FAKULTAS TEKNIK - UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MEDAN

JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN

UNIT 4
Website Fakultas: http://ft.unimed.ac.id

READING COMPREHENSION
MECHANISM
Mechanism is an important part of everyday life. They allow us to do simple thing like switch on light, turn
taps and open doors. They also make it possible tu use escalators and lifts, travel in cars, and fly from
continent to continent.
Mechanism plays a vital role in industry. While many industrial processes have electronic control
system, it is still mechanism that deliver the power to do the work. They provide the forces to press steel
sheets into car body panels, to lift large components from place to place, to force plkastic through dies to
make pipes.
All mechanism involve same kinds of motion. The four basic kinds of motions are:
Rotary: Wheels, gears and rollers involve rotary movement.
Oscillating: The pendulum of clock oscillates- it swing backward and forward.
Linear: The linear movement of paper trimmer is used to cut the edge of the paper.
Reciprocating: The piston in a combustion engine reciprocates.
Many mechanism involve changing one kind of motion into another type. For example, the
resiprocating motion of a piston is changed into a rotary motion by the crankshaft, while a cam converts the
rotary motion of the engine into the reciprocating motion required to operate the valves.

INCREASE YOUR VOCABULARY

Dealing with technical terms
One of the difficult things about English of engineering is that there are many technical terms to
learn. Newer terms may be the same, or almost the same, in our language. But many terms will be quite
different and you may not always remember them. When this happens, you will have to use whatever
English you know to make your meaning clear.
The same thing may happen in reverse when you know a technical term but the person you are
communicating with does not recognize it. This may happen in the Speaking practice tasks in this book.
Again, when this happens you will have to make your meaning clear using other words.
The technical words in coloumn A are similar in meaning to the more general English in coloumn B. Match them!

A B

1. oscillates a. changes

2. rotates b. large, thin, flat pieces

3. reciprocates c. moving stairs

4. has a linear motion d. goes round and round

5. converts e. movement

6. motion f. goes in a line

7. escalator g. swing backwards and forwards

8. sheets h. goes up and down

Can you find any other words or phrases which also express?
1. play a vital role
2. make it possible to
 FAKULTAS TEKNIK - UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MEDAN

JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN

UNIT 4
Website Fakultas: http://ft.unimed.ac.id

Language use:
Sentence Connectors
When we write, we may have to describe, explain, argue, persuade, complain, etc. In all of these forms of writing, we
use ideas. To make our writing effective, we have to make sure our reader can follow our ideas. One way of helping
our readers is to make the links between the ideas of our writing.
1. Since:
Mechanism are important to us since they allow us to travel.
2. So:
Mechanism deliver the power to do work so they play a vital role in industry.
3. Therefore:
Mechanism deliver the power to do work, therefore, they play a vital role in industry.
4. But:
Friction is sometimes a help but it is often a hindrance.

READING COMPREHENSION
MAGNETS, MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC FIELDS
Magnets are objects that attract anything containg iron, cobalt, or nickel. Magnets occur naturally but can also
be made artificially, by stroking a piece of steel with another magnet, for example. Every magnet has two zones, called
its north-seeking and south_seeking poles, where its attraction is strongest. Magnetized material are made up of
millions of atomis-sized magnets, called domains. The north-seeking poles of these domains all ppoint the same way.
When an electric current is passed through a conducting wire, the wire becomes a magnet. This effect lasts
while the electric current runs through the wire but stop as soon as it is switched off. The magnetic properties of a
wire can be made stronger by twisting a wire into a coil and wrapping it around abar of iron to make an electromagnet.
The strength of an electromagnet can be insreased by making its coil fron a longer piece of wire, or by passing a larger
current through it.
The study of the relationship between electricity and magnetism is called electromagnetism. In the everyday
world, electricity and magnetism apperar as seperate phenomena, but they are in face two aspects of the same
fundamental force. For example, an electric current passing through a wire creates a magnetic field. If the lines of
force around a magnet are cutbby a moving conductor, an electrical current will be produced. These, and other such
phenomena, form the basis of much of todays’s technology.
The earth is like a giant magnet. Its magnetic field extends up to about 80.500 kilometers (50.000 miles) into
space. The geografic North and South Poles are not in the same place as the magnetic poles. This is because the Earth’s
magnetic field keeps moving. No one really knows why the earth acts as a giant magnet. One theory suggestd that
electric current flowing arouns molten metal at the Earth’s core make the Earth magnetic. It is thought that some birds
use this magnetism to navigate.
Fields are a way to understanding how forces act at a distance from one another. A force is a vector quantity:
it has both magnitude and direction. The region of magnetic attractions and repilsions around a magnet is known as a
magnetis field. Lines of force are a visual methos of representing the magnitude and strength of a magnitude field (or
anny othet field) at a particular point in space.
The idea of a magnetic field was proposed by Michael Faraday, who did not accept the ideas of action at a
distance. The magnetic field is also called the magnetic flux density, or magnetic induction.
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JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN

UNIT 4
Website Fakultas: http://ft.unimed.ac.id

The strength of magnetic field can be given a numerical value by defining the magnetic force at a point in the
field. The unit of magnetic field strength is the Tesla (T), where one Tesla is the strength of the field that produces a
force of one Newton on a conductor of length one meter carrying a current of one Amp perpendicular to the direction
of the magnetic field. The strongest magnetic fields are those in superconducting solenoids, which can have strengths
of up to 20T over small values. Much stronger fields than this can be produced, but only in short times.
The strength, and sometimes the direction, of a magnetic field can be measured using an instrument called a
magnetometer. The simplest type of agnetometer was devised by Karl Gause in 1832. This instrument was simply a
permanent bar magnet suspended by a gold thread, which oscillated backward and forward with simple harmonic
motion. The strength of the Earth magnetic field couls be found by measuring the period of oscillation of the bar
magnet.

True/False
Decide if these statement are True or False
1. Magnets can force anything consist of iron, or nickel.
2. Domains are materials of millions of atomic-sized magnet.
3. The areas around a magnet have a magnet field.
4. An electric current in a conductor produces a magnet field.
5. A magnet field is composed of lines of forces

Completing
Complete this following sentences using one suitable words from the box

Artificial strength conductor weaker shape

Devices than stronger composed forces

1. Magnets have -------- is called natural magnet.

2. Magnet can be formed bu putting a piece of steel on another magnet is known as---- magnet.
3. The strength of the magnetic field depends on the ----- of the current and the ----- of conductor.
4. A straight conductor has a much ----- magnetic field than a coil.
5. Although a loop conductor has a mush weaker magnetic field ----- a coiled conductor, it has a ----- than a
straight one.
6. ------- have both magnitude and direction.
7. The magnetic field is ------ of lines of force.
8. The strength of a magnetic field can be measured by using magnetic ------
 FAKULTAS TEKNIK - UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MEDAN

JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN

UNIT 4
Website Fakultas: http://ft.unimed.ac.id

Matching
Now write as many definitions as you can using the following coloumn :
A vector quantity straight line can extend a body
A load force has magnitude and direction
A linear dimension unit represents a vector quantity
A vector a compressive force dimension is a product of basic units
A derived unit physical quantity can be measured in a straight line
can stress or compress a body
can compress a body
Language Use
Study these sentences:
1. A linear dimension is a dimension which can be measured in a straight line.
2. The region of magnetic attraction and repulsions around a magnetic is known as a magnetic field.
3. Magnetized materials are made up of millions of atomic-sized magnets, called domains.

READING COMPREHENSION
FRICTION
1 Whenever one surface moves over another, a force is set up which resists the movement. 2 This
force, which we call friction, always opposes motion. 3 It exists in every machine. 4 It can be reduced by
lubrication but never completely removed. 5 In general, the force opposing motion is slightly greater before
one surface starts moving over another surface than after movement has started. 6 This slightly greater force
is called static friction. 7 The force which must be overcome to keep one surface moving over another is
known as sliding friction. 8 Static is greater than sliding friction.
9 The value of sliding friction depends on the nature of the two surfaces which touch each other.
10Thus friction between two rough planks can be lessened if they are made smooth. 11 Sliding friction is

independent of the area of surface in contact. 12 In theory a small brake pad will exert as much braking force
as a large one of greater surface area. 13 In practice a small pad will wear down more quickly and therefore
is not used. 14 One other law of friction should be noted. 15 We can make the normal reaction between two
surface in contact twice as large by doubling the mass carried by one surface. 16 If we do so we find that
sliding friction between the surface is also doubled. 17 If we halve the mass carried, sliding friction is also
halved. 18 This shows that sliding friction is proportional to reaction between the surface in contact.

Write a solution to the statements below as the analogical statement

Example :
1. Friction always occurs when there is movement between surface
Solution for analogical statement :
Whenever one surface moves over another, a force is set up which resists the movement (1)
Whenever = always
i.e. When there is a movement between two surface a force is always set up.
This force, which we call friction ........ (2)
i.e. The force which is set up is called friction
 Friction always occurs when there is movement between surface
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JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN

UNIT 4
Website Fakultas: http://ft.unimed.ac.id

2. We can remove all sliding friction by lubricating moving surface

3. To start a body moving requires a greater force than to keep it moving
4. Sliding friction opposes motion
5. Friction is a force
6. When the area of surface in contact is increased, sliding friction between them is increased
7. Large brake pads are used instead of a small ones because they exert a greater braking force.
8. Sliding friction between rough planks is greater than between smooth planks
9. If the mass of a body sliding over another is increased, the sliding friction force between them will also increase
10. If we halve the area of surfaces in contact, we will halve the sliding friction between the surface.

