International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 43 (2001) 1629}1641

A shrink-"tted peg subjected to a tensile load

A. Mugadu, D.A. Hills*
Department of Engineering Science, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
Received 25 January 2000; received in revised form 4 October 2000

Abstract

The problem solved is that of a peg shrink-"tted into a pocket in an elastically similar half-plane, and
subject to a remote tensile force tending to extract it. A plane analysis is performed, and the conditions for no
slip of the interface are found, together with the depth of penetration of the slip zone when this condition is
not met.  2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Shrink-"t; Separation; Partial slip; Interfacial slip

1. Introduction

Shrink-"t assemblies are frequently used in engineering, for example in stub shafts "tted into
gearboxes, and hubs "tted to axles. The external forces applied to these connections are often
oscillatory, and, if of su$cient magnitude, may give rise to fretting damage along the interface. The
present study is an exploratory investigation of the nature of interfacial slip present between a peg
and a large block of material in which it is held by residual stresses. It is assumed that there are no
pre-existing residual axially directed shear stresses present, so that the study is most appropriate to
thermally achieved shrink-"t conditions, rather than those achieved by force "tting. Although
many problems of this general kind are axi-symmetric, the use of a &plane' formulation has the great
advantage of permitting a very direct, almost closed-form, solution. A two-dimensional solution is
therefore adopted.
As it is assumed that the peg and the body into which it is "tted are elastically similar, a classical
elastic half-plane solution is employed, as shown in Fig. 1a. It is assumed that the tensile force, P, is

* Corresponding author. Tel.: #44-1865-273-119; fax: #44-1865-273-905.

E-mail address: david.hills@eng.ox.ac.uk (D.A. Hills).
 Sponsored by the Rhodes Trust.

0020-7403/01/$ - see front matter  2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 0 2 0 - 7 4 0 3 ( 0 0 ) 0 0 0 9 7 - 7
1630 A. Mugadu, D.A. Hills / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 43 (2001) 1629}1641

Nomenclature

a half-width of peg
bG Burger's vector of dislocation in the i direction
BV dislocation density
f coe$cient of friction
K(y;
) Kernel function
N(y) normal traction
P applied force
p(x) normal traction
p applied normal traction (maximum stress)
x, y Cartesian coordinates
(z) complex potential
 Poisson's ratio
 Kolosov's constant ("3!4 in plane strain)
 modulus of rigidity

place of the dislocation insertion position
 compressive residual stress
GH stress state
GGHI stress in#uence functions

applied remote from the interface, and two limiting solutions for the direct traction distributions
arising along the line of the interface are employed. These are uniform traction (p(x)"P/2a, where
a is the half-width of the peg), and uniform displacement, which gives rise to a traction of the form
p(x)"P/
(a!x. It is recognised that the true solution will lie somewhere between these
limiting values. From the classical Williams' asymptotic solution [1], it will certainly have a power
order singularity near the edges of the peg (x"$a, y"0), of the form  rH\, where the
GH
exponent is about !0.09 for the antisymmetric solution, and about !0.48 for the symmetric
solution. However, the multiplier of these terms, and the region over which they persist, will be
determined by "nite dimensions of the body and peg, and the solution being investigated will lose
its generality if these are taken into account. The limiting forms described will therefore be used to
bound the true solution.
The general approach adopted is to "nd, "rst, the internal state of stress within the body/peg
assembly induced by surface traction distributions of the form described above. These, the so-called
unilateral solutions, are valid providing that no tensile tractions arise across the interface, and
provided that the coe$cient of friction is large enough for slip to be prevented at all points. If these
conditions are not met, separation or slip (or both) will arise along the lines x"$a, and
a corrective solution is sought, in terms of distributions of dislocations. It will be assumed that the
location of the bottom of the peg is su$ciently deep for its presence to be neglected. Thus, the
solutions are most appropriate when the peg "ts into the bottom of its socket, and the interface is
deep compared with both the extent to which slip penetrates, and the depth of any opening.
 A. Mugadu, D.A. Hills / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 43 (2001) 1629}1641 1631

Fig. 1. (a) Representation of a peg shrink-"tted into an elastically similar half plane. (b) Axes transformation applied to
the shrink-"t peg con"guration. (c) Representation of a climb dislocation at point (0,
) on the peg half-plane interface.

