Production PDF

Production Engineering
Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR)

Inflow performance relationship (IPR) is used for evaluating reservoir
deliverability in production engineering. The IPR curve is a graphical
presentation of the relation between the flowing bottom-hole pressure and
liquid production rate. The magnitude of the slope of the IPR curve is called
the ‘‘productivity index’’ (PI or J), that is,
Q
J=
Pe − Pwf
where J is the productivity index. Apparently J is not a constant in the
two-phase flow region.
Well IPR curves are usually constructed using reservoir inflow models,
which can be from either a theoretical basis or an empirical basis. It is
essential to validate these models with test points in field applications.
1- If Pwf > Pb
(Straight line relationship)
qo = J ∗ pe − Pwf , bbl/day
2- If Pwf < Pb
(Vogel’s method)
2
qo pwf pwf
= 1 − 0.2 − 0.8
qo(max ) p−
R p−
R
A modified model has been developed to account for the formation

damage represented in skin effect or the flow efficiency.
2
qo pwf 2
pwf
= 1.8 F. E 1 − − − 0.8 F. E 1− −
qo(max ) pR pR
1
B.SC. PROJECT 2009 – ABU RUDEIS – SIDRI FIELD
Dri
llin
Jactual P−
R −P wf −ΔP S
Where : F. E = Jideal =
P−
R −P wf
The shape of the IPR curve depend on the bubble point pressure of the
reservoir and the static pressure of the well, where if the reservoir is
producing currently with a pressure above the bubble point, the relation
will be directly proportional and is represented with a straight line
starting from the static pressure until it reached the bubble point Pb
where it follows vogel’s correlation and is no more a straight line.
If the well is producing above the bubble point pressure and

consequently is undersaturated the productivity index can be directly
obtained from the following equation:
Q
J=
Pe − Pwf
Below the bubble point:
J ∗ Pb Pwf Pwf 2
Qo = Qob + ∗ (1 − 0.2 ∗ − 0.8 ∗ )
1.8 Pb Pb
Where
Qo : flow rate bbl/day.
Qob : flow rate bbl/day at bubble point pressure.
Pb : the bubble point pressure.
SAM Program
For vertical lift performance, multi flow correlations have a lot of
empirical equations and dimensionless groups, which are rather difficult
and complicated. Therefore, these correlations have been programmed
on computer. The present study utilizes that is known as system analysis
model program (SAM).
2
Dri B.SC. PROJECT 2009 – ABU RUDEIS – SIDRI FIELD
llin
Current and predictive IPR followed by VLP at

different Tubing size
Well 1
Ps = 2836 psi Ps = 2750 psi Ps = 2650 psi Ps = 2550 psi

Qtot Pwf Qtot Pwf Qtot Pwf Qtot Pwf
[bopd] [psig] [bopd] [psig] [bopd] [psig] [bopd] [psig]
0 2836 0 2750 0 2650 0 2550
2125 2694 2060 2613 1986 2518 1911 2423
4250 2552 4121 2475 3971 2385 3821 2295
6375 2411 6181 2338 5957 2253 5732 2168
8499 2269 8242 2200 7942 2120 7642 2040
10624 2127 10302 2063 9928 1988 9553 1913
12749 1985 12363 1925 11913 1855 11464 1785
14874 1843 14423 1788 13899 1723 13374 1658
16999 1702 16484 1650 15884 1590 15285 1530
19124 1560 18544 1513 17870 1458 17195 1403
21249 1418 20604 1375 19855 1325 19106 1275
23374 1276 22665 1238 21841 1193 21006 1148
25481 1134 24680 1100 23732 1060 22765 1020
27405 993 26496 963 25426 928 24342 893
29104 851 28101 825 26924 795 25737 765
30578 709 29493 688 28225 663 26950 638
31827 567 30675 550 29330 530 27982 510
32851 425 31644 413 30239 398 28831 383
33650 284 32402 275 30951 265 29498 255
34223 142 32949 138 31466 133 29983 128
34572 0 33283 0 31785 0 30286 0
3
Dri
llin
Well 2

0 2851 0 2750 0 2650 0 2550
2046 2708 1974 2613 1902 2518 1830 2423
4093 2566 3948 2475 3804 2385 3661 2295
6139 2423 5922 2338 5706 2253 5491 2168
8186 2281 7896 2200 7608 2120 7321 2040
10232 2138 9869 2063 9511 1988 9152 1913
12278 1996 11843 1925 11413 1855 10982 1785
14325 1853 13817 1788 13315 1723 12812 1658
16371 1711 15791 1650 15217 1590 14643 1530
18418 1568 17765 1513 17119 1458 16473 1403
20464 1426 19739 1375 19021 1325 18303 1275
22510 1283 21713 1238 20923 1193 20124 1148
24544 1140 23643 1100 22735 1060 21809 1020
26405 998 25383 963 24358 928 23320 893
28049 855 26920 825 25793 795 24656 765
4
llin
29475 713 28255 688 27040 663 25818 638

30683 570 29386 550 28098 530 26806 510
31673 428 30315 413 28969 398 27620 383
32445 285 31041 275 29651 265 28259 255
32999 143 31565 138 30144 133 28724 128
33335 0 31885 0 30450 0 29014 0
Well 3

0 3731 0 3650 0 3550 0 3450
169 3544 165 3468 161 3373 156 3278
338 3358 331 3285 322 3195 313 3105
507 3171 496 3103 482 3018 469 2933
676 2985 661 2920 643 2840 625 2760
845 2798 827 2738 804 2663 781 2588
1014 2612 992 2555 965 2485 938 2415
1183 2425 1157 2373 1126 2308 1094 2243
1352 2239 1323 2190 1286 2130 1250 2070
1521 2052 1488 2008 1447 1953 1406 1898
1690 1866 1653 1825 1608 1775 1563 1725
5
Dri
llin
1859 1679 1818 1643 1769 1598 1719 1553

2028 1492 1984 1460 1929 1420 1875 1380
2197 1306 2149 1278 2090 1243 2031 1208
2364 1119 2311 1095 2246 1065 2180 1035
2512 933 2454 913 2381 888 2308 863
2637 746 2573 730 2495 710 2416 690
2738 560 2671 548 2587 533 2503 518
2816 373 2745 365 2658 355 2571 345
2870 187 2798 183 2708 178 2619 173
2901 0 2827 0 2737 0 2646 0
6
llin
 Selectinng the Optimum Tubing String

Selecting the optimum tubing string is based upon the tubing that will
result in the highest flow rate and at the same time will be as economic
as possible and available in stock.
Well 1
Qtot Pwf Pwf Pwf Pwf Pwf

[3.812 [2.875
[bopd] [3.5 in] [4 in] [4.5 in]
in] in]
1296.5 629.1 632.7 625.6 632.1 686.3
1715.6 633.4 665.1 633.8 634.8 641.3
2973.2 675.7 782.2 699 665.7 661.1
5069.1 803.4 1005.3 843.1 791.2 763.6
8003.4 987.8 1292.9 1049.6 956.7 909.1
11776.1 1307.1 1759.5 1392 1273.7 1219.8
16387.2 1583.9 2329.6 1718.8 1529.5 1440.5
21836.6 1886.4 3130.9 2100.6 1800.8 1660.4
28124.4 2332.6 4362.6 2678 2194.9 1964.9
35250.5 2942.5 4731.5 3477.5 2728 2376.2
43215.1 3733.4 5102 4530.9 3416.2 2897.4
7
Dri
llin
Pr= 2836 psi

D , in Q Pwf
3.812 17682 1656
2.875 13301 1948
3.5 16558 1731
4 18213 1621
4.5 19165 1554
Well 2

[2.875 [3.812
[bopd] [3.5 in] [4 in] [4.5 in]
in] in]
1000.2 583.1 562.1 568.8 612 727.1
1323.7 583.5 581.5 578.8 587.1 632.4
2293.9 594.5 657.6 599.5 595.8 599.6
3911 671.9 817.6 700.3 665.8 648
6174.9 812.8 1033.8 859.2 798.7 758
9085.6 1096 1364.5 1145.1 1077 1031.9
12643.1 1308.6 1720.2 1386.3 1277 1223.4
16847.5 1551.3 2192.3 1665.6 1503.2 1425.9
21698.7 1798.9 2795.1 1970.7 1731.3 1619.5
27196.8 2140 3674.1 2402 2034.5 1860.1
33341.6 2599 4010 2987.7 2444.2 2187.9
8
llin
Pr= 2851 psi

D , in Q Pwf
3.812 17962 1602
2.875 14008 1875
3.5 16963 1670
4 18353 1573
4.5 19184 1515
Well 3

[2.875 [3.812
[bopd] [3.5 in] [4 in] [4.5 in]
in] in]
108.8 840.1 832.9 839.7 840.1 840.2
143.9 839.4 816.5 837.4 839.9 840.2
249.5 829.8 757.6 820.5 830.7 838.8
425.3 793.1 578.8 754.8 808.8 823.6
671.5 676.7 547.2 584.9 725.4 794.1
988 564.3 559.7 560.2 583.5 707.3
1374.9 568.4 577 567.1 570.1 586.1
1832.1 577.7 607.5 578.3 577.8 581.4
2359.7 596.1 661.3 604.7 594.2 596.3
9
Dri
llin
2957.6 624.8 720.9 651.7 619.8 613.6

3625.8 674.8 796.9 703.8 656.6 646.3
Pr= 3731 psi

D , in Q Pwf
3.812 2709 613
2.875 2667 692
3.5 2699 631
4 2711 609
4.5 2713 607
10
llin
 The optimum tubing strings for the 3 wells are:
Well Opt. Tubing Size OD(inch)
1 3 1/2
2 4 1/2
3 3 1/2
Current and predictive IPR

