites, schwannomas
hepatomegaly

Budd-Chiari Syndrome (posthepatic

Neurofibromatosis type 2
venous thrombosis, can be related to
Polycythemia vera)
occur in cerebellopontine angle, S100
2. Achilles tendon marker
Xanthoma
6. Bilateral hilar
adenopathy,
uveitis, high ACE,
hypercalcemia
(activated
macrophages for
Sarcoidosis (non-caseating granulomas)
Vit D), interstitial
fibrosis, erythema
nodosum, high
Familial Hyper cholesterolemia (low LDL CD4
receptor signaling) 7. Black eschar on
AD face of patient with
3. Adrenal diabetic
hemorrhage, ketoacidosis
hypotension, DIC

Mucor or Rhizopus fungal infection

Travels through cribiform plate vessels

8. Blue sclera

Waterhouse-Frieerichsen syndrome
(Neisseria meningitidis)
4. Arachnodactyly
(spider fingers),
lens dislocation,
aortic dissection or
aneurysm,
Osteogenesis Imperfecta (Type I
hyperflexible
collagen defect forming triple helix)
joints, pectus
Blue due to exposure of choroidal veins
excavatum

Marfan Syndrome (fibrillin defect)

AD
9. Bluish line on 12. Cafe-au-lait spots,
gingiva and Lisch nodules (iris
basophilic hemartoma),
stippling cutaneous
neurofibromas

Burton line (lead poisoning)

Basophilic stippling (rRNA remnants)
Constipation, anemia, CNS impairment Neurofibromatosis Type I,
pheochromocytoma, optic gliomas
10. Bone pain, bone
enlargement (hat 13. Cafe-au-lait spots
size or hearing (unilateral),
loss), arthritis polyostotic fibrous
dysplasia,
precocious puberty,
Paget disease of bone (Increased multiple endocrine
osteoclastic, then osteoblastic activity) abnormalities
McCune-Albright syndrome
Osteosarcoma or heart failure (mosaicism, G-protein signaling
mutation)
11. "Butterfly" facial
rash or discoid 14. Calf
rash and Raynaud pseudohypertrophy
phenomenon in a
young female

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Muscular dystrophy (Duchenne, due to
Type III Hypersensitivity (antigen- X-linked frameshift > truncated
antibody complexes deposit) with dystrophin)
glomerulonephritis
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)
Type II hypersensitivity with autoimmune High CK
hemolysis
15. Cervical 18. Chest pain,
lymphadenopathy, pericardial
desquamating effusion/friction
rash on palms and rub, persistent
soles, coronary fever following MI
aneurysms, red (weeks later)
conjuctivae, and
strawberry tongue

Dressler syndrome

(autoimmune mediated post-MI

fibrinous pericarditis, 2-12 weeks after
Kawasaki disease (treat with IVIG and
acute episode)
aspirin which inhibits TXA2)
19. Chest pain with ST Subendocaridal ischemia
16. "Cherry-red spots"
depressions EKG Unstable angina (troponins -, reversible)
on macula
and NSTEMI (troponins +, irreversible)
20. Child with fever
later develops red
rash on face that
spreads to body

Tay-Sachs (ganglioside accumulation -

NO hepatosplenomegaly)
"Slapped cheeks" (Erythema
Niemann-Pick (sphingomyelin infectiosum/fifth disease: parvovirus B19)
accumulation w/ hepatosplenomegaly) Single-stranded DNA virus
Aplastic Anemia in Sickle Cell, B-
Central retinal artery occlusion thalessemia
17. Chest pain on Angina 21. Chorea, dementia,
exertion caudate
stable: with moderate exertion, cellular degeneration
swelling indicates reversibility,
atherosclerosis;

unstable: with minimal exertion or at

rest, partial occlusion Huntington disease (AD, CAG repeat
expansion)
Hemiballismus caused by subthalamic
nuclei (STN)
Loss of GABAergic neurons
22. Chorioretinitis, 26. Continuous
hydrocephalus (CSF "machine-
acculmulation > UMN like"heart murmur
injury), intracranial
calcifications

PDA (close with indomethacin; open or

maintain with PGE analogs)
Congenital Toxoplasmosis Congenital Rubella
23. Chronic exercise Late cyanosis in lower extremity
intolerance with failure of branchial arch 6
myalgia, painful 27. Cutaneous/dermal
cramps, edema due to
myoglobinuria, connective tissue
arrythemia deposition

AR McArdle disease
(skeletal muscle glycogen
phosphorylase deficiency)
-defect in anaerobic glycogen
metabolism
24. Cold intolerance, Hypothyroidism Myxedema
weight gain,
bradycardia, facial Dx: Thyroxine (T4) (caused by hypothyroidism, Graves
myxedema, disease [pretibial])
hypercholesterolemia 28. Cutaneous
25. Conjugate horizontal flushing, diarrhea,
gaze palsy, horizontal bronchospasm
diplopia

Internuclear opthalmoplegia

(damage to MLF; may be unilateral or

bilateral) Carcinoid syndrome

(right-sided cardiac valvular fibrous

lesions, Increased 5-HIAA in urine, 5-HT
in serum)
Requires mets from GI to liver
29. Dark purple skin/ mouth 34. Dysphagia
nodules in a patient with (esophageal
AIDs webs), glossitis
(beefy red
tongue), iron
deficiency anemia
(spoon nails)

Plummer-Vinson syndrome
Kaposi Sarcoma, associated with HHV-8
(may progress to esophageal squamous
Endothelial cell tumor, not of blood
cell carcinoma)
vessels (will not blanche)
Spindle cells 35. Elastic skin,

Spreads via blood hyper-mobility of

joints, increased
30. Deep, labored Kussmaul respirations (diabetic
bleeding
breathing/hypoventilation ketoacidosis)
tendency
31. Mild = glossitis Pellagra (Niacin [B3] Deficiency)
Severe = Broad collar Caused by Hartnups (dec trp met) or
Dermatitis, dementia, Isoniazid drug (decr B6)
diarrhea,
over dependence of corn as a staple
food Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
32. Dilated cardiomyopathy, (type V collagen defect, type III
edema, alcoholism or collagen defect seen in vascular ED)
malnutrition
Pro collagen molecules are not cleaved
(N/C removal impaired)
36. Enlarged, hard
left
supraclavicular
node
Wet Beriberi
(Thiamine [B1] Deficiency)
33. Dry eyes, dry mouth, Virchow node (abdominal metastasis)
arthritis, recurrent dental
caries 37. Episodic vertigo,
tinnitus, hearing
loss

Sjogren syndrome
(autoimmune destruction of exocrine
glands)
Can have RF, Anti-SSA or SSB
Lymphocytic sialadenitis
Risk of B-cell lymphoma
Meniere disease:
excess of endolymph fluid in the inner
ear
38. Erythroderma, 41. Fibrous plaques in
lymphadenopathy, soft tissue of
hepatosplenomegaly, penis with
atypical T-cells abnormal
curvature

Mycosis fungoides (Pautrier-cutaneous

T-cell lymphoma) or Sezary syndrome
(mycosis fungoides and malignant T
cells with cerebriform nuclei in blood) Peyronie disease (connective tissue
39. Fever, chills, disorder)
headache, myalgia 42. Golden brown
following antibiotic rings around
treatment for syphilis peripheral cornea

Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction
(rapid lysis of spirochetes results in
endotoxin release)
40. Fever, cough,
conjunctivitis, coryza, Kayser-Fleischer rings (copper
diffuse rash accumulation from Wilson disease,
check ceruloplasmin)
(coryza = rhinitis = Risk of basal Ganglia atrophy
irritation and 43. Gout, intellectual
inflammation of the disability, self-
mucous membr in the mutilating
nose) behavior in a boy

Measles (rubeola)
Koplik spots (white lesions on buccal
mucosa)
Risk of subacute sclerosing
panencephalitis (viral inclusions in white
and gray matter) Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (HGPRT
Fusion protein and HA (Hemagglutinin deficiency, X-linked recessive)
for binding) virulence factors Build up of hypoxanthine and guanine
Urate crystals on UA
44. Hamartomatous GI polyps, 47. Hyperphagia,
hyperpigmentation of hyper-sexuality,
mouth/feet/hands/genitalia hyperorality,
hyperdocility

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
(inherited, benign polyposis can cause
bowel obstruction, increased cancer Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
risk-mainly GI)
45. Hepatosplenomgaly, (bilateral amygdala lesion)
pancytopenia, 48. Hyporeflexia,
osteoporosis, aseptic hypotonia,
necrosis of femur, bone atrophy,
crises in child fasciculations

LMN Damage
49. Hypoxemia,
Gaucher disease macrophage
polycythemia,
(glucocerebrosidase deficiency)
hypercapnia

#1 lysosomal storage disease

Build up of glucocerbroside
"Crinkled tissue paper cells"
46. Hereditary nephritis,
sensorineural hearing loss,
cataracts in boys "Blue bloater"

(chronic bronchitis: hyperplasia of

mucous cells)

Clinical diagnosis from productive

cough in 3+ months in at least 2
consecutive years
Alport syndrome (mutation in collagen
50. Indurated,
IV)
ulcerated genital
X-linked
lesion
Irregular thickening of GBM
Basket Weave (thinning) on EM
Isolated hematuria

Nonpainful: chancre (syphyilis)

Painful, exudate: chancroid
(Haemophilus ducreyi)
51. Infant with "cherry- 54. Infant with
red" spot on macula, microcephaly,
hepatosplenomegaly, rocker-bottom
and feet, clenched
neurodegeneration hands, and
structural heart
defect

Niemann-Pick disease
(genetic sphingomyelinase deficiency)
Foam cells
52. Infant with cleft
lip/palate,
microcephaly or Edwards Syndrome (trisomy 18)
holoprosencephaly (1 Mnemonic: E=election age at 18
hemisphere), 55. Jaundice, palpable Courvoisier sign
polydactyly, cutis distended non- (distal obstruction of biliary tree)
aplasia tender gallbladder
56. Male child, Bruton tyrosine kinase disease
recurrent bacterial (X-linked agammaglobulinemia)
and Lack of immunoglobulin, Tx: IVIG
enterovirus/giardia
(lack of IgA)
infections after 6
Patau syndrome (Trisomy 13) months of life, no
mature B cells
Mnemonic: P=puberty at 13
57. Mucosal bleeding
53. Infant with and prolonged
hypoglycemia, bleeding time
hepatomegaly
(glycogen in liver),
AR

Glanzmann thrombasthenia
Cori disease III (debranching enzyme
(defect in platelet aggregation due to
deficiency)
lack of GpIIb/IIIa)
Von Gierke disease IV (glucose-6-
phosphate deficiency in ER, more severe 58. Muffled heart
with increased blood lactate) sounds, distended
neck veins,
hypotension

Beck triad of cardiac tamponade

AND PULSUS PARADOXUS
59. Multiple colon polyps, 62. No lactation
osteomas/soft tissue postpartum,
tumors, absent
impacted/supernumerary menstruation,
teeth cold intolerance,
loss of pubic hair

Sheehan syndrome (pituitary infarction)

63. Multiple sclerosis

Gardner syndrome

(subtype of FAP)
60. Myopathy (infantile
hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy),
exercise intolerance

64.
AR Pompe disease II (lysosomal alpha-
1,4-glucosidase deficiency)
Type IV hypersensitivity
Dx: Oligoclonal IgG bands and
periventricular plaques on MRI
Painful blue
fingers/toes,
hemolytic anemia

Can't breakdown lysosomes to release

glycogen in liver or muscle (PAS+)
Sudden death in young athletes
Differential: Myocete disarray (B-myosin Cold agglutinin disease (autoimmune
heavy chain or myosin-binding protein hemolytic anemia caused by
C mutation) Mycoplasma pneumoniae, infectious
Tx: replace enzyme mononucleosis, CLL)

61. Neonate with arm 65. Painful

paralysis following fingers/toes
difficult birth changing color
from blue to white
to red with cold or
stress

Raynaud phenomenon (vasospasm in

Erb-Duchenne palsy extremities)
(superior trunk [C5-C6] brachial plexus
injury: "waiter's tip")
66. Painful, raised red 69. Palpable purpora on
lesions on pads of buttocks/legs, joint
fingers/toes pain, abdominal pain
(child), hematuria
(IgA nephropathy)

Osler nodes (infective endocarditis,

immune complex deposition)
67. Painless
erythameatous
lesions on palms Henoch-Schonlein purpura (IgA immune
and soles complex deposition, vasculitis effecting
skin and kidneys)
70. Periorbital and/or Nephrotic syndrome
peripheral edema,
proteinuria,
hypoalbuminemia,
hypercholesterolemia
71. Pink complexion,
dyspnea,
hyperventilation
Janeway lesions (infective endocarditis,
septic emboli/microabscesses)
68. Painless jaundice

"Pink puffer" (emphysema: centracinar

[smoking], panacinar [alpha-1 antitrypsin
deficiency])
72. Polyuria, renal Fanconi syndrome (multiple combined
tubular acidosis type dysfunction of the PCT)
II, growth failure,
Cancer of the pancreatic head electrolyte
obstructing the bile duct imbalances
(overexcretion of
everything),
hypophosphatemic
rickets
73. Pruritic, purple, 79. Red "currant jelly"
polygonal planar sputum in alcoholic
papules and or diabetic patients
plaques - Lichen
planus

Sawtooth infilitrate of lymphocytes at Klebsiella pneumonia

dermal-epidermal junction 80. Red "currant jelly" Acute mesenteric ischemia (adults),
Hep C association stools intussusception (children)
74. Ptosis, miosis, 81. Red, itchy, swollen
anhidrosis (no rash of
sweating) nipple/areola

Paget disease of the breast (sign of

underlying neoplasm)
82. Red urine in the Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
morning, fragile DAF (GPI-anchor) deficiency due to
Horner syndrome (sympathetic chain RBCs, risk of myeloid stem cell
lesion) thrombosis and Acidosis at night, activates complement
AML, hemosiderosis Dx: CD55 (DAF)
75. Pupil Argyll Roberson pupil (neurosyphilis)
(iron deposition) Tx: Eculizumab
accommodates
but doesn't react 83. Renal cell
carcinoma
76. Rapidly
(bilateral),
progressive limb
hemangioblastomas
weakness that
in retina/spine,
ascends following
angiomatosis,
GI/upper
pheochromocytoma
respiratory
infection
von Hippel-Lindau disease (dominant
tumor suppressor gene mutation)

Guillain-Barre syndrome 84. Resting tremor,

Autoimmune > molecular mimicry rigidity, akinesia,
postural instability,
77. Rash on palms Coxsackie A, Secondary syphilis, Rocky shuffling gait
and soles Mountain spotted fever
Parkinson disease (loss of dopaminergic
78. Recurrent cold Hyper-IgE syndrome (Job syndrome:
neurons in substantia nigra pars
(noninflamed) neutrophil chemotaxis abnormality)
compacta)
abscesses, STAT3 mutation > low Th17
unusual eczema, 85. Retinal
high serum IgE, hemorrhages with
primary teeth pale centers

Roth spots (bacterial endocarditis)

86. Severe jaundice in Crigler-Najjar syndrome (congenital 92. Skin
neonate unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia) hyperpigmentation,
Absent liver conjugation enzyme hypotension,
AR - lack of UGT enzyme fatigue
87. Severe RLQ pain Rovsing sign (acute appendicitis)
with palpation of Fecaliths block lumen > bacterial
LLQ infection
88. Severe RLQ pain McBurney's sign (acute appendicitis)
with rebound Fecaliths block lumen > bacterial
tenderness infection
Primary Adrenocortical insufficiency
89. Short stature, cafe (e.g., Addison disease) causes increased
au lait spots, ACTH and increased alpha-MSH
thumb/radial production (skin pigment from POMC)
defects, increased TB is most common cause in developing
incidence of
93. Slow, progressive
tumors/leukemia,
muscle weakness in
aplastic anemia
boys

Fanconi anemia (genetic loss of DNA

crosslink repair; often progresses to
AML)
90. Single palmar
crease, epicanthal
folds, excess skin
at neck,
protruding Becker muscular dystrophy (X-linked
tongue, missense mutation in dystrophin, less
upslanting severe than Duchenne)
palpebral fissures,
94. Small, irregular red
ostium PRIMUM
spots on
ASD (inferior
buccal/lingual
part), duodenal
mucosa with blue-
atresia
white centers

Down syndrome (trisomy 21), VSD > 50%

91. Situs inversus,
chronic sinusitis,
bronchiectasis, Koplik spots (measles, rubeola)
infertility Vitamin A reduces morbidity
Virulence: HA and Fusion protein

