A

COMPREHENSIVE PROJECT REPORT

ON

A STUDY ON EMPLOYEES PERCEPTION ON

EFFECTIVENESS OF SAFETY MEASURES & WORK
ENVIRONMENT
AT ASHOK LEYLAND

SUBMITTED TO
NarandasJethalalSonecha Management and Technical Institute Chanduvav
(Veraval)

In partial fulfillment of the

Requirement of the award for the degree of
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
IN
Gujarat Technological University-Ahmedabad

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Miss. Shital vadhavi
Assistant professor

SUBMITTED BY
NAME ENROLMENT NO.
GOSWAMI BHAVITA P. 168170592017
KOTECHA KRUPALI M. 168170592025

1
 Institute’s Certificate

“Certified that this comprehensive Project Report Titled “A STUDY ON

EMPLOYEES PERCEPTION ON EFFECTIVENESS OF SAFETY MEASURES &
WORK ENVIRONMENT AT ASHOK LEYLAND” is the bonafide work of Ms.
Goswami Bhavita p. (168170592017) & Ms. Kotecha Krupali M. (168170592025), who
carried research under my supervision. I also certify further, that to the best of my knowledge
the work reported herein does not form any other project report or dissertation on the basis of
which a degree or reward was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

Signature of the Faculty Guide

Ms. Shital Vaghavi

(Assistant Professor)

Signature of HOD

MR. Pradip Mehta

2
 DECLARATION

We, are following students of the Master of Business administration, sem-3,

Hereby declare that the project work submitted in this report is our own contribution
and is carried out under the supervision of Ms shital vadhavi of Narandas Jethalal
Sonecha Management and technological Institute Chanduvav, Veraval.

This work had not been previously submitted to any other university for any
examination.

Student’s Name: Date:

Goswami Bhavita P.

Kotecha Krupali M. Place:

3
 PREFACE

“Knowledge and Practice are twins, and both go together. There is no knowledge
without practice, and no practice without knowledge.”
Practical knowledge is the most imperative part in management study. There is a
very huge difference between the practical knowledge and theoretical knowledge.
During this practical training students learn and get practical knowledge, which is not
given in the classroom.

Under this practical training every student has to visit a company for a time period
and has to collect relevant information and has to prepare the project report.

4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Writing a research project can never be the work of any one person. It includes co-
operation & efforts of those persons who are in some way involved in the work at
every stage. We have highly thankful to every person for helping us thoroughly in
our comprehensive project.

Let us begin our acknowledgement by thanking the whole to Mr. pradeep mehta for
being supportive during our project.

This report is the result of not only our own hard work but also the encouragement
and help of many people. we would like to express our gratitude to all of them who
helped us in preparing this project.

We also very thankful to our Institute Guide Miss Shital vadhavi( Assistant Professor)
for their kind guidance and support.

5
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
TITLE
No. No.

I GENERAL INFORMATION 7
INDUSTRY OVERVIEW 8
10
COMPANY OVERVIEW
19
INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY

II PROJECT PROFILE 26
TITLE OF PROJECT 26
NEED OF THE STUDY 26
SCOPE OF THE STUDY 26
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 27
III REVIEW OF LITERATURE 28

IV RESEARCH MATHEDOLOGY 32

RESEARCH DESIGN 32
DATA COLLECTION METHOD 32
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT 33
SAMPLING UNIT 33
SAMPLING SIZE 33
SAMPLING METHOD 33
V STATISTICAL TOOL 34

VI FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS 35

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 PART 1

GENERAL INFORMATION

7
 INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY
The origin of automobile is not certain. In this section of automobile history, we
will only discuss about the phases of automobile in the development and
modernization process since the first car was shipped to India. We will start
automotive history from this point of time.

The automobile industry has changed the way people live and work. The
earliest of modern cars was manufactured in the year 1895. Shortly the first
appearance of the car followed in India. As the century turned, three cars were
imported in Mumbai (India). Within decade there were total of 1025 cars in the city.

