Exp 4 Instrumentation

1.
0 OBJECTIVES
 To operate level measurement instrumentation (LMC 200)
 To determine the effect of temperature to level measured in an open tank and closed
tank.
2.0 SUMMARY
Level is another common process variable that is measured in many industries. The
method used will vary widely depending on the nature of the industry, the process, and
the application. The measured medium can be liquid, gas or solid and stored in vessels
open or closed tanks. The objectives of the experiment are to operate level measurement
instrumentation and to determine the effect of temperature to level measured in an open
tank and closed. The experiment is carried out four conditions which is open tank and
close tank with heater off, heater on. Each condition has five run, which the level is
different for each run in the range of 300 – 700 mm. According to table 1, 2, 3 and 4
open tanks and close tanks give the different amount which is 5.6 for open tank and 3.6
for close tank deviations from the original value and for open tank, under temperature of
50oC the deviation is decrease from 2.8 to 4.6. At the end of experiment, the average of
deviation calculated for open tank when the heater is off was the highest compared to
other condition. The second highest is close tank with heater on, next is open tank with
heater on. The lowest deviation of the condition is close tank with heater off. It shows
that open tank is better than closed tank when the temperature decreased.
3.0 INTRODUCTION:
Measurement is defined as the assigning of numbers to objects, events or observations

according to some set of rules. Sometimes, these numbers will be used merely to
indicate that an observation belongs to a certain category which at other time these
numbers will indicate that the observation has more of some property than an
observation that is assigned a lower number. The measurement of level is defined as
the determination of the position of an existing interface between two media. These
media are usually fluids, but they may be solids or a combination of a solid and a
fluid. The interface can exist between a liquid and its vapor, two liquids, or a granular
or fluidized solid and gas.
There are two methods used in this experiment which is open tank and closed tank.
Open tank means that the tank has no external pressure where the tank experiences the
atmospheric pressure. For the closed tank, it means that the tank has been supplying by
the external pressure to make the tank experiences the higher pressure. These two
methods are used to make the difference between the low and high pressure towards
the level of liquid inside the tank. (Emerson, 2009)
According to ISA’s The Automation, Systems, and Instrumentation Dictionary, the

word calibration is defined as “a test during which known values of measure and are
applied to the transducer and corresponding output readings are recorded under
specified conditions.” The definition includes the capability to adjust the instrument to
zero and to set the desired span. An interpretation of the definition would say that a
calibration is a comparison of measuring equipment against a standard instrument of
higher accuracy to detect, correlate, adjust, rectify and document the accuracy of the
instrument being compared. Typically, calibration of an instrument is checked at
several points throughout the calibration range of the instrument. The calibration range
is defined as “the region between the limits within which a quantity is measured,
received or transmitted, expressed by stating the lower and upper range values.” The
limits are defined by the zero and span values. The zero value is the lower end of the
range. Span is defined as the algebraic difference between the upper and lower range
values. The calibration range may differ from the instrument range, which refers to the
capability of the instrument. Instrument error can occur due to a variety of factors like
electrical supply, addition of components to the output loop and process changes.
Since a calibration is performed by comparing or applying a known signal to the
instrument under test, errors are detected by performing a calibration. An error is the
algebraic difference between the indication and the actual value of the measured
variable. (Emerson, 2009)
This experiment was used a sight glasses to measure the level measurement of the
liquid inside the tank. Sight glass is a visual measurement that it has a transparent tube
of glass or plastic mounted outside the tank. The level inside the tank is equal to the
level at the sight glass. If the level at the sight glass showed 500mm, it means the level
of liquid inside the tank also 500mm. Sight glass could be adapted to open and closed
tank.
4.0 RESULTS:
4.1 TABLE 1 : Level Measurement (Tank T1 as OPEN tank,