Well 1

0 674 0 620 0 550 0 500
14611 640 13445 589 11927 523 10842 475
28559 606 26278 558 23311 495 21192 450
41842 573 38501 527 34154 468 31049 425
54460 539 50112 496 44454 440 40413 400
66415 505 61112 465 54212 413 49284 375
77706 472 71501 434 63429 385 57662 350
88332 438 81279 403 72103 358 65548 325
98294 404 90446 372 80234 330 72940 300
107593 371 99002 341 87824 303 79840 275
116226 337 106946 310 94872 275 86247 250
124196 303 114280 279 101377 248 92161 225
131502 270 121002 248 107341 220 97582 200
138143 236 127113 217 112762 193 102511 175
144121 202 132613 186 117641 165 106946 150
149434 168 137502 155 121978 138 110889 125
154083 135 141780 124 125773 110 114339 100
158068 101 145447 93 129026 83 117296 75
161389 67 148503 62 131736 55 119760 50
164045 34 150947 31 133905 28 121731 25
166038 0 152780 0 135531 0 123210 0
11
Dri
llin
Well 2
0 660 0 600 0 550 0 500
27464 627 24967 570 22886 523 20806 475
53679 594 48799 540 44733 495 40666 450
78646 561 71496 510 65538 468 59580 425
102365 528 93059 480 85304 440 77549 400
124835 495 113486 450 104029 413 94572 375
146057 462 132779 420 121714 385 110649 350
166031 429 150937 390 138359 358 125781 325
184756 396 167960 360 153963 330 139967 300
202233 363 183848 330 168527 303 153207 275
218461 330 198601 300 182051 275 165501 250
233442 297 212220 270 194535 248 176850 225
247173 264 224703 240 205978 220 187253 200
259657 231 236052 210 216381 193 196710 175
270892 198 246265 180 225743 165 205221 150
280879 165 255344 150 234066 138 212787 125
289617 132 263288 120 241348 110 219407 100
297107 99 270098 90 247589 83 225081 75
303349 66 275772 60 252791 55 229810 50
308343 33 280311 30 256952 28 233593 25
312088 0 283716 0 260073 0 236430 0
12
llin
Well 3

0 657 0 600 0 550 0 500
3437 624 3140 570 2879 523 2617 475
6717 591 6138 540 5626 495 5115 450
9841 558 8993 510 8243 468 7494 425
12809 525 11705 480 10729 440 9754 400
15621 492 14274 450 13085 413 11895 375
18276 460 16701 420 15309 385 13917 350
20775 427 18984 390 17402 358 15820 325
23118 394 21126 360 19365 330 17605 300
25305 361 23124 330 21197 303 19270 275
27336 328 24980 300 22898 275 20816 250
29210 295 26692 270 24468 248 22244 225
30929 263 28263 240 25907 220 23552 200
32491 230 29690 210 27216 193 24742 175
33897 197 30975 180 28393 165 25812 150
35146 164 32117 150 29440 138 26764 125
36240 131 33116 120 30356 110 27596 100
13
Dri
llin
37177 98 33972 90 31141 83 28310 75

37958 66 34686 60 31795 55 28905 50
38583 33 35257 30 32319 28 29381 25
39051 0 35685 0 32711 0 29738 0
Verticle Lift Performance
Well 1

[3.812 [2.875
[bopd] [3.5 in] [4 in] [4.5 in]
in] in]
5035 801.4 1745.4 958.3 842.7 760.5
6662.9 909.8 2217.9 1106.8 961.1 833.5
11546.8 1293.7 4393.7 1632.7 1383.6 1204.8
19686.7 1767.5 10342 2537.6 1965.1 1561.6
31082.5 2572.2 24243.1 4442.8 3033.3 2104.8
45734.2 3999.6 48027.8 8065.8 4977.6 3021.2
14
llin
Well 2

[3.812 [2.875
[bopd] [3.5 in] [4 in] [4.5 in]
in] in]
11388.6 1234.2 1597.9 1301.4 1207.8 1162.3
15070.9 1450.9 1989.8 1547.1 1409.6 1343.2
26117.9 2064.6 3482.8 2308 1967.6 1806.7
44529.4 3589.7 7677.6 4275.3 3316.5 2872
70305.6 6642.2 17165.4 8374.6 5958.8 4872.9
103447 12343.3 34199.6 16182.1 10824.3 8384.2
15
Dri
llin
Well 3

[3.812 [2.875
[bopd] [3.5 in] [4 in] [4.5 in]
in] in]
1464.4 570.5 582.9 569.9 572 579
1937.9 580.7 627.3 583.1 581.2 584.2
3358.4 648.2 771.5 673.9 641.6 633.2
5725.9 815 1012.7 847.7 789.8 771.5
9040.4 1135.4 1406.2 1186.3 1116 1076.2
13301.8 1409.9 1852.9 1491 1376.5 1317.1
Conculsion
It is obvious from charts that the wells are dead because there are not
interactions VLP and IPR
16
llin
Completion of naturally flowing wells

There are two main types of connections
between the pay zone and the borehole:
• open hole completion
• cased hole completions
1-Open-hole completion:-
The pay zone is drilled after a casing has been
run in and cemented at top of the reservoir. It
is left as is and produces directly through the
uncased height of the borehole. This simple
solution can not solve any problems of
borehole stability, or selectivity of fluid or level
to be produced.
A variation on the system consists in placing a perforated liner opposite the

producing layer, thereby keeping the borehole walls from caving in (but these
docs not solve the sand control problem.
Open hole completions are used where there is only one zone which is either
very well consolidated or provided with open-hole gravel packing for sand
control. This is valid as long as there are — theoretically at least — no
interface problems.
2-Cased hole completion:

After the pay zone has been drilled, a casing (or a liner in some instances) is
run in and cemented opposite the layer. Then it is perforated opposite the
zone that is to be produced in order to restore a connection between the
reservoir and the well. The perforations will have to go through the casing and
the sheath of cement before they penetrate the formation. The preceding
drilling phase was stopped just above the reservoir or at some distance above
it and an intermediate casing was then run in and cemented.
17
Dri
llin
Since perforations can be placed very accurately in relation to the different

levels and interfaces between fluids, this method gives better selectivity for
levels and produced fluids. The only condition, however, is a good cement
bond between the formation and the casing string.
Cased hole completions are mainly used when there are interface problems
and/or when there are several levels. As a result, they are not only much
more common, they are the most .
Cased-hole completions are more susceptible to formation damage than open

hole completions. Formation damage refers to a loss in reservoir productivity,
normally associated with fluid invasion, fines migration, precipitates, or the
formation of emulsions in the reservoir. Loss of productivity is expressed as a
skin factor, s, in Darcy's equation as follows:
𝐾 𝑕 Δ𝑃
𝑞∝ 𝑟
ln 𝑟𝑒 + 𝑆
𝑤
 A positive skin value indicates that a well is damaged.
Formation damage can be removed or bypassed through the use of

stimulation techniques. In instances where the formation damage extends
only a few feet from the wellbore, the well may be acidized to dissolve or
18
llin
remove the damage. Matrix acidizing is used to restore initial productivity.

Hydraulic fracturing is a stimulation technique that creates a fracture that is
intended to extend beyond the damage area. Significant advances in well
stimulation have been made since the early part of this century, when open
hole completions were stimulated by jars of nitroglycerin that were placed
and detonated down hole.
Cased-hole completion Cased-hole completion

with perforation With pipes
Main configurations of production strings

These configurations basically depend on the number of levels due for
production and whether a production string (tubing) is used (conventional
completion) or not (tubingless completion).
1- conventional completions :
This is a system whereby one or more production strings (tubing) are used for
safety and/or other reasons. The fundamental characteristic of the tubing is
that it is located completely inside the casing and that it is not cemented,
therefore easy to replace.
19
Dri
llin
A- Single zone completion

In single-zone completions, as opposed to multiple ones. the well is equipped
with a single tubing.
There are two main types of single-zone completions, depending on whether

the tubing has a production packer on its lower end. The packer provides a
seal between the casing and the tubing, thereby isolating and protecting the
casing.
B -Multi-zone completion :
In the past, the technique of producing several levels together through (the
same tubing was used. It required only a minimum amount of equipment.
However, the subsequent reservoir
and production problems that were experienced have caused this practice to
become much less common.
20
llin
Parallel dual string and tubing annulus completion.