The dawn of automobile actually goes back to 4000 years when the first wheel
was used for transportation in India. In the beginning of 15th century Portuguese
arrived in China and the interaction of the two cultures led to a variety of new
technologies, including the creation of a wheel that turned under its own power. The
actual horseless carriage was introduced in the year 1893 by brothers Charles and
Frank Duryea. It was the first internal-combustion motor car of America, and it was
followed by Henry Ford's first experimental car that same year.

One of the highest-rated early luxury automobiles was the 1909 Rolls-Royce
Silver Ghost that featured a quiet 6-cylinder engine, leather interior, folding
windscreens and hood, and an aluminum body. It was usually driven by chauffeurs
and emphasis was on comfort and style rather than speed.

During the 1920s, the cars exhibited design refinements such as balloon tires,
pressed-steel wheels, and four-wheel brakes. Graham Paige DC Phaeton of 1929
featured an 8-cylinder engine and an aluminum body.

8
 The 1937 Pontiac De Luxe sedan had roomy interior and rear-hinged back door
that suited more to the needs of families. In 1930s, vehicles were less boxy and
more streamlined than their predecessors. The 1940s saw features like automatic
transmission, sealed-beam headlights, and tubeless tires.

The year 1957 brought powerful high-performance cars such as Mercedes-

Benz 300SL. It was built on compact and stylized lines, and was capable of 230 kmh
(144 mph).This was the Indian automobile history, and today modern cars are
generally light, aerodynamically shaped, and compact.

The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells

the world's motor vehicles. In 2008, more than 70 million motor vehicles, including
cars and commercial vehicles were produced worldwide.

In 2007, a total of 71.9 million new automobiles were sold worldwide: 22.9
million in Europe, 21.4 million in Asia-Pacific, 19.4 million in USA and Canada, 4.4
million in Latin America, 2.4 million in the Middle East and 1.4 million in Africa. [2]
The markets in North America and Japan were stagnant, while those in South
America and Asia grew strongly. Of the major markets, Russia, Brazil, India and
China saw the most rapid growth.

In 2008, with rapidly rising oil prices, industries such as the automotive
industry are experiencing a combination of pricing pressures from raw material costs
and changes in consumer buying habits. The industry is also facing increasing
external competition from the public transport sector, as consumers re-evaluate their
private vehicle usage. Roughly half of the US's fifty one light vehicle plants are
projected to permanently close in the coming years with the loss of another 200,000
jobs in the sector, on top of the 560,000 jobs lost this decade.[8] As a result, in 2009,
China became the largest automobile market in the world.

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 COMPANY OVERVIEW

The origin of Ashok Leyland can be traced to the urge for self-reliance felt by
independent India. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first Prime Minister persuaded
Mr. Raghunandan Saran, an industrialist, to enter automotive manufacture. In 1948,
Ashok Motors was set up in what was then Madras, for the assembly of Austin Cars.
The Company's destiny and name changed soon with equity participation by British
Leyland and Ashok Leyland commenced manufacture of commercial vehicles in
1955.

Since then Ashok Leyland has been a major presence in India's commercial
vehicle industry with a tradition of technological leadership, achieved through tie-ups
with international technology leaders and through vigorous in-house R&D.

Ashok Leyland vehicles have built a reputation for reliability and ruggedness.
The 5,00,000 vehicles we have put on the roads have considerably eased the
additional pressure placed on road transportation in independent India.

In 1987, the overseas holding by Land Rover Leyland International Holdings

Limited (LRLIH) was taken over by a joint venture between the Hinduja Group, the
Non-Resident Indian transnational group and IVECO. (Since July 2006, the Hinduja
Group is 100% holder of LRLIH).

