Week 5

Fundaments of Diego A. Torres G.

Oscillations, Waves datorresg@unal.edu.co
@datorresg1977
and Optics - 1000020

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
 Coupled Oscillators
With the initial conditions

x1 (0) = A ẋ1 (0) = 0

x2 (0) = 0 ẋ2 (0) = 0

It can be shown that:

✓ 0
◆ ✓ 0
◆
!p + ! ! !p
x1 (t) =A cos t cos t
2 2

✓ 0
◆ ✓ 0
◆
!p + ! ! !p
x2 (t) =A sin t sin t
2 2
Coupled Oscillators
✓ 0
◆ ✓ 0
◆
!p + ! ! !p
x1 (t) = A cos t cos t
2 2

✓ 0
◆ ✓ 0
◆
!p + ! ! !p
x2 (t) = A sin t sin t
2 2
The Coupled Pendula

A normal mode is also

the natural frequency
of the system.
The Coupled Pendula
mẍ1 = T1 sin(✓1 ) + T2 sin(✓2 )

mẍ2 = T2 sin(✓2 )
The Coupled Pendula
mẍ1 = T1 sin(✓1 ) + T2 sin(✓2 )

mẍ2 = T2 sin(✓2 )
g
!02 =
l
x1
sin(✓1 ) =
l
x2 x1
sin(✓2 ) =
l
T1 ⇡2mg
T2 ⇡mg
The Coupled Pendula
mẍ1 = T1 sin(✓1 ) + T2 sin(✓2 )

mẍ2 = T2 sin(✓2 )
You can show that

2 2
ẍ1 + 3!0 x1 !0 x2 =0

2 2
ẍ2 !0 x1 + !0 x2 =0
The Coupled Pendula
We can suppose these solutions:

x1 =C1 cos(!t)
x2 =C2 cos(!t)
No damping means = 0, or =⇡
The Coupled Pendula
We can suppose these solutions:

x1 =C1 cos(!t)
x2 =C2 cos(!t)
No damping means = 0, or =⇡
You can show that

2 2 2
C1 (3!0 ! ) C 2 !0 =0
2 2
C 1 !0 + C2 (!0 ! ) =0
 Cramer’s Rule
For a system of equations

a1 x + b1 y + c1 z =d1
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z =d2
a3 x + b3 y + c3 z =d3
 Cramer’s Rule
For a system of equations We can define the determinant
2 3
a1 x + b1 y + c1 z =d1 a1 b1 c1
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z =d2 D = 4a2 b2 c2 5
a3 b3 c3
a3 x + b3 y + c3 z =d3

2 3
a1 b1 c1
4a2 b2 c2 5 = a1 (b2 · c3 c 2 · b3 ) b1 (a2 · c3 c2 · a3 ) + c1 (a2 · b3 b2 · a 3 )
a3 b3 c3
 Cramer’s Rule
For a system of equations We can define the determinant
a1 x + b1 y + c1 z =d1 2 3
a1 b1 c1
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z =d2 D = 4a2 b2 c2 5
a3 x + b3 y + c3 z =d3 a3 b3 c3

The values for x, y and z are

2 3 2 3 2 3
d1 b1 c1 a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1
4 d2 b2 c2 5 4a2 d2 c2 5 4a2 b2 d2 5
d3 b3 c3 a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3
x= y= z=
D D D
The Coupled Pendula
C1 (! 2 3!02 ) C2 !02 =0

C1 !02 + C2 (!02 ! 2 ) =0

The determinant


(3!02 !2 ) !02
D= 2 2 2
!0 (!0 ! )
The Coupled Pendula
The determinant = 0 give to us information on
the normal modes


(3!02 !2 ) !02
D= =0
!02 2
(!0 ! ) 2

D = (3!02 ! 2 )(!02 !2 ) (!02 )2 = 0

p
! = (2 2)!02
Frequency of normal modes
p
!+ = (2 + 2)!02
The Coupled Pendula
For the First Normal Mode
p
! = (2 2)!02