Here several levels are produced in the same well at the same time but
separately, i.e. through different strings of pipe.
Double-zone completions are the most common, but there can be three, four
and even more levels produced separately. However, this significantly
complicates the equipment that needs to be run into the well and especially
makes any workover operations much more complex.
There are a large number of systems, but let us simply consider:
• Parallel dual string completion with two tubing, one for each of the two
levels and two packers to isolate the levels from one another and protect the
annulus.
21
Dri
llin
• Tubing-annulus completion with one single tubing and one packer, which is
located between the two levels that are to be produced, with one level
produced through the tubing and the other through the tubing-casing
annulus.
Alternative selective completions

The idea is to produce several levels in the same well separately but one after
(lie oilier through the same tubing without having to resort to workover.
Production alternates in fact and wireline techniques are used to change
levels.
This type of completion is especially suited to a situation where one of the

two levels is a secondary objective (very rapid depletion, simple observation
from time to time. etc.) which would not warrant drilling a well.
Besides packers, this technology also requires extra downhole equipment

such as:
• A circulating device consisting of a sliding sleeve to open or obstruct

communication ports between the inside of the tubing and the annulus
• A landing nipple allowing a plug to be set in the well.
Parallel tubing string and alternate selective completion systems can be

combined. For example two parallel tunings, each equipped for two levels in
an alternate selective manner, can produce four levels separately, provided
that only iwq are produced at the same time.
Dual-completion
22
llin
2 - Tubingless completion :
A tubingless completion uses no tubing, but production flows through a
cemented pipe instead. This rather unusual type of completion, is mainly used
in certain regions and only under specific conditions.
A - Single zone tubingless completion

Production flows directly through a casing, usually of large diameter. Wells
that are big producers of trouble-free fluids can be exploited in this way with
minimum pressure losses and the lowest possible initial investment. This
system is found particularly in the Middle East.
B - Multiple zone tubingless completion

Production flows directly through several casings whose diameters may be
very different from one another depending on the production expected from
each level.
Several levels with mediocre production can be produced in this way with a
minimum number of wells and downhole equipment, i.e. with a minimum
initial investment. This is true provided there are no safety or production
problems (artificial lift. Workover. etc.). This type of completion is mainly
encountered in the United States.
3-gravel-pack completion:
Many reservoirs contain sediments that are so poorly consolidated that sand
will be produced along with the reservoir fluids unless the production rate is
severely restricted. Sand production may erode the tubing or surface valves
and flow lines. In addition, sand could accumulate in downhole equipment
and create problems in wireline servicing. Gravel-packing was devised as a
means of eliminating sand production without greatly restricting production
rates. In a gravel-pack completion (as shown), sand with a grain size larger
than the average formation sand grain is placed between the formation and a
screen or slotted liner (Economides et al., 1994). More recently, high-
permeability fracturing (fracpacking) has been proven as a technique for sand
control.
23
Dri
llin
The equipment of naturally flowing wells

A wide range of downhole equipment has been designed and manufactured
to meet the needs of more complex well completions
1-Choke :
Constriction in the flow line useful in restricting flow and applying back
pressure on the well.
It is used to apply back pressure on the well.
Principle:
The working principle of the choke is based on the critical flow rate achieved
when,
Pu ≥ Pd
Where,
Pu = is the upstream pressure.
Pd =is the down stream pressure.
Types of Choke:
1. Surface chokes:
Used in high energy well producing oil and gas from high pressure formation.
24
llin
A)Flow – Plug (Fixed):
Athick – walled removable steel nipples bored longitudinally to provide side of

flow opening desired.
B) Shaffer adjustable surface bean :
Provide high degree of accuracy in pressure control by changing clearance

between a needle and its seat.
2 . Subsurface (bottom) Choke (fixed) :

Used in low energy wells , Producing low pressure as rapid expansion of gas
will occur after fluid pass Choke providing higher flow velocity in lower end of
flow column.
Design of chokes :
𝑎 . 𝐷𝑏 . 𝑃
𝑄=
𝑅𝑝 . 𝐶
Where,
Q = Flow rate, STB/day
P = THP, Psi
R = Gas liquid ratio, SCF/STB
a = 0.612 b = 1.62 c = 0.677
D = Choke size / 64 (in)
25
Dri
llin
120
choke design
100
80
P,psi
60
40
20
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
Q,bpd
1-Plot relation between Q & P @ various Choke sizes.
2-Put Pu = 2 Pd, where Pd is the press. When no choke used
3-Using Pu and corresponding value of Q, calculate D using the above

equation.
2) Christmass tree :
Assemblage of valves & fittings attached to control head in high pressure
wells producing large volume of oil and gas.
26
llin
3) Packers :
a) Isolate the csg from corrosive fluids or high pressure.
b) To stabilize and control flow.
c) In conjunction with artificial lift system.
d) To selectively produce multiple zones.
e) Contain annulus killing fluid.
Types of Packers
1) Cement packers
2) Packer pore receptacle
3) Production Packers:
a. Permanent Packers.
b. Permanent – Retrievable Packers.
c. Retrievable Packers:
i. Weight set Packers.
ii. Tension set Packers.
iii. Mechanical set packers.
iv. Hydraulic set Packers.
v. Hydraulic expansion seal
vi. Open hole inflatable Packers.
Design of Packer:
Determine type of Packer Force balance :
∆F = Pwf (Ap – Ai) – Po ( Ap – Ao ) – W , Lb
Where:
Ap = Cross section area of packer , in2

Ai = Internal cross section area of Tbg , in2
Ao = Outer cross section area of Tbg , in2
Po = Pressure of fluid in the annulus , psia
W = Length of Tbg * nominal weight , Lb
Pwf = Bottom hole flowing pressure , psia
27
Dri
llin
Artificial Lift Selection

1-Methods of Artificial Lift Systems
Based on different Egyptian oil fields installations, the various applied
artificial lift systems are as follows:
1. Sucker Rod (SRP).
2. Electrical Submersible Pumping (ESP).
3. Jet Pumping (JP).
4. Hydraulic Piston Pumping (HPP).
5. Gas lift (GL).
6. Progressive Cavity Pumping (PCP).
1. Sucker Rod System.

The sucker rod system mechanically lifts formation
fluids from the bottom to the surface of the well by the
reciprocating action of a sub-surface pump derived
from the surface by means of a beam unit with a string
of rods (steel and/or fiberglass) extended down the
hole.
The surface and down-hole equipment for a rod-

pumped well The Pitman and the walking beam
translate the rotary motion of the crank to a
reciprocating motion of the polished rod. The down-
hole pump consists of a barrel with a ball-and -seat
check valve at its bottom (the standing valve) and a
plunger containing another ball-and-seat check valve
(the traveling valve). When the plunger moves up, the standing valve
opens, the traveling valve closes, and the barrel fills with fluid. On a
down stroke, the traveling valve opens, the standing valve closes, and
the fluid in the barrel is displaced into the tubing. The sucker rod system
28
llin
is normally applicable for low production rates. For high rate, using long
stroke units, high pumping speed and large plungers should be used .
2. Electrical Submersible System.

An electrical submersible pump (ESP) is a multi-
stage centrifugal pump. ESP is capable of
producing very high volumes of fluid. It is able
to handle some free gas in the pumped fluid. A
typical ESP completion is shown in The pumping
system is consists of a transformer and motor
controller at the surface and a three phase
electrical pump, a seal section, a rotary gas
separator (for high gas/liquid ratio wells) and a
multistage centrifugal pump plus additional
components as required by the well.
3. Jet Pumped System.

A typical jet pump system consists of four main parts including: nozzle,
throat, diffuser, inlet chamber, and pump housing, A power fluid is
accelerated through a nozzle and then mixed with the produced fluid in
the throat of the pump. As the fluids mix, some of the momentum of the
power fluid is transferred to the produced fluid; in the diffuser; some of
the kinetic energy of the mixed stream is converted to static pressure.
In a jet pump, the nozzle converts the high pressure of the power fluid at
low pressure by changing its velocity. Well fluids are mixed in the pump
throat and the diffuser generates the discharge pressure (which is high
29
Dri
llin
due to decrease in the fluid velocity) and the combined fluids are
produced back through the annulus.
4. Hydraulic Piston System.

Hydraulic Piston pimp is a positive-displacement pump. It consists of an
engine with a reciprocating piston driven by a power fluid connected by
a short shaft to a piston in the pump end,The pump acts much like a rod
pump, except that hydraulic pumps are usually double acting, meaning
that fluid is being displaced from the pump on both the up and the down
strokes. The high-pressure power fluid is injected down a tubing string
from the surface and is either returned to the surface through another
string of tubing or is commingled with the produced fluid in the
production string.
5. Gas Lift System.

Two ways of gas lift system can be used:
(1)constant gas lift.
(2)intermittent gas lift.
Gas is injected by means of a gas compressor into the annulus at

selected location on the tubing through a gas lift valve This will reduce
the hydrostatic
component of the pressure difference from the bottom to the top of the
well. The purpose is to bring the fluids to the top at a desirable wellhead
pressure while keeping the bottom-hole pressure at a value, which that
is small enough to provide the desired production. However, this
pressure drawdown must not violate restrictions for sand control and
water or gas coning. Two other considerations must be considered for
the design. First, large amounts of gas injected into the well will affect
the separation facilities at the top. Second, there exist a limit (or
30
llin
optimum) gas/liquid ratio above that the pressure difference in the well
will begin to increase because the reduction in the hydrostatic pressure
will be compensated by the increase in the friction pressure.
6. Progressive Cavity Pump (PCP).

Progressing cavity pump is a new pumping technique. The basic
elements of a PCP, are the steel rotor in the shape of a screw of single
pitch and circular section (which rotates inside an elastomer stator in the
shape of a double screw cavity with twice the pitch of the rotor,
vulcanized in a metallic tube). The rotor and stator geometry form
sealed cavities as the rotor rotates inside the stator. The rotor rotation
causes the alternate opening and closing of the cavities, making the fluid
being displaced continuously from one end of the pump to the other
one.
31
Dri
llin
Over view of advantages and disadvantages of pumpimg lift

methods.
Lift System Advantages Disadvantages

Sucker rod pump(SRP)
 It is efficient lifting method.