Kartagener syndrome (dynein arm

defect affecting cilia)
95. Smooth, moist, 99. Sudden
painless, wart-like swollen/painful
white lesions on big toe joint,
genitals tophi

Gout/podagra (hyperuricemia -
monosodium urate)
Precipitated by alcohol or meat
(compete with uric acid for excretion in
kidney)
Condylomata lata (secondary syphilis)
100. Swollen gums,
96. Splinter mucosal
hemorrhages in bleeding, poor
fingernails wound healing,
petechiae,
corkscrew hair

Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency: can't

Bacterial endocarditis hydroxylate proline/lysine for collagen
97. "Strawberry synthesis)
tongue" Ascorbic Acid
101. Swollen, hard,
painful finger
joints

Scarlet fever, Kawasaki disease

98. Streak ovaries,
congenital heart Osteoarthritis
disease (aortic Heberden's nodes are Higher up (DIP)
dissection or Bouchard's nodes are close to the Body
bicuspid aortic (PIP)
valve), horseshoe Spares MCP
kidney, cystic 102. Systolic ejection
hygroma at birth, murmur
short stature, (crescendo-
webbed neck, decrescendo)
lymphedema

Turner Syndrome (45 X,O) Aortic stenosis

103. Telangiectasias, 108. Vomiting blood
recurrent following
epistaxis, skin gastroesophageal
discoloration, lacerations
arteriovenous
malformations, GI
bleeding,
hematuria

Mallory Weiss syndrome (alcoholic and

Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome or bulimic patients)
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangectasia 109. Weight loss,
104. Toe diarrhea, arthritis,
extension/fanning fever,
upon plantar lymphadenopathy
scrape

Babinski sign (UMN lesion)

105. Unilateral facial
drooping Whipple disease (Tropheryma whipplei)
involving 110. "Worst headache
forehead of my life"

Subarachnoid hemmorhage

LMN facial nerve (CN VII) palsy, UMN 111. Anticentromere

lesion will spare the forehead antibodies

106. Urethritis, Reactive arthritis associated with HLA-

conjunctivitis, B27
arthritis in a male
107. Vascular
birthmark (port-
wine stain) of the
face

Limited Scleroderma (CREST) to fingers

and face

Nevus flammeus (benign but associated

with Sturge-Weber syndrome > GNAQ
gene, seizures, glaucoma, retardation)
112. Anti-desmoglein 117. Antineutrophil
(epithelial) cytoplasmic
antibodies antibodies
(ANCAs)

Microscopic polyangiitis and eosinophilic

Pemphigus vulgaris (blistering) granulomatosis with polyangiitis
(Asthma>Churg-Strauss syndrome) (MPO-
113. Anti-glomerular
ANCA/p-ANCA); granulomatosis with
basement
polyangiitis (NOSE effected Wegener; PR3-
membrane
ANCA/c-ANCA)
antibodies
118. Antinuclear
antibodies
(ANAs: anti-
Smith
(snRNPs) and
anti-dsDNA)
Goodpasture syndrome
(glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis)
Linear pattern
SLE (type III hypersensitivity)
114. Antihistone Drug-induced SLE (e.g., hydralazine,
ds-DNA can give prognosis for renal failure
antibodies isoniazid, phenytoin, procainamide)
No renal or CNS involvement 119. Antiplatelet
antibodies
115. Rheumatoid
(IgG
factor (IgM
Antibodies to
antibody that
GpIIb/IIIa)
targets IgG Fc
region), anti-
cyclic citrullinated
peptide (Anti-
CCP) antibody

Rheumatoid arthritis (pannus which

contracts > boutonniere deformity,
spares DIP)
Tx: methotrexate, TNF-alpha inhibitors Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
Increased megakaryocytes, low platelets
116. Antimitochondrial Primary biliary cirrhosis (female,
Acute: post viral infection or immunization in
antibodies (AMAs) cholestasis, portal hypertension)
kids, self-limited
Vitamin ADEK deficiency
Chronic: SLE > can cross placenta
Tx: IVIG, stall spleen from eating platelets,
or splenectomy (source of antibody and
destruction site)
120. Anti-Scl-70 (anti-DNA 124. Azurophilic
topoisomerase I) peroxidase +
granular
peroxidase +
inclusions in
granulocytes and
myeloblasts

Auer rods - MPO

(AML, especially the promyelocytic [M3
Diffuse systemic scleroderma or APML] type)
Pulmonary and Kidney complications t(15;17) -Retinoic Acid receptor
cause death disrupted

121. Anti- 125. PYR response

transglutaminase/anti-
gliadin/anti-
endomysial antibodies

Positive: S. pyogenes (group A);

Negative: S. galactiae (group B)
Celiac Disease (Diarrhea, weight loss)
126. "Bamboo spine"
Increased lymphocytes
on x-ray
122. "Apple core" lesion on
barium enema x-ray

Colorectal cancer (usually left-sided)

123. Atypical lymphocytes Ankylosing spondylitis (chronic
(Reactive CD8+) inflammatory arthritis: HLA-B27)
Risk of aortitis and Aortic Regurgitation
127. Basophilic
nuclear remnants
in RBCs

Howell-Jolly bodies (due to

splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen)

EBV in oropharynx, liver, and b cells

128. "Boot shaped 132. Dilated
heart" on x-ray Cardiomegaly
with apical
atrophy

Tetralogy of Fallot
1) stenosis of RV outflow
2) VSD
3) Overriding aorta
4) RV hypertrophy Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)
Squatting increases preload, and more 133. Cellular
blood goes to lung crescents (fibrin
129. Branching gram- and
positive rods with macrophages) in
sulfur granules Bowman capsule
(anaerobic)

Rapidly progressive crescentic

Actinomyces israelii
glomerulonephritis (RPGN), including
130. Bronchogenic goodpastures and granulomatosis with
apical lung tumor polyangiitis and microscopic polyangiitis
on imaging Type II hypersensitivity, C3b and fibrin
crescents
134. "Chocolate cyst"
of ovary

Pancoast tumor (can compress cervical

sympathetic chain and cause Horner
syndrome)
131. "Brown" tumor of
bone
Endometriosis (frequently involves both
ovaries), normal uterus size (as opposed
to adenomyosis which would have
symmetrically enlarged uterus)
135. Circular grouping
Hyperparathyroidism or osteitis fibrosa of dark tumor
cystica (deposited hemosiderin from cells surrounding
hemorrhage gives brown color) pale neurofibrils,
Stones, bones, groans, psychiatric high mitotic index
overtones
Increased Alk Phos and cAMP

Homer-Wright rosettes (neuroblastoma,

medulloblastoma)
136. Colonies of 141. Desquamated
mucoid epithelium casts
Pseudomonas in in sputum
lungs

CF or CGD (catalase +) Curschmann spirals (bronchial asthma;

137. Decrease in AFP Down Syndrome (21) or Edwards (18) can result in whorled mucous plugs)
in amniotic 18: low B-HCG and inhibin A 142. Disarrayed
fluid/maternal 21: high b-HCG and inhibin A cuboidal
serum granulosa cells
138. Degeneration of arranged around
dorsal column collections of
fibers eosinophilic fluid
Call-Exner bodies (granulosa cell tumor
of the ovary, secrete estrogen), can be
seen with coffee bean nuclei
143. Dysplastic
Tabes Dorsalis (tertiary syphilis), B12 - squamous
subacute combined degeneration cervical cells with
(dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal, "raisinoid" nuclei
spinocerebellar tracts affected) and
139. "Delta wave" on hyperchromasia
EKG, short PR
interval,
supraventricular
tachycardia
Koilocytes (HPV: predisposes to cervical
cancer)

WPW syndrome (Bundle of Kent 144. Electrical

bypasses AV node) alternans
(alternating
140. Depigmentation amplitude on
of neurons in EKG)
substantia nigra

Pericaridal tamponade
145. Enlarged cells
with intracellular
inclusion bodies

Parkinson disease (basal ganglia

disorder: rigidity, resting tremor,
bradykinesia)

"Owl eye" appearance of CMV

146. Enlarged thyroid 150. Eosinophilic
cells with inclusion bodies
ground-glass in cytoplasm of
nuclei with hippocampal and
central clearing cerebellar
neurons

"Orphan Annie" eyes (papillary

carcinoma of the thyroid) Negri bodies of rabies
with Psammoma bodies
151. Extracellular
147. Eosinophilic amyloid
cytoplasmic deposition in gray
inclusion in liver matter of brain
cell (wiggle
shape)

Mallory Body (alcoholic liver disease) Senile plaques (Alzheimer disease), B-

148. Eosinophilic amyloid (from B-APP)
cytoplasmic Also with neurofibrillary tangles of
inclusion in nerve intracellular hyperphospholyated taue
cell 152. Giant B cells with
bilobed nuclei
with prominent
inculsions ("owl's
eye")

Lewy Body (parkinson disease)

Alpha-synuclein defect
149. Eosinophilic Reed-Sternberg cells (Hodgkin
globule in liver Lymphoma)
CD15 and CD30+
153. Glomerulus-like
structure
surrounding
vessel in germ
cells, in kids

Councilman body (viral hepatitis, yellow

fever), represents hepatocyte
undergoing apoptosis

Schiller-Duval bodies (yolk sac tumor)

High AFP
154. "Hair on end" 158. Hexagonal,
("Crew-cut") double-pointed,
appearance on x- needle-like
ray crystals in
bronchial
secretions

B-thalassemia, sickle cell disease Bronchial asthma (Charcot-Leyden

(marrow expansion) crystals: eosinophilic granules)
155. hCG elevated 159. High level of D- DVT, PE, DIC
dimers BUT not radical prostateectomy or liver
cirrhosis
160. Hilar
lymphadenopathy,
peripheral
granulomatous
lesion in middle or
lower lung lobes
(can calcify)
Choriocarcinoma (spreads VERY fast in
blood)
Ghon complex, primary TB
Hydatidiform mole (occurs with and
without embryo, and multiple 161. "Honeycomb lung"
pregnancy) on x-ray or CT
Acts like FSH, LH, TSH (FLalphaT)
Down's syndrome
156. Heart nodules
(granulomatous)

Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis

162. Hypercoagulability
(leading to
migrating DVTs
Aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever) and vasculitis)
AKA granuloma with giant cells and
antischkow cells
157. IgM Heterophile
antibodies
(horse/sheep)

Trousseau syndrome (adenocarcinoma

of pancreas or lung)

Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)

163. Hypersegmented 167. Increased uric Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, tumor
neutrophils acid levels lysis syndrome, loop and thiazide
diuretics
168. Intranuclear
eosinophilic
droplet-like
bodies

Megaloblastic anemia:
B12 deficiency: subacute combined
degeneration of spinal cord (dorsal
Cowdry type A bodies (HSV or VZV)
column and lateral corticospinal tracts),
high MMA 169. Iron-containing
Folate deficiency: no neurologic nodules in
symptoms, glossitis) alveolar septum

164. Hypertension, Conn syndrome (primary

hypokalemia, hyperaldosteronism)
metabolic Albumin (-) binds Ca++ leading to
alkalosis hypocalcemia > muscle weakness,
parasthesias, cramps
165. Hypochromic,
microcytic Ferruginous bodies (asbestosis:
anemia mesothelioma < bronchogenic
carcinoma)
170. Keratin pearls on
a skin biopsy

Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning,

sideroblastic anemia, thalassemia (fetal
hemoglobin sometimes present)
166. Increased AFP in
amniotic Squamous cell carcinoma
fluid/maternal Precursor: actinic keratosis
serum Immunsuppressives and arsenic
poisoning
Lower lip

Dating error, anencephaly, spina bifida

(neural tube defects - posterior
vertebral arch- low folic acid)
171. Large granules in 175. "Lumpy bumpy" or
phagocytes, "stary sky"
recurrent appearance of
infections, glomeruli on
albinism (silver immunofluorescence,
hair), peripheral sub-epithelial bump
neuropathy, on EM
nystagmus,
pancytopenia
Chediak-Higashi disease ( AR failure of
microtubule phagolysosome fusion)
172. "Lead pipe" Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
appearance of (due to deposition of IgG, IgM, and C3 :.
colon on Type III )
abdominal 2 weeks after GAS
imaging Anti-DNase B titers, low complement
levels
Worse prognosis if older in age (RPGN)
176. Lytic ("punched-out")
bone lesions on x-
ray (activated RANK
by plasma cells)

Ulcerative colitis (loss of haustra)

With Crypt abscesses and ulcers
173. Linear
appearance of
IgG deposition on
glomerular and
alveolar Multiple myeloma
basement Bence Jones bodies and Rouleaux
membranes formation
High IL-6
177. Mammary gland
("blue domed") cyst

Goodpasture syndrome (Ab against

collagen in lung and kidney)
174. Low serum
ceruloplasmin

Fibrocystic change of the breast

Wilson disease (hepatolenticular

degeneration)
Basal Ganglia Atrophy
178. Monoclonal 183. Nodular
antibody spike eosinophilic
hyaline deposits
in glomeruli

Multiple myeloma (usually IgG or IgA)

Monoclonal gammopathy of
undetermined significance (MGUS
consequence of aging)
Waldenstrom (M protein = IgM Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic
lymphoma) macroglobulinemia with nephropathy)
visual defects and bleeding By Nonenzymatic glycosylation of GBM
and efferent arterioles
179. Mucin-filled cell
with peripheral 184. Novobiocin
nucleus response

"Signet ring" (gastric carcinoma) Sensitive: S. epidermidis; resistant: S.

saprophyticus
180. Narrowing of
bowel lumen on 185. "Nutmeg"
barium x-ray appearance of
liver

Chronic passive congestion of liver due

to RHF or Budd-Chiari syndrome
"String sign" (Crohn disease)
186. "Onion-skin"
181. Necrotizing Granulomatosis with polyangiitis periosteal
vasculitis (lungs) (Wegener; PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA WITH reaction
and necrotizing NOSE) and Goodpasture syndrome
glomerulonephritis (Anti-basement membrane antibodies)
182. Needle-shaped,
negatively
birefringent
Ewing sarcoma (malignant small blue
crystals
cell tumor)
Spreads via blood
t(11,22)
Derived from neuroectoderm

Gout (monosodium urate crystals)

187. Optochin 191. Protein aggregates in
response neurons from
hyperphosphorylation
of tau protein

Sensitive: S. pneumoniae; resistant:

viridans streptococci (S. mutans, S.
sanguis)
188. Periosteum raised
from bone, Neurofibrillary tangles (Alzheimer
creating a disease) and Pick silver-staining
triangular area spherical tau bodies (Pick disease-
frontal/temporal dementia)
192. Psammoma bodies
(with whorled cells)

Codman triangle on x-ray,

osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma,
pyogenic osteomyelitis Meningiomas
Papillary thyroid carcinoma
189. Podocyte fusion
Mesothelioma
or "effacement"
Papillary serous carcinoma of the
on electron
endometrium/ ovary
microscopy by
cytokines, 193. Pseudopalisading
selecitve tumor cells on brain
proteinuria (loss biopsy (necrosis with
of albumin only) vascular proliferation)

Glioblastoma multiforme
Adults, GFAP, malignant
Minimal change disease (child with
194. RBC casts in urine
nephrotic syndrome)
Associated with hodgkin's (RS produce
cytokines)
Tx: steroids
190. Polished, "ivory-
like" appearance
of bone at
cartilage erosion
Glomerulonephritis
Eburnation (osteoarthritis resulting in
bony sclerosis)
Spares MCP
195. Rectangular, 200. Ring-enhancing
crystal-like, brain lesion in
cytoplasmic AIDS
inclusions in
Leydig cells

Reinke crystals (Leydig cell tumor >

Toxoplasma gondii, CNS lymphoma
precocious puberty in boys, hirsutism in
women) 201. Sheets of
medium-sized
196. Recurrent Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WASP x-
lymphoid cells
infections, linked protein, T-cells don't recognize
with scattered
eczema, cytoskeleton)
pale, tingible
thrombocytopenic
body-laden
purpura
macrophages
197. Renal epithelial Intrinsic renal failure (e.g., ischemia or ("starry sky"
casts in urine toxic injury) histology)
198. Rhomboid
crystals, Burkitt lymphoma (t[8:14] c-myc
positively activation, associated with EBV; "starry
birefringent sky" made up of malignant cells)
202. Silver-staining
spherical
aggregation of
tau proteins in
neurons, fronto-
temporal

Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate

Pick bodies (Pick disease: progressive
dihydrate crystals)
dementia, changes in personality,
199. Rib notching fronto-temporal only)
203. "Soap bubble" in
femur or tibia on
x-ray