2. Formulation: bilateral solution

The "rst step in the solution is to determine the stress state within the peg/socket assembly,
assuming that the interfaces can transmit any tractions (bilateral solution). In order to do this, the
standard Muskhelishvili formulation for an elastic half-plane is used [2]. The potential, (z), is
1632 A. Mugadu, D.A. Hills / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 43 (2001) 1629}1641

determined from the following integral, evaluated over the surface contact region (y"0,
!a)x)a)


1 >? p(t)
(z)" dt, (1)
2
i t!z
\?
where p(t) is the direct traction present on the surface, and the corresponding stress state is given by

 # "2[(z)#(z)],
VV WW
 ! #2i "2[(z !z)! (z)! (z)!(z)]. (2)
WW VV VW
The two traction distributions which are analysed are:

1. Uniform tension: The normal stress  at any point along the peg
x
(a, y"0 is given by the
WW
expression p(x)"P/2a"p . Substituting the expression for p(x) into Eq. (1) and normalising

the complex coordinate, z, with respect to a gives


(z) 1 z!1
" ln . (3)
p 2
i z#1

2. Uniform displacement: We have that  ,p(x)"P/
a(1!(x/a),
x
(a and again the poten-
WW
tial may be found from Eq. (1) as
(z) i
" , (4)
p
(z!1)

where p is again de"ned as the mean contact pressure. For each case, the derivatives and

conjugates needed are routinely found. The normal traction p(x) is discontinuous at x/a"$1,
y"0. Further, as  , on y"0,
x
)a, we see that the value of the direct traction parallel
VV WW
with the surface, at these points, is also discontinuous. As this is an important quantity when
evaluating the tendency for separation to occur, we note that the most appropriate way to
approach this key point is along the interfaces, x/a"$a, as yP0. Thus, for the case of
uniform pressure, the value of  ($a, 0)" ($a, 0)"p /2 whilst for the uniform displace-
VV WW 
ment case an in"nite tension develops.

To these stress "elds must be added the residual compression, ! , left by the shrink-"t. It

follows that, for the constant displacement solution, no amount of interference (residual stress) can
inhibit separation, whilst for the uniform tension case contact is maintained provided that
p
! #  )0. (5)
 2
Thus, the condition for complete contact is
 1
* . (6)
p 2

 A. Mugadu, D.A. Hills / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 43 (2001) 1629}1641 1633

Note that this inequality assumes that the interface can support any value of shearing traction, and
that, for a "nite coe$cient of friction, this may prove not to be conservative. More complex
problems involving a variation of the residual stress,  , with depth could easily be studied by the

procedure to be described. It is kept constant here simply to reduce the number of independent
variables.

3. Unilateral solution

In order to model the behaviour (slip and separation) of the peg/half-plane interface, the method
of distributed dislocations, superposed on the bilateral solution, is used. Two di!erent types of
dislocation are employed: glide dislocations, having Burger's vector b , are used to model slip,
W
whilst climb dislocations, having Burger's vector b , are used to model separation. Full details of
V
the formulation of this type of problem are given in Ref. [3], and here only the essentials will be
given. It is important to note that the direct stress arising on the line (a, y) due to glide dislocation
installed at (a,
) is zero, and similarly the shear stress arising at (a, y) due to climb dislocation
installed at (a,
) is also zero. Thus, provided that the dimension a is much greater than the depth of
either slip or separation there is no inherent &coupling' in the solution, and the e!ects of separation
and slip may be treated entirely separately. This is the case which will be considered "rst. The
coupled problem will be investigated in a subsequent section.

3.1. Separation

From now on the coordinates normalised with respect to the half-width of the peg, a, and the
tractions with respect to the mean contact pressure, p . Applying the coordinate axes transforma-

tion shown in Fig. 1b, consider just the left side of the peg, x"0. If we place a dislocation of the
climb type (b ) at some point y"
, see Fig. 1c, the stress produced by the single dislocation is given
V
in Ref. [4] by
b (
)
 (0, y)" V K(y;
), (7)
VV
(#1)
where

 
1 1 2
4

K(y;
)"2 ! ! # and  (0, y)"0.
(y!
) (y#
) (y#
) (y#
) VW

Assuming that the depth of separation is b, the resultant direct traction at any point along the
line x"0 is given by the expression


 (y)  @
N(y)" VV # B (
)K(y;
) d
, (8)
p
(#1)p V
  
where  (y)/p is the stress state associated with the bilateral solution. N(y) may be set to zero in
VV 
the interval 0)y)b, as the interface between the peg and the block separate, and hence must be
1634 A. Mugadu, D.A. Hills / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 43 (2001) 1629}1641

traction free. The extent of the separation, b, is an unknown of the problem. We normalise the
interval of integration using the expressions u"2
/b!1 and v"2y/b!1 where u is the integra-
tion point and v the collocation point, and hence arrive at the following integral equation in
standard form:


 (v)  
VV # B (u)K(v, u) du"0 !1)v)1. (9)
p
(#1)p V
  \
Eq. (8) contains the Cauchy singular term (i.e. 1/(y!
)) and cannot be solved analytically. We
therefore employ a numerical technique * the Gauss Chebyshev quadrature. Before attempting to
write the discretised form of the equation, a decision has to be made about the behaviour of the
dislocation density B at the end points. In this particular case, the assumption is that B is
V V
bounded at both ends. Based on this, we can rewrite B as
V
B (u)"(u) (u)
V
"(u)(1!u. (10)
The discretised form of Eq. (9) becomes


 (v ) L (1!u) (u )
! VV I "  G G K(v ; u ) (11)
p (N#1)
(#1)p I G
 G 
with collocation and integration points given by


2k!1
v "cos
k"1,2, N#1,
I 2(N#1)


i
u "cos
i"1,2, N, (12)
G N#1
respectively. We have N#1 equations and N unknowns in the form of the unknown function,
(u ), and a further unknown, the ratio b/a. The solution is obtained by removing one equation,
G
usually the one at the N/2 position, guessing a value of b/a, then solving the remaining N;N
matrix using an appropriate routine. The value of b/a is adjusted until the omitted equation is
satis"ed. The above procedure was carried out for both uniform pressure and uniform displace-
ment traction distributions.

3.2. Slip

As stated, the problems of separation and slip are uncoupled if the integral equation is imposed
on a line normal to the free surface. So far, the e!ect of dislocations on both sides of the peg has not
been treated, and so we are now able to develop a second, independent integral equation for the

 Strictly speaking, this end behaviour enforces zero dislocation density at the end points. This is correct as yPb, but
not as yP0. However, the di!erence, associated with the generalised Cauchy nature of the kernel, is small, and has
a negligible e!ect on accuracy.
 A. Mugadu, D.A. Hills / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 43 (2001) 1629}1641 1635

problem of slip. Because of the inherent symmetry in the underlying elasticity solution, it turns out
that the e!ect of a glide dislocation at point (0,
) on shear traction arising at point (0, y) is precisely
the same as that given by the climb dislocation/direct traction equation, i.e.,
b
 (0, y)" W K(y;
), (13)
VW
(#1)
where K(y;
) is de"ned above and  (0, y)"0. The resulting shear traction at any point is
VV
therefore given by


 (y)  A
S(y)" VW # B (
) K(y;
) d
(14)
p
(#1)p W
  
As  (y)/p '0, there is a tendency for forward slip to occur, and so we use a piecewise form of
VW 
Coulomb's law of friction to express this as follows:
N(y)"S(y)"0 for 0)y(b, (15)
S(y)"!fN(y) for 0)y)c, (16)
where f is the coe$cient of friction. Inspection of the right-hand side of Eq. (16) reveals that we need
to evaluate N(y) only in the interval b)y)c, and that, in this interval, the integral in Eq. (8) is not
Cauchy, so that the evaluation points may be freely chosen. Their location will therefore be
dictated by the numerical solution of integral equation (14). In discretising this equation, we
assume that the glide dislocation density B , is bounded at the end points. The numerical solution
W
follows the same standard lines as those described above for the opening part of the calculation,
and will not be described in detail. Once again, there will be N#1 equations and N unknown
values of the dislocation density B , together with the unknown depth of slip, c/a, which is found by
W
iteration. Solutions for imposed uniform pressure and uniform displacement were found for
di!erent values of the coe$cient of friction.

4. Coupled solution

The e!ect of dislocations arising on both sides of the interface between the peg and the block
were taken into account for certain cases. It should be noted that the problem is now inherently
a great deal more complex, because both climb and glide dislocations modify both direct and
shearing tractions. However, one small simpli"cation is that, if we write down an integral equation
on the line x"0, say, the e!ect of dislocations (of either type) on the line x"!2a, Fig. 1b, is
strictly bounded, and no Cauchy term arises. Also, the solution is inherently symmetric (in the case
of climb dislocations) or anti-symmetric (in the case of glide dislocations). First, it is necessary to
introduce more general in#uence functions for the dislocations. The e!ect of a dislocation, having
a Burger's vector b , located at (0,
), on the stress state  (x, y) is given by
G HI
b (
)
 (x, y)" G G (x, y; 0,
), (17)
HI
(#1) GHI
and the functions G are given explicitly in Ref. [5].
GHI
1636 A. Mugadu, D.A. Hills / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 43 (2001) 1629}1641