The blueprint is prepared for the future reflected the global ambitions of the
company, captured in four words: Global Standards, Global Markets. This was at a
time when liberalization and globalization were not yet in the air. Ashok Leyland
embarked on a major product and process up gradation to match world-class
standards of technology.
.
Established in 1980, Hosur-I is the engine-manufacturing center within the
Ashok Leyland production system. Apart from producing various types of diesel

10
engines (including the engines manufactured under license from Hino of Japan) and
CNG engines, the plant also manufactures and assembles heavy duty and special
vehicles, Axles, AGBs, Marine Gear Box, etc.The facility is spread over 103 acres
and is innovatively laid out, optimizing the use of all resources.

Established in 1982, the Alwar Unit in Rajasthan is an assembly plant for a

wide range of vehicles with an emphasis on passenger chassis, including CNG
buses, situated close to the northern market.Ashok Leyland's Bhandara Unit houses
manufacturing and assembly facilities for sophisticated synchromesh transmission
and also has facilities for assembly of vehicles. The Doctrine Casting Unit (DCU) at
Hyderabad is Ashok Leyland's in-house supplier of Grey and
Ashok Leyland is a technology leader in the commercial vehicle sector of
India. It’s a annual turnover exceeds USD 1 billion selling around 86000 medium and
heavy vehicle each year, Ashok Leyland is India’s largest exporter of medium of
heavy duty trucks out of India.

It is also one of the largest private sector employers in India with about 12000
employees working in 6 factories spread over the length and breadth of India.

Its 2016-17 turnover is USD 3 billion, with international operations contributing

over USD 100 million. The company’s international operations span over 30
countries in Asia, the Middle East and Africa. In 2016, the company expanded its
international footprint by acquiring the truck business unit.

Committed to total quality management, Ashok Leyland is the country’s first

automotive manufacturer to obtain the coveted ISO 9002 certification followed by the
more comprehensive ISO 9001:1994 certification, QS 9000 and ISO 14001. Ashok
Leyland is also the first automobile company in India to receive the world-renowned
TS 16949 corporate certification in 2006. These are major milestones in the
company’s TQM journey.

Making all this happen is a team of 12000 who master the ever-changing
technologies and market environment in a culture of continuous learning.
11
 With six manufacturing locations at chennai, hosur (three plants),
alwar and bhandara, the company has an annual production capacity of 84000
vehicles.

BRANCHES

Starting with the first unit at Ennore Ashok Leyland now has size
manufacturing plants the mother unit at near Chennai supported by a frame unit at
Ambattur, two plants at Hosur, the assembly plant at Alwar, Bhandara. The total
covered spaces at these five plants exceed well over 45000sq.m. and together
employ around 10000 personnel.

ENNORE

Totally it covers 127 acres, Ashok Leyland Ennore is the highly integrated mother
plant accounting for over 50% of Ashok Leyland total production. The plant

12
manufacturing wide range of vehicles and houses production facilities are very more.
Main aggregates such as engines, gearbox, axles and other key in house
components.

HOSUR 2

Ashok Leyland established this state of the art production facility in 1994 at Hosur
to mainly cater to production of cargo range of vehicles with technology from
IVECO of Italy. It spread over 236 acres, Hosur 2 houses finished and assembly
facilities including sophisticated painting facilities.

ALWAR

Established in 1982 in the northern start of Rajasthan, Alwar unit is primarily an

assembly plant of wide range of vehicles with an emphasis on passenger chassis
including CNG buses

BHANDARA

Ashok Leyland Bhandara unit is also an assembly plant for vehicles, but in
addition, houses modern manufacturing and assembly facilities for sophisticated
transmission for Ashok Leyland and cargo range of vehicles.