 Simple lifting metod.
 Easy for fieldpeople to operate.  Excessive friction in crooked.
deviated holes.
 It is applicable to slim holes and
multiple completions.  Solid-sensitive problems.
 It is applicable to high temperature  Low efficiency in gassy wells.
and viscous oils.  Limited depth due to rod capacity.
 The system is also easy to change to  Bulky in offshore operations.
other wells with minimum cost.  It has alot of scattered units that
 Alot of companies have good require more servicing.
experience in this type of pumps.  It may suffer from sand production.
 Maintenance costs of the subsurface  Susceptible to Paraffin problems.
equipment are relatively low.
 Using the HPP in Crooked holes

Hydraulic piston pump
 power oil systems being fire

presents minimal problems.
hazards and costly.
 They are also applicable to
 power water treatment problems.
multiple completions.
 high solids production being
 HHP can be sued in offshore
troublesome.
operations.
 Large oil inventory required in
(HPP)
 Using the HPP in deep wells

power oil system which detracts
presents minimal problems.
from profitability.
 The production rate can be
 Operating costs are some times
controlled by controlling the
higher.
powerful fluid.
 Not easy for field personnel to
 It can handle viscous oil and heavy
troubleshoot.
oil by heating or diluting the
 Requires two strings of tubing for
powerful fluid.
some installations.
32
llin
Electrical submersible pump

 Electrical submersible pumps
(ESPs) are easy to install and
operate
 Can lift extremely high volumes
 ESP Will tolerate only minimal
(20000 BPD + In shallow wells
percents of solids (sand)
with large casing).
production.
 Simple to operate.
 Not particularly adaptable to low
 Easy to install downhole
(ESP)
volumes - less than 150 B/D gross.

pressure sensor for telemetering
 Highvoltage electricity availability
pressure to surface via cable.
 Not applicable to multiple
 Deviated or Crooked holes
completions,
present no problem.
 not suitable to deep and high-
 Can be used in offshore
temperature oil reservoirs
Application.
 Lifting cost for high volumes
generally very low.
 No rig is required to pull the
subsurface equipment.
Hydraulic jet pump
 there is no moving parts involved,

 dirty and gassy fluids present no  The hydraulic jet pumps have low
problem to the pump. efficiency (20–30%).
 The jet pumps can be set at any  Power oil systems are a fire
depth as long as the suction hazard.
(HJP)
pressure is sufficient to prevent  Large oil inventory required in

pump cavitation problem. power oil system which detracts
 No rig is required to pull the from profitability.
subsurface equipment.  It will require high suction pressre
 Low operating cost. to prevent the pump cavitation
 The jet pump operations are
flexible.
33
Dri
llin
 Progressive cavity pumping

Progressive cavity pump
systems can be used for lifting
heavy oils at a variable flow rate.
 Solids and free gas production  Limited capacity 2500BBL/DAY
present minimal problems. at moderate depths.
 They can be installed in deviated  Rig is required to pull the
and horizontal wells. subsurface equipment.
(PCP)
 With its ability to move large  There is no past experience of

volumes of water, the progressing the pump in egypt.
cavity pump is also used for coal  Not easy for field personnel to
bed methane, dewatering, and troubleshoot.
water source wells.  Maintenance costs of the
 The PCP reduces overall operating subsurface and surface equipment
costs by increasing operating are relatively high.
efficiency while reducing energy
requirements.
 Lower power consumption and
light surface equipment.
Gas lift design

For gas lift design, it is usually required to calculate optimum gas liquid
ratio , gas injection rate , number of valves and their locations , the
compressor horsepower needed which depends on gas injection
pressure, the inlet compressor pressure and the daily-injected gas.
Design steps
I. Select Depth to Operating Valve (Injection Depth)

A. Plot kick-off (pko) and operating casing pressure (pso) versus depth.
B. Determine Pwf required for desired production rate using the Inflow
Performance methods.
C. Plot the flowing gradient from Pwf upward using gradient curves for
appropriate dt , ql, and formation gas/liquid ratio, GLRf .
D. Locate the intersection of the operating casing pressure line with the
flowing gradient line. This is the depth at which the casing and tubing
pressures are
balanced or equal.
34
llin
E. Subtract the operating differential pressure, usually 100 psi, from the
pressure at the intersection found in D. The depth at which this pressure
occurs on the
flowing gradient line is the operating valve depth.
II. Determine the Necessary Injection Gas Rate

A. Using the two-phase gradient curves, determine the GLR line which
connects the pressure at the injection point to the wellhead flowing
pressure, Pwh This gives the required total GLR, GLRT •
B. Calculate the necessary injection gas rate. Qgl = qL(GLRT - GLRf )·
III. Determine the Depths to the Unloading Valves

A. Draw a design gradient line.
1. Locate the design surface pressure, pwhd = Pwh + 0.20(Po - Pwh)
2. Connect this point to the point of injection.
B. Draw a kill fluid gradient line (usually 0.5 psi/ft) from Pwh to intersect
the Pko line. This locates the top valve.
C. From the top valve depth on the design gradient line, draw a kill fluid
gradient line to intersect the Po line. This is the depth to the second
valve. Repeat this procedure until the operating valve depth is reached.
IV. Select the Port Size for the Operating Valve. (This is necessary to get
R = Ap/Ab.). The port size should be large enough to pass the required
35
Dri
llin
gas injection rate corrected for temperature at the valve. The corrected
gas rate is
𝐐𝐠𝐬𝐜 𝐓𝐯 + 𝟒𝟔𝟎
𝐐𝐥𝐠 =
𝟓𝟐𝟎
V. Determine the Required Dome Pressures for all the Valves.
A. Read the opening pressure (Po) at valve depth from the Po line.
B. Read the design tubing load (pt) at valve depth from the design
gradient line.
C. Calculate the closing or dome pressure (Pbt) at valve depth.
𝐏𝐛𝐭 = 𝐏𝐎 𝟏 − 𝐑 + 𝐏𝐭 𝐑
Where R = Ap/Ab
D. Calculate the dome pressure required at surface conditions to give Pbt

at the valve temperature.
Pb = Ct Pbt
Ct : Temperature Correction Factor for Nitrogen Based on 60 F
E. Calculate the test rack opening pressure
𝐏𝐛
𝐏𝐯𝐨 = 𝟏−𝐑
Liquid production rate, qL,
Injection gas liquid ratio, GLRinj,
Injection depth, Dinj,
Required bottomhole flowing pressure, Pwf,
Gas injection surface pressure. Pso,
Flowing wellhead pressure, Pwh, and
Static reservoir pressure, PR'
36
llin
Gas lift design for well

I.Given or assumed data:
Production rate ( q ) = 1980 stb/day
Tbg size = 3.5 in
Depth = 6600 ft
P.I = 4 stb/day/psi
Ps = 1780 psi
G/L = 0.028 mcf/bbL
Pwf = 1285 psi
A. 𝛄𝐋 = 𝐖. 𝐂 ∗ 𝛄𝐰 + 𝟏 − 𝐖. 𝐂 ∗ 𝛄°
𝛄𝐋 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟒
B. Determine the gas pressure at 6600 ft
C. Intersection is at 6300 ft
∆P = 130 psi
D. Operating valve depth = 6000 ft
II. Using the pressure traverse curves for 3.5 tubing and 1980 STB/day
establishes the required GLR above the operating valve as 870 scf/STB.
Estimation of gas injection rate: Optimum G/L = ( 0.87 )mcf/stb

Daily injected rate :
𝐌 = 𝐐𝐥 ∗ (𝐆𝐋𝐑 𝐨𝐩𝐭. − 𝐆𝐋𝐑 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 )
M = 1.667 MMSCF/day
III. Pwhd =360 psi
37
Dri
llin
The valve depths from the graph :
1 1650
2 2650
3 3500
4 4200
5 4750
6 5250
7 5650
8 6000
IV. A port size must be selected which will pass gas at a rate of 1.667
MMscfd with an upstream pressure of 1160 psig and a downstream
pressure of 1040 psig.
The temperature at the operating valve is Tv = 116 F
The corrected gas volume is: Qlg=1.846 MMSCF/day
From the choke capacity chart . a 24/64 orifice will pass gas at a rate
of1.9 MMscfd. Although a smaller port size will suffice, select the 0.375
in. port for possible changing conditions. From Table R =0 .345, (I - R) =
0.655 , Ab = 0.32 in. Use the same port size for all the valves.
38
llin
v. The following table summarizes the design :
Valve no Depth Tv Ct Po Po' Pt

0 0 1000 980
1 1650 90 0.939 1044 1024 540
2 2650 94 0.932 1070 1050 650
3 3500 97 0.926 1093 1073 750
4 4200 102 0.917 1111 1091 825
5 4750 106 0.91 1126 1106 890
6 5250 110 0.903 1139 1119 950
7 5650 113 0.898 1150 1130 985
8 6000 116 0.893 1159 1139 1020
6600 1175 1155
Valve no Pbt Pb Pvo Pwh Pwh'

0 200 360
1 869.9562 817 1247.16 426.6 542.6
2 925.2737 862 1316.57 563.93 653.27
3 974.536 902 1377.74 680.67 747.33
4 1012.568 929 1417.6 776.8 824.8
5 1044.545 951 1451.2 852.33 885.67
6 1073.929 970 1480.55 921 941
7 1092.951 981 1498.43 975.93 985.27
8 1111.105 992 1514.83 1024 1024
39
Dri
llin
40
llin
DESIGN OF SUCKER ROD

NOMENCLATURE
Wc =counter balance weight
Sp =stroke length, in.
Wf =weight of fluid, Lb/ft
Wr =weight of rod in air, Lb/ft
PRRL =Peak polished rod load, Lb
MPRL =Max. polishd rod load, Lb
Ft1 =Max. upstroke torque factor
Ft2 =Max. downstroke torque factor
Atop =Cross sec.Area of top sec. of rods
Bs = Buoyancy factor
PT =Peak torque
Er =elastic const., in/Lb.ft
Fc =frequency factor
Fo =differential load on the full plunger area, Lbs
Ar =average rod cross sec. area
41
Dri
llin
Design of sucker rod pump