4.1. Fully closed interface

As a "rst step in extending the solution range, we will consider the case of a peg loaded by
uniform tension, when the residual compression is su$ciently high to maintain closure along the
entire interface, i.e.,  /p * (at least for the no-slip case; it will transpire that the residual
  
compression must be higher for cases where there is signi"cant slip). The dislocation distributions
from each interface now have an e!ect on the shear traction distribution, which, on the line x"0, is
given by

  
 (y)  A A
S(y)" VW # B (
)K(y;
) d
# B(
)G (0, y;!2,
) d
, (18)
p
(#1)p W W WVW
   
where B(
) is the glide dislocation density on the interface x"!2 which is related to B (
) as;
W W
B (
)"!B(
) * due to the asymmetry in the shear traction distribution about the centre of the
W W
peg. The normal traction at any point on line x"0 is given by


 (y)  A
N(y)" VV # B(
)G (0, y;!2,
) d
. (19)
p
(#1)p W WVV
  
It should be emphasised that only the "rst integral in Eq. (18) is Cauchy, the second integral and
Eq. (19) contain only regular terms. There is a tendency for forward slip to occur, and hence
S(y)"!fN(y) over the interval 0)y)c. Thus,

  
 A A
B (
)K(y;
) d
# B(
)G (0, y;!2,
) d


(#1)p W W WVW
  

 
 (y)  (y)  A
# VW "!f VV # B(
)G (0, y;!2,
) d
. (20)
p p
(#1)p W WVV
   
Again, we assume that the glide dislocation density is bounded at both end points and the
implementation of the numerical quadrature follows exactly the same lines as for the uncoupled
slip problem.

4.2. Partially open interface

The last stage in development of the solution is to solve for combined slip and separation, taking
into account the e!ects of the glide and climb dislocations on either side of the peg/half-plane
interface. As there are now both climb and glide dislocations present on each interface the total
resultant direct traction on the line x"0 is given by



@
B (
)(K(y;
)#G (0, y;!2,
)) d
#
 (y)  V VVV
N(y)" VV #  . (21)

(#1)p

p
  A
B(
)G (0, y;!2,
) d

W WVV

 A. Mugadu, D.A. Hills / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 43 (2001) 1629}1641 1637

It should be noted here that the climb dislocation densities B (0,
) and B (!2,
), on either side of
V V
the peg, are equal in magnitude and direction in contrast to the case of glide dislocations mentioned
earlier. The "rst term in the "rst integral represents the e!ect of a climb dislocation at point (0,
)
and is singular in the interval 0)y(b. The second term represents the e!ect of a climb
dislocation on the opposite side of the peg, i.e. x"!2, whilst the second integral gives the e!ect of
glide dislocations also on the opposite side of the peg. Recall that a glide dislocation at (0,
) has no
e!ect on the normal traction * hence the absence of the term G (y;
). Similarly, the shear
WVV
traction at any point on the line x"0 is given by the expression



A
B (
)(K(y;
)!G (0, y;!2,
)) d
#
 (y)  W WVW
S(y)" VW #  . (22)


p
(#1)p @
  B (
)G (0, y;!2,
) d

V VVW

The requirement that the direct traction vanish over the interval 0)y(b gives rise to the
following equation, from Eq. (21)



@
B (
)(K(y;
)#G (0, y;!2,
))#
 (y)  V VVV
! VV "  , (23)

(#1)p

 AB(
)G (0, y;!2,
)
p

W WVV

whilst forward slip in the interval 0)y)c gives


 A
B (
)(K(y;
)!G (0, y;!2,
)!fG (0, y;!2,
)) d


(#1)p W WVW WVV
 


 @
# B (
)(G (0, y;!2,
)#f (K(y;
)#G (0, y;!2,
))) d


(#1)p V VVW VVV
 
 (y)  (y)
"! VW !f VV . (24)
p p
 
Only the "rst term in the "rst integral in each integral equation (21) and (22) is singular, whilst the
remainder of the terms are regular. Bounded both ends solutions are sought for the two equations,
using the standard quadrature described above. The location of the integration points for each
integral are determined by the singular terms, and a con#ict of the collocation points is avoided by
noting that the e!ect of climb dislocations is regular in the interval b)y)c. Two simultaneous
sets of linear algebraic equations are thus generated, which include the two side conditions
enabling b/a and c/a to be found.