ASHOK LEYLAND GROUP OF COMPANIES

• AUTOMOTIVE COACHES & COMPONENTS LIMITED

• LANKA ASHOK LEYLAND
• ASHOK LEYLAND PROJECT SERVICES LIMITED
• ENNORE FOUNDRIES

13
• IRIZAR – TVS

PRODUCTS

14
BUSES:
• VIKING BS – 2
• VIKING BS – 3
• BANTHER BS – 2
• VIKING CNG
• 12M BUS – BS – 2
• CHEETAH BS – 2
• CHEETAH BS – 3

DOUBLE DECKER:

• STAGE BS – 2
• AIRPORT TARMAC COACH
• VESTIBULE BUS – BS – 3

TRUCK:
• 4X2 HAULAGE MODELS
• 4X2 AND MULTI AXLE TIPPERS
• MULTI AXLE VEHICLES
• TRACTORS
• ECOMET

SPECIAL VEHICLE:

• RAPID INTERVENTION VEHICLES 4X2

• HIPPO TRACTORS
• BEAVER TRACTOR
• BEAVER HAULGE
• FIELD HAULAGE
• STALLION MK III TIPPER
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• HIPPO TIPPER
DEFENCE VEHICLES:

• YAK – 4X4
• LIGHT RECOVERY VEHICLES 4X4
• STALLION 4X4 MK III
• FIELD ARTILLERY TRACTOR 6X6 ETC.

16
BOARD OF DIRECTORS

MR. R.J.SHAHANEY, CHAIRMAN

MR. D.G. HINDUJA, CO-CHAIRMAN (ALTERNATE: MR. Y M KALE)
MR.D.J.BALAJI RAO
MR.A.K.DAS
MR. P.N. GHATALIA
MR. S.R. KRISHNA SWAMY
MR. F. SAHAMI
MR. SHARDUL S SHROFF
MR. A. SPARE
MR. SUBIR RAHA
MR. R. SESHASAYEE, MANAGING DIRECTOR.

CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER

M. VINOD K DASARI.

17
EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS

MR. J.N. AMROLIA

MR. ANUP BHAT
MR.S. BALASUBRAMANIUM
MR.A.R. CHANDARASEKHARAN
MR.A.K JAIN
MR.R. MALHAN
MR.M. NATRAJ

FUTURE PLAN

Be among the top Indian corporations acknowledge nationally and internationally for,

 Excellence in quality of its products

 Excellence in customer focus and service

Much before emission regulations came. R&D engineers an Ashok Leyland

have been addressing the twin concerns of fuel – efficiency and emissions. In 1997,
when the company launched the country’s to tame compressed natural gas to power
commercial vehicles.

The company’s CNG – run bus is a non – polluting, eco-friendly signpost with
a great promise. Mumbai’s best and the Delhi transport corporation run Ashok
Leyland’s cng buses. As on date, more than 2500 of these CNG buses are on road.
In 2002 yet another frontier technology was conquered when the company unveiled
India’s first hybrid electric bus.

The company’s All-India customer base is served through an All-India sales

and service network supplemented by over 250 service points. The parts operation,
to ensure availability of genuine spares to the customers, is supported by 15
warehouses.

18
 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY

Safety in simple terms means freedom from the occurrence or risk of injury or
loss. Industrial safety or employee safety refers to the protection of workers from the
danger of industrial accidents.

In today’s competitive world many organization are adopting advance

technology. It has both merits and demerits. Increasing technologies involves high
risk, where the question of safety arises. The life of industrial worker is full of risk.
Every year lakhs of employees are injured in factories, mines etc. The main reasons
for such activities are due to either unsafe act or unsafe condition.
Today employers are obligated to give their employees a safe and secured
work environment.

The main purpose of effective safety program in organizations is to prevent

work related injuries and accidents.

SAFETY IN INDUSTRY

The modern safety movement started around 1912 with the first cooperative
Safety Congress and the organization of the National Safety Council in U.S.A.
Safety is prior to security. According to this concept, the present Factories Act
ensures several safety measures.

The importance of industrial safety was realized because every year millions
of industrial accidents occur which result in either death or temporary and permanent
disablement of the employees and involve a good amount of cost such as resulting
from waste man-hours, machine hours, etc.