Re-phrasing
Re-write the following, replacing the words printed in italics and underline with expressions from the
passage which have a similar meaning

1. Friction always resists motion

2. Friction can be lessened by oiling the moving surfaces.
3. The force which must be overcome to keep one surface moving over another is smaller than static
friction.
4. Moving surface which touch each other must be lubricated
5. If the areas in contact are made twice as large the force of sliding friction will remain the same.
6. Friction opposes movement

Contextual reference
1. In sentence 2 , ‘ this force’ refer to :
a. the force which resist the movement
b. the force which move one surface over another
2. In sentence 3 , ‘ it ’ refers to :
a. friction b. motion
3. In sentence 4 , ‘ it ’ refers to :
a. a machine b. friction
4. In sentence 10 , ‘ they ’ refers to :
a. the two surface
b. two rough planks
c. sliding and static friction
5. In sentence 12 , ‘ one ’ refers to :
a. braking force
b. brake pad
c. a law of friction
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JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN

UNIT 4
Website Fakultas: http://ft.unimed.ac.id

Relationships between statements

Place the following expressions in the sentences indicated. Replace and reorder the words in the sentences
where necessary. Where two sentences are indicated, join the using the expression given.
a. on the other hand (7)
b. whereas ( 6+7 )
c. in more general terms (8)
d. for instance (10)
e. therefore (12)
f. although ( 12 + 13 )
g. however (13)
h. similarly (17)
i. we can conclude (18)
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JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN

UNIT 4
Website Fakultas: http://ft.unimed.ac.id

Instructions and results

Copy the column of instructions below in your notebook. Then write down and complete the result column
using the information from the reading passage. Sentence 1 has been completed for you as the example.
instruction results
1. Place a smooth roller on an inclined plane The roller rolls down the plane
2. Push a table across a rough floor A force is set up which ............... motion
3. Double the forces pressing two moving Sliding friction between the two surface is ...
surface together
4. Lubricate two moving surface Sliding friction ........

5. Grease the surface of a shaft rotating in Sliding friction .......

bearing

6. Measure the force required to start the We find that the force ........... is greater
block moving and measure the force than the force ...............
required to keep the block moving
7. Lay the block on side A and measure the We find that the force ....... is .........
force required to keep the block moving
8. Add a 1 kg mass to the block and measure We find that the force ....... is .........
the force required to keep the block
moving
9. Substitute a glass sheet for the friction We find that the force required to keep the
board and measure the force required to block moving .............
keep the block moving

Making the observations

When we state the result of following instruction, we make an observation. We can write an observation in several
different ways. Look at these examples :
a. using when : When we push against a small object it moves
b. putting the result first : A small object moves if we push against it
c. using the passive : If a small object is pushed against, it moves
A small object moves when it is pushed against
Combine the instructions and results to make the observations refer to the example above
 FAKULTAS TEKNIK - UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MEDAN

JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN

UNIT 4
Website Fakultas: http://ft.unimed.ac.id

Short-form relative clauses

We have seen that if two sentences each contain a noun phrase, and the noun phrases refer to the same
thing, then the sentences can be joined together by a relative pronoun like which. To understand more
about this clauses make a review on exercise unit 4a and 4b as the home work reference

Exampel : The block is resting on a plane

The plane is inclined at an angle of 300 to the horizontal
= The block is resting on a plane which is inclined at an angle of 30 0 to the horizontal

We can make this sentence shorter by omitting ‘which is’

= The block is resting on a plane inclined at an angle of 30 0 to the horizontal

In the same way we can omit which is form the following sentence:
The plane which is flying at an altitude of 2,140 metres is subjected to pressures of 80 kN/m2

The plane flying at an altitude of 2,140 metres is subjected to pressures of 80 kN/m2

Now join the following sentence pairs omitting which whenever possible. In each case indicate whether the
relative clause is a defining or a non-defining clause.

1. Steel ..... are known as alloy steels

These steels are mixed with one or more metallic elements.

2. Tests ...... are of two kinds-test to destruction and tests within the elastic limit.
These tests are applied to materials.