Heater OFF)
RUN 1 SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

A Suggested Level (mm) 700 700 700
B Actual Level (LG)(mm) 700 700 700
C Actual Level (LI) (mm) 705 704 704.5
D Temperature (TG) (ºC) 27.8 27.8 27.8
E Deviation = I B – C I 5 4 4.5
(mm)
RUN II SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

C Actual Level (LI) (mm) 604 602 603
E Deviation = I B – C I 4 2 3
(mm)
RUN III SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

(mm)
RUN IV SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

(mm)
RUN V SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

(mm)
4.2 TABLE 2: Level Measurement (T1 as CLOSED tank, Heater OFF)

(mm)

(mm)

(mm)

(mm)

(mm)
4.3 TABLE 3: Level Measurement (Tank T1 as OPEN tank, Heater ON)

(mm)

D Temperature (TG) (ºC) 49.9 50.1 50
(mm)

D Temperature (TG) (ºC) 51 50.1 50.55
(mm)

D Temperature (TG) (ºC) 49.5 50 49.75
(mm)

(mm)
4.4 TABLE 4: Level Measurement (Tank T1 as CLOSED tank, Heater ON)

(mm)

(mm)

(mm)

(mm)

(mm)
TABLE 4.5: Summarize result from the experiment
Condition Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Run 5 Average deviation
Open tank, heater off 4.5 3 8 6.5 6 5.6
Close tank, heater off 3 3.5 2.5 3.5 5.5 3.6
Open tank, heater on 1.5 4 2.5 4 2 2.8
Close tank, heater on 3 4 6.5 5.5 4 4.6
5.0 DISSCUSSION:
Level measurement is an integral part of process control and may be used in a wide
variety of industry. The purpose of level measurement is to provide a measured
variable representing the height or material presence with a vessel. The measured
variables is then used in one or more of the following ways, where the measured
variables becomes a local level indication, a detection of material presence, an input to
a level control scheme and a measured quantity in hydrocarbon inventory
management.
Based on the result, the level measurement in Table 1, 2, 3 and 4 shows that
measuring the water level in tank 1 using 2 different. For first technique, it is using the
direct level measurement. Direct level measurement uses physical properties as an
indicator to determine the level of the liquid on the tank. The indirect level
measurement is used in second technique which involves converting measurement of
some other quantity from pressure to level. In these experiment, the direct
measurement use the sight glass as an equipment while the indirect measurement use
as a pressure level as an equipment.
The deviation in of the devices is by comparing the result taken from the sight glass
and the result taken by pressure capsule level transmitter. Because the result produce
by sight glass is the most reliable and unaffected by pressure change and temperature,
the deviation reflects the accuracy of the pressure capsule level transmitter. According
to table 1, 2, 3 and 4 open tanks and close tanks give the different amount which is 5.6
for open tank and 3.6 for close tank deviations from the original value. The value that
calculated is not far between close and open tank. This show when the pressure
capsule was under normal condition and normal temperature, the pressure capsule
gives good repeatability value. The deviation value that can be consider low. The
amount consider different because there are problems during the start-up procedures.
For second experiment, the water is heated to 50oC to study the performance of
pressure capsule level transmitter when the operation temperature is increase. In
theory, any increase in temperature will decrease the density of the liquid. Because
density influences pressure of a liquid, this will make the accuracy of pressure capsule
level transmitter to drop. For open tank, under temperature of 50oC the deviation is
decrease from 5.6 to2.8. This result is not same and quit far from heater on and heater
off because may be the parallax error was occurred when set the level from LG. Other
than that, theory stated increase in temperature will decrease the accuracy of pressure
capsule level transmitter also the misunderstanding during the start-up and there are
problems during running the experiment which is the pressure valve was not
completely close and cause some water leakage at the pressure valve. The deviation is
supposedly from low amount to higher amount. Close tank operation with increase
temperature yield higher amount of deviation which increases from 3.6 to 4.6. In close
tank, not only the liquid pressure is change by the pressure causes by the heated
vapour that accumulate on the top of the tank that may alter the hydrostatic pressure of
the liquid yielding higher amount of deviation.
Based on the theory, the major disadvantages of sight glass is it depend on the operator
skill to read the level on the scale, this mean that the accuracy of the result produce by
sight glass is depend on the operator reading skill thus making this equipment low on
repeatability and accuracy. Level Pressure transmitter in other hand, give very accurate
and repeatability. Any sight change in pressure will yield a new level mean that the
respond time of pressure capsule level transmitter is very high. Sight glass accuracy
depend on the scale gauge range on the sight glass, if the
scale range is too high and the level is not in the same level with the line, an
estimation or a guess need to be done making sight glass a bad choice is the process
change the operation level very often.
6.0 CONCLUSION:
As a conclusion, this experiment was done by measuring the water level in tank 1
using 2 different techniques. The first technique is by using a direct level measurement
as an indicator to determine the level of the liquid in the tank. The second technique is
using indirect level measurement involves converting measurement of some other
quantity such as from level to pressure. Based on result, open tank and close tank for
heater off is about 5.6 and 3.6, while open tank and close tank for heater on is about
9.4 and 3.8. Meanwhile, for open tank under temperature 50°C the deviation in
decrease from 2.8 to 4.64. By referring to the theory, increase in temperature will
decrease the density of liquid. This is because; the density will influence the pressure
of a liquid, so this will make the accuracy of capsule level transmitter to drop.
However, this result is totally different by referring to theory. This may due to the
error in pressure device used in this experiment. The measured variables also then
used in one or more of the following ways, where the measured variables becomes a
local level indication, a detection of material presence and an input to a level control
scheme.
There are some recommendations that can be make which the parallax error can be
avoided by placing the eye vertically above the marking on the scale to be read.
Besides that, placing metre-rule on its boundaries beside the object to be measured, so
the scales is touching it and use a thin rule so that the scale is touching the object to be
measured. Human error also occurred in this experiment where the mistakes while
waiting the temperature remain constant at 50 °C so that it can be avoided by doing the
experiment 2 to 3 times to get the result more accurate.
7.0 TUTORIAL
1. Level is measured in many of the processes in the industry. List and