Safety is primarily the responsibility of the management. This responsibility

should rest on the shoulder of all cadres of management: such as production
manager, personnel manager, maintenance engineer, safety officer. Every
organization should formulate and implement a safety procedure.

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NEED FOR SAFETY

Safety in industry helps,

 Increase the rate of production.

 Reduce the production cost.
 Reduce the damage to equipment and machinery.
 Prevent the premature death of talented workers who are an asset to the
society.
 Prevent the needless pain and suffering to the employees.

SIGNIFICANCE OF INDUSTRIAL SAFETY

 It saves costs
 It improves productivity
 It develops morale
 Safety is a legal requirement

SAFETY COMMITTEE

 The function of safety committee is to ensure the establishment of safe

working conditions in an organization.
 The size of the safety committee depends on the size of the organization, and
generally includes executives, superiors, and shop floor workers.
 Thus the lower level employees get a channel of communication on safety
matters direct to executive levels.

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  It was observed that those organizations that made safety committees had
lower record of accidents than those without safety committees.
 Lastly, to get maximum out of safety committee
 It should be assigned specific problems and duties such as planning
safety rules, publishing them.
 Its members should be asked to go on the shop floor and watch what is
being done about is (i.e., the safety)
 It should be asked to report periodically as what improvements have
been made and what more can be done.

SAFETY PROGRAMME

 A safety program tends to discover when, where and why accidents occur.
 A safety program aims at reducing accidents and the losses associated with
them.
 A safety program begins with the assumption that most work- concerned
accidents can be prevented.
 A safety program does not have an end; rather it is a continuous process to
achieves adequate safety.
 A safety program tries to reduce the influence of personnel and environmental
factors that cause accidents.

SAFETY INDUCTIONS AND TRAINING

 This is essential for educating the employees to think, act and work safely
so that the number of accidents can be minimized.

 Safety training and education gives knowledge about safe and unsafe
mechanical conditions, personal practices and of the remedial measures.

 Safety training involves:

21
 A. Induction and orientation of new recruits to safety rules and
practices.
B. Explaining safety functions, during on the job training.
C. Formulating employee safety committees.
D. Holding of special employee safety meetings.
E. Displaying charts, posters, films etc to emphasize the need to act
safely.

ACCIDENTS

According to the Factories act 1948, accidents can be explained, as “it is an

occurrence in industrial establishment causing bodily injury to a person who makes
the employee unable to resume his duties in the next 48 hours”.

CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS

Industrial accidents are the end products of unsafe acts and unsafe
condition of work. However, accidents are preventable-they do not just happen. They
usually occur as the result of the combination of a number of factors, in which the
three main ones are technical equipment, the working environment and the worker.

In addition, the workers themselves may be a contributory factor in that

they may not have received adequate training or may have little experience of the
task. This is particularly relevant when new procedures are introduced into a factory
or when people change jobs.

Ultimately, all industrial accidents are either directly or indirectly attributable

to human failings. People are not machines their performance is nor fully predictable
and mistakes are made. If the causes of accidents can be found the appropriate
measures can be taken to prevent them. If the preventive measures are not taken,
the same type of accidents will occur repeatedly.

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EFFECTS OF ACCIDENTS

Accidents result in untold miseries, sufferings and financial losses to the

employees. It also costs the employer heavily by way of medical expenses,
compensation, loss of production, damage to machines, etc.

Effects of accidents in industry are frightening. Millions of man-hours are lost on

account of accidents in industry. Human suffering and pecuniary losses
accompanying such accidents are terrible Cost of productions will be high if the rate
of accidents is high. Accidents will spread a sense of insecurity and fear among the
workers. It lowers the worker’s morale.

Good industrial relations will be difficult in a factory where accidents will have
a detrimental effect on public relations. The worker involved in the accident as well
as other workers will develop a sense of frustration. Disablement on account of
accidents affects the income of the workers and in some cases results in
unemployment.
Hence it is necessary for an organization to implement an effective safety measures.

