Earthquake - weak or violent shaking of the earth's surface caused by volcanic activity or movement around geologic

faults.

Fault lines - are cracks in the ground that occurs when the Earth's tectonic plates move or slip against each other.

Active fault - a fault that moves for the last 10,000 years.

Inactive fault- a fault that didn’t moved for the last 10, 000 years

Seismic waves are propagating vibrations that carry energy from the source of an earthquake outward in all directions.

Seismic Waves

 Body Waves - can travel through the earth's inner layers

 Surface Waves - can only move along the earth’s surface

Body Waves

 P Waves - first to 'arrive' at a seismic station

 S waves - wave you feel in an earthquake

Surface Waves

 Love Waves - It's the fastest surface wave

  Rayleigh Waves – it moves like waves of water

Seismometer -is used to record and measure the strength of an earthquake.

Focus- the location where the earthquake begins.

Epicenter- the point on the Earth's surface located directly above the focus of an earthquake.

Magnitude – measures the energy released at the source of the earthquake.

Intensity - describes the severity of an earthquake in terms of its effects on the earth's surface and on humans and their
structures.

Foreshocks, Mainshick, Aftershocks – JIA YUNG SA PDF DUN MO KUNIN MEANING. HEHEHEHEHEHE!

Facts

1. Earthquakes generate waves that travel through the earth

2. Earthquakes occur when rocks slip along faults
3. Earthquakes don’t kill people, buildings kill people
4. Seismic waves are used to map the earth’s interior
5. Predicting earthquakes is not yet possible
Two Oceanic Plates - When two oceanic plates collide, one may be pushed under the other and magma from the mantle
rises, forming volcanoes in the vicinity.
Lateral Slipping Plate Movement- When two plates move sideways against each other, there is a tremendous amount of
friction which makes the movement jerky. The plates slip, then stick as the friction and pressure build up to incredible
levels. When the pressure is released suddenly, and the plates suddenly jerk apart, this is an earthquake.

The Earth's outer layer or crust is broken into pieces called tectonic plates which are constantly moving towards, away
from or past each other. Because continents are part of these plates, they also move. An earthquake occurs when the
rocks break and move as a result of stresses caused by plate movements.

Earthquakes are usually caused when rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault. This sudden release of energy
causes the seismic waves that make the ground shake.

Most earthquakes occur on the edge of plates, especially where one plate is forced under another such as happens off
Sumatra or past another as occurs in California. Some regions have more earthquakes than others with 80% of all
recorded earthquakes taking place around the edge of the Pacific Plate, in New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Japan,
Canada, USA and South America.

Fault
It is a fracture or break in the Earth’s crust where earthquakes are most likely to occur repeatedly.
It forms when the rocks of the crust are compressed or stretched by plate movement.
The break/crack along which rocks move
Movements along a fault can be up, down, or sideways

Seismic waves are the waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the earth or an explosion. They are
the energy that travels through the earth and is recorded on seismographs.

Can travel through the interior of the earth, body waves arrive before the surface waves emitted by an earthquake.
These waves are of a higher frequency than surface waves.

Travelling only through the crust, surface waves are of a lower frequency than body waves, and are easily distinguished
on a seismogram as a result. Though they arrive after body waves, it is surface waves that are almost enitrely
responsible for the damage and destruction associated with earthquakes. This damage and the strength of the surface
waves are reduced in deeper earthquakes.

The P wave can move through solid rock and fluids, like water or the liquid layers of the earth. It pushes and pulls the
rock. Sometimes animals can feel the P waves of an earthquake. Dogs, for instance, commonly begin barking hysterically
just before an earthquake 'hits' (or more specifically, before the surface waves arrive). Usually people can only feel the
bump and rattle of these waves.

An S wave is slower than a P wave and can only move through solid rock, not through any liquid medium. It is this
property of S waves that led seismologists to conclude that the Earth's outer core is a liquid. S waves move rock particles
up and down, or side-to-side--perpindicular to the direction that the wave is traveling in.

The first kind of surface wave is called a Love wave, named after A.E.H. Love, a British mathematician who worked out
the mathematical model for this kind of wave in 1911. It's the fastest surface wave and moves the ground from side-to-
side. Confined to the surface of the crust, Love waves produce entirely horizontal motion.

The other kind of surface wave is the Rayleigh wave, named for John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh, who mathematically
predicted the existence of this kind of wave in 1885. A Rayleigh wave rolls along the ground just like a wave rolls across a
lake or an ocean. Because it rolls, it moves the ground up and down, and side-to-side in the same direction that the
wave is moving. Most of the shaking felt from an earthquake is due to the Rayleigh wave, which can be much larger than
the other waves.