explain the most common reasons for measuring level.
A level of measurement helps how to interpret the data from that variable and
helps decide what statistical is. In almost all research, everything has to be
reduced to numbers eventually. Precision and exactness in measurement are
vitally important. The measures are what are actually used to test the
hypotheses. A researcher needs good measures for both independent and
dependent variables.
2. Name the two methods of level measurement used in the experiment.
 Direct measurement
 Indirect measurement
3. How the depth of a liquid does correspond to changes in liquid pressure?

Can a pressure transmitter be used to measure level?
The pressure exerted by the liquid depends on density as well as depth. If the
things submerged in a liquid more dense than water, the pressure would be
uniformly greater. A differential-pressure transmitter adapted to produce a
signal proportional to a process variable such as flow rate in a line conducting
fluid or the level of liquid in a tank, the process fluid being at a temperature
markedly at variance with ambient temperature. The transmitter is constituted
by high and low pressure sensors which are coupled to the force beam of a
force balance transducer so that the beam is responsive to the difference
between sensed high and low pressures derived from the process variable, the
transducer being exposed to ambient temperature. Each sensor is constituted by
a housing having a well therein covered by a sensing diaphragm and an insert
seated in the well, the face of the insert being spaced from the
diaphragm to define a fill chamber containing hydraulic fluid, the sensor
diaphragm being exposed to the process liquid, whereby heat transfer takes
place between the liquid and the hydraulic fluid. The insert is formed of a
metal having a low coefficient of expansion relative to the material of the
housing whereby variations in temperature produce changes in the dimensions
of the housing relative to that of the insert and give rise to changes in the
volume of the fill chamber to an extent compensating for the concurrent
changes in the volume of hydraulic fluid as a result of said heat transfer,
thereby rendering the sensor insensitive to temperature changes
4. The differential pressure transmitter is used to measure level in an open