3. The power developed by the generator ...... is 20 kW

The generator is revolving at 1,000 rev/min

4. A dockside crane, ..... , has a safe working load of 3 x 10 3 kg.

The crane is mounted on a set of rails

5. The distance ...... is plotted on a graph agains time taken

The distance is travelled by a moving load.

6. These forces constitute a tensile stress, ....... , which acts around the circumference of the cylinder.
This stress is known as hoop stress.

7. The force .... was found to be 1,200 N

The force was exerted on the clamps.

8. Bridges, roof trusses and cranes are structures ......

Such structures are designed to resist forces.
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UNIT 4
Website Fakultas: http://ft.unimed.ac.id

Look at this example : The steel beams are welded together

The beams form the chasis of the truck
We can join these sentences in two ways:
a) The steel beams which form the chassis of the truck are welded together
or
b) The steel beams forming the chassis of the truck are welded together

1. In sentence b we have made the relative clause shorter by omitting which and changing the verb to its
-ing form. What kind of relative clause does the sentence ? a containing –defining or non-defining ?

2. If the relative clause containing which + a verb in the simple present we can omit which and change
the verb to its -ing form. This rule can be applied if :
a) the clause is a defining one
or
b) the verb is a verb of state

Verbs of state describe states not actions like ‘work’ or ‘run’. The most common verbs of state in engineering
are : measure , weigh , consist , contain , hold , form

Now join the following sentence pairs omitting which wherever possible. In each case indicate whether the
relative clause is defining or non-defining and underline verbs of state.

1. XY is a steel shaft ......

It carries a 300 mm diameter eccentric gear.

2. A flywheel, ...... , has a diameter od 1.6 m

The flywheel consists of a cast iron rim which is connected to a boss by spokes.

3. The driving belt, ......, is 9 mm thick

It transmits power to pulleys

4. The towers, ..... , support the main section of the bridge.

The towers weigh a thousand tonnes each.

5. The tapping head has a spring clutch, ......

The clutch allows the tap to slip without breaking when the load becomes excessive.

6. Grooving tools, ....., are made of high-speed steel.

Grooving tools cut slots or keyways.

7. The main shaft of the lathe drives the lubricant pump......

The pump supplies cooling fluid at the tool cutting tip.

8. Bronze ...... is called phosphor bronze

This bronze contains 0,8% phosphorus.
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JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN

UNIT 4
Website Fakultas: http://ft.unimed.ac.id

3. When the relative clause contains which + have we can shorten it in two ways. Look at the following
example below :
Two steel sheets have a tickness of 3mm each
Two steel sheets are joined by rivets
≡ Twoo steel sheets which have a thickness of 3 mm each are joined by rivets
a) Twoo steel sheets having a thickness of 3 mm each are joined by rivets
or
b) Twoo steel sheets with a thickness of 3 mm each are joined by rivets

Now join these sentence pais and omit which wherever possible.
1) Grey cast iron is asoft closed-grained cast iron.......
This cast iron has a relatively low melting point.

2) A diesel engine ...... is called a slow-speed diesel.

This engine has a running speed of 75 to 250 rev/min.

3) A dockside crane ..... is mounted on a set of rails.

The crane has a safe working load of 2,000 kg.

4) A milling machine ..... is known as a universal milling machine

This machine has a swivelling table.

NOUN MODIFICATION
In unit 3 we have studied a number of noun compounds. Another common way of modifying a noun can be
seen in the following example :
The load is distributed uniformly
It is an uniformly distributed load

Now re-write the following sentences in the same way

1) The load was applied suddenly

2) The force are perfectly matched
3) The bar is fixed rigidly
4) The material corrodes easily
5) The surface treatment was developed recently
6) The crane hook is stressed heavily
7) The salt bath furnace is heated externally
8) The force was exerted deliberately
9) We work the forging plastically
10) The tool drum is controlled automatically.
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JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN

UNIT 4
Website Fakultas: http://ft.unimed.ac.id

Making recomendations base on a graph

Study the following graph, which shows recommended speeds for carbon drills on soft steel.
When we make recommendations we use should or ought to

Example :
For 40 mm drills a speed of 60 rev/min should be used.
or
For 40 mm drills a speed of 60 rev/min ought to be used

Now using the graph, write similar sentences giving the

recommended speeds for drills of the following
diameters.
1. 20 mm
2. 25 mm
3. 50 mm
4. 12.5 mm
5. 30 mm
6. 15 mm

Making recomendations base on a table

The tabel opposite shows recommmended shaft limits for ball bearings of different bores :

We can use this table to write recommendations.