Coarctation of the aorta, HTN in upper

extremities
Giant cell tumor of bone (generally
benign)
Only tumor that arises in epiphysis
204. "Spikes" on 208. Streptococcus Colon cancer
basement bovis bactermia
membrane,
209. "Tennis racket"
"dome-like" sub-
shaped
epithelial
cytoplasmic
deposits
organelles (EM)
Membranous Nephropathy in Langerhans
GBM thickening and immune complex cells
deposits (granular IF)
SLE, solid tumors, PLA2R Abs, NSAIDs,
HepB/C and #1 in Caucasians
Loss of ATIII > Renal vein thrombosis
205. Stacks of RBCs Birbeck granules (Langerhans cell
histiocytosis)
CD1a+ and S-100+
Presents as lytic bone lesions or
recurrent otitis media in children
210. Thousands of
polyps on
colonscopy

Rouleaux formation (high ESR, multiple

myeloma)
High IgG light chain (excreted as bence-
jones proteins) with risk of amyloidosis Familial adenomatous polposis
206. "Steeple" sign on (Autosomal dominant, mutation of APC
CXR gene)
211. Thrombi made of
white/red layers

Lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus, layers

of fibrin/RBCs)
Croup (parainfluenza virus) 212. "Thumb sign" on
Seal Bark Cough, Inspiratory Stridor lateral neck x-ray
Virulence: HA, NA, Fusion Protein
207. Stippled vaginal
epithelial cells

Epiglottitis (Haemophilus influenzae)

"Clue cells" (Gardnerella vaginalis

(anaerobic)
213. Thyroid-like 217. WBC casts in
appearance of urine
kidney, mimics
colloid
(proteinaceous
material)

Acute pyelonephritis
Chronic pyelonephritis (usually due to 218. WBCs that look
recurrent infections) "smudged"
214. "Tram-track"
appearance of
capillary loops of
glomerular
basement
membranes on
light microscopy
PAS stain
CLL (almost always naive B cell)
Warm or cold agglutinin
CD5+ and CD20+
Membranoproliferative
219. "Wire loop"
glomerulonephritis
glomerular
Type 1: Subendothelial immune complex
capillary
deposits with granular IF, Hep B and
appearance on
Hep C
light microscopy
Type 2: deposits in BM, C3 nephritic
factor (c3 convertase always on)
215. Triglyceride
accumulation in
liver cell Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis
vacuoles (usually seen with lupus)
Granular IF and subendothelial C3 and
IgG Immune complex deposistion on
EM
220. Yellowish CSF
Fatty liver disease (alcoholic or
metabolic syndrome)
216. "Waxy" casts with
very low urine
flow

Xanthochromia (e.g., due to

subarachnoid hemorrhage)
Anterior circle of willis (anterior
communicating artery)
Associated with Marfan and ADPKD
Chronic end-stage renal disease
221. Absence seizures Ethosuximide
tx
222. Acute gout NSAIDs, colchicine, glucocorticoids 238. Chlamydia
attack tx trachomatis tx
223. Acute All-trans retinoic acid
promyelocytic
leukemia (M3) tx
224. ADHD tx Methylphenidate, CBT, atomoxetine
225. Alcoholism tx Disulfiram, acamprosate, naltrexone,
supportive care
226. Alcohol Long-acting benzodiazepines Doxycycline (+ ceftriaxone for
withdrawl tx (chlordiazepoxide) gonorrhea coinfection), erythromycin
eye drops (prophylaxis in infants)
227. Anorexia tx Nutrition, psychotherapy, mirtazapine
239. Chronic gout tx Xanthine oxidase inhibitors (e.g.,
228. Anticoagulation Heparin allopurinol, febuxostat)
during
pregnancy tx 240. Chronic hepatitis B IFN-alpha (HBV and HCV); ribavirin,
or C tx simeprevir, sofosbuvir (HCV)
229. Arrhythmia in Class IB antiarrhythmic (lidocaine,
damaged mexiletine) 241. Chronic Imatinib
cardiac tissue tx myelogenous
leukemia tx
230. B12 deficiency Vitamin B12 supplementation (work up
tx cause with Schilling test) 242. Clostridium Antitoxin
botulinum tx
231. Benign prostatic Alpha-1 antagonists (terazosin, also good
hyperplasia tx for HTN) 243. Clostridium difficle Oral metronidazole; if refractory, oral
5alpha-reductase inhibitors (finasteride) tx vancomycin
PDE-5 inhibitors (sildenafil) 244. Clostridium tetani tx Antitoxin
232. Bipolar disorder Mood stabilizers (e.g., lithium, valproic 245. CMV tx Ganciclovir, foscarnet, cidofovir
tx acid, carbamazepine, atypical
246. Crohn disesae tx Corticosteroids, infliximab, azathoiprine
antipsychotics)
247. Cryptococcus Fluconazole (in AIDs pts)
233. Breast cancer in Aromatase inhibitor (anastrozole)
neoformans tx
postmenopausal
woman tx 248. Cyclophosphamide- Mesna
induced
234. Buerger disease Smoking cessation
hemorrhagic cystitis
tx
tx
235. Bulimia nervosa SSRIs
249. Depression tx SSRIs (first line)
tx
250. Diabetes insipidus Desmopressin (central); HCTZ,
236. Candida
tx indomethacin, amiloride (nephrogenic)
albicans tx
251. DM type I treatment Dietary intervention (low carb) + insulin
replacement
252. DM type II Dietary intervention, oral
treatment hypoglycemics, and insulin (if refractory)
253. Diabetic Fluids, insulin, K+
ketoacidosis tx

Topical azoles (vaginitis); nystatin, 254. Enterococci tx Vancomycin,

fluconazole, caspofungin aminopenicillins/cephalosporins
(oral/esophageal): fluconazole, 255. Erectile dysfunction Sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil
caspofungin, amphotericin B (systemic) tx (Phosphodiesterase inhibitors that
237. Carcinoid Octreotide decrease degradation of cGMP > relax
syndrome tx smooth muscle and increase blood
flow)
256. ER + breast cancer tx Tamoxifen 269. Immediate Heparin
anticoagulation
257. Ethylene glycol Fomepizole (alcohol dehydrogenase
tx
(causes inhibitor)
ATN)/methanol 270. Infertility tx Leuprolide, GnRH (pulsatile), clomiphene
intoxication tx
271. Influenza tx Oseltamivir, zanamivir
258. Haemophilus Rifampin (prophylaxis) Reassortment ability due to segmented
Influenzae (B) tx nature
259. Generalized anxiety SSRI, SNRI (first line), buspirone (second272. Kawasaki IVIG, high-dose aspirin
disorder tx line) disease tx
260. Granulomatosis with 273. Legionella
polyangiitis pneumophila
(Wegener) tx tx

Cyclophosphamide, corticosteroids
Large necrotizing granulomas Macrolides (e.g., azithromycin)

261. HER2/neu + breast 274. Long-term Warfarin, dabigatran, rivaroxaban and

cancer tx anticoagulation apixaban
tx
275. Malaria tx Chloroquine, mefloquine,
atovaquone/proguanil (for blood
schizont), primaquine (for liver
hypnozoite)
276. Malignant Dantrolene
hyperthermia
tx
Trastuzumab 277. Medical Mifepristone
262. Hyperaldosteronism Spironolactone abortion tx
tx 278. Migraine tx Abortive therapies (e.g., sumatriptan,
263. UTI E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus NSAIDs); prophylaxis (e.g., propranolol,
(young women) topiramate, CCBs, amitriptyline)
Tx: Bactrim, Ciprofloxacin 279. Multiple Disease-modifying therapies (e.g., B-
264. Vertebral Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal, Sclerosis tx interferon, natalizumab), for acute flares
compression fracture type II: elderly man or woman) use IV steroids
NORMAL Labs (PTH, Ca++ etc) Baclofen for spasticity

265. Viral encephalitis HSV-1 280. Mycobacterium RIPE (rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide,
affecting temporal tuberculosis tx ethambutol)
lobe 281. Neisseria Ceftriaxone (add doxycycline to cover
266. Vitamin Deficiency Folate (pregnant women at high risk, gonorrhoeae likely concurrent C. trachomatis)
(U.S.) body stores only 3-4 month supply, tx
prevents neural tube defects) 282. Neisseria Penicillin/ceftriaxone, rifampin
High homocysteine, normal MMA meningitidis tx (prophylaxis)
267. Hypercholesterolemia Statin (first-line) 283. Neural tube Prenatal folic acid
tx defect
268. Hypertriglyceridemia Fibrate prevention tx
tx
284. Osteomalacia/rickets 297. SIADH tx Fluid restriction, IV hypertonic saline
(poor osteoid SLOWLY to prevent central pontine
mineralization) tx myelinolysis, conivaptan/tolvaptan,
demeclocycline
Stop cyclophosphamide
298. Sickle cell
disease tx

Vitamin D supplementation
Hydroxyurea (Increase fetal hemoglobin)
285. Osteoporosis
(Trabecular spongy 299. Sporothrix Itraconazole, oral potassium iodide
bone loss) tx schenckii tx
300. Stable angina Sublingual Nitroglycerin
tx
301. Staphylococcus MSSA: nfacillin, oxacillin, dicloxacillin
aureus tx (antistaphylococcal penicillins); MRSA:
vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid,
Calcium/vitamin D supplementation ceftaroline
(prophylaxis); bisphosphonates, PTH
302. Streptococcus Penicillin prophylaxis; evaluation for colon
analogs, SERMs, calcitonin, denosumab bovis tx cancer if linked to endocarditis
(treatment)
303. Streptococcus Penicillin/cephalosporin (systemic
286. Patent ductus arteriosus Close with indomethacin; open or pneumoniae tx infection, pneumonia); vancomycin
tx maintain with PGE analogs (meningitis)
287. Pheochromocytoma tx Alpha-antagonists first (e.g., 304. Stretococcus Penicillin prophylaxis
phenoxybenzamine), then beta blockers pyogenes tx
Prior to excision
305. Temporal (giant High-dose steroids
288. Pneumocystis jirovecii tx TMP-SMX (prophylaxis in AIDS patient) cell) arteritis tx
289. Prolactinoma tx Cabergoline/bromocriptine (dopamine
306. Tonic-clonic Levetiracetam, phenytoin, valproate,
agonists) seizures tx carbamazepine
290. Prostate Leuprolide, GnRH analog (continuous)307. Toxoplasma Sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine
adenocarcinoma/uterine gondii tx
fibroids tx
308. Treponema Penicillin
291. Prostate Flutamide (competitive inhibitor of pallidum tx
adenocarcinoma tx androgen)
309. Trichomonas Metronidazole (patient and partner)
292. Pseudomonas Piperacillin/Tazobactam or vaginalis tx
aeruginosa tx Ticarcillin/Clav.,
310. Trigeminal Carbamazepine
Aminoglycosides, carbapenems
neuralgia (tic
293. Pulmonary arterial Sildenafil, bosentan, epoprostenol douloureux) tx
hypertension
311. Ulcerative 5-ASA preparations (e.g., mesalamine), 6-
(idiopathic) tx
Colitis tx mercaptopurine, infliximab, colectomy
294. Rickettsia Rickettsii tx Doxycycline, Chloramphenicol (curative)
295. Schizophrenia (negative Atypical antipsychotics 312. UTI prophylaxis TMP-SMX (Bactrim)
symptoms) tx tx
296. Schizophrenia (positive Typical and atypical antipsychotics 313. Warfarin Fresh frozen plasma (acute), vitamin K
symptoms) tx reversal tx (chronic)
314. Actinic (solar) 320. Aortic aneurysm,
keratosis thoracic

Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic

medial degeneration > pooling of
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma proteoglycans in media (basket weave))

315. Acute gastric Cushing ulcer (Increased intracranial 321. Aortic dissection
ulcer associated pressure stimulates vagal gastric H+
with CNS injury secretion)
316. Acute gastric Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma
ulcer associated volume results in sloughing of gastric
with severe burns mucosa)
317. Alternating areas Skip lesions (Crohn Disease)
Cause: HTN and atherosclerosis of vaso
of transmural
vasorum Presents with tearing chest
inflammation
pain to back
(leading to rare
Type A: ascending and urgent
enterocuteaneous
B: descending and B-blockers
fistulas) and
Complications: pericaridal tamponade
normal colon,
or renal failure
with non-
caseating 322. Atrophy of the Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine
granulomas mammillary deficiency causing ataxia,
bodies ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)
318. Aortic aneurysm,
abdominal 323. Autosplenectomy Sickle cell disease (hemoglobin S)
(fibrosis and Gluatamic Acid to VALINE
shrinkage)
324. Bacteria
associated with
gastritis, peptic
ulcer disease,
and stomach
cancer
Atherosclerosis > fibrosis weakens wall >
turbulent flow > emboli
Location: Below renal arteries and
H. pylori
above bifurcation
325. Bacterial
319. Aortic aneurysm,
meningitis (adults
ascending or arch
and elderly)

3* syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa

vasorum destruction
S. pneumoniae
326. Bacterial Group B streptococcus/E. coli 331. Breast
meningitis (newborns), S. pneumoniae/N. cancer
(newborns and meningitidis (kids/teens)
kids)
327. Bilateral ovarian
metastases from
gastric
carcinoma

Invasive ductal carcinoma (tubular, good

pronosis; mucinous not shown, poor
prognosis)
332. Breast mass Fibrocystic change, Carcinoma (in
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting postmenopausal women)
signet ring cells)
333. Breast tumor
328. Bleeding (benign)
disorder with
GpIb deficiency

Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in Fibroadenoma

platelet adhesion to von Willebrand
334. Cardiac
factor)
primary
Enlarged platelets, and low count on
tumor (kids)
blood smear (Big suckers)
Normal PTT
Negative ristocetin coag
329. Brain tumor
(adults)

Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous

sclerosis (hamartomas, renal angiofibromas,
mitral regurg, and ash-leaf spots)
Supratentorial: metastasis, glioblastoma
multiforme (astrocytoma), meningioma 335. Cardiac Marantic/thrombotic Libman -sacks
(benign), schwannoma manifestation endocarditis (nonbacterial)
MGM Studios of lupus Mitral valve regurgitation (both sides have
vegetations)
330. Brain tumor Infratentorial: medulloblastoma
(kids) (cerebellum), pilocytoma (GFAP)
Supratentorial: craniopharyngioma
(cerebrum) - rathke's pouch
336. Cardiac tumor 342. Congenital cardiac
(adults) anomaly

VSD
Size of defect determines severity
Left to Right shunt reverses later in life
due to pulmonary hypertension
343. Congenital
Metastasis, myxoma (90% Left atrium; conjugated
"ball and valve") hyperbilirubinemia
Blocks mitral valve > syncope (black liver)

337. Cerebellar
tonsillar
herniation

Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of

hepatocytes to secrete conjugated
bilirubin into bile (loss of MRP2 protein),
epinephrine metabolite not degraded)
344. Constrictive Tb (developing world)
pericarditis in Idiopathic, viral illness (developed
Chiari II malformation
developing world world)
338. Chronic Atrial fibrillation (associated w/ high risk Kussmaul sign, JVP, pericardial knock
arrhythmia of emboli)
345. Coronary artery LAD > RCA > circumflex
339. Chronic atrophic Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can involved in
gastritis also cause pernicious anemia) thrombosis
(autoimmune)
346. Cretinism Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism like
340. Clear cell thyroid peroxidase def or aplasia
adenocarcinoma Pot-bellied pale puffy faced child with
of the vagina protruding umbilicus and tongue
347. Cushing's Iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy)
syndrome Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes
excess cortisol)
ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma
(Cushing disease)
Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion
by tumors, ie small cell lung cancer)
348. Cyanosis (early; Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the
DES exposure in utero
less common) great vessels, truncus arteriosus
341. Congenital
349. Cyanosis (late; VSD, ASD, PDA
adrenal
more common)
hyperplasia,
hypotension 350. Death in CML Blast crisis
Accelerated splenomegaly indicates risk
of ALL or AML
351. Death in SLE Lupus nephropathy, specifically diffuse
proliferative glomerulonephritis or
membranous glomerulonephritis
352. Dementia 1) Alzheimer's disease
21-hydroxylase deficiency (2) Multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)
353. DIC causes Severe sepsis (cytokines), obstetric 360. Gynecologic
complications (tissue thromboplastin malignancy
from amniotic fluid), cancer (auer rods >
APML), adenocarcionma (mucin), burns,
snake bite
354. Dietary deficit

Endometrial carcinoma (most common in

US); cervical carcinoma (most common
worldwide)
361. Heart murmur
Iron (spoon nails-koilonychia, fatigue,
pica)
355. Diverticulum in
pharynx