C1 (! 2 3!02 ) C2 !02 = 0
C2 p
=1+ 2
C1

x1 (t) = C1 cos(! · t)
p
x2 (t) = C1 (1 + 2) cos(! · t)
The Coupled Pendula
For the Second Normal Mode

p
!+ = (2 + 2)!02

C1 (3!02 !2 ) C2 !02 = 0
C2 p
=1 2
C1

x1 (t) = C1 cos(!+ · t)
p
x2 (t) = C2 (1 2) cos(!+ · t)
The Drived Coupled Pendula
mẍ1 = T1 sin(✓1 ) + T2 sin(✓2 )

mẍ2 = T2 sin(✓2 )
2 g
!0 =
l
x1 µ The only
sin(✓1 ) = change is this!
l
x2 x1
sin(✓2 ) =
l
T1 ⇡2mg
T2 ⇡mg
The Drived Coupled Pendula
2mg mg
mẍ1 (x1 µ) + x2 = 0
l l
mg
mẍ2 + (x2 x1 ) = 0
l

ẍ1 + 3!02 x1 !02 x2 = 2!02 µ0 cos(!t)

ẍ2 + 3!02 x2 !02 x1 = 0
The Drived Coupled Pendula
2mg mg
mẍ1 (x1 µ) + x2 = 0
l l
mg
mẍ2 + (x2 x1 ) = 0
l

ẍ1 3!02 x1 !02 x2 = 2!02 µ0 cos(!t)

2 2
ẍ2 + !0 x2 !0 x1 =0

We can suppose these solutions:

x1 =C1 cos(!t)
x2 =C2 cos(!t)
The Drived Coupled Pendula

2 2 2 2
( ! + 3!0 )C1 !0 C 2 =2!0 µ0

2 2 2
!0 C 1 + C2 (!0 ! ) =0


3!02 !2 !02
D= 2 2 2
!0 !0 !
The Drived Coupled Pendula
 2 2 2
3!0 ! !0
D=
!02 !02 !2
 2 2
2!0 µ0 !0
!02 ! 2
0
C1 =
 2 D
3!0 ! 2 2!02 µ0
!02 0
C2 =
D
The Drived Coupled Pendula

2
p p
! = (2 2)!02 and 2
!+ = (2 + 2)!02

2!02 µ0 (!02 ! 2 )
C1 2
(! ! 2 )(! 2 !+ 2)

2!04 µ0
C2
(! 2 ! 2 )(! 2 2)
!+
Coupled Springs with Driving Force

µ(t) = x0 cos(!t)

mẍ1 = k(x1 µ) + k(x2 x1 )

mẍ2 = k(x2 x1 ) + k(x3 x2 )
mẍ3 = k(x3 x2 ) + kx3
Coupled Springs with Driving Force

µ(t) = x0 cos(!t) p
2 2
!1 =(2 2)!s
2 2
mẍ1 = k(x1 µ) + k(x2 x1 ) !2 =2!s
2
p 2
mẍ2 = k(x2 x1 ) + k(x3 x2 ) !3 =(2 + 2)!s
mẍ3 = k(x3 x2 ) + kx3
Coupling a Large Number of Oscillators

For the solutions we will make two suppositions:

1) The length l will not change.
2) Tension will not change.
Coupling a Large Number of Oscillators

mÿP = T sin( P ) + T sin( p )

y P yP 1 yP +1 YP
= T +T
l l
Coupling a Large Number of Oscillators

2 2 2 T
y¨P + 2!0 yP !0 (yP +1 + yP 1) =0 !0
ml
Coupling a Large Number of Oscillators
Trial function

yP = AP cos(!t)

2 2 2
! A1 + 2!0 A1 !0 (A2 + A0 ) =0
2 2 2
! A2 + 2!0 A2 !0 (A3 + A1 ) =0
Generalization .......
2 2 2
! AP + 2!0 AP !0 (AP +1 + AP 1) =0
Coupling a Large Number of Oscillators

✓ ◆
P n⇡
AP,n =Cn sin
N +1
✓ ◆
1p⇡
n=1! AP,1 = C1 sin
N +1
✓ ◆
2p⇡
n=2! AP,2 = C2 sin
N +1
Coupling a Large Number of Oscillators

(2!02 ! 2 ) AP +1 + AP 1
=
!0 AP

✓ ◆
P n⇡
AP,n =Cn sin
N +1
✓ ◆
1p⇡
n=1! AP,1 = C1 sin
N +1
✓ ◆
2p⇡
n=2! AP,2 = C2 sin
N +1
Coupling a Large Number of Oscillators

(2!02 ! 2 ) AP +1 + AP 1
=
!0 AP

This is a wave!!!!

✓ ◆
P n⇡
AP,n = Cn sin ! P,n = AP,n cos(!n t + n)
N +1


n⇡
!n = !0 sin
2(N + 1)