Data given :
Well No. : SID-09
Q gross = 283 bbl/day
API = 20
B oil = 1.18
W . C = 40 %
G.O.R = 115 scf/stb
Ps = 1170
Gravity of oil
Go = 141.5 / (131.5 + API) = 141.5 / (131.5 + 20)
= 0.912
TMPF =( ( Bopd * Go + Bwpd*Gw)*62.4*5.615)+(GOR*BOPD*Gg*.0752)
BwPD =(Ql*w.c) =6.792 bpd
BoPD = Ql-Bwpd =276.21 bpd
TMPF =92955.8 lb/day
Comp SP.GR = 92955.8/(283*5.615*62.4)
= 0.937
Determination of depth to fluid level
Pwf =Ps-(Q/J)= 934.2 psi
42
llin
Length of fluid column = 2302.56 ft
Length of fluid level (D) = 6250 – 2302.56
= 3947 ft
1- Assume volumetric efficiency = 90 %
V = Q/Ev = 314.5 bpd
2- (L= 6494 ft) from figure 5.6 (well design book) it indicate use of
an API size (320) unit with (84 in ) stroke
An example of unit would meet these specifications is the
(LUFKIN C-320D -84 -30)
This unit has abeam load capacity of (30000 lb ) and maximum
counter balance effect (at the 84-in) stroke of 21645 lb
3- From table (5-11) the plunger size is (1 1/2 in ) the tubing size is
(2 1/2 in ) and rod size is (3/4 , 7/8 ) and 1 in. The plunger speed
(15.5 spm )
From table 5-1
3/4 A1= .442 in2 M1= 1.63 lb/ft

7/8 A2= .601 in2 M2= 2.16 lb/ft
1 A3= .785 in2 M3= 2.88 lb/ft
From table 5-2
AP= 1.767 in2 pump constant =.262 bpd/in/spm
From table 5-3

AT= 1.812 in2
43
Dri
llin
4- R1 = .664-(0.0894*AP)=.506
R2=.181+(.0416*AP)=.265
R3= .155 + (.0416*AP)= .228
5- L1= L*R1= 3286 FT
L2= L*R2= 1720 FT
L3=L*R3= 1408 FT
6- ACCELERATION FACTOR (α)= SN 2/70500

= (84*15.52)/70500 = 0.286
7- Assume that E=30*106
Effective plunger stroke (sp)

Sp= s+(( 40.8*L^2*α)/(30*106))-((5.2*GDAp/E(L/At + L1/A1 +
L2/A2 + L3/A3 )
Sp = 84 + ((40.8 * 64942 * 0.286) / (30 * 106) – ((5.2 * 0.937 *

1.767)/( 30 * 106)) – (( 5.2 * 0.937 * 3947 * 1.767 ) / (30 *
106)*(6494/1.812 + 3286/0.442 + 1772.9/0.601 +1480.6/0.785 ) =
82.54 in.
8- Q = KSpNEv
= 0.262 * 82.54 * 15.5 * 0.9 = 301.7 bbl/day
The Desired production rate of 283 bbl/day can be obtained

9- Wr = (M1L1 + M2L2 + M3L3)
= 1.63 * 3286 + 2.16 * 1720.91 + 2.88 * 1480.6 = 13337.4
10- Wf = 0.433 Glap – 0.294 Wr

= 3064.7 lbs
11- Wmax (pprl) =Wf + Wr (1+ α) = 20216.6 lbs
The Beam Load is within the allowable limit of (30000 lbs)
44
llin
12- The max rod stress is (Wmax/A3)

= (20216.6/0.785) = 25753.6 psi
13- Ci = 0.5 Wf + Wr (1-0.127 G0
= 13282.6 lbs.
The ideal Counter balance effect can be obtained since a
maximum effect of 21645 lb is available
14- Peak torque Pt =( Wmax – Ci)*S/2 = 291228 in-lb
An API size (320) Unit has a rating of (320000 in-lb) And so the
peak torque is within allowable units
Power Requirement of the Primemover
15- Assume the casing to be at atmospheric pressure
Net lift of the well:
LN = D+(2.31 Pt /G)
= 4242.84 ft
Hydraulic Horsepower:
Hhp = 7.36 * 10-6 * q * GL * N

= 9.44 hp
Fraction horse power

Hf = 6.31 * 10-7 Wr SN
= 10.96 hp
Hb =1.5 ( Hh + Hf )
= 30.6 hp
45
Dri
llin
ESP DESIGN
NINE-STEP OVERVIEW
Centrilift has established a nine step procedure to help you design the
appropriate submersible pumping system for your particular well.
Each of the nine steps are explained in the sections that follow, including
gas calculations and variable speed operation. The nine steps are:
Step 1 - Basic Data

Collect and analyze all the well data that will be used in the design.
Step 2 - Production Capacity

Determine the well productivity at the desired pump setting depth, or
determine the pump setting depth at the desired production rate.
Step 3 - Gas Calculations

Calculate the fluid volumes, including gas, at the pump intake conditions.
Step 4 - Total Dynamic Head

Determine the pump discharge requirement.
Step 5 - Pump Type

For a given capacity and head select the pump type that will have the
highest efficiency for the desired flow rate.
Step 6 - Optimum Size of Components

Select the optimum size of pump, motor, and seal section and check
equipment limitations.
Step 7 - Electric Cable

Select the correct type and size of cable.
Step 8 - Accessory & Optional Equipment

Select the motor controller, transformer, tubing head and optional
equipment.
46
llin
Step 9 - The Variable Speed Pumping System

For additional operational flexibility, select the variable speed
submersible pumping system.
ESP DESIGN FOR WELL SID-09
Step 1 - Basic Data
1.Well Data:
Casing size ID = 6.184in
Tubing size = 2.875in
Pump intake (V-D) =7725 ft
Pump intake (M-D) =7776 ft
Top perf. =8123 ft
2-Production data:
WHP = 200 psi
Ps = 1400 psi
Pwf = 450 psi
P.I = 1.2 bbl/day/psi
WC = 40 %
GOR =20 m3/m3
=112.3 SCF/STB
QL = 180 m3/day
=1132 STB/day
Qo =108 m3/day
=679.2 STB /day
47
Dri
llin
3- Well flowing conditions:
w = 1.06
o = 0.933
g = 0.85
Rs@Pb = 35 m3/m3
4 - Power source:-
Current frequency = 50 HZ

Next, we can determine the new well flowing pressure (Pwf) at
the desired production rate (Qd).
from IPR of the well page
Pwf=450 psi @ Q=1132 bpd
Water cut is 40 %;
0.4*1.06=0.424
Oil is 60 %;
0.6*0.933= 0.5598
The composite specific gravity is the sum of the weighted percentages:
The composite specific gravity =0.9838
The pressure due to the difference in perforation depth and pump

setting depth (8123-7725)can be determined as follows:
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑡 × 𝑆𝑝. 𝐺𝑟.

𝑃𝑆𝐼 =
2.31 𝑓𝑡/ 𝑃𝑆𝐼
48
llin
PSI = (8123-7725) * 0.9838 / 2.31= 169.5 psi
Therefore, the pump intake pressure will be:
PIP = 450 - 169.5 = 280.5 psi

In this third step we need to determine the total fluid mixture, inclusive
of water, oil and free gas that will be ingested by the pump.
1. Determine the Solution Gas/Oil Ratio (Rs ) at the pump intake

pressure with Standing's nomograph (see figure 2), or by
substituting the pump intake pressure (Pb) in Standing's equation;
1.2048
𝑃𝑏 100.0125 × 𝜊𝐴𝑃𝐼
𝑅𝑠 = 𝛾𝑔 ×
18 100.00091 × 𝑇(𝜊𝐹 )
Rs = 0.85 (1118/18*10 (0.0125*20)/(100.00091*200)) 1.2048
Rs = 148.5 scf/stb
2. Determine the Formation Volume Factor (Bo) using the Rs from above
and Standing's nomograph (see figure 3) or use Standing's equation as
follows:
𝐵𝑜 = 0.972 + 0.000147 𝐹1.175
Where:
𝛾𝑔 0.5
𝐹 = 𝑅𝑠 + 1.25 𝐓
𝛾𝑜
49
Dri
llin
0.5
0.85
𝐹 = 148.5 + (1.25 ∗ 200)
0.933
𝐹 = 391.74
Therefore:
Bo = 1.136 bbl/stb
The composite specific gravity, including gas, can be determined by first

calculating the total mass of produced fluid (TMPF) from the original
data given:
𝑇𝑀𝑃𝐹 = 𝐵𝑂𝑃𝐷 × 𝑆𝑝. 𝐺𝑟. 𝑂𝑖𝑙 + 𝐵𝑊𝑃𝐷 × 𝑆𝑝. 𝐺𝑟. 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 × 62.4
× 5.615 + 𝐺𝑂𝑅 × 𝐵𝑂𝑃𝐷 × 𝑆𝑝. 𝐺𝑟. 𝐺𝑎𝑠 × 0.0752
TMPF = {(679.2*0.933 + 452.8*1.06)*62.4*5.615} +