Zenker's diverticulum (diagnosed by Mitral valve prolapse with mid systolic

barium swallow) click

356. Ejection click Aortic stenosis 362. Heart valve in

bacterial
357. Esophageal cancer Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide),
endocarditis
adenocarcinoma (US)
358. Food poisoning S. aureus, B. cereus
359. Glomerulonephritis
(adults)

Mitral Regurgitation, but chronically

stenosis and fusion of commissures >
Aortic (rheumatic fever)
Tricuspid (IV drug abuse)

Berger disease (IgA nephropathy) 363. Helminth Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm), Ascaris
Mesangial proliferation with IgA immune infection (in lumbricoides (treeman)
complex deposits USA)
Gross hematuria or RBC casts after
mucosal infections
364. Hematoma - 368. Autosomal
epidural dominant, most
common bleeding
disorder

Rupture of middle meningeal artery

(arterial bleeding is fast, trauma, lens
shaped) von Willebrand's disease
Branch from maxillary artery Most common! AD
Pettichiae but no joint bleeds, normal
365. Hematoma - platelet count
subdural Stabilizes factor 8
Increased PTT and increased bleeding
time
Abnormal ristocetin (no aggregation)
Tx: desmopressin
369. Hereditary Gilbert's syndrome (benign congenital
harmless jaundice unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
370. HLA-B27
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent
shaped, slow bleeding)
Between dura and arachnoid
Herniation of brain tissue
366. Hemochromatosis

Ankylosing spondylitis,reactive arthritis,

ulcerative colitis, psoriatic arthritis
Multiple blodd transfusions or heridtary (sausage fingers)
HFE mutation (can result HF, "bronze 371. HLA-DR3 DM1, SLE, Grave's disease, Hashimoto
diabetes," and increased risk of thyroiditis
hepatocellular carcinoma)
372. Holosystolic VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral
367. Hepatocellular murmur regurgitation
carcinoma
373. Hypercoagulability, Virchow's triad (results in venous
endothelial thrombosis)
damage, blood
stasis
Cirrhotic liver (often associated w/
Hepatitis B and C, and alocholism)
Spreads via blood, hepatic vein
374. Secondary 380. Male cancer
hypertension

Renal artery stenosis, increase in plasma Prostatic carcinoma (dark nucleoli),

renin and unilateral atrophy of kidney grade based on architecture, not
(Fibromuscular dysplasia in young nuclear atypia
women) Osteoblastic metastases in lumbar spine
375. Hypoparathyroidism Accidental excision during 381. Malignancy
thyroidectomy associated w/
376. Hypopituitarism Pituitary Adenoma (usually benign) noninfectious
>> Rathke's pouch (surface ectoderm) fever

377. Infection in blood Hepatitis C

transfusion
378. Late cyanotic shunt
(uncorrected L to R
becomes R to L) Hodgkin's lymphoma
CD15 and CD30 +
Eosinophilia (IL5)
382. Metastasis to
bone
Eisenmenger's syndrome (caused by
ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary
HTN/polycythemia)
379. Liver disease

Prostate, Breast > Lung >Thyroid

Alcoholic cirrhosis 383. Metastasis to Lung > breast > GU > melanoma > GI
brain
384. Metastasis to Colon >> stomach, pancreas
liver
385. Mixed UMN and ALS
LMN motor
neuron disease
386. Myocarditis 390. Obstruction of
male urinary
tract

BPH (periurethral zone)

Coxsackie B (lymphocytes visible) 391. Opening snap

and diastolic
387. Malignancy (kids) rumble

Mitral stenosis, chronic rheumatic fever

Can lead to pulmonary HTN
392. Opportunistic
infection in AIDS

ALL, Cerebellar medulloblastoma

388. Nephrotic
syndrome
(black/hispanic
and obese Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
adults)
393. Neuron migration Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic
failure hypogonadism (low GnRH) and
anosmia)
394. Nosocomial S. aureus, Pseudomonas, other enteric
pneumonia gram-negative rods

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 395. Osteomyelitis S. aureus (most common overall)

HIV, heroin, sickle cell 396. Osteomyelitis in Salmonella
Sclerosis and hyalinosis pts w/ sickle cell
C1/C3 IgM deposits disease
Effacement of foot processes
397. Osteomyelitis in Pseudomonas, candida, s. aureus
389. Nephrotic IV drug users
syndrome (kids)
398. Ovarian tumor
(benign, bilateral)

Minimal change disease

Normal on light microscopy, effacement
of foot processes
Triggers: post infection, vaccine, or
lymphoma Serous cystadenoma
Tx: prednisone
399. Ovarian tumor 407. Primary bone tumor
(malignant) (adults)

Serous cystadenocarcinoma Multiple myeloma

Calcium Renal failure Anemia Bone
400. Pancreatitis (acute) EtOH and gallstones
lesion
401. Pancreatitis EtOH (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids) Bence Jones bodies in urine from IgG
(chronic) light chains, rouleaux formation, lytic
402. Pts with ALL: child (TdT- DNA pol) bone lesions, M spike (IgG or IgA)
ALL/CLL/AML/CML CLL: Adult >60 Differential: HTLV lymphoma with rash
AML: Adult ~65 (auer rods -MPO) 408. Primary
CML: Adult 45-85 (basophils) hyperaldosteronism
403. Pelvic C. trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoae
inflammatory
disease
404. Philadelphia CML (may sometimes be associated
chromosome with poor prognosis ALL)
t(9;22) (bcl-abl hybrid fusion protein, tyrosine
kinase oncogene) Adenoma of adrenal cortex
Basophils and left shift (low Fc 409. Primary Adenomas, Hyperplasia, Carcinoma
receptors) but neg LAP (leukocyte hyperparathyroidism
alkaline phosphatase)
Tx: Imatinib 410. Primary liver cancer Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic
hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis,
405. Pituitary tumor Prolactinoma, Somatotropic alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson
"acidophilic" adenoma disease)
406. Primary 411. Pulmonary HTN COPD
amenorrhea
412. Recurrent Buerger disease (strongly associated w/
inflammation/thrombosis tobacco)
of small/medium vessels
in extremities and nerves
(gangrene in digits)
Segmental vasculitis

Turner's syndrome (XO)

413. Renal tumor 424. Temporal
(giant cell)
arteritis

Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis

of ophthalmic artery, polymyalgia rheumatica
(high ESR, CRP)
Elderly females
Granulomas and giant cell
425. Testicular
tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: associated w/ von
Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking;
paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin,
PTHrP, ACTH)
Invades in renal vein (Risk of left-sided
varicocele)
414. Right heart failure Cor pulmonale
due to a pulmonary
cause
Young men: Seminoma (malignant,
415. S3 (protodiastolic Increased ventricular filling (mitral
radiosensitive, good progonsis -- opposite of
gallop) regurgitation, HF), common in dilated
nonseminoma)
ventricles
Over age of 60: diffuse large B-cell
416. S4 (presystolic lymphoma
gallop)
426. Thyroid
cancer

Papillary carcinoma, spreads to cervical

Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic nodes
stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy) Orphan annie nuclei and psammoma bodies,
417. Secondary Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease nuclear grooves
hyperparathyroidism Increased risk with radiation as child

418. Sexually transmitted C. trachomatis (usually coinfected with 427. Tumor in

disease N. Gonorrhoeae) women
419. SIADH Small cell carcinoma of the lung
420. Site of diverticula Sigmoid colon
421. Sites of Abdominal aorta > coronary artery >
atherosclerosis popliteal > carotid Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not
precancerous, presents with multiple tumors
422. Stomach cancer Adenocarcinoma
with whorled pattern)
423. Stomach ulcerations Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma
and high gastrin of duodenum or pancreas)
levels Administration of secretin will increase
acid, rather than the expected decrease
428. Tumor in 431. Type of
infancy Hodgkin's
Lymphoma

Nodular sclerosing=most common, RS is

in lacunar cells
CD15/30 +
Strawberry Hemangioma (first increases The more lymphocytes the better the
in size, then will regresses spontaneously prognosis
by childhood) (vs. mixed cellularity (EBV - eosinophila
from IL5), lymphocytic rich, lymphocytic
429. Tumor of the depletion)
adrenal medulla
(adults) 432. Type of non- Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Hodgkin's Diffuse in sheets
Lymphoma Can develop from follicular lymphoma
433. HLA-DR4 DM Type I, RA
434. Intellectual Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome
disability (macroordchidism, large jaw, MVP, CGG
repeats)
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
Chromaffin cells with large nuclei (neural 435. Sensitivity Sensitivity = TP / (TP + FN)
crest)
436. Specificity Specificity = TN / (TN + FP)
Relapsing remitting hypertension
437. PPV TP/(TP+FP)
430. Tumor of the
adrenal medulla 438. NPV = TN / (TN + FN)
(kids) 439. Odds ratio (for ad/bc
case-control
studies)
440. Relative risk RR = [a/(a + b)] / [c/(c + d)]
441. Attributable risk AR = [a/a + b] − [c/c + d]
442. Absolute risk ARR = [c/c + d] − [a/a + b]
reduction
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
Dancing-eyes dancing-feet 443. Relative risk RRR = 1 − RR
Homer Wright rosette reduction
N-myc oncogene 444. Number needed 1/absolute risk reduction
HVA an VMA increased to treat
445. Number needed 1/attributable risk
to harm
446. Hardy- p² + 2pq + q² = 1
Weinberg p+q=1
equation
447. Volume of Vd= (amount of drug in the body) /
distribution (plasma drug concentration)
448. Half-life t1/2 = (0.7 x Vd) / CL
449. Drug CL = rate of elimination of drug/ plasma 471. Midgut rotation Midgut Turns around the SMA. If this
clearance drug concentration = CL = Vd x Ke in embryo process does not occur, the cecum will
(elimination constant) be fixed to the duodenum in the URQ via
Ladd's Bands
450. Loading dose LD = (Cp x Vd) / F
472. Necrotizing
451. Maintenance MD = (Cp x CL) / F
Enterocolitis
dose
452. Cardiac output Heart rate x stroke volume
453. Mean arterial MAP = cardiac output x total peripheral
pressure resistance
MAP = 2/3Diastolic + 1/3Systolic
454. Stroke Volume SV = EDV - ESV
455. Ejection EF = SV/EDV = [EDV-ESV] / EDV
fraction
456. Resistance R= P/Q (flow) = 8 n(viscosity) length/ pi *
equation r^4
457. Capillary fluid Starling forces: Jv = KF [(PC - PI) - σ(πC - Pre-term infants have lower immune
exchange πI) function, bacteria proliferate in bowel and
cause ischemia and air in the bowel. Dx:
458. Renal Cx = (UxV)/(Px)
thin curvilinear lines of lucency
clearance X=inulin
473. Sphincter of Opioid analgesics cause spasm of smooth
459. Effective renal ERPF = U PAH x (V/ P PAH) = C PAH
Oddi muscle and increased bile duct pressure
plasma flow
malfunction
460. Renal blood RPF= RBF / (1 − Hct)
474. GU Lymph Above dentate: Internal iliac nodes.
flow
Nodes Below dentate, scrutum, and distal vagina:
461. Filtration FF = GFR /RPF Superfiical inguinal nodes
fraction Testes/Ovaries: Para-aortic nodes
462. Henderson- pH = 6.1 + log [HCO3-]/(.03*Pco2) Uterus: External iliac, hypogastric nodes
Hasselbalch 475. Cirrhosis Hypoalbuminemia, bilirubin, PT (lack of
equation prognosis tests clotting factors made)
463. Winters Pco2 = 1.5 [HCO3-] + 8 +/- 2 476. How do you test Alk Phos and gamma-glutamyl
formula biliary tract transferase
464. Physiologic VD = VT x (PaCO2 − PECO2) /PaCO2 function?
dead space 477. NF-kB/NOD2 Activates immune response
465. Pulmonary PVR = (Ppulm artery - PL atrium) / cardiac pathway Genetic component to Crohn's disease,
vascular output reduces pro-inflammatory TF (cytokines
resistance are decreased)

466. Alveolar gas PAo2 = PIo2 - (Paco2 / R) 478. CF vs Primary PCD: immotile sperm, situs inversus, and
equation Ciliary bronchiectasis (dilated bronchioles)
Dyskinesia CF: absence of vas deferens, pancreatic
467. Hep B High ALT and AST, symptoms include fever, (Kartagener) insufficiency, mucus build up in lungs
Presentation itchy rash, and joint pain
479. Ovarian/Uterine Ovarian: suspensory/infundibulopelvic
468. Hep B vs. Hep B: finely granular, homogenous, pale pink arteries ligament
C histology cytoplasm; C: lymphoid aggregates Uterine: Cardinal ligament/transverse
469. Hartnup Failed absorption of tryptophan in cervical
disease intestine/kidneys, that causes pellagra from
niacin deficiency
Tx: high protein diet, nicotinic diet
470. SIBO Often caused by Gastric bypass,
deficiency in all vitamins EXCEPT Vit K and
Folate!
480. Ovarian/Testicular LEFT side goes to renal vein (more likely 484. Adherens junction
VEINS!! (not for varicocele)
arteries) RIGHT side goes to from IVC
481. Polyhydramnios
vs.
Oligohydraminos

Poly: too much, inability to swallow

(duodenal atresia or anencephaly),
caused by maternal diabetes, fetal
Cadherin proteins, loss promotes
anemia, multiple gestations
metastasis
Oligo: too little, inability to excrete urine
(renal agenesis, posterior urethral 485. Desmosomes
valves, placental insufficiency, ARPKD
with portal hypertension), can cause
potter sequence including pulmonary
hypoplasia
482. Gap junction

Cadherin (desmogleins, desmoplakin)

proteins
>> Pemphigus vulgaris
486. Hemidesmosomes

Connexin proteins
483. Tight junction

Integrin proteins
>> Bullous pemphigoid
487. Mild intellectual
disability, long
legs,
cryptorchidism >
infertility and low
inhibin due to
Claudin, occludin proteins failing sertoli
cells, testosterone
production less
effected by
temperature >
increased FSH
and LH >
gynecomastia
Klinefelter Syndrome (47 XXY) with
inactivated X (Barr body)
488. Direct vs. Indirect 498. Isoretinoin Microcephaly, thymic hypoplasia, small ears,
hernia as a hydrocephalus
teratogen MUST use contraception.
499. Lithium as a Atrialized right ventricle = Ebstein's anomaly
teratogen Nephrogenic DI, hypothyroidism
500. Methimazole Thyroid drug: Aplasia cutis congenita: absent
as a patch of epidermis on back of head (hair)
teratogen

Direct: Medial to inferior epigastric 501. Phenytoin as Fetal Hydantoin syndrome: cleft palate,
vessels, protrudes through abdominal a teratogen cardiac defects, nail/finger hypoplasia
wall Neural tube defects
Indirect: Lateral to inferior epigastric502. Tetracyclines Discolored teeth
vessels, protrudes through as a
internal/deep inguinal ring (an opening teratogen
in the transversalis fascia) -- if
congential due to patent processus 503. Thalidomide Limb defects (flipper limbs)
vaginalis as a
teratogen
489. Twinning Monozygotic: share a placenta,
seperate amniotic fluid AKA 504. Valproate as Neural tube defects: inhibition of maternal
monochorionic/diamnionic a teratogen folate absorption.