tank or closed tank system. Discuss how this is done.
Differential pressure level measurement technique makes use of a differential

pressure detector which is installed at the bottom of the tank whose level is to
be detected. The liquid inside the tank creates pressure which is comparatively
higher than the reference atmospheric pressure. This pressure comparison is
performed via the Differential pressure detector. Examples for open tanks,
tanks which are open to the atmosphere, only high pressure ends of the DP
transmitter is needed to be connected whereas the low pressure end of the DP
transmitter is expelled into the atmosphere. The differential pressure happens
to be the hydrostatic head or weight of the fluid contained in the tank. The
highest level detected by the differential pressure transmitter usually depends
upon the maximum height of fluid above the transmitter, whereas the lowest
level detected is based upon the position where the transmitter is attached to
the tank or vessel.
5. Discuss briefly the possible errors affecting the accuracy in pressure/ level
measurement as observed in the experiment.
Achieving this kind of weighing accuracy means considering many factors,

both mechanical and operational, this can affect system. Choosing quality
components especially suited to your application will go a long way toward
ensuring that your system provides the accuracy you need. These components
typically have impressive worst-case specifications, and their actual
performance is usually better than the specification. As a general rule, select
load cells and a weight controller with accuracies 10 times better than your
desired system accuracy. And pay close attention to how you install and
operate the system to prevent mechanical forces and electrical noise from
reducing accuracy.
6. What are the main objectives of a wet lag calibration?
Wet leg calibration is used for vaporised liquid which will be condensate by
atmosphere level. A wet calibration involves the use of a head chamber, which
consists of two cylindrical chambers mounted between two metal plates. The
plates are lined, with O-rings inserted in the hollows. The cylindrical chambers
are sealed into the hollows in the plates using threaded rods which hold the
assembly together. Holes are drilled in the plates and tapped to allow fittings to
be installed in the holes. The chambers are filled approximately half way with
water. The fittings on the bottom plate have valves which allow the water to
stay in the chamber. There is also an equalizing valve between the fittings on
the bottom to allow the water level in the two chambers to be equalized.
8.0 REFERENCE:
 Manual lab experiment 4: Level Measurement and Calibration.

 http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_does_the_pressure_exerted_by_a_liquid_chan
ge_with_depth_in_the_liquid ( retrieved on 4 march 2013, 4.40 pm)
 http://www.omega.com/prodinfo/LevelMeasurement.html (retrieved on 5
march 2013, 10.15pm)

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1.

 To operate level measurement instrumentation (LMC 200)

Measurement is defined as the assigning of numbers to objects, events or observations

According to ISA’s The Automation, Systems, and Instrumentation Dictionary, the

4.1 TABLE 1 : Level Measurement (Tank T1 as OPEN tank,

RUN 1 SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN II SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN III SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN IV SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN V SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN 1 SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN II SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN III SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN IV SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN V SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN 1 SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN II SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN III SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN IV SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN V SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

4.4 TABLE 4: Level Measurement (Tank T1 as CLOSED tank, Heater ON)

RUN II SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN III SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN IV SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN V SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

Condition Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Run 5 Average deviation

Open tank, heater off 4.5 3 8 6.5 6 5.6

Close tank, heater off 3 3.5 2.5 3.5 5.5 3.6

Open tank, heater on 1.5 4 2.5 4 2 2.8

Close tank, heater on 3 4 6.5 5.5 4 4.6

1. Level is measured in many of the processes in the industry. List and

2. Name the two methods of level measurement used in the experiment.

3. How the depth of a liquid does correspond to changes in liquid pressure?

4. The differential pressure transmitter is used to measure level in an open

Differential pressure level measurement technique makes use of a differential

Achieving this kind of weighing accuracy means considering many factors,

6. What are the main objectives of a wet lag calibration?

 Manual lab experiment 4: Level Measurement and Calibration.

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