(1112.3*0.85*679.2*0.0752)
TMPF = 395075.3 Ib /day.
BFPD = 679.2*1.136 +452.8*1 = 1224 bbl / day
𝑇𝑀𝑃𝐹
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑆𝑝. 𝐺𝑟. =
𝐵𝐹𝑃𝐷 × 5.615 × 62.4
Composite Sp.Gr =395075.3 / (5.615 * 62.4 * 1224)
Composite Sp.Gr = 0.927
50
llin
Sufficient data is now available to determine the total dynamic head

required by the pump.
𝑇𝐷𝐻 = 𝐻𝑑 + 𝐹𝑡 + 𝑃𝑑 + Pdepletion
Hd = The vertical distance in feet between the estimated producing fluid

level and the surface.
𝑃𝐼𝑃 × 2.31 𝑓𝑡/𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝐻𝑑 = 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑕 −
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
Hd = 7725 - ((280.5 *2.31)/0.927)
Hd = 7026 ft.
Ft = Tubing friction loss. Refer to Friction Loss Charts in the engineering

section.
Ft(from Artificial lift book volume 2B )
Friction loss per 1,000 ft. of 2-7/8 tubing (new) is 5.7 ft. per 1,000 ft. of
depth at 1132 BPD (180 M3/D). Using the desired pump setting depth:
Ft = (5.7*7725)/1000 = 44 ft
Pd = Discharge pressure head (desired wellhead pressure).
Using the composite specific gravity:
Pd = (200*2.31)/0.927= 489.4 ft.
Pdepetion = 100/(0.433*0.927)= 250 ft
51
Dri
llin
TDH = Hd + Ft + Pd + Pdepletion
TDH = 7026 + 44 + 489.4 + 250 = 7809.4 ft.
Step 5 - Pump Type Selection

Select the pump type with the highest efficiency at the calculated
capacity, 1132 BPD (180 M3/D) that will fit in the casing. Select Reda
pump E41 (450series-2915RPM), 50cycle . And locate it's performance
curve.
The head in feet (meters) for 100 stage at 180 m3/ day is 2170 ft. The
brake horsepower (BHP) per 100 stage is 30 hp
To determine the total number of stages required, divide the total

dynamic head by the head/stage taken from the curve.
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑/𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 21.7
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑕𝑝/𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 0.3
𝑇𝐷𝐻
𝑁𝑜. 𝑂𝑓 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 =
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
Total number of stages = 7809 /21.7 = 360 stages
Once you've decided on the maximum number of pump stages, calculate

the total brake horsepower required as follows:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝐻𝑃 = 𝐵𝐻𝑃/ 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 × 𝑁𝑜 . 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 × 𝑆𝑝. 𝐺𝑟.
BHP = 0.3*360*0.927 = 100.2 HP
52
llin
Step 6 - Optimum Size of Components Gas Separator

AS PIP>Pb there is no free gas at the pump intake so we don't require
gas separator.
Seal Section
It will be calculated using charts of total dynamic head versus HP
Using(appendix c)
Seal horse power = 4 hp
Determination of total HP
Tot.HP= BHP+seal HP
=104.2 hp
Motor
Using table 2 , appendix 4F
Choose motor (108 hp @ 540 series)
Volt/Amp =(804/84)

Determine Cable Size
The cable size is selected based on its current carrying capability. Using
the motor amps (84) and the cable voltage drop chart in the catalog,
select a cable size with a voltage drop of less than 30 volts per 1,000 ft..
The #2 cable has a voltage drop of 28 x 7.12 = 200 volts. and is the least
expensive. This will be the cable size used.
Cable Type
Check to be sure the cable diameter plus tubing collar diameter is
smaller than the casing I.D. (see Engineering section ).
53
Dri
llin
Cable Length
The pump setting depth is 7725 ft. With 100 ft. of cable for surface
connections, the total cable length should be 7825 ft.
Cable Venting (junction box)

A cable vent box must be installed between the wellhead and the motor
controller to prevent gas migration to the controller.
Step 8 - Accessory and Miscellaneous Equipment
Flat Cable - Motor Lead Extension

Pump Length = 14.8ft (4.51m)
Seal Length = 6.3ft (1.92m)
Plus 6 ft = 6.0ft (1.83m)
= 27.1ft (8.26m)
Select 35ft. (107cm.) 562 series flat cable.
Cable Bands
The pump and seal section are approximately 20 ft. (6 m) long. Twenty-
two inch (56 cm) bands will be required to clamp to the housing, with
bands spaced at 2 ft. (61 cm) intervals (10 bands).
Above the pump, banding of the tubing plus cable, the twenty- two
bands can also be used. The bands should be spaced at 15 ft. (4.5 m)
intervals. The setting depth of 6980 ft. would require 466 bands.
Downhole Accessory Equipment

Check Valve
The 3.5 inch EUE 8 round thread check valve will be required.
Motor Controller
The motor controller selection is based on its voltage, amperage,
and
Sv=Motor volt+cable voltage loss
Sv=804+200 = 1004 volts
54
llin
KVA rating. Therefore, before selecting the controller we must first

determine the motor controller voltage. We will assume the
controller will be the same as the surface voltage going down-
hole. The surface voltage (SV) is the sum of the motor voltage and
the total voltage loss in the cable
The motor amperage is 27 amps, the KVA can now be Calculated:
𝐒𝐯 × 𝐌𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐀𝐦𝐩𝐬 × 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑
𝐊𝐕𝐀 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
KVA = 146
The 6H-CG motor controller suits these requirements.
Transformer
The transformer selection is based on the available primary power
supply (12500volts), the secondary voltage requirement
(2400volts), and the KVA requirement (150 KVA). Chose 3, 50 KVA
single phase transformers as shown in your catalog.
STEP 9 - VARIABLE SPEED SUBMERSIBLE PUMPING SYSTEM
Variable Frequency
The effects of varying frequency can be seen by preparing new head-
New rate=(60/50)*1132 = 1359 Bpd
capacity curves for the desired frequencies, based on the pump's known
60 Hz performance curve data. The Electrospeed controller is commonly
used to generate any frequency between 30 and 90 Hz.
55
Dri
llin
ESP DESIGN FOR SECOND WELL SIDRI-17
Step 1 - Basic Data
1.Well Data:
Casing size ID = 6.184in
Tubing size = 2.875in
Pump intake (V-D) =7602 ft
Pump intake (M-D) =7710 ft
Top perf. =8038 ft
2-Production data:
WHP = 200 psi
Ps = 1000 psi
Pwf = 412 psi
P.I = 1.5 bbl/day/psi
WC = 40 %
GOR =20 m3/m3
=112.3 SCF/STB
QL = 140 m3/day
= 880.5 STB/day
Qo = 84 m3/day
= 528.3 STB /day
56
llin
3- Well flowing conditions:
w = 1.07
o = 0.927
g = 0.85
Rs@Pb = 32 m3/m3
4 - Power source:-
Current frequency = 50 HZ

Next, we can determine the new well flowing pressure (Pwf) at
the desired production rate (Qd).
from IPR of the well page
Pwf=412 psi @ Q= 880.5 bpd
Water cut is 40 %;
0.4*1.07 = 0.428
Oil is 60 %;
0.6*0.927= 0.5562
The composite specific gravity is the sum of the weighted percentages:
The composite specific gravity =0.9842
The pressure due to the difference in perforation depth and pump

setting depth (8038-7602)can be determined as follows:
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑡 × 𝑆𝑝. 𝐺𝑟.

𝑃𝑆𝐼 =
2.31 𝑓𝑡/ 𝑃𝑆𝐼
PSI = (8038-7602) * 0.9842 / 2.31= 186 psi
57
Dri
llin
Therefore, the pump intake pressure will be:
PIP = 412 - 186 = 226 psi

In this third step we need to determine the total fluid mixture, inclusive
of water, oil and free gas that will be ingested by the pump.
1. Determine the Solution Gas/Oil Ratio (Rs ) at the pump intake

pressure with Standing's nomograph (see figure 2), or by
substituting the pump intake pressure (Pb) in Standing's equation;
1.2048
𝑃𝑏 100.0125 × 𝜊𝐴𝑃𝐼
𝑅𝑠 = 𝛾𝑔 ×
18 100.00091 × 𝑇(𝜊𝐹 )
Rs = 0.85 (856/18*10 (0.0125*21)/(100.00091*200)) 1.2048
Rs = 111.45 scf/stb
2. Determine the Formation Volume Factor (Bo) using the Rs from above
and Standing's nomograph (see figure 3) or use Standing's equation as
follows:
𝐵𝑜 = 0.972 + 0.000147 𝐹1.175
Where:
𝛾𝑔 0.5
𝐹 = 𝑅𝑠 + 1.25 𝐓
𝛾𝑜
0.5
0.85
𝐹 = 111.45 + 1.25 ∗ 200
0.927
𝐹 = 356.72
58
llin
Therefore:
Bo = 1.119 bbl/stb
The composite specific gravity, including gas, can be determined by first

calculating the total mass of produced fluid (TMPF) from the original
data given:
𝑇𝑀𝑃𝐹 = 𝐵𝑂𝑃𝐷 × 𝑆𝑝. 𝐺𝑟. 𝑂𝑖𝑙 + 𝐵𝑊𝑃𝐷 × 𝑆𝑝. 𝐺𝑟. 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 × 62.4
× 5.615 + 𝐺𝑂𝑅 × 𝐵𝑂𝑃𝐷 × 𝑆𝑝. 𝐺𝑟. 𝐺𝑎𝑠 × 0.0752
TMPF = {(528.3*0.927 + 352.2*1.07)*62.4*5.615} +