490. Sommatomammotropin Secreted by the syncytiotrophoblast 505. Warfarin as Bone deformities (stippled epiphysis), fetal
(human placental (like hCG), causing insulin resistance in a teratogen hemorrhage, abortion, opthalmologic
lactogen) pregnant women and gestational abnormalities, nasal hypoplasia
diabetes 506. Alcohol as a Leading cause of intellectual disability in the
491. Teratoma teratogen US.
Retardation, microcephaly, facial
abnormalities (smooth philtrum,
hypertelorism [eyes are wide apart]), limb
dislocation, heart defects. Heart-lung fistula
and holoprosencepahyl.
Failure of cell migration
507. Cocaine as a Abnormal fetal growth, fetal addiction,
teratogen placental abruption
508. Nicotine/CO Low birth weight, preterm labor, placental
Benign in women, malignant in men
as a problems, IUGR, and ADHD
492. ACE-I as a teratogen Renal damage (dysgenesis) > teratogen Nicotine is vasoconstriction, CO impairs O2
oligohydramnios delivery
493. Carbamazepine as a Facial dysmorpism. Developmental 509. Iodine Congenital goiter or hypothyroidism
teratogen delay. Neural tube defects. Finger (excess and (cretinism)
hypoplasia. lack) as a Excess > Wolff-Chaikoff effect, gland
494. Alkylating agents as a Absent fingers and toes teratogen downregulates
teratogen 510. Maternal Caudal regression syndrome (anal atresia to
495. Aminoglycosides as a CN VIII toxicity = Deafness. diabetes as sirenomelia) (mermaid syndrome)
teratogen a teratogen Transposition of the great vessels, Neural
tube defects,
496. Diethylstilbestrol as a Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma. Transient hypoglycemia and Macrosomia
teratogen Mullerian anomalies. (beta cell hyperplasia and hyperinsulinemia)
497. Folate antagonist Neural tube defects Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome
(Methotrexate) as a 511. Vit. A excess Spontaneous abortions and birth defects
teratogen as a (cleft palate, cardiac)
teratogen
512. X-rays as a Microcephaly, intellectual disability 517. Brachial Arches - same 1: V nerve, 2: VII, 3: IX, 4/6: X
teratogen Use lead shield as tongue
513. Polyarteritis 518. DRESS syndrome Drugs, Rash, Eosinophilia, Swelling,
nodosa Serum ALT
519. Essential Tremor AD, improves with alcohol
Tx: Propranolol
520. Ataxia, spider angiomas, Ataxia Telangiectasia
IgA deficiency, high AFP ATM mutated gene responsible for DNA
break repair
521. Macular Degeneration

Hep B +, affects multiple medium-sized

arteries EXCEPT PULMONARY
Transmural inflammation
514. Arteriosclerosis
types

Atherosclerosis: Large vessels, lipid plaque

with fibrous cap (metalloproteinases Common cause of elderly blindness,
destabilize it) progressive loss of CENTRAL vision due
Arteriolosclerosis: small vessels, hyaline (central scotoma) to fatty tissue
thickening (benign hypertension) or deposition and neovascularization
hyperplastic onion skinning (severe HTN) behind retina ("Drusen")

515. MI evolution 522. Internal Capsule Stroke Pure motor weakness contra laterally
(arm, leg, and lower face)
523. Thalamic Stroke Unilateral hemisensory loss including
face (R body, R face)
524. Cheyenne-Stokes
breathing

CHF patients cyclic breathing with

0-4 hours: No damage (shock)
increasing than decreasing tidal
1 day: Dark discoloratons > Eosinophils and
volumes until next apnea
wavy fibers- Coag necrosis (arrhythmia)
3 days: Neutrophils (pericarditis) 525. Carboxyhemoglobinemia Carbon monoxide poisoning, normal
1 week: Macrophages (rupture leading to PaO2, low SaO2
tamponade) Tx: oxygen
2 weeks: Scar from granulation tissue
526. Methemoglobinemia When the heme portion of hemoglobin
(aneurysm and dressler's autoimmune
has oxidant damage (Fe3+) which results
endocarditis)
in the loss of the RBC's oxygen carrying
Reperfusion would cause contraction
capacity. (Drugs etc)
bands from free radicals
Normal PaO2, low SaO2
516. Right sided Increase with inspiration Chocolate-colored blood
murmurs Tx: methylene blue
527. Reversible cell 532. What is
injury amyloid?

SWELLING
Loss of villi, RER swelling so decrease in Misfolded protein that deposits in
protein synth, membrane blebbing extracellular space causing damage
528. Irreversible cell Membrane damage B-pleated sheet
damage Leakage of cell proteins Congo red stain/apple green
LFT's, troponin, CK, leakage of Cyc C or birefringence
leakage of lysosomal enzymes > Primary: AL amyloid derived from light
apoptosis chain causing nephrotic syndrome,
restrictive cardiomyopathy
529. Loss of nucleus Pyknosis: shrinks (transthyretin), tongue size, pancreas
Karyorrhexis: breaking up (amylin)
Karyolysis: final break down Secondary: SAA aKute phase reactant in
530. Apoptosis Option 1) Inactivation of Bcl2, allowing chronic inflammatory states
leakage of cyt c from mitochondria 533. Medullary
Option 2) FAS ligand binds CD95 (ie carcinoma of
neg selection) thyroid
Option 3) CD8+ Perforins creates pores (Medullamy
and allows granzymes to activate calcitoma)
caspases
THEN CASPASES activate:
Proteases (cytoskeleton)
Endonucleases (DNA)
531. Free radical Superoxide dismutase (O2), ie Calcitonin deposits, parafollicular C-cells
removal (post reperfusion injury Sheets of cells in an amyloid stroma
NADPH oxidase) Catalase (H2O2) MEN2A and 2B (Ret mutations
Glutathione peroxidase (OH - most
534. Cavernous
dangerous)
sinus

6 most commonly damaged

535. 3 von Hippel-Lindau disease, renal cell
carcinoma
Increased IGF-1 and HIF transcription
factor (VEGF and PDGF)
536. 4 ADPKD with PKD2 defect (less common),
Huntington disease
537. 5 Cri-du-chat syndrome (microdeletion p-),
familial adenomatous polyposis
538. 7 Williams syndrome (microdeletion, elfin, extreme 550. BCL-2
freindliness), cystic fibrosis
539. 9

Friedreich ataxia (GAA repeats)

AR > Die from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Oncogene
540. 11 Wilms tumor, B-thalessemia Anti-apoptotic molecule, t(14;18) moves Bcl2
541. 13 Patau syndrome, Wilson disease (18) to IgH locus
Follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas
542. 15 Prader-Willi syndrome, Angelman syndrome, FBN1
MArfans 551. BRAF Oncogene
Serine/threonine kinase
543. 16 ADPKD with PKD1 defect (more common), alpha Melanoma, Non-HL
thalessemia
552. c-kit Oncogene
544. 17 Neurofibromatosis type 1 Stem cell growth factor receptor, Cytokine
NF1(17) receptor
545. 18 Edwards syndrome GI stromal tumor

546. 21 Down syndrome 553. c-myc

547. 22 Neurofibromatosis type 2, DiGeorge syndrome

(22q11- cleft palate, tertrology of fallot, thymic
aplasia, hypocalcemia, low PTH)
548. X Fragile X syndrome, X-linked agammaglobulinemia,
Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)
549. BCR-
ABL
Oncogene
Transcription factor for growth proteins, t(8;14)
(myc from 8 is put on IgH 14 locus)
Burkitt Lymphoma
554. HER2/neu
(c-erbB2)

Oncogene - fusion protein

Tyrosine kinase, t(9;22), signal transducer Oncogene
CML and ALL (poor) Epidermal growth factor receptor, Tyrosine
Tx: imatinib Kinase
Breast/Ovarian/Gastric
555. L-myc Oncogene
Transcription factor for growth proteins
Lung tumor
556. N-myc Oncogene
Transcription factor for growth proteins
Neuroblastoma
557. RAS (k-RAS) 565. NF2 AD Tumor Suppressor (2 hit)
NeuroFibromatosis type 2
Merlin (schwannomin) protein
566. p16 Tumor Suppressor (2 hit)
Melanoma
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A
567. p53 aka TP53 Tumor Suppressor (2 hit)
AD
Most human cancers, Li-Fraumeni
syndrome
Transcription factor for p21, blocks G1>S
phase
568. PTEN Tumor Suppressor (2 hit)
Oncogene
Breast cancer, prostate cancer,
Signal transducer, GTPase
endometrial cancer
Colon cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic
cancer 569. Rb
558. RET Oncogene
Neural growth factor receptor, Tyrosine
kinase
MEN2A and 2B, Medullary thyroid cancer
559. APC Tumor Suppressor (2 hit)
Colorectal cancer (associated with FAP)
560. BRCA1/BRCA2 Tumor Suppressor (2 hit)
Breast and ovarian cancer Tumor Suppressor (2 hit)
DNA repair protein Retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma
Normally Inhibits E2F; blocks G1 > S
561. DCC Tumor Suppressor (2 hit)
phase
Colon cancer
Overphosphorylation of Rb
DCC—Deleted in Colon Cancer
570. TSC1/TSC2 AD Tumor Suppressor (2 hit)
562. DPC4/SMAD4 Tumor Suppressor (2 hit)
Tuberous sclerosis
Pancreatic cancer
1: Hamartin protein
DPC—Deleted in Pancreatic Cancer
2: Tuberin protein
563. MEN1
571. VHL Tumor Suppressor (2 hit)
von Hippel-Lindau disease, renal cell
carcinoma and hemangioblastoma of
the cerebellum
Inhibits hypoxia inducible factor Ia
572. WT1/WT2

AD Tumor Suppressor (2 hit)

Menin
Parathyroid, pancreatic endocrine, and
pituitary tumors
564. NF1 AD Tumor Suppressor (2 hit), Ch. 17 Tumor Suppressor (2 hit)
NeuroFibromatosis type 1 or Von Wilms Tumor (nephroblastoma) >>
Recklinghausen's blastema, children
Ras GTPase activating protein (neuro 573. Incresed Alk Metastases to bone or liver, Paget
bromin) Phos (osteoblasts disease of bone, seminoma (placental
require alkaline ALP), rickets/osteomalacia
environment)
574. Alpha- Hepatocellular carcinoma, 585. t(14;18)
fetoprotien hepatoblastoma, yolk sac (endodermal
sinus) tumor, mixed germ cell tumor.
Normally made by fetus. Transiently
elevated in pregnancy; high levels
associated with neural tube and abdominal
wall defects, low levels associated with
Down syndrome.
575. B-hcg Hydatidiform moles and Choriocarcinomas
(Gestational trophoblastic disease), Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation,
testicular cancer, mixed germ cell tumor. anti-apoptotic oncogene)
Produced by syncytiotrophoblasts of the No tingable body macrophages = white
placenta. spaces
576. CA 15-3/ CA Breast cancer. Tx: Rituximab (CD20)
27-29 586. t(15;17)
577. CA 19-9 Pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
578. CA 125 Ovarian cancer.
579. Increased Medullary thyroid carcinoma
Calcitonin Hematogenous spread
(parafollicular
C cells)
580. CEA CarcinoEmbryonic Antigen. Very
nonspecific but produced by ∼ 70% of
colorectal and pancreatic cancers; also
produced by gastric, breast, and medullary
thyroid carcinomas.
M3 type of A[P]ML (tx: all-trans retinoic
581. Chromogranin Neuroendocrine acid)
Carcinoid tumor/small cell tumor Auer Rods
582. PSA Prostate-specific antigen. Prostate cancer. 587. t(12;21)
583. t(8;14) Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc activation,
transcription factor oncogene)
584. t(11;14)

ALL, good prognosis

>> Scrotum/CNS
T-cell ALL has mediastinal mass and
TdT+ in teenager
B-cell has CD-10 and TdT+
Mantle cell lymphoma (cyclin D1 activation,
allows G1>S phase progression) 588. Acetaminophen N-acetylcysteine (replenishes
CD5+ overdose tx glutathione)
Tx: Bortezomib 589. AChE inhibitors, Atropine > pralidoxime
organophosphates
overdose tx
590. Amphetamines NH4Cl (acidify urine)
(basic) overdose
tx
591. Antimuscarinic, Physostigmine salicylate, 609. IL6 Secreted by macrophages
anticholinergic agents control hyperthermia Causes fever and stimulates production of acute-
overdose tx phase proteins like CRP, Ferritin, Fibrinogen,
Hepcidin, and amyloid
592. Benzodiazepines and Flumazenil
Downregulates Albumin and Transferring
non-benzodiazpene
overdose tx 610. IL8 Secreted by macrophages
Major chemotactic factor for neutrophils.
593. β-blockers overdose tx Glucagon
Clear up infections
594. Carbon monoxide 100% O2, hyperbaric O2
611. IL12 Secreted by macrophages
overdose tx
Induces differentiation of T cells into Th1 cells.
595. Copper, arsenic, gold Penicillamine Activates NK cells.
overdose tx Deficiency lowers TH1 response, increasing
596. Cyanide overdose tx Nitrate + thiosulfate, mycobacterial and fungal infections (low IFN-
hydroxocobalamin gamma)

597. Digitalis (digoxin) anti-dig Fab fragments 612. TNF Secreted by macrophages
overdose tx alpha Mediates septic shock. Activates endothelium (e-
selectin and CAMs).
598. Heparin overdose tx Protamine sulfate
Cachexia and fever
599. Iron overdose tx Deferoxamine, deferasirox
613. IL2 Secreted by T cells
600. Lead overdose tx EDTA, dimercaprol, succimer, Stimulates growth of helper, cytotoxic, and
penicillamine regulatory T cells, and NK cells.
601. Mercury, arsenic, gold Dimercaprol (BAL), succimer Cortisol and Corticosteroids block IL2
overdose tx production, leading to reactivation of TB and
candidiasis
602. Methemoglobin overdose Methylene blue, vitamin C
tx 614. IL3 Secreted by T cells
Supports growth and differentiation of bone
603. Opioids overdose tx Naloxone, naltrexone marrow stem cells. Functions like GM-CSF.
604. Salicylates overdose tx NaHCO3 (alkalinize urine), 615. IFN Secreted by Th1 cells
dialysis gamma Secreted by NK cells in response to IL-12 from
605. TCAs overdose tx NaHCO3 (plasma alkalinization) macrophages; stimulates macrophages to kill
phagocytose pathogens.
606. tPA, streptokinase, Aminocaproic acid
Also activates NK cells to kill virus-infected cells.
urokinase overdose tx
Increases MHC expression and antigen
607. Warfarin overdose tx Vitamin K (delayed effect), presentation by all cells.
fresh frozen plasma (immediate)
616. IL4 Secreted by Th2 cells
Require epoxide reductase in
Induces differentiation into Th2 cells. Promotes
liver to gamma carboxylate
growth of B cells. Enhances class switching to IgE
2,7,9,10,C,S
and IgG.
608. IL1 Secreted by macrophages
617. IL5 Secreted by Th2 cells
AKA Osteoclast-activating
Promotes differentiation of B cells. Enhances class
factor.
switching to IgA. Stimulates growth and
Causes fever, acute
differentiation of eosinophils.
inflammation.
Activates endothelium to 618. IL10 Secreted by Th2 cells
express e-selectin and CAMs. Modulates inflammatory response. Decreases
expression of MHC class II and Th1 cytokines.
Inhibits activated macrophages and dendritic cells.
Also secreted by regulatory T cells.
TGF-β and IL-10 both reduce the immune
response.
619. How do cytotoxic Perforin and Granzyme 633. Anti-glutamic acid Type 1 diabetes mellitus
and NK cells kill? Cytotoxic also binds via MHCI, but NK decarboxylase (GAD-
does not 65)
Cytotoxic kills resp and liver cells in flu
634. Anti-Jo-1(histdyl-
and Hep A
tRNA synthetase),
620. Tregs Suppress CD4 and CD8 anti-SRP, anti-Mi-2
Produce anti inflammatory IL10 and
TGF-B
Express CD3, CD4 and CD25 and
FoxP3 (TF)
621. T cell activation B7 (APC) and CD28 (T cell)
costimulatory
signal Polymyositis (CD8 - endomysial
inflammation)
622. B cell class CD40 (B cell) and CD40L (T cell)
Dermatomyositis (CD4 and risk of
switching signal Produce IL4 and IL5 to switch
adenocarcinomas - perimesium
with T cell
inflammation)
623. C3b (and IgG) Opsonization, clears immune complex Proximal muscle weakness
624. C3a, C4a, C5a Anaphylaxis 635. Antimicrosomal,
C3a and C5a activate mast cell antithyroglobulin,
degranulation antithyroidperoxidase
625. C5a Neutrophil chemotaxis
Upregulate integrin
626. C5b-9 Mac Complex (Neisseria)
Lyses microbes by creating holes in the
membrane
627. IFN alpha and Innate host defense against viruses
beta Glycoproteins synthesized by virus-
infected cells that prime uninfected Hashimoto thyroiditis
cells for defense by degrading viral Hurthle cells
DNA and protein Risk of non-hodgkin's lymphoma
Induces Apoptosis, limiting viral (marginal cell)
amplification Enlarged and NONTENDER