5. Results

The coe$cients of friction f used in the numerical work are 0.1, 0.3 and 0.6. First, the results for
the extent of opening and slip, for the case of imposed uniform tension are plotted, in Fig. 2. Several
1638 A. Mugadu, D.A. Hills / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 43 (2001) 1629}1641

Fig. 2. Results of b/a and c/a against  /p for imposed uniform tension.
 

sets of values are shown: the curve marked simply &b/a' is the extent of opening in the uncoupled
case, whilst when a coe$cient of friction is added this indicated a fully coupled solution. The depth
of slip penetration, c/a, is shown for both uncoupled and fully coupled solutions. Notice that the
residual compressive stress  /p , must be signi"cantly greater than  in magnitude, to ensure
  
closure along the entire interface, when slip is permitted and the e!ect of coupling is taken into
account. The e!ect of coupling is, of course, more severe when more slip is permitted, and, with
a coe$cient of friction of only 0.1, the dimensionless residual stress must be at least 0.75
(approximately), in order for all separation to be averted. Turning to the slip results, the family of
lines for the uncoupled solution span both the fully closed and partially closed regimes, and the
corresponding point of separation is uniquely determined by the &b/a' curve. When a coupled
solution for the extent of slip is sought, the curve found from the formulation in Section 4.1 is
appropriate when complete closure is predicted, and that from Section 4.2 when the interface is
partially open. It will be seen that there is a seamless transition between the two curves.
The results for imposed uniform displacement are shown in Fig. 3. The earlier observation that
for any "nite value of  /p , there would always be separation is evident, and the general trends of
 
the e!ects of the coe$cient of friction and coupling, mirror those described above.
The results for imposed uniform tension and uniform displacement are compared in Figs. 4 and
5: this display of the results is important because it shows the range of values bracketed by the
bounding forms of the assumed traction distribution across the peg. Fig. 4 compares the opening
displacements b/a using the results from Section 4.2. Here it is seen that for low values of  /p the
 
di!erence between the predicted values of the degree of opening is small (imposed uniform pressure
 A. Mugadu, D.A. Hills / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 43 (2001) 1629}1641 1639

Fig. 3. Results of b/a and c/a against  /p for imposed uniform displacement.
 

Fig. 4. Comparison of b/a against  /p for imposed uniform tension and uniform displacement * fully coupled.
 
1640 A. Mugadu, D.A. Hills / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 43 (2001) 1629}1641

Fig. 5. Comparison of c/a against  /p for imposed uniform tension and uniform displacement * fully coupled.
 

and displacement), this di!erence increasing with increase in the shrink ratio. Furthermore, the
shrink ratio at which the curves begin to diverge, increases with a decrease in f. This general trend
is to be expected. The value of the extent of opening is sensitive to the stress state near the
opening/closure transition point. When this is remote from the free surface St. Venant's principle
applies, and the two nominal stress "elds developed are similar. Fig. 5 compares the depths of slip
penetration c/a. As in Fig. 4, for low values of  /p the plots nearly coincide, with a noticeable
 
increase in the divergence as the shrink ratio increases. Here too, the shrink ratio at which
appreciable divergence is seen increases with decrease in f, and again, an explanation of the trend
towards convergence for long slip zones is found in St. Venant's principle.

6. Conclusion

From the results obtained a number of general conclusions can be drawn.

1. A comparison of the results of imposed uniform tension and imposed uniform displacement
illustrates St. Venant's principle. For low coe$cients of friction and/or low shrink ratios the two
are seen to produce practically identical results, whilst at higher shrink ratios and/or higher
coe$cients of friction, a signi"cant degree of divergence can be seen. Under the latter set of
conditions, it may be necessary to do a full "nite element study of the problem in order to "nd
 A. Mugadu, D.A. Hills / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 43 (2001) 1629}1641 1641

the nominal stress state in the block, in the absence of slip. Although it would then be possible to
model the slip and opening by FEM, a much more e$cient procedure would be to use the
formulation given here, but with the FEM predicted values of  /p . In engineering practice, the
GH 
bounding solutions are most precise when a lightly clamped peg is employed.
2. The convergence of the results of opening and slip, when only one side is considered, Sections 3.1
and 3.2, and the results when both interfaces are considered, Section 4.2, supports the earlier
assumption that as long as the depth of separation and/or slip is small compared to a * the
half-width of the peg, i.e., b/a(c/a;1 the degree of coupling is negligible, and for practical
purposes may be ignored.

References

[1] Williams ML. Stress singularities resulting from various boundary conditions in angular corners of plates in
extension. Journal of Applied Mechanics 1952;19:526}8.
[2] Timoshenko SP, Goodier JN. Theory of Elasticity. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1951.
[3] Hills DA, Kelly PA, Dai DN, Korsunsky AM. Solution of crack problems. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers,
1996.
[4] Dundurs J, Sendeckyj GP. Behaviour of an edge dislocation near a bimetallic interface. Journal of Applied Physics
1965;36:3353}4.
[5] Nowell D, Hills DA. Open cracks at or near free edges. Journal of Strain Analysis 1987;22(3):177}85.