ACCIDENT PREVENTION

There are several ways by which accidents can be prevented. The national
safety council, USA says that accident prevention depends on the 3E’s -
engineering, education, enforcement; the job should be engineered for safety,
employees should be educated in safety procedures, and safety rules should be
properly enforced.

In actual practice, accident prevention boils down to two basic activities;

reducing unsafe conditions and reducing unsafe acts.
1. Accident prevention is highly essential is an industry, in order to
 Prevent injury to and premature death of employees

23
  Reduce operating cost
 Have good employer-employees relation
 Improve the morale of employees
2. Above all, prevention of accidents is a true humanitarian concern
3. Accident prevention does not occur by itself; there should be consistent
implementation of safety measures an safety programmes emphasizing the need for

 Safe workplace layout and working condition

 Safe material handling
 Personal protective devices
 Safety activities in the organization

SAFETY MEASURES AND PROVISIONS

Safety is prior to security. According to this concept, the present Factories Act
ensures several safety measures and safety provisions. It includes

Safety provisions:

 Fencing of machinery
 Training and supervision of young persons
 Self acting machines

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  Protection of eyes
 Precaution against falls.
 Excessive weights
 Cleaning of machinery by women and children should not be allowed
 Precautions against dangerous fumes
 Precaution in case of fire
 Maintenance of buildings
 Safe guards in connection with transmission machinery

Safety measures:

 Appointment of safety officers

 Training to all new employees
 Inspection of machines and plants
 Providing safety equipments
 Forming a safety committee
 Reporting the safety accidents and maintain accident analysis report
 Careful and frequent inspection of works to ensure that gang-ways are clear

Statutory provisions under the factories act 1948 insist the following
preventive measures.

1) Cleanliness
2) Disposal of waste and effluent
3) Ventilation and temperature
4) Dust and fumes
5) Lighting
6) Drinking water
7) Providing first aid appliances
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 PROJECT PROFILE

TITLE OF THE PROJECT

The topic chosen for the study is “A Study on Employees perception on

Effectiveness of Safety Measures and Work Environment at Ashok layland”

NEED FOR THE STUDY

Maintaining a safe and healthy working environment is not only an important

human resources issue, it's the law.This topic is chosen because in most of the
organization, accident occurs due to various reasons.

This study is done to analyze the present level of safety and work
environment practices in the organization and suggest methods for continual
improvement to prevent accidents.

The Management needs to know which are the measures that can be
implemented quickly and effectively, so that both the employees as well as the
organization can be benefited.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study on employees perception on effectiveness on safety measures and

work environment is explosively conducted for Ashok Leyland Limited, targeted to
the shop floor level employee’s.

26
 This topic is of significant interest in today’s modern industry as it involves the
interest of both the management and the employee’s and has an impact on morale
and satisfaction level of the employee’s.

The study attempts to bring about various problems associated with the safety
and work environment, which hampers the production of the organization. The study
also gives feedback regarding the perception of the employees on the present
system and their expectation from the company towards it and it varies from
individuals.

This in turn gave the study a wide and large scope for analysis. The study also
covers the tools to improve safety measures and work environment which will help to
improve the employee’s morale and increase in the productivity of the organization.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE:

 To Study the Employees perception on effectiveness of safety measures and

work environment.

To find out the awareness of safety measures and safety provisions among the
employees.
 To study how far the employees are satisfied with the safety measures and
work environment.
 To find the impact of industrial safety and work environment on productivity.
 To identify the employees attitude towards safety measures and work
environment.