628. CD34 Hematopoietic Stem Cells 636. Antinuclear SLE, nonspeci c

antibodies
629. CD16/56 Bind Fc region of bound Ig, activating
cell 637. Anti-SSA, anti-SSB Sjögren syndrome
NK cells (anti-Ro, anti-La) ANA and Anti-ribonuclear proteins
Lower on reticulocytes Risk of neonatal lupus and congenital
heart block
630. Anti-ACh receptor Myasthenia gravis, thymoma or thymic
(postsynaptic hyperplasia 638. Anti-TSH receptor Graves disease
NMJ) >> Lambert-Eaton is autoantibodies to 639. Anti-U1 RNP Mixed connective tissue disease
presynaptic Ca++ channels (ribonucleoprotein)
631. Anti-basement Goodpasture syndrome (alveolar and 640. IgA anti-endomysial, Celiac disease
membrane glomerular) IgA anti-tissue Can also have dermatitis herpetiformis
Linear IF transglutaminase (IgA deposits in dermal papillae)
Hematuria and hemoptysis
641. MPO-ANCA/p-ANCA Microscopic polyangiitis, eosinophilic
632. Anticardiolipin, SLE granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-
lupus Antiphospholipid syndrome (DVT Strauss syndrome)
anticoagulant, hypercoaguable state, but increased
Anti-B2- PTT)
glycoprotein1 Anticardiolipin can give false positive
for syphilis
642. Antihemidesmosome 658. Acute TLRs: recognize PAMPs on foreign
Inflammation invaders (like CD14 on macrophage
Factors recognizes LPS > septic shock)
PG's vasodilate arterioles (PGE2 also
mediates fever)
Mast cells cross-linking dumps
histamine and tryptase
LTB4 (attract neutrophils and upregulate
integrins, occurs later)
Bullous pemphigoid
659. Pain factors PGE2
643. Antimitochondrial 1° biliary cirrhosis Bradykinin
Sensitive sensory nerve endings
644. Antiparietal cell Pernicious anemia (low B12)
660. Weibel-Palade vWF and p-selectin
645. Anti-smooth muscle Autoimmune hepatitis
Bodies in Mediated by histamine
646. PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA Granulomatosis with polyangiitis endothelial cells
(Wegener)
661. Acute
647. MHC 1 - HLA3 Hemochromatosis inflammation
648. HLA 1- B27 Psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis,
arthritis of inflammatory bowel disease,
reactive arthritis
649. HLA 2 - DQ2/DQ8a Celiac Disease
650. HLA 2 - DR2 Mulitple sclerosis, hay fever, SLE ,
Goodpasture syndrome
651. HLA 2 - DR3 DM type 1, SLE, Graves disease,
Hashimoto thyroiditis
652. HLA 2 - DR4 Rheumatoid arthritis, DM Type 1 Rolling: p-selectin and e-selectin bind
sialyl lewis X on leukocytes
653. HLA 2 - DR5 Pernicious anemia (Vit B12 deficiency),
Adhesion: CAMs bind integrins on
Hashimoto thyroiditis
leukocytes
654. Th1 helper cell (CD4 Secretes IFN-gamma and IL2 Transmigration/chemotaxis
cell) Activates Macrophages and CD8 Phagocytosis: IgG and C3b
Activated by IFNgamma and IL12 Apoptosis of neutrophils: pus
Inhibited by Th2 cells and it's cytokines Macrophages eat them up with
Responsible for granuloma formation lysozyme granules
655. Th2 helper cell (CD4 Secretes IL4,5,10,13 and IL2 662. Delayed loss of Leukocyte Adhesion deficiency
cell) Recruits IgE for parasites and IgE umbilical cord, AR defect of integrin (CD18)
production by B cells recurrent 18 -- 1nte8rin
Activated by IL4 infections that
Inhibited by Th1 cells and it's cytokine lack pus, but lots
(IFNgamma) of neutrophils
within blood
656. Th17 cell (CD4 cell) Activated by TGF-B and IL-6
stream
Secretes IL-17
663. Neutrophil Bacterial products
657. Regulatory T cells CD25 and FOXP3
chemotaxis IL8 (produced by macrophages)
Suppress CD4/8 to protect gut flora,
factors C5a
fetus, etc.
LTB4
Secretes IL10 and TGFB
664. Recurrent catalase Chronic Granulomatous Disease (X- 673. Vimentin IF Mesenchyme, Connective tissue
positive infections, linked) Sarcoma
NADPH oxidase Catalase destroys H2O2
674. Desmin IF Muscle cells
defect (no O2 killing) Nitroblue tetrazolium test - (will remain
colorless) 675. GFAP Neuroglia cells, astrocytes
S. aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus, Candida, 676. S-100 Melanoma, Schwannoma (VIII) -bilateral
Serratia NF2, Langerhans histocytosis
665. Recurrent candida MPO deficiency 677. Hairy Cell
infections Leukemia
666. CD4+ activation TLR binds MHCII
B7 on APC binds CD28 on T cell
667. Epithelioid histiocyte
(macrophage with
abundant pink
cytoplasm)

B-cell neoplasm is seen in males with

Granuloma with or without giant cells massive red pulp splenomegaly, produces
dry tap, and stains + (TRAP)
668. Recurrent fungal SCID Tx: 2-CDA (adenosine deaminase
(candida), viral, and IL-2R gamma chain defect (X-linked) inhibitor)
bacteria infections; Adenosine deaminase deficiency (AR)
risk of opportunistic Tx: isolation and Stem cell transplant 678. Polycythemia Itching after shower due to increased
infections, chronic Vera basophils, blurry vision
diarrhea and failure to Increased hematocrit (platelets, RBCs,
thrive WBCs)
Decreased Epo due to negative feedback
669. Mutated CD40 or Common variable immunodeficiency + JAK2 kinase
CD40L, Defect in B- Tx: IVIG Risk of Budd-chiari and leukemia
cell differentiation to Only have IgM and IgD Tx: phlebotomy and hydroxyurea
plasma
cells/immunoglobulins 679. Orotic Aciduria Orotic acid in urine, megaloblastic anemia
that is not corrected with B12 or folic acid
670. Granulation tissue Fibroblasts (type III collagen > and no hyperammonemia
collagenase with zinc replace it with
type I collagen) 680. Acute
Capillaries for nutrients Intermittent
Myofibroblasts to contract wound Porphyria

671. Telomerase

What disease causes port-wine colored

urine, polyneuropathy and painful
abdomen?
681. Anterior and Anterior: FLAT PiG
Posterior Posterior: oxytocin (paraventricular) and
An enzyme that catalyzes the
Pituitary ADH (supraoptic)
lengthening of telomeres.
secretions
672. Keratin IF Epithelium > Carcinoma
682. Hypothalamic SST blocks TSH and GH 692. Thyroid
Hormones TRH increases TSH and Prolactin Peroxidase
Dopamine decreases prolactin which
decreases GnRH
683. ADH hormone V2 receptors (Serum osmolarity)
V1 recepeptors (Blood pressure)
684. Vitamin D D3 sun, D2 food (ergo)
7-dehydrocholesterol > cholecalciferol
(D3)
25-OH in liver
1,25-OH in kidney PCT (calcitriol) by
alpha hydroxylase
24,25 is inactive by CYP450
oxidizes iodide to iodine, iodinates
685. PTH and Mg When Mg is low, PTH is secreted
thyroglobulin tyrosine resiues, and couples
When Mg is REALLY low, PTH is NOT
MIT and DIT to form T3 and T4
secreted
693. Reidel Fibrosis of thyroid (hard as wood) that can
686. Tender thyroid, Subacute Thyroiditis (de Quervain)
Fibrosing extend to airway
high ESR, Giant cells on histology
Thyroiditis Differential: anaplastic carcinoma in older
glanulomatous
patient
inflammation
following flu-like 694. Follicular
illnes Carcinoma
vs. Adenoma
687. Thyroid removal Ligate inferior thyroid artery (and
nerve damage recurrent laryngeal)
Ligate super laryngeal artery (and
nerve)
688. Genetic Pseudophypoarathyroidism: kidney
Hyperarathyroidism unresponsive to PTH sometimes due to
defective Gs protein, hypocalcemia,
short 4th/5th digits, and short stature Capsule invasion, requires this to make
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia: diagnosis
Defective Ca++ sensing receptor on
695. MEN2A
parathyroid cells
689. How does insulin Serine kinases phosphorylate insulin
resistance develop? receptor
Caused by catecholamines,
glucocorticoids, glucagon, TNF-alpha
690. Lithium Can cause Nephrogenic DI
Tx: Thiazide
691. Hyperthyroidism

pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid

cancer, hyperparathyroidism
AD RET (receptor tyrosine kinase)

Hyperglycemia
Hypocholesterolemia
Scalloped Colloid
Exophthalmos
^ Na+/K+ ATP-ase
696. MEN2B 711. Creutzfeldt-
Jakob disease

Pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid Rapidly progressive dementia with startle

cancer, and mucosal neuromas/marfonoid myoclonus
habitus (ganglioneuromatosis) Prions (PrP) change from alpha to beta
AD RET (receptor tyrosine kinase) pleated sheet (resistant to proteases)
697. SSRIs Fluoxetime, paroxetine, sertraline, Spongiform transformation of gray matter
citalopram 712. Pilocytic (low-
Anorgansmia and serotonin syndrome (5- grade)
HT from tryptophan) astrocytoma
698. SSRI overdose Cyproheptadine
699. SNRI Venlafaxine and Duloxetine
700. TCAs -Triptyline, -pramine
701. MAO inhibitor Tranylcypromine, phenelzine, Well circumscribed, cerebellum
icsocarboxazid, selegiline GFAP +
Tyramine food > Phentolamine Rosenthal fibers (eosinophilic corkscrew
fibers), spindle cells and tumor nodule
702. PCP analog Ayrlcyclohexylamines/ketamine
(cystic)
NMDA antagonist
713. Unexpected Masseter, teMporalis, Medial pterygoid
703. Weird GABA Tiagabine: inhibit GABA reuptake
Cranial nerve (V3)
drugs Vigabatrin: inhibit GABA transaminase
muscle pairings Stylopharyngeus (IX)
704. Lamotrigine Blocks Na+ Palatoglossus (X)
Steven Johnsons
714. Renal tubular FABulous Glittering Liquids
705. Topiramate Blocks Na+, Increase GABA actoin defects Fanconi: PCT >acidosis
SE: Kidney stones, weight loss Bartter: Thick Ascending > alkolosis
706. Thiopental Barbiturate Gitelman: DCT > alkalosis
Terminated by rapid redistrubtion into Liddle: Increased reabsorption via eNaC
skeletal muscle and fat in collecting tubules > alkalosis
11-B hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase def:
707. Phenytoin Na+ block, zero order low aldosterone, high BP (can be caused
Gingival hyperplasia, SLE, hirustism, by licorice-glycyrrhetic acid)
increase P-450
715. Macula Densa JG: picks up low BP and increased
708. Ethosuximide Absence seizures vs. JG cells sympathetic tone (b1-receptors) > renin
thalmic T type ca++ channel blocker release
709. Typical Block D2 (Gs) MD: picks up low Na+Cl- delivery >
Antipsychotics Haloperidol (high potency) adenosine release
Chlorpromazine (low)f 716. Anion Gap = Na - (Cl + HCO3)
710. Atypical Olanzapine (obesity) Normal is between 8 and 12
antipsychotics Clozapine (agranulocytosis)
Respiradone (increase prolactin)
717. Kidney Stones 730. Maple syrup urine Defect in alpha-keto acid (leucine,
disease ( I Love isoeucine, valine) dehydrogenase
Vermont) Low propinoic acid and methymalonic
acid
CNS defect, burnt sugar urine
731. PKU Intellectual disability, eczema, fair
skin, musty body odor
AR, increased phenylalanine levels via
phenylalanine hydroxide def
Tx: Make sure to eat tyrosine (cannot
Calcium: Most common, hypercalcuria be synthesized)
normocalcemia, envelope opaque, treat
732. Alternative 1,3-BPG is converted to 2,3-BPG
with citrate and thiazide
Glycolysis pathway which helps to release oxygen in
Ammonium MgPO4: Struvite from
in RBCs peripheral tissues by decreasing Hgb
urease + bugs (Staghorn calculi), coffin
affinity for O2
lid, opaque
Uric Acid: Tumor lysis syndrome,733.
goutHow do you treat Requires: B1, B2, B3, B5, Lipoic acid
(rhomboid) pyruvate To avoid lactic acidosis and neuro
Cysteine: hexagonal, + sodium cyanide dehydrogenase dfects eat a Ketogenic diet (Avoid
deficiency?
nitroprusside test, staghorn caliculi in carbs): eat Lysine and Leucine
children 734. What dose left- Decreased O2 in tissues, renal
718. Genomic Imprinting shift or high-O2-
DNA methylation that can silence parts hypoxia, and therefore erythropoietin
of genes affinity hemoglobin synthesis
result in?
Ex: Prader Willi or Angelman syndrome
719. Helicase Unwinds DNA at replication fork 735. What are the stop UAA, UAG, UGA
codons?
720. Histones Histones help package DNA by
736. What is the start
wrapping the DNA into a nucleosome, AUG.
EXCEPT histone 1 wraps the histone codon?
from the outside 737. PNMT Conversion of NE to E in the adrenal
721. Polygenic inheritance Male pattern baldness, glaucoma, medulla, dependent on high cortisol
examples epilepsy, HTN, schizophrenia level

722. What decreased enzyme Pyruvate dehyrodgenase isn't 738. Ornithine Only X-linked Urea cycle disorder
activity leads to lactic converting enough pyruvate to Acetyltranscarbamylase Vomiting, tachypnea, and confusion
acidosis? CoA, so it is converted to lactate deficiency (OTC) (hyperammonemia) with elevated
instead urinary orotic acid and low BUN
Tx: avoid proteins
723. What is the most abundant Glycine (also lysine and proline)
AA in CoLlaGen? 739. Thiamine Dry beriberi: peripheral neuropathy,
deficiency weakness
724. Western/Northern/Southern W=proteins, N=mRNA, S=DNA, SNoW
Wet: ♥ failure
Blots DRoP
W-K: confusion, opthalmoplegia,
725. Arginase deficiency Part of urea cycle, Tx: low-protein diet ataxia, perment memory loss, damage
without arginine to mammillary bodies
726. P bodies Regulate mRNA translation in the Important in pyruvate
cytoplasm dehydrogenase, branched chain
alpha-ketoacid and alpha KG
727. What activities occur within Replication, Transcription, Post-
dehydrogenase, and TRANSketolase
the nucleus? transcription modifications (cap/tail)
740. What is required Primers: nucleotide sequence of the
728. Which carbohydrate is Fructose-1-Phosphate
for PCR? regions flanking the target exon
metabolized the fastest?
729. Where does glucose come Overnight: Glycogenolysis (glycogen);
from when you're starving? Day 2: Gluconeogenesis from muscle
741. Tay-Sachs, AR 747. Polyol Glucose > Aldose reductase > Sorbitol
pathway: (gets stuck) > Sorbitol dehydrogenase >
Cataracts or Fructose
sperm Risk of cataracts and neuropathy with
nutrients hyperglycemia
748. Pyridoxine B6 - Transamination (nitro) reaction
between amino acid and a alpha-keto acid,
can cause sideroblastic anemia
IE: oxacloacetate and aspartate
749. Difference Marfan's: MicroFibrils, aortic
between aneurysms/dissections
Marfan's and ED: collagen (hypermobile), berry
Ehlers- aneurysm
B-hexosaminidase A deficiency Danlos?
GM2 metabolite increase.
Macrocephaly, startle reflex, cherry-red 750. Porphyria Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase
fovea surrounded by white macula, cutanea tarda deficiency, resulting in abdominal pain,
regression of motor skills, onion skin (PCT) neuro symptoms, and photosensitive hyper
lysosomes, NO hepatosplenomegaly pigmented blistering