(1112.3*0.85*528.3*0.0752)
TMPF = 307424 Ib /day.
BFPD = 528.3*1.119 + 352.2*1 = 943.4 bbl / day
𝑇𝑀𝑃𝐹
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑆𝑝. 𝐺𝑟. =
𝐵𝐹𝑃𝐷 × 5.615 × 62.4
Composite Sp.Gr =307424 / (5.615 * 62.4 * 943.4)
Composite Sp.Gr = 0.93
Sufficient data is now available to determine the total dynamic head

required by the pump.
𝑇𝐷𝐻 = 𝐻𝑑 + 𝐹𝑡 + 𝑃𝑑 + Pdepletion
Hd = The vertical distance in feet between the estimated producing fluid

level and the surface.
59
Dri
llin
𝑃𝐼𝑃 × 2.31 𝑓𝑡/𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝐻𝑑 = 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑕 −
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
Hd = 7602 - ((226 *2.31)/0.93)
Hd = 7040.6 ft.
Ft = Tubing friction loss. Refer to Friction Loss Charts in the engineering

section.
Ft(from Artificial lift book volume 2B )
Friction loss per 1,000 ft. of 2-7/8 tubing (new) is 5.7 ft. per 1,000 ft. of
depth at 880.5 BPD (140 M3/D). Using the desired pump setting depth:
Ft = (5.7*7602)/1000 = 43.3 ft
Pd = Discharge pressure head (desired wellhead pressure).
Using the composite specific gravity:
Pd = (200*2.31)/0.93 = 496.7 ft.
Pdepetion = 100/(0.433*0.93) = 248 ft
TDH = Hd + Ft + Pd + Pdepletion
TDH = 7040.6 + 43.3 + 496.7 + 248 = 7819.6 ft.
60
llin
Step 5 - Pump Type Selection

Select the pump type with the highest efficiency at the calculated
capacity, 1132 BPD (180 M3/D) that will fit in the casing. Select Reda
pump D26 (450 series-2915 RPM), 50cycle . And locate it's performance
curve.
The head in feet (meters) for 100 stage at 140 m3/ day is 1250 ft. The
brake horsepower (BHP) per 100 stage is 13 hp
To determine the total number of stages required, divide the total

dynamic head by the head/stage taken from the curve.
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑/𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 12.5
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑕𝑝/𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 0.13
𝑇𝐷𝐻
𝑁𝑜. 𝑂𝑓 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 =
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
Total number of stages = 7819.6 / 12.5 = 626 stages
Once you've decided on the maximum number of pump stages, calculate

the total brake horsepower required as follows:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝐻𝑃 = 𝐵𝐻𝑃/ 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 × 𝑁𝑜 . 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 × 𝑆𝑝. 𝐺𝑟.
BHP = 0.13*626*0.93 = 75.7 HP
Step 6 - Optimum Size of Components Gas Separator

AS vg/vt < 0.1 so we don't require gas separator.
Seal Section
It will be calculated using charts of total dynamic head versus HP
Using(appendix c)
Seal horse power = 4 hp
61
Dri
llin
Determination of total HP
Tot.HP= BHP+seal HP
=79.4 hp
Motor
Using table 2 , appendix 4F
Choose motor (85 hp @ 540 series)
Volt/Amp =(987/44)

Determine Cable Size
The cable size is selected based on its current carrying capability. Using
the motor amps (44) and the cable voltage drop chart in the catalog,
select a cable size with a voltage drop of less than 30 volts per 1,000 ft.
All conductor sizes 1 through 6) fall in this category. The #1 cable has a
voltage drop of 13 x 7.052 = 91.7 volts. and is the least expensive. This
will be the cable size used.
Cable Type
Check to be sure the cable diameter plus tubing collar diameter is
smaller than the casing I.D. (see Engineering section ).
Cable Length
The pump setting depth is 7602 ft. With 100 ft. of cable for surface
connections, the total cable length should be 7702 ft.
Cable Venting (junction box)

A cable vent box must be installed between the wellhead and the motor
controller to prevent gas migration to the controller.
62
llin
Step 8 - Accessory and Miscellaneous Equipment
Flat Cable - Motor Lead Extension

Pump Length = 14.8ft (4.51m)
Seal Length = 6.3ft (1.92m)
Plus 6 ft = 6.0ft (1.83m)
= 27.1ft (8.26m)
Select 35ft. (107cm.) 562 series flat cable.
Cable Bands
The pump and seal section are approximately 20 ft. (6 m) long. Twenty-
two inch (56 cm) bands will be required to clamp to the housing, with
bands spaced at 2 ft. (61 cm) intervals (10 bands).
Above the pump, banding of the tubing plus cable, the twenty- two
bands can also be used. The bands should be spaced at 15 ft. (4.5 m)
intervals. The setting depth of 7052 ft. would require 470 bands.
Downhole Accessory Equipment

Check Valve
The 2-7/8 inch EUE 8 round thread check valve will be required.
Motor Controller
The motor controller selection is based on its voltage, amperage,
and
Sv=Motor volt+cable voltage loss (Total volt)
=1080 volt
KVA rating. Therefore, before selecting the controller we must first

determine the motor controller voltage. We will assume the
controller will be the same as the surface voltage going down-
hole. The surface voltage (SV) is the sum of the motor voltage and
the total voltage loss in the cable
63
Dri
llin
The motor amperage is 44 amps, the KVA can now be Calculated:
𝐒𝐯 × 𝐌𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐀𝐦𝐩𝐬 × 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑
𝐊𝐕𝐀 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
KVA = 82.21
The 6H-CG motor controller suits these requirements.
Transformer
The transformer selection is based on the available primary power
supply (12,470 volts), the secondary voltage requirement (1080
volts), and the KVA requirement (82.21 KVA). Chose 3 ,27.5 KVA
single phase transformers as shown in your catalog.
STEP 9 - VARIABLE SPEED SUBMERSIBLE PUMPING SYSTEM
Variable Frequency
The effects of varying frequency can be seen by preparing new head-
New rate=(60/50)*880.5 = 1056.5 Bpd
capacity curves for the desired frequencies, based on the pump's known
60 Hz performance curve data.
Comment:
So The ESP seems to be the optimum artificial lift method
64
llin
Well Test
 Types of well tests:

 Build-up test
 Drawdown test
 Drill stem test
 Injection test
 Well test analysis methods:

 Horner’s method
 Type curve method
 Super position
Horner's Method
Under the following assumption, the pressure build - up survey can be made.
1. Well closed at sand face by lowering blank liner.

2. Flowing fluid is homogeneous.
3. Well exists is an infinite area (No Interference With The Well)
4. Properties of rock ( K) are homogeneous.
Objectives of build-up test

1. Static pressure. (Ps).
2. Skin effect. (S).
3. Damage factor.
4. Flowing pressure
5. Productivity ratio (P.R).
6. Unaltered permeability.
65
Dri
llin
Steps of Calculation:
7.
 Plot log ( tp +Δt)/Δt versus (PWS ) ( shut - in pressure ) the result is a
straight line.
 The extrapolation of the above line until will cut the line or axis along
which log ( tp+ Δt)/Δt = 0 .
 This gives (Ps).
Where,
 tp = the production time of the well period to shut - in

 Δt=the shut-in time.
 The Slope of the line (m)
162.6 𝛽𝑜 . 𝜇𝑜 . 𝑞𝑜
𝑚= 𝑝𝑠𝑖/𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑘. 𝑕
Where,
 q = Production rate, STB / day.

 B0= Oil formation volume factor, bbl / STB.
 K = Formation permeability, m d.
 μoil=Oil viscosity , C . P.
 h= Formation thickness. (ft)
From the slope we can determine the permeability of the formation
1. Calculation of Skin Effect. (S)

Skin effect is defined as the additional pressure
drop between re, rw caused by the pressure of altered zone due to
formation damage or improvement.
Flow efficiency = Productivity ratio = P.R.
Pc
P.R.  5.5
Ps  Pwf
66
llin
Where,
 APc: m ( The slope of the line).

 Ps : Static pressure , psi
 Pwf: Flowing pressure , psi.
But , flow efficiency
Ps
P.R.  1 
Ps  Pwf
Where:
 ΔPs: Pressure drop caused by skin effect.
S = ΔPs/0.87m
From the productivity ratio we can obtain the following results.
P.R. =1 Virgin formation.

P.R. > 1 Stimulation.
P.R. < 1 Formation damage.
Also, we can calculate the skin effect "S" by Empirical Correlations

Method:
P  P  K  
S  1.15 1hr i
 log   3.23
  C r 2 
 m  o t w  
Where:
 P1hr = Pressure at 1 hr. , Psi.

 Ф= Porosity.
 Ct = total Compressibility, Psi-1
 rw= Well radius, ft.
67
Dri
llin
Pressure build-up test for AR 05

Data given
ZONE NUKHUL
WELL AR 05
DATE 17/02/1959
AVG.Q 760bbl\day Tp 862.9894
CUM.OIL PROD. 27328bbl
NET PAY(H) 100ft
HOLE DIAMETER 7in
Calculations :
p(psig) dt (to+dt)/dt (to+t)/dt
2747 0
3321 60 863.9895 14.3998246
3336 120 432.4947 7.20824561
3345 180 288.6632 4.81105263
3349 240 216.7474 3.61245614
3359 360 144.8316 2.41385965
3365 540 96.88772 1.61479532
3375 1080 48.94386 0.81573099
3382 1440 36.95789 0.61596491
3390 2160 24.97193 0.41619883
3396 2880 18.97895 0.31631579
3401 3600 15.38316 0.25638596
3403 4200 13.32842 0.22214035
68
llin
build-up test
3500
3450
3400
3350 build-up test
3300
3250
3200
1 10 100 1000
SLOPE (M) = -44.2
PERMEABILITY (k )= 128.6085
SKIN (s )= 9
Pressure build-up test for SID 04