Examples .
The shaft limits for a ball bearing of 15 mm bore should be
15.005 mm and 14.997 mm

The shaft limits for a ball bearing of 80 mm bore ought to be

80.023 mm and 79.995 mm for heavily loaded shaft and
80.016 mm and 79.997 mm for lightly loaded shaft.

Now write similar sentence giving the recommended shaft

limits for the following :

1. a bearing of 10 mm bore
2. a bearing of 30 mm bore
3. a bearing of 60 mm bore for a lightly loaded shaft
4. a bearing of 110 mm bore for a heavily loaded shaft
5. a bearing of 65 mm bore for both a heavily loaded and a
lightly loaded shaft
 FAKULTAS TEKNIK - UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MEDAN

JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN

UNIT 4
Website Fakultas: http://ft.unimed.ac.id

Sentence and Paragraf building

See the exercise for unit 4c from Oxford Practice Grammar -John Eastwood to build the sentence and
paragraf building .

Join the following groups of sentence to make eight longer sentences. You are given some, but not all, of
the connecting words which you will need. You may omit or change words where you think it is necessary,
and you should provide appropriate punctuation. When you have finished, the eight sentence should make
a logical paragraph

1. Although/When
The surface of a block of polished steel may seem perfectly flat.
We examine the surface with a powerful microscope.
We see that the surface is covered with tiny ‘hills and valley’.

2. If
We bring two steel surface together.
The surface will touch at only a few points.
These points are where one set of ‘hill’ meets another set.

3. Because/so.... that
The total mass of the steel is concentrated at these points
The pressure on the points is great
The pressure causes the points of contract to weld together.

4. We apply a force to make one block of steel move over another block.
We must first break the tiny welds.
The blocks will move

5. For this reason

To start a surface moving over another surface requires a force.
This force is greater than the force required to keep the surface in motion

6. The greater force represents static friction

The smaller force represents sliding friction.

7. One block slides over another

The two surface scrape against each other.
This breaks off tiny pieces from each surface.

8. However, If
We lubricate the two surfaces.
Oil fills the tiny valleys.
The surface do not weld together.
One block can move over the other.

Now turn to the free reading comprehension passage and compare the paragraph you have written with
the second paragraph in that passage
 FAKULTAS TEKNIK - UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MEDAN

JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN

UNIT 4
Website Fakultas: http://ft.unimed.ac.id

READING COMPREHENSION
Read the following passage in your own time. If they are any words you do not know, look them up in your
dictionary. Try to find additional examples of the points you have studied in this and other units.

LUBRICATION

Friction can be useful. For example, the screw-jack depends on friction between the body of the screw and
the jack to prevent it running back under heavy loads. Belt drives depend on friction to prevent slipping.
Brakes and vices are further example for future example of useful aplications of friction. On the other hand,
friction in machines causes loss of power. Twenty per cent of the power of a motor car is wasted in
overcoming friction. Engineers try therefore to reduce friction as much as possible by good design. They
can also use materials with a low coefficient of friction such for devices such as bearings. The third method
used for reducing friction is lubrication.
Although the surface of a block of polished steel may seem perfectly flat, when we examine it through
a powerful microscope we see that it is covered with tiny ‘hills and valleys’. If we bring two steel surface
together, they will touch at only a few points where one set of ‘hill’ meets another set. Because the total
mass of the steel is concentrated at these points, the pressure on the points is great that it causes the points
of contract to weld together. When we apply a force to make one block of steel move over another block,
we must first break the tiny welds before the blocks will move. For this reason, to start a surface moving
over another surface requires a force greater than the force required to keep the surface in motion. This
greater force represents static friction whereas the smaller force represents sliding friction. When one block
slides over another the two surface scrape against each other, breaking off tiny pieces from each surface.
However, If we lubricate the two surfaces, oil fills the tiny valleys so that the surface do not weld together
and one block can move over the other.
Lubrication, then, reduces friction and because the surface do not scrape against each other it
reduces wear on the material. Although dryfriction can be eliminate in this way, some power will still be
lost dependingon the thickness of the lubricant used. Thus if the oil is too thick the lubricant itself will offer
some resistance to motion. Selection of the correct lubricant depends on many factors, chief among which
are the operating speeds of the machinery which is lubricated and the temperature range within which the
machine must operate.

Questions

1. Explain how a screw-jack depends on friction

2. Why is it important that friction is high between a belt and a pulley wheel?
3. What are the disadvantages of friction ?
4. Why do two polished steel surface weld to gether only at a few points?
5. Why is static friction between steel surfaces greater than sliding friction?
6. Howdoes oil reduce friction?
7. Why cannot power loss be eliminated by lubrication?
8. What factors influence the choice of a lubricant?