742. Adenylate TSH, glucagon (DMI), and PTH receptors 751. Lactate Shock hypo perfuses the organs, resulting
cyclase Acidosis in impaired oxidative phosphorylation
messenger which increases build up of lactic acid
system is causing an acidosis
utilized by? 752. Trisomy 13 vs. 13: cleft palette, polydactyly, high nuchal
743. Homocystinuria Cystathione synthase deficiency 18 translucency
Lens subluxation, thrombosis, marfanoid, 18: low-set ears, small gaw, overlapping
intellectual disabiliity fingers, rocker bottom feet, low labs
Tx: pyridoxine 753. Hereditary Anemia, high orotic acid crystals,
744. X-linked orotic retardation, defect in UMP synthase,
sideroblastic acuduria supplement with uridine
anemia 754. Nitric Oxide NO is synthesized from arginine
(microcytic) derivative
755. Loss of Two hit hypothesis
heterozygosity
756. Myotonic AD, CTG trinucleotide repeat
Dystrophy Frontal balding, testicular atrophy, muscle
wasting (no fatty deposits)
757. Vitamin E Hemolytic anemia, posterior and
Delta-Aminolevulinate (ALA) synthase
deficiency spincocerebellar tract demyelination
Low protoporphyrin synthesis, so iron
Looks like B12 def but without labs or
accumulates in mitochondria
hypersegmented neutrophils
Alcohol abuse, lead poisoning, copper
deficiency, and isoniazid (B6) 758. NADH/NAD Alcohol metabolism (alcohol
Ringed sideroblasts on prussian blue stain ratio increased dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde
dehyrodgenase)
745. Alkaptonuria AR homagentistic acid dioxygenase
Causes lactic acidosis and prevents
deficiency
gluconeogenesis
Arthritis and urine turns black when
exposed to air, dark skin 759. Polyploidy When more than two complete sets of
chromosomes exist in a cell or organism
746. Transmembrane Valine, Alanine, Isoleucine
(XXY or XYY)
protein amino
acids 760. Pleiotropy Multiple phenotypic manifestations result
(anchoring) from a single gene mutation
761. Homeobox 180 nucleotides that code for for DNA- 774. DiGeorge Maldevelopment of 3 and 4 pharyngeal
binding transcription factors that are Syndrome pouches, fascial dysmorphia, cardiac
important to morphogenesis (proper shunt, lack of T-cells, undeveloped
formation/placement of tissues in paracortex
body)
775. Superficial All Skin from the belly button down,
762. Linkage When a pair of alleles from two loci Inguinal Nodes including the anus, excluding the testes
Disequilibrium are inherited together in the same and posterior calf
gamete more/less often than random
776. Tongue Anterior 2/3: V3 for sensation, CT (7) for
chance would expect
Sensory taste; Posterior 1/3: Glossopharyngeal (9)
763. Heteroplasty Presence of different organellar
777. What organ is The spleen (mesodermal origin), BUT the
genomes (wile type, mutated) within a
most spleen is NOT retroperitoneal
single cell
commonly
764. Law of segregation Offspring only inherit half of each injured on
parent's composition trauma?
765. Kinesin and Dynen K-anterograde transport, D-retrograde 778. Pudendal Supplies sensation to external genitalia
transport on microtubules nerve and perineum (external hemorrhoids,
below dentate line)
766. What artery lies Superior Mesenteric Artery
between the 3rd 779. Lower Trunk of Upward jerking of the arm (tree branch),
part of the brachial Plexus damages intrinsic muscles of the hand and
duodenum and the Injury claw hand
pancreas? Also damaged with compression of nerve
and subclavian vessels (extra cervical rib,
767. What causes foot Injury to common peroneal nerve
pancoast tumor)
drop? Fibula neck fracture
Loss of dorsiflexion/eversion/dorsum 780. Pancreatic Ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds fail to
sensation Divisum fuse, dorsal contributes most of the
pancreas, but the ventral contributes the
768. What is the most GU abnormalities, like urinary tract
main pancreatic duct
common defect
association with 781. Direct Inguinal Older men, weakness of transversals
imperforate anus? Hernia fascia, travels medial to vessels, remains
superficial
769. What vein drains Splenic vein, can get a clot when
most of the patient has pancreatitis 782. Indirect Young adults and children, Patent
stomach? inguinal hernia processus vaginalis as the internal inguinal
ring does not close, protrudes through
770. Colon blood Left: superior mesenteric, Right:
deep inguinal ring and travels laterally to
supply inferior mesenteric, Sigmoid: internal
vessels
iliac
783. Median nerve Flexor Digitorum Superficialis and Flexor
771. What muscle is Serratus Anterior
(supracondyler digitorum profundus, pain with wrist
under your armpit
fracture) flexion and lost sensation in first three
and along your
digits
side?
784. Piriform recess Internal laryngeal nerve (X) provides
772. How is the In addition to facial sensation it helps
nerve sensory innervation and the cough reflex
mandibular the chewing muscles and tensor
division of the tympani!! (TMJ) 785. Stapedius Branch of facial nerve, paralysis of muscle
trigeminal nerve nerve will cause increased sensitivity to sound
different?
786. Reflexes L4: Patella, S1: Achilles
773. What part of the Herring Bodies
787. Wrist Drop Radial nerve injury after mid shaft humeral
pituitary derives
(loss of fracture or use of crutches, accompanied
from the
extension) by deep brachial artery damage
neuroectoderm?
Loss of posterior sensation
(arm/forearm/hand)
788. Supinator Radial nerve, Failed extension of fingers
Canal and thumb
789. What innervates Femoral nerve 802. Shin splints Compartment syndrome, compression of
the patellar deep perineal nerve and anterior tibial
tendon? artery, weak pulses and loss of sensation
between big and 1st toe
790. Trendelenburg
Sign 803. What tendon Extensor hallucis longus
runs with the
dorsals pedis
artery?
804. Where is the Between medial malleolus and the achilles
posterior tendon
tibial pulse?
805. Baker's Compress tibial nerve leading to inability to
(Popliteal) plantar flex and loss of plantar sensation,
Cyst can't curl toes
806. Lumbar Between L3/L4 or L4/L5, use Iliac crest (L4)
Puncture as a guide
Superior gluteal nerve, upper medial
Does not pierce the PIA
gluteal injection
Gluteus medius/minimus injured, 807. Disk Damages nerve below the compression, Ie
contralateral hip drops when he lifts his protrusion L4/L5, L5 is damaged because L4 comes
left foot off the floor out before the compression
791. Femoral neck Surrounded by anastomasies, majority 808. Hip Torn ilio/ischio femoral ligments, sciatic
fracture by medial circumflex femoral artery dislocation nerve and gluteal muscles in danger
792. Attachment ASIS and pubic tubercle 809. Winged Serratus anterior, long thoracic nerve
points for scapula (lateral thoracic artery)
Inguinal ligament Mastectomy, no arm abduction
793. What is in the Femoral artery, superficial inguinal 810. Dislocated Axillary nerve (Deltoid, teres minor, and
Femoral lymph nodes, femoral hernias! shoulder sensation over lateral part of arm)
triangle? (posterior circumflex artery)
794. Medial collateral Attached to medial meniscus, prevents 811. Shoulder AC ligament tear, with clavicle fracture...
ligament abdcution of tibia seperation "piano key" deformity
795. Deltoid Ligament Eversion sprains 812. Ulnar nerve Passes posterior to the medal epicondyle,
(Claw hand inability to flex the digitorum profundus,
796. Anterior Inversion sprain, "Low ankle sprain", most
when distal) sensation loss at ring finger
talofibular common
Guyon canal syndrome compression at
ligament
wrist (bikers)
797. Anterior High ankle sprain, inversion sprain Also hook of hamate fracture
tibiofibular
813. Median Lateral 3.5 digits of palm and DIP on back
798. Iliofemoral Resits anterior displacement of hip and cutaneous of hand
ligament prevents hyperextension nerve
799. Ischiofemoral Resists posterior displacement of sensation
ligament femoral head 814. Superficial Supplies sensation to dorsolateral part of
800. Prepatellar Housemaid's knee branch of the hand
Bursistis Working on knees, results in swelling radial nerve

801. Fibula neck Common peroneal nerve, inability to 815. Deep branch Motor to the extensor muscles and the
fracture evert the foot of radial supinator
nerve
816. Lateral Travels deep to brachioradialis
cutaneous
nerve of
forearm
817. Scaphoid fracture Anatomical Snuffbox > Radial artery 835. Tumor in the head of Common bile duct
here the pancreas would
Avascular necrosis, most commonly block which
injured wrist bone structure?
818. Lunate dislocatoin Carpal tunnel syndrome (tinel sign) 836. Foregut supply Celiac trunk
Median nerve, paresthesia in the
837. Midgut supply Superior Mesenteric Artery
lateral 3 and half digits, difficulty
opposing the thumb 838. Hindgut supply Inferior mesenteric artery
Can also be caused by dialysis (B2 839. "Double bubble" sign Overfilled stomach and duodenum
microglobulin) caused by duodenal atresia
819. Supraspinatus Initiates abduction for first 15 (trisomy 21)
degrees, before deltoid takes over 840. Annular pancreas Abnormal migration of the ventral
Most common rotator cuff injury pancreatic bud, Can compress
820. Teres Lateral rotation of arm duodenum, causing vomiting
minor/Infraspinatus Pitching injury of intraspinatus 841. Triangle of Calot Cystic artery, bile duct, liver
teres minor also adducts (axillary
842. Left colic flexture Vagus nerve supplies 2/3 of
nerve)
transverse colon, Pelvic splanchnic
821. Subscapularis Medial rotation and adduction nerve supplies to distal colon
muscle
843. Metanephros Definitive kidney
822. Smith's Fracture Fracture of distal radius, angled
844. Obstetric conjugate Length between pubis symphonis to
foreword, fall backward
the sacrum
823. Colle's fracture Falling forward, bones pulled
845. Spinal epidural nerve Inject anesthetic in epidural space
posteriorly, fracture of distal radius
block at sacral hiatus, peritoneum is
824. Mechanics of Inspiration: diaphrgam; Expiration: desensitized, woman can still feel
breathing contractions
825. Right coronary RV, RA, posterior 1/3 of septum, AV 846. Median episiotomy Cut the perineal body to make
artery and SA nodes room for head
826. Anterior Apex of heart Media-lateral cuts the transverse
interventicular perineal muscle
artery (LAD) 847. How to access Posterior Fornix of vagina
827. Right or left Which artery supplies the posterior rectouterine pouch
dominant heart? interventicular artery (Pouch of douglas)?

828. Heart layers Fibrous, Parietal, Visceral (Serous) 848. Which part of the Spongy urethra
urethra is most likely
829. Pre ductal vs. Depends on ductus arteriosus
to be damaged by
Postductal
trauma?
coarcation
849. Normal position of Anteverted and anteflexed
830. Needle aspiration ABOVE the rib
the uterus
site
850. What ligaments Uterosacral, lateral/cardinal
831. Costodiaphragmatic 8th-12th rib
prevent uterine ligamnet, round ligament, pelvic
recess
prolapse? diaphragm
832. If you choke on a Right mainstream bronchus (more
851. CN V Trigeminal nerve, supplies sensation
peanut, where does vertical)
to the face
it go?
852. Cavernous Sinus III, IV, VI, and V1 pass through and
833. Left recurrent Wraps under arch of the aorta, can
VI is most likely to be affected first
laryngeal nerve display hoarseness when aorta is
by hemorrhage of ICA
enlarged
853. Papiledema Occlusion of the ophthalmic vein,
834. Superior vena cava Tumor can compress SVC and cause
swollen optic nerves
syndrome swelling of face, JVD, and visible
chest veins
854. Blink reflex V1 sensory (long and short ciliary 875. Hyperchylomicronemia AR - lipoprotein lipase or C-II cofactor
nerve), Facial nerve closes the deficiency
orbicularis oculi Creamy layer in supernatant
855. Parotid Tumor Compresses the facial nerve 876. Peripheral neuropathy Fabry disease (XR)
causing facial droop of hands and feet, Def alpha galactosidease, build up of
angiokeratomas, renal ceremide trihexoside
856. Bell's Palsy Lesion to facial nerve, sensitivity to
failure
sound, facial paralysis, loss of taste
(chorda tympani - anterior tongue), 877. Maturity onset AD glucokinase mutation
drooling diabetes of the young Glucose can't be converted to G6P
857. Horner's Syndrome Sympathetic trunk/cervical ganglion 878. G6PD deficiency
damage, results in ptosis, pupil
constriction, vasodilation, and
absence of sweating
858. Sphenopalatine Profuse nosebleed
artery
859. Pterygoid (vidian) Presynaptic parasympathetic nerve
canal travels with facial nerve
860. Chorda Tympani 2/3 anterior tongue, submandibular
Low NADPH leads to hemolytic anemia
and sublingual gland
(free radicals) with bite cells and heinz
861. Superior lyarngeal Sensation above vocal cords bodies
nerve Fava beans, sulfonamides, primiquine,
862. Recurrent laryngeal Sensation below the vocal cords dapsone
nerve X-linked recessive

863. Emergency situation Cricothyroid membrane 879. Watery diarrhea and Arsenic poisoning, blocking lipoic acid
in which you need to garlic breath
provide O2 and can't 880. Essential fructosuria or EF: fructokinase def, bypass with
intubate fructose intolerance? hexokinase
864. Ansa cervicalis Infra hyoid muscles, C1-C3 FI: Aldolase B def, worse disease

865. Carotid Sinus Respond to blood pressure, Carotid 881. Galactokinase def or GKD: mild, avoid lactose, galactitol
Body responds to partial pressures Classic galactosemia? accumulates to form cataracts
of O2/CO2, supplied by CG: G-1-P uridyl transferase deficiency,
glossopharyngeal nerve cataracts, jaundice, failure to thrive

866. Articular eminence Critical in the TMJ 882. Sucrose Lactose S: Fructose and Glucose
Maltose L: Galactose and Glucose
867. Palatoglossus Vagus nerve supplies this tongue M: Glucose and Glucose
muscle
883. Riboflavin aka FADH Anemia mouth or lip sores, skin
868. Uvula/Tongue Uvula deviates to good side (X), disorders sore throat swelling of
deviation Tongue deviates to bad side (XII) mucous membranes and sensitivity to
869. Gag reflex Glossopharyngeal (IX) sensory, light/eye fatigue
Motor (X) 884. Peroxisomes Break down fatty acids and produce
870. Tonsillectomy Damage to glossopharyngeal nerve hydrogen peroxide

871. Levator veli palatini Muscle that prevents food from 885. DNA pol I vs. DNA pol Pol III is the primary one
going into nose III Pol I replaces RNA primer with DNA,
AND has exonuclease activity
872. Stylopharyngeus Innervated by IX
886. Biotin (B7) Def. Carboxylase deficiency
873. Pharyngeal Arches 1: Mastication/Jaw, 2: Facial nerve, 3:
Glossopharyngeal like taste, 4 and 887. Glutamate-Glutamine Within the brain, astrocytes and neurons
6: Pharynx/Palate cycle *** interact to regulate the metabolism of
glutamate, glutamine and ammonia.
874. B-100 Apolipoprotein that binds LDL
888. Reactive Chlamydia or bacterial GI infection 898. Osteopetrosis
Arthritis causing triad of mono-arthritis, (poor osteoclast
(Reiter's conjunctivitis, and urethritis, and function)
Syndrome) SOMETIMES sacroillitius
Causes
889. Psoriasis

Carbonic anhydrase deficiency

Vision and hearing impairment
Thin granulosum and thick corneum, often Anemia, thrombocytopenia
covered in silvery scale (T-cell mediated) Bone fractures
Pitting of nails Tx: bone marrow transplant
Risk of psoriatic arthritis 899. DIC
Auspitz sign: pinpoint bleed
890. Keloids Nodules formed in wound healing due to
excessive collagen, increased TGF-Beta
activity
891. Entaracept Can reactivate Tb (as TNF-alpha is
(TNF-alpha important to granuloma formation)
inhibitor)
892. Allopurinol Azathioprine, 6-MP Disseminated intravascular coagulation
interactions (pathological activation of coag
cascade)
893. Urinary Stress: dysfunctional urethra because of
Widespread microthrombi, consumption
Incontinence unsupported abdominal pressure
of platelets and factors > schistocytes
Urge: detrusor overactivity
Venipuncture oozing
894. 6th Aortic Arch Ductus arteriosus and pulmonary arteries D-dimer (fibrin split product)
895. 4th Aortic Arch Aortic arch and subclavian 900. Non- diltiazem, verapamil
896. 3rd Aortic Arch Carotids dihydropyridine
Ca++ blockers
897. Nursemaid's
elbow 901. Gingival Phenytoin, Verapamil, cyclosporine
hypertrophy side (immunosuppressant for transplants)
effects
902. Multi Drug P-glycoprotein that has ATP-dependent
Resistant 1 Gene efflux pump
(MDR1)

Annular ligament displacement

903. Lymph Node 910. Which IgG, IgM (not IgA)
immunoglobulins fix
complement?
911. Which IgG
immunoglobulins
cross the placenta?
912. IL-2 inhibitors for Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus
transplant (FK506) block transcription
1* Follicle: Dormant b cells (dark) immunosuprression (nephrotoxic) by inhibiting
2* follicle: active B-cells (pale) -seen in calcineurin
RA or early HIV Sirolimus prevents response to IL2
Medula: macrophages (draining cancer (BM supp)
in sinuses) Daclizumab/basiliximab IL-2R
Paracortex: T cells (viral) antibodies

904. Superficial Popliteal lymph node gets dorsolateral 913. Waldenstrom's Monoclonal IgM M spike, no lytic
inguinal or foot and posterior calf macroglobulinemia bone lesions or hypercalcemia,
popliteal? proliferation of plasma cells