Data given
ZONE NUKHUL A
WELL SID 04
DATE 08/12/1959
AVG.Q 930bbl\day Tp 825.8065
CUM.OIL PROD. 32000bbl
NET PAY(H) 90ft
HOLE DIAMETER 7in
69
Dri
llin
Calculations :
p(psig) dt to+dt/dt (to+t)/dt
2737 0
3447 60 863.9895 14.3998246
3475 120 432.4947 3.60412281
3480 180 288.6632 1.60368421
3483 240 216.7474 0.90311404
3485 360 144.8316 0.40230994
3488 540 96.88772 0.1794217
3490 720 72.91579 0.10127193
3490 1080 48.94386 0.04531839
3490 2760 19.76064 0.00715965
SLOPE (M) = -16.74
PERMEABILITY (k )= 462.8
SKIN (s )= 42.1
70
llin
Gas Engineering
Separator Components
1.Primary separation section :
For separating the bulk of the liquid from the well stream, it is desirable to
remove quickly liquid slugs and large droplets of liquid from the gas stream in
order to minimize turbulence and separate of liquid particles. This is
accomplished by the use of tangential inlet, which circulate the fluid.
2.Liquid accumulation section :

This section should be of efficient volume to handle fluid surges that may
occur. The separation liquid should not disturbed by the flowing gas stream.
3. Secondary separation section:

Is for removing the smaller liquid droplets. The major principle of separation
in this section is gravity settling form the gas stream, thus minimization
turbulence, it is important to decrease gas velocity.
4. Mist extraction section:

Impingement is the most widely used principle for collection of small particles
in liquid-gas separation. Particles strike a collecting surface. Two general types
of mist extractor differ in intensity of centrifugal force. When a gas stream
approaches an obstruction it veers around it, but the liquid droplets having a
greater mass density, offer more resistance to change in direction and tend to
continue in a straight line. Thus the larger particles collide (impingement) with
confining wall and separated from the gas.
1) Van type mist extractor 2) Knitted-wire mesh pad
71
Dri
llin
Types of separator
1. Vertical Separator:
The well stream enters the separator through the tangential inlet, which
imparts a circular motion to the fluids. A Centrifugal and gravity force
provides efficient primary separation. A conical baffle separates the liquid
accumulation system from primary section to ensure a quiet liquid.
Surface releasing solution gas. The separated gas travels up ward through the
secondary separation section where the heavier entrained liquid particles
settle out. The gas flows through the mist extractor and particles accumulate
until sufficient weight to fall into the liquid accumulation section. Sediments
enter the separator and accumulate in the bottom and flushed out through
the drain connection.
2. Horizontal separator:
-Single tube: the well stream enters through the inlet and strikes an angle
baffle or dished deflector and strikes the side of the separator, producing
72
llin
maximum primary separation. Horizontal divider plates separate the liquid

accumulation and gas separation section to ensure quick removal of solution
gas. The separated gas passes through the mist extractor where liquid
particles where liquid particles 10 micron and larger size are removed.
-Double tube: consist of an upper separator section and lower liquid

chamber. The mixed stream of oil and gas enters the upper tube. Liquid fall
through the first connecting pipe into the liquid reservoir and wet gas flows
through the upper tube where the entrained liquid separate owing to
difference in density and to scrubbing action of mist extractor.
Horizontal single tube Horizontal double tube

 Lower initial cost  The larger capacity under
 They are easier to surging conditions.
insulate for cold-weather  The better separation of
operation. solution gas in the quiescent
 The liquid remains lower chamber.
warmer, minimize  Better separation of gases and
freezing and paraffin liquids of similar densities.
deposition  More stable liquid level
control.
73
Dri
llin
3. Spherical separator:
The incoming well stream is split by the inlet flow diverter and directed
tangentially against the wall of the separator. The liquid streams come
together after flowing 180o around the vessel wall and then fall into the
accumulation section to remain there until released. The gas stream is
travelling through the large diameter and loses particles due to its reduced
velocity. Then, the gas passes through mist extractor.
Factors affecting separation
 Operating pressure: a change in pressure effects changes in the gas

and liquid densities, velocity and flowing volume. The net effect on an
increase in pressure is an increased gas capacity of the separator.
 Temperature, it affects the actual flowing volume and densities o f the

gas and liquid. The net effect of an increase of temperature is a
decrease in capacity.
 Well stream crude oil composition.
74
llin
Vertical separator Horizontal separator Spherical separator
 Liquid level  Successfully  Cheaper than

control not as used in handling either horizontal
critical foaming oils or vertical types
 Will handle  Cheaper than  Better clean-out
larger quantities vertical and bottom drain
of sand separators feature than
 Easier to clean  Easier to ship on vertical type
 Has greater skid assemblies  More compact
liquid surge  More than other types.
capacity economical and

Fewer efficient for
tendencies for processing large
revaporization of volume of gas
liquid.  Smaller
diameter for a
given gas
capacity.
Stage separation
the final stage of vapor liquid separation because the final equilibrum flash
occurs in the tank.the propose of of stage separation is to reduce the
consecutively lower pressure. As shown in figure two stage separation
involves one separator and one storage tank. Three-stage separation Stage
separation is a process in which gasesous and liquid hydrocarbons are
separated into vapor and liquid phases by two or more equilibrim flashes at
requires two separators and a storage tank. Four-stage separation would
require three separators and a storage tank. The tank is always counted as
75
Dri
llin
pressure on the reservoir liquids gradually, in steps or stages, so that a more

stable stock tank liquid will result.
76
llin
DESIGN OF STAGE SEPARATION

The equilibrium constant (k) values for each component at any pressure
and temperature can be written as follows:
Ki= 1/P*(10)(a+cFi)
Where :
P: The operating pressure ,psia
A = 1.2 + 0.00045*P + 15*10-8* P2
C = 0.89 - 0.000017*P - 3.5*10-8*P2
Fi = bi*(1/Tbi-1/T)
bi = Log(pci/14.7)/(1/Tbi-1/T)
Tbi = normal boiling point temperature
for C7+
n = 7.3 + 0.0075*(T - 460) + 0.0016*P
bc7+ = 1013 + 324*n - 4.256*n2
Tbc7+ = 301 + 59.85*n - 0.971*n2
The API gravity for the separated oil can be calculated from the following
equation :
API = 6084 / AMWt + 5.9
Go = 141.5 / (131.5 + API)
GOR = 5.615*379.4*Nvt*62.4*Go/( Nlt*Mwa)
77
Dri
llin
Given Data :
component Zi Tci Pci Mwi Tbi

N2 0.0113 227.6 492 28.016 139.6
CO2 0.0024 547.9 1073 44.01 350.3
C1 0.1122 343.37 673.1 16.042 201.32
C2 0.2034 550.09 708.3 30.068 332.47
C3 0.2113 666.01 617.4 44.094 416.27
iC4 0.0502 707.98 529.1 58.12 470.89
nC4 0.0927 765.65 550.7 58.12 491.1
iC5 0.0289 829.1 483 72.146 542.1
nC5 0.0322 845.7 489.5 72.146 556.9
C6 0.0361 913.7 439.7 86.172 615.765
C7+ 0.2193 1227 396 283.85 720.3113
78
llin

Production PDF

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Production PDF

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Production Engineering

Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR)

(Straight line relationship)

A modified model has been developed to account for the formation

If the well is producing above the bubble point pressure and

Qo : flow rate bbl/day.

Qob : flow rate bbl/day at bubble point pressure.

Pb : the bubble point pressure.

Current and predictive IPR followed by VLP at

Ps = 2836 psi Ps = 2750 psi Ps = 2650 psi Ps = 2550 psi

Ps = 2851 psi Ps = 2750 psi Ps = 2650 psi Ps = 2550 psi

29475 713 28255 688 27040 663 25818 638

Ps = 3731 psi Ps = 3650 psi Ps = 3550 psi Ps = 3450 psi

1859 1679 1818 1643 1769 1598 1719 1553

 Selectinng the Optimum Tubing String

Qtot Pwf Pwf Pwf Pwf Pwf

Pr= 2836 psi

Qtot Pwf Pwf Pwf Pwf Pwf

Pr= 2851 psi

Qtot Pwf Pwf Pwf Pwf Pwf

2957.6 624.8 720.9 651.7 619.8 613.6

Pr= 3731 psi

 The optimum tubing strings for the 3 wells are:

Well Opt. Tubing Size OD(inch)

Current and predictive IPR

Ps = 674 psi Ps = 620 psi Ps = 550 psi Ps = 500 psi

Ps = 657 psi Ps = 600 psi Ps = 550 psi Ps = 500 psi

37177 98 33972 90 31141 83 28310 75

Verticle Lift Performance

Qtot Pwf Pwf Pwf Pwf Pwf

Qtot Pwf Pwf Pwf Pwf Pwf

Qtot Pwf Pwf Pwf Pwf Pwf

Completion of naturally flowing wells

• open hole completion

• cased hole completions

A variation on the system consists in placing a perforated liner opposite the

2-Cased hole completion:

Since perforations can be placed very accurately in relation to the different

Cased-hole completions are more susceptible to formation damage than open

 A positive skin value indicates that a well is damaged.

Formation damage can be removed or bypassed through the use of

remove the damage. Matrix acidizing is used to restore initial productivity.

Cased-hole completion Cased-hole completion

Main configurations of production strings

A- Single zone completion

There are two main types of single-zone completions, depending on whether

Parallel dual string and tubing annulus completion.

There are a large number of systems, but let us simply consider:

Alternative selective completions

This type of completion is especially suited to a situation where one of the

Besides packers, this technology also requires extra downhole equipment

• A circulating device consisting of a sliding sleeve to open or obstruct

• A landing nipple allowing a plug to be set in the well.

Parallel tubing string and alternate selective completion systems can be

A - Single zone tubingless completion

B - Multiple zone tubingless completion

The equipment of naturally flowing wells

It is used to apply back pressure on the well.

Pu = is the upstream pressure.

Pd =is the down stream pressure.

A)Flow – Plug (Fixed):

Athick – walled removable steel nipples bored longitudinally to provide side of

B) Shaffer adjustable surface bean :