27
  Based on the study to make recommendation on safety measures and work
environment that would reward both the employee as well as the employer.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

 Jones (2010), states, that in all the organizations employees are subjected to
different sorts of threats to their health and safety. These threats depend on
the nature of work that an employee undertakes. There are certain hazards,
which exist in all kind of organizations, if proper safety measures are not
taken. Certain areas where hazards are bound to occur, if safety measures
are not in place, are: - chemical hazards, task design, environmental hazards,
workstation design, equipments etc. Apart from these hazards many other
physical hazards related to temperature, light, ventilation etc. can also occur if
proper precautions are not taken. Certain workplace conditions and staff
practices may also create certain sort of psychological hazards to the
employees (Jones, 2010).

 Scand (2002) states, that there are five requirements, which should be fulfilled
in order to provide physiologically fit work environment to the employees. As
according to the author, work should be designed in a manner that every
individual is allowed to influence his work, methods and practices. This allows
an individual to maintain his individuality at work. The design of the work
should be self explanatory for the employee, which means that the employee
should be able to understand the work process easily. The employees should
be provided with opportunities to showcase all their skills. They should also be
provided with opportunities to enhance and develop new skills. Organizations
should take care that the employees have an environment where they get a
chance to make human contacts and co-operation with other employees
during their work. Employees should have satisfactory working hours, so that
they are able to fulfill their obligations apart from job, which includes duties
towards family and society (Scand, 2002).

28
  Lowe & Chan (n.d.) state, that work environment of an organization not only
poses danger for the organization but also affects the productivity of the
organization. Unhealthy and unsafe work environment in an organizational set
up creates reduction in job satisfaction, reduction in commitment of
employees, accidents, absenteeism, errors, reduction in productivity.
Absenteeism is another problem which organizations have to face, if they are
unable to provide the employees with good work environment. The authors
state that positive employment relationships, satisfaction among employees
and safe working environment has an effect on the employees' health,
absenteeism and intention to quit. If the employees are not provided with
proper work environment, then it is bound to have an impact on the
productivity of the organization and will definitely result in low productivity.
Healthy and safe work environment provides the employees with motivation to
do well in their job these situations are also helpful in increasing the
productivity of the organization. But if healthy and safe work environments do
not exist then the opposite is bound to take place. Moreover, the cases of
absenteeism, turnover, errors and accidents will increase (Lowe & Chan, n.d.)

 Mikkelsen & Gundersen (2001) states,that the most harmful consequences of

a dangerous work environment are stress, fatigue and other such health
issues. The last decade has seen an increase in the stress related illness.
With the increase in time constraints, workload, job demands and strict
deadlines stress has also increased. As according to the authors this stress is
increasing day by day. Work has become so stressful that employees do not
get enough time to discuss about anything else apart from their jobs. The
increase in the number of jobs, which are very stressful, shows that work
related illness, is on an increase, in the organizations. Stressful jobs produce
a huge number of negative health results. Every kind of organization is
looking forward to ways, which can help them in reducing employee sickness
and absence. Along with the increase in these kinds of sickness, the
organizations also have to pay compensations for injuries and illness that
happen to their employees, at work. Therefore, not does only employee suffer

29
 due to the bad work conditions but even organizations have to face a lot of
troubles due to the bad working conditions (Mikkelsen & Gundersen, 2001).

 Fries (2010) states, that there are two ways to combat work related pressure.
These are either to remove the elements, which create problems or alter an
employee's perception towards those elements. In the past, all the methods
adopted for reducing stress have been external. These methods are, job
redesign, training, employee involvement, better organizational network. All
these methods have been taken in order to increase employee's productivity.
The present organizations are careful of their employees' requirement and
have a clear understanding about the workplace interactions. As against the
age old practice of having many bosses, the present day organizations have
started adopting the concept of working teams, wherein the employees get a
chance to learn new things and where the supervisors are not controllers but
mentor and coach for the employees. Moreover, the employers know that in
order to increase employee's productivity it is very important that they should
realize that their work is important, they have certain amount of control on
their goal and that they are given due recognition for their work (Fries, 2010).

 Tyler (2004) states, that for most of the employees, their supervisor is the
representation of their organization. If the employees don't like their
supervisors then they will never like their organization. The biggest reason for
the employees to leave an organization is a bad relationship with their senior.
Therefore, it is very important for the organizations that in order to retain
employees and improve work environment the organizations need to manage
the manger and employee relationship. As the job market heats up, it has
become the prime importance to retain employees. As more and more
employees are looking forward to change their jobs, it is very important for the
organization to retain the best talent in the organization, and this can be done
by creating a good working enthronement for the employees. As according to
the author the best of the employees leave the organizations as fast as
possible. When the unemployment levels become very low, then the
organizations try to retain their employees and once the unemployment levels

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 becomes high again then the organizations do not care about their
employees. But if the situation changes again then the organizations again
become concerned about their employees (Tyler, 2004).

 Peterson (2003) states, that in order to manage the work environment, it is

very necessary that the organization takes into account the changes which
are required and what the company is supposed to do in future. For doing
this, the company can check the everyday task and what influence does these
tasks have on the work environment. If there are certain examples, which are
stressful, then the employees should be provided with temporary relief. An
employee who is new to the task or who has been away from work for a long
time should be provided with proper information and support to accomplish
his/her work. Organizations should also take into consideration, the impact of
change, on the employees. Changes like reorganization, introduction of new
technologies and change in production have a deep impact on the employees
(Peterson, 2003).

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 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Business research can be described as an organized, systematic, data based,

critical, objective, scientific inquiry or investigation into a specific problem undertaken
with the purpose of finding answers or solutions to it.

In this study the objective is to study the employee’s perception on safety measures
and work environment

RESEARCH DESIGN

The study undertaken is descriptive in nature. The goal of the descriptive study is to
offer the researcher a profile or to describe relevant aspects of the phenomena of
interest from an individual, organizational, industry-oriented or other prospective.

DATA COLLECTION METHODS

PRIMARY DATA:

Primary data refer to information obtained first hand by the researcher on the
variables of interest for the specific purpose of the study. Primary data was collected
by the method of survey by using structured questionnaire.

SECONDARY DATA:

Secondary data refers to the information gathered from the sources already existing.
Secondary data pertaining to this study are collected from company manuals, books,
journals, magazines and web sites.

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RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

Structured Questionnaire is been framed which contains both open ended and close
ended questions.

SAMPLING

SAMPLING UNIT:
Sampling unit are those who are to be surveyed from the total population. Here the
sampling units are the employees of Ashok Leyland Limited.

SAMPLING SIZE:
The sample size is 157 Employees.

SAMPLING METHOD:
The sampling procedure adopted in the research is Probability sampling. In specific
“Stratified disproportionate Sampling”. Here the universe is divided into strata on the
basis of department.

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 ANALYSIS TOOL

CHI-SQUARE TEST
Chi-square test is used to find out whether there exists relationship among
various groups. Chi-square can be calculated using the formula

(Oi-Ei) 2
 2
=
Ei
Where,
Oi = Observed frequencies
Ei = Expected frequencies

Expected frequencies is calculated using the formula

Ei = RT * CT
N
RT = Row total for the containing the cell.
CT = Column total for the column containing the cell.
N = the total number of observation.

The calculated value of chi-square is compared with the table value of chi-
square for given degree of freedom at specified level of significance. If the calculated
value is greater than the table value, then the null hypothesis is rejected and if
calculated value is less than table null hypothesis is accepted.

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 FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS

1. Relationship between the satisfaction level of employees regarding the

safety measures with respect to the experience of the respondents.

Step 1: Setting of Null Hypthosis

Ho: There is no significant difference between the satisfaction level of employees
regarding the safety measures with respect to the experience.

Step 2: Setting up Alternate Hypothesis:

H1: There is a significant difference between the satisfaction level of employees

regarding the safety measures with respect to the experience of the respondents.

Step 3: Level of Significance is 5%

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