905. Right lymphatic Right side of body above the 914. IFN function Inhibit protein synthesis by
duct diaphragm, everything else by thoracic degrading viral mRNA
duct 915. What Ig goes with Initial: IgM, Secondary: IgG
906. Spleen pulp initial, and then
secondary response?
916. Post Strep Acute Deposited Immune complexes, not
Glomerulonephritis is preventable by antibiotics
caused by
917. What is the best way Corticosteroids
to immune-suppress
transplant recipents?
T Cells: PALSheath in white pulp 918. Humoral Immunity B cells (B for banter)
B cells: white pulp follicles
Marginal zone: APCs 919. Cellular immunity T cells

907. Thymus 920. Oxacillin Beta lactamase-resistant penicillin

Histology 921. Bruton's Defective B-cell tyrosine kinase,
agammaglobulinemia recurrent bacterial infections,
(X-linked) cannot form germinal centers of
lymphoid follicles, Tx: pool IgG
922. What is a hapten? Incomplete antigens that can induce
antibodies (ie penicllin, poison ivy)
923. Tx for Hemolytic Give mother Anti-Rh antibodies
Derived from third pharyngeal pouch Disease of the post-delivery
Cortex: immature T cells (+ selection) Newborn
Medulla: mature cells (- selection) 924. SCID - Severe Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency,
Hassall corpuscles: epithelial reticular Combined Immune Defective IL-2, MHC II defect
cells Deficiency Causes
908. MHCI vs MHCII MHC I: nucleated cells, endogenous 925. SCID - Severe Adenosine accumulation is toxic to
antigens, B2-microglubin Combined Immune T and B cells, Recurrent viral and
MHC II: APCs, exogenous antigens, Deficiency and Tx bacterial infections, diarrhea Tx:
invariant chain Bone marrow transplant
909. Which IgM and IgD 926. Hereditary C1 esterase inhbitior, DO NOT USE
immunoglobulins Angioedema ACE-inhibitors due to bradykinin
are original?
927. MAC prophylaxis Azithro at CD4 < 50
928. Cold Agglutinins Mycoplasma pneumo and EBV 943. What Candida and/or Pneumocystis
indicates T-
929. How are Th1 cells with IFNgamma and IL-2,
cell
granulomas stimulated by IL-12, TNF alpha
deficiency?
formed?
944. Candida Tests for T-cell deficiency: Macrophages,
930. Flu vaccine Forms antibody response to HA to
injection CD4, CD8, and NK should respond Type IV
prevent virus from entering cell
hypersensitivity
931. What cytokines IFN-gamma, IL-12, TNF alpha
945. Leukocyte Late seperation of umbilical cord, AR loss
help form
adhesion of CD18 necessary for integrin formation,
granulomas?
deficiency recurrent infections without pus
932. Chronic X-linked mutation affecting NADPH
946. Acute vs. Acute: dense lymphocytes, Chronic:
Granulomatous oxidase causing dtysfunctioning
Chronic inflammatory cells and fibrosis
Disease neutrophils and oxidative burst
rejection
933. What is the Positive destroys cells that cannot
947. How do MDR1 channel that is an ATP dependent
difference recognize self in the cortex, Negative
cancer cells transporter/efflux pump
between positive destroys cells that have an affinity TOO
form
and negative strong for self in the medulla
resistance?
selection?
948. Methotrexate Folinic Acid (Leucovorin or N-formyl-THF)
934. Type I Wheals, IgE mediated receptor
overdose
hypersensitivity aggregation causes degranulation of
treatment
reaction mast cells and basophils releasing
histamine and tryptase 949. How do you Bortezimab (proteasome inhibitor to cause
IgE dependent: B-lactams, sulfonamides treat multiple apoptosis)
IgE independent: opioids, myeloma?
radioconstrast agents
950. How do you Fresh Frozen Plasma (faster than vitamin K)
935. Hyper acute Preformed IgG antibodies against graft treat warfarin
rejection overdose?
936. Opsonins Coating proteins that promote 951. Desmopressin Increases circulating factor VIII, and
phagocytosis: IgG and C3b (DDAVP) secretion of vWF (both made by
endothelial cells): Used for Mild hemophilia
937. Poison Ivy Contact dermatitis, Type IV sensitivity
A
reaction, caused by urushiol
952. Which drugs rifampin, phenobarbital, phenytoin,
938. What parts of the The FABs attach to the antigen, and the
enhance p- carbamazepine, griseofulvin
immunoglobulin constant Fc portion attaches to
450 activity?
molecule attach receptors
to what? 953. Which drugs Cimetidine, amiodarone, bactrim, grapefruit
decrease p- juice
939. What holds the Disulfide bonds
450 activity?
heavy chain of
the 954. 5-FU Blocks synthesis of thymidylate synthetase,
immunoglobulin and therefore cannot form DHF
together? Megaloblastic Anemia
940. Isotope Switching IgM >> IgG, occurs in germinal centers 955. Etoposide Prevents Topoisomerase II from sealing the
of lymph nodes and requires CD40R on double-stranded DNA breaks it has made
B-cells and CD40L on T-cells
956. LMW Heparin Binds ATIII, which then stops Xa from
941. Wiskott-Aldrich Eczema, recurrent respiratory (enoxaparin) converting prothrombin to thrombin
syndrome infections, thrombocytopenia, all mechanism
caused by X-linked B and T lymphocyte
957. Mesna Protects the kidney from acrolien
deficiency, Caucasian
metabolites from cyclophosphamide
942. Recurrent Defective IFN-gamma signaling chemo treatment
mycobacterium pathway, require lifetime
958. Abciximab Blocks glycoprotein IIa/IIIb receptor to
infections antimycobacterial treatment
decrease platelet binding to fibrinogen
959. How do you treat Serotonin (5HT) inhibitors like 972. Hemolytic
chemo therapy Ondansetron Uremic
induced vomiting? Syndrome
960. NNRTI Antiretrovirals that do not require
activation via intracellular
phosphorylation, Nevirapine and
Efavirenz, delavridine
961. How do you treat Hep-PF4 IgG antibodies > fragments
HIT (Heparin of platelets can cause thrombosis Microthrombi creating schistocytes in renal
induced Argatroban which binds directly to arteries
thrombocytopenia)? thrombin active site Thrombocytopenia, renal failure
Normal PT/PTT
962. Trastuzumab Monoclonal for Breast cancer with
Often caused by EHEC 0157:H7in Kids, also
HER2, a tyrosine kinase receptor
caused by Shigella toxin
963. Vincristine Inhibit microtubule formation in the >> 60S ribosome
M phase, side effects include
973. Hemoglobin S
peripheral neuropathy
and C
964. Chemo-therapy Muscarinic, Dopaminergic, genetics
induced vomiting Histaminic, Serotonergic, Neurokinin
receptors (5)
965. Unfractionated Unfractionated has longer
heparin vs. LWMH polysaccharid units and therefore
can control AT inactivating Thrombin
better
Both result from missense mutation on B-
966. RiveroXAban Factor XA direct inhibitor, used for globin of valine (or lysine for C) substitution
DVT and A-fib for glutamic acid, A more negative > S > C
967. Blood Group Anti A - IgM, Anti-B - IgM, O AntiA/B least negative
antibodies - IgG, Anti-Rh (D) - IgG, IgG can HbC crystals
cross the placenta 974. Haptoglobin Binds free hemoglobin after RBC lysis to be
968. Inflammatory (1) Margination - reduces stress destroyed by spleen, decreased levels in
Leukocyte (2) Rolling - selectin sickle cell, thalessemia, lead poisoning,etc.
Accumulation (3) Activation - conformational 975. Acute t(15,17) balanced translocation, associated
change Promyelocytic with DIC, responds to retinoic acid therapy
(4) Tight adhesion/crawling - ICAM Leukemia
(5) transmigration - PECAM
976. Erythrocytosis Relative: Increased percentage of Hct
969. How do you prevent Allopurinol or Rasburicase, because decreased volume load; Absolute:
tumor lysis Probenecid is only for patients with Increased percentage of Hct because
syndrome? GOOD renal function increased RBC mass like Polycythemia vera
970. 6-MP Used for ALL, inactivated by xanthine 977. Radiation Causes DNA double strand breakage and
oxidase so allopurinol increases therapy free radical formation
toxicity of drug
971. Nasopharyngeal EBV mono, with atypical lymphocytes
Carcinoma
978. Hereditary 991. Tardive Dyskinesia Repetitive, involuntary
Spherocytosis movements of the face
occurring with longterm
dopamine antagonists
992. How is bipolar I Bipolar I: Manic episode, Bipolar
different from bipolar II: depressive AND hypomanic
II? episode (functioning mania)
993. How do you Substance-induced disorders
differentiate substance- will also present with more
RBC membrane defect in tethering
induced psychotic physical manifestations like
proteins: spectrin/band 3.1/ankyrin,
disorders from primary tachycardia, HTN, diaphoresis,
Hemolytic anemia, jauncide, and
psychotic disorders? etc.
splenomegaly often after URIs
994. How do you Schizophreniform: 1-6 months,
979. Bruising RBC's cause purple color, Heme
differentiate Schizophrenia: >6 months
mechanism oxygenate degrades heme to biliverdin
schizophreniform
causing green color, biliverdin
disorder from
reductase degrades it to yellow
schizophrenia?
980. What are the + P: Speeding ticket, - P: taking away car
995. Alcohol withdrawal Tremors, anxiety, delirium,
differences keys, +R: giving candy, -R: wearing
tachycardia, seizures
between sunscreen prevents burn, ALL ARE
positive/negative operant conditioning 996. Cocaine (stimulant) Increased appetite,
reenforcement withdrawal hypersomnia, severe depression
and punishment? "crash"
981. Sodium For aspirin poisoning by helping raise 997. Benzo withdrawal Tremors, anxiety, psychosis,
Bicarbonate blood pH and increasing renal insomnia, tachycardia, seizures
elimination 998. Nicotine withdrawal Disphoria, irritability, increased
982. N-acetylcysteine Acetaminophin poisoning appetite

983. AcH toxicity Atropine and tricyclics like Amitriptyline 999. Heroin withdrawal N/V, cramping, dilated pupils,
cause "hot as a hair, dry as a bone, red yawning
as a beet, blind as a bat, mad as a 1000. How do you treat Fluoxetine
hatter", due to inhibition of Na+ channels bulimia nervosa
984. Lithium Tx: Bipolar, SE: Induced Type I diabetes 1001. Buspirone Nonbenzo anxiolytic for
by antagonizing vasopressin preventing generalized anxiety disorder,
the CD's ability to concentrate urine, slow onset, few side effects
Can also affect TSH
1002. Methylphenidate ADHD, decreases reuptake of
985. Venlafaxine SNRI for depression, risk of developing NE and dopamine
a manic episode
1003. Olanzapine and Olanzapine: Hyperglycemia and
986. Phenylephrine alpha1 agonist, decreases HR and Clozapine side effects? lipidemia> obesity
increases vascular resistance Clozapine: BM suppression
987. How does Binds allosterically to GABAa receptors 1004. How do you Dependent: long term
lorazepam work? differentiate borderline relationships, scared to leave
988. Neuroleptic Adverse reaction to antipsychotics with and dependent them, Borderline: impulsivity and
Malignant severe "lead pipe" rigidty, FEVER, and disorder? unstable relationships, "splitting,"
Syndrome mental status changes suicidal threats

989. Serotonin Similar to NMS but caused by serotonin 1005. Projection Misattirubitng one's owns
Syndrome medications, and has HYPERreflexive feelings to others, i.e. angry
muscle activity child thinks his divorcing parents
are "angry" at him
990. ADHD Before age 12, inattentive and
hyperactive symptoms in two settings 1006. Reaction formation Responding in a manner
(home AND school) opposite to one's feelings
1007. Rett syndrome Neurodevelopment of child (girl, as 1021. Schizoid vs. Schizoid: loner, unemotional;
boys die in utero) fails between age Schizotypal Schizotypal: Eccentric with odd
1-4, with poor head growth thoughts/behavior
1008. Bupropion Antidepressant with no sexual side 1022. Alpha vs Beta
effects or weight gain, can cause thalessemia
seizures
1009. Rat Poison "Superwarfarin" Tx: fresh frozen
plasma for it's clotting factors
1010. Cyanide Poisoning Dyspnea, palpitations, flushed skin,
Tx: nitrates
1011. Lipid Soluble Thiopental is rapidly redistributed
Barbiturates in throughout the rest of the tissues
anesthesia after crossing the BBB, and loses
Alpha: Gene deletion (african-
effect (NOT due to metabolism)
trans/asian-cis)
1012. Anorexia Nervosa BMI <18.5, distorted body image, Beta: Pt mutation (Mediterranean), target
osteoporosis, amenorrhea, cell
arrythmias, salivation gland swelling
1023. OCD vs OC OCD: compulsions, time consuming,
if binge eating/purging sub-type
personality counting
1013. How is bulimia Patients with bulimia nervosa disorder OCPD: insistence on control and
nervosa different maintain body weight, anorexia orderliness
than anorexia nervosa have low BMIs
1024. Hepatic Rare, benign liver tumor, often related to
nervosa (Subtype
Adenoma oral contraceptive or anabolic steroid
binging/purging)?
use; may regress spontaneously or
1014. Trazadone Antidepressant for insomnia by rupture
inhibiting serotonin reuptake, SE:
1025. PCP vs. LSD PCP: nystagmus, dissociation, violence
priapism
LSD: visual hallucinations, tachycardia
1015. Organophosphates Found in pesticides, can cause
1026. Alpha-1- Panacinar emphysema
cholinergic overstimulation by
antitrypsin Intrahepatic accumulation of AAT
inhibiting cholinesterase, Tx:
deficiency molecules leading to cirrhosis
atropine
PAS stain +
1016. Methadone vs. Methadone: long half life, mu-
1027. Hepatoduodonal Common bile duct
Buprenorphine receptor agonist; Burprenorphine:
ligament Hepatic Artery
shorter half life, partial agonist, less
Portal Vein
SE (hard to overdose)
1028. Portal Esophageal varices
1017. How can you Look for child doing well in school
hypertension or Caput medusa
differentiate normal and hanging out with friends, social
thrombosis Anorectal varices
puberty and a isolation and academic failure
psychotic disorder? would be more indicative of a 1029. Acute interstitial
disorder nephritis
1018. Recurrent Panic Attack, Tx: benzodiazepine
unexplained chest
pain in young healthy
adults
1019. Suicide interventions Remove access to firearms,
decrease stress, provide support,
treat psychiatric illness, manage
pain
NSAIDs, penicillin, diuretics
1020. Avoidant vs. Avoidant: fear of criticism/rejection; Fever and rash, eosinophils in urine
Antisocial Antisocial: Disregard/violation of Can progress to renal papilary necrois
personality disorder others, often involved in criminal (also caused by sickle cell trait/DM)
behavior
1030. Schistosoma Middle eastern male >> bladder 1036. Arnold-Chiari
hematobium squamous cell carcinoma malformation
1031. Where is epo Renal Interstitial cells in peritubular
made? capillary bed
1032. Hemostasis

1) vasoconstriction (endothelin) Type I: herniation of cerebellar tonsils,

2) subendothelial collagen binds vwF, asymptomatic/headache
which binds GpIb Type II: herniation of cerebellum and
3) platelet conformational change, ADP medulla, often causes hydrocephalus.
and TXA2 release
1037. Syringomyelia
4) ADP Induces GpIIBIIIa receptor on
platelets, fibrinogen links platelets
-------
5) Coag cascasde generates thrombin
which converts fibrinogen to fibrin
**Tissue thromboplastin activates 7,
warfarin
subendothelial collagen activates 12,
Heparin
6) Fibrin and fibrinogen cleaved by
plasmin (from plasminogen by tPA),
regulated by alpha2antiplasmin from
liver
1033. Thrombotic ADAMSTS13 deficiency or autoantibody Knock out anterior white commissure from
Thrombocytopenic Normal PT/PTT C8-T1
Purpura (TTP) Can't cleave vWF into monomers Cavitation of the spinal cord causing
Microthrombi creating schistocytes bilateral loss of pain and temperature
CNS abnormalities 1038. Lacunar
1034. Cerebral aqueduct -Congenital stenosis of channel that stroke
stenosis drains CSF from the 3rd to 4th ventricle
1035. Dandy-walker
formation

Microinfarctions due to hyaline

arteriosclerosis (diabetes, HTN)
Lenticulatestriate arteries off MCA (also
have risk of charcot-bouchard aneurysms)

a genesis of cerebellar vermis and

cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle