Comparison of Power Quality of Buck Boost Converter by

Using Proportional Integral Derivative Control and Fuzzy

Logic Control

1. Introduction

The higher level of welfare of the population is directly proportional to the

increasing demand for electrical energy. Today many consumers of electric power

use electronic power loads, among others, such as Uninterruptible Power Supply

(UPS), charger, and electric motor speed regulator in low voltage channels. In the use

of electronic power there is the term converter. Various types of converters have been

widely used in commercial industry, even for everyday purposes especially for AC-

DC converter type.

AC-DC converters generally have three ways of working, namely rectifying,

filtering, and regulating. The first stage is rectifying which aims to rectify AC voltage

into DC voltage. The second stage is a filtering that serves to smooth the DC voltage

usually by using a capacitor. The third stage is regulating which has the function to

regulate the output voltage (Vout). There are several regulating techniques used,

among others, by AC-DC converters where if the output voltage is smaller than the

input voltage it is called buck converter, if the output voltage is greater than the input

voltage it is called the boost converter, and if the output voltage is larger or greater

small of the input voltage then it is called buck boost converter.

In this research converter used is converter AC to DC by using diode bridge

rectifier while for type regulating, buck boost regulator that sensitive to load is used.

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Buck boost converter usually has a power MOSFET as a switching component that

serves to regulate the output voltage.

The magnitude of the output voltage is set according to the duty cycle (D) of

pulse width modulation (PWM) on the witch MOSFET. If D > 0.5, then the output

voltage (Vout) will be greater than the input voltage (Vin). Whereas if D <0.5 then the

output voltage will be smaller than input voltage, and Vin = Vout at D = 0.5. But in this

study, the value of duty cycle varies and will be determined based on the output

voltage by the control system.

Control techniques are increasingly important nowadays in buck boost

converters used for power system applications due to their rapid response and high

accuracy. An important parameter to note is the control process, because this is what

determines whether or not the control system can operate effectively.

Different types of controls are still being developed, but there are still many

complexities in the circuit. Also, the ability of this control method will greatly affect

the performance of a system to be designed. Initially there were several popular

control systems, namely the system of proportional integral regulator (PI) or

proportional integral derivative (PID), a regulatory system that did the tuning of the

reinforcement. To overcome this weakness several other control methods are

developed which, among other things, include fuzzy logic, adaftif, robust, neural

network, optimal and genetic algorithms, and other regulators that can be in

combined form.

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 Many previous studies have been done about the buck, boost, and buck boost

converters by using several control methods. Given the many parameters that can be

analyzed in the buck boost converter using the control method, therefore each

researcher is free to determine which parameters will be analyzed. This study intends

to analyze the comparison between the use of proportional integral derivative (PID)

and fuzzy logic in controlling the output voltage in AC-DC buck boost converter

based on variable reference voltage (Vref).

Differences of previous studies with research that will the author do is that in

this research PID and fuzzy logic control method is used to control PWM on switch

MOSFET to regulate output voltage (Vout) based on reference voltage or desired

voltage. In previous studies the proportional integral (PI) control method was used on

an AC-DC buck boost converter to improve the power factor. The open loop sliding

control (OLSC) method is used on buck and AC-DC buck boost converters to

improve total harmonic distortion (THD) and power factor. The fuzzy logic control

method is used on boost converter to regulate the output voltage and to improve the

power factor. The hysteresis current controller (HCC) method is compared to the

fuzzy logic method on boost converter to regulate the output voltage, to improve

THD and power factor on the input side.

2. Research Methodology

To design the model in this research, Matlab / Simulink software is used to

determine the effects of proportional integral derivative (PID) and fuzzy logic on

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buck booster converter. The circuit diagram that will be simulated in Matlab /

Simulink can be seen in Figure 1 below.

Figure 1. Circuit diagram of AC-DC buck boost converter with control system

2.1. Parameters of Simulation

To design an AC-DC buck booster converter, the component parameters

according to the desired requirements are required. Table 1 contains the parameters

used in the simulation circuit for AC-DC buck booster converter using Matlab /

Simulink.

Table 1. The component parameters in simulation

Parameter Value Unit

Source Voltage (Vin) 220 Volt
Source Frequency (F) 50 Hz
Vref 200, 225, and 250 Volt
Rectifier diode
Resistance Ron 0.1 
Forward voltage 0.8 Volt
Snubber resistance 500 
Snubber capacitance 250  10-3 F
Capacitor Filter 2.3  10-3 Farad
MOSFET
Resistance Ron 0.1 
Internal diode resistance 0.01 
Snubber resistance 1  10 5


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Inductor 1  10-3 Henry
Controller diode
Resistance Ron 0.1 
Forward voltage 0.8 Volt
Snubber resistance 500 
Snubber capacitance 250  10-3 F
Controller capacitor 12  10-3 Farad
Load R 50 

2.2. Simulated Circuit with PID Control

Overall modeling of AC-DC buck boost converter circuit using PID control in

Matlab / Simulink is shown in Figure 2 below.

Figure 2. Simulated circuit of AC-DC buck boost converter with PID control

Simulation with PID control uses one input error (e) of voltage and produces

an output voltage as expressed in Equation (1).

E(t) = Vref – V0 (1)

The input error (e) of the voltage is processed each by multiplying it by

proportional constant (Kp), integral constant (Ki), and derivative constant (Kd) then

the result is summed to produce the output voltage. The expressions for the voltage

error, proportional constant, integral constant and derivative constant are shown in

Equations (2), (3), and (4), respectively.

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 Pout = Kp  e(t) (2)

𝑡
Iout = Ki ∫0 𝑒(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 (3)

𝑑𝑒(𝑡)
Dout = Kd (4)
𝑑𝑡

2.3. Simulated Circuit with Fuzzy Logic Control

The modeling of the whole AC-DC buck boost converter circuit with fuzzy

logic control is shown in Figure 3. The simulation with fuzzy logic control consists of

two inputs: error e(k) and derror e(k). Error e(k) is the difference between the

desired voltage (Vref) and the output voltage (Vout), while the derror e(k) is the

difference between the current error and the previous error shown in Equations (5)

and (6), respectively .

Figure 3. Simulated circuit of AC-DC buck boost converter with fuzzy logic control

2.3.1. The function of fuzzy logic membership

Based on a predefined membership function, fuzzy logic rules can be

determined as shown in Table 2 below.

Table 2. Fuzzy logic rules

Error
e
NB NS Z0 PS PB
NB NS NB NB NB Z0
NS NS NS NS Z0 PB
Z0 NS NS Z0 PB PB
PS NB Z0 PB PS PS
PB Z0 PS PS PS PS

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2.3.2. Calculation of power factor value (cos )

The calculation of the power factor value (cos ) on the source side of AC-DC

buck boost converter in circuit simulated by Matlab / Simulink is obtained by the

guide of Figure 4.

Figure 4. Simulated circuit for calculation of power factor value (cos )

The measured voltage and current values on the source side are denoted by Vs

and Is, respectively. The average power value at the source side is the multiplication

of the mean voltage at the source side Vsaverage, with the mean current at the source

side, Isaverage, determined by Equation (7). Pseudo-power, S, is the multiplication of

ms voltage at source, Vsrms, and ms current at source, Isrms, expressed in Equation (8).

The power factor value is the ratio of average power, Pavg, to pseudo-power, S, which

is expressed by Equation (9).

Pavg = Vsavg Isavg (Watt) (7)

S = Vsrms Isrms (VA) (8)

𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔
Pf = (9)
𝑆

3. Results of Simulation and Discussion

Discussion of the results of AC-DC buck boost converter simulation using

proportional integral derivative (PID) control and fuzzy logic control is given as

follows. A first power quality parameter to note is the power factor quality (PF) on

the source side. The second parameter is the output voltage (Vout) which is based on

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the Vref and the quality parameters. And the third parameter to note is the output

current (Iout) based on Vref. In the second and third power quality parameters,

namely output voltage and output current, there are three characteristics of power

quality parameters that need to be considered are overshoot, rise time, and peak time.

3.1. Results of Simulation with PID Control

The results of the simulation using proportional integral derivative (PID)

control on AC-DC buck boost converter with Vref of 200 V, the output voltage wave

and the output current are shown in Figure 5. To get an accurate value of overshoot,

rise time, and peak time, the process is done using cursor data and inserts

magnification in Matlab / Simulink.

Figure 5. Voltage wave and output current for Vref of 200 V with PID control
(data cursor and insert magnification and output current)

While with Vref of 225 V, the output voltage wave and output current are

shown in Figure 6, and with Vref of 250 V the output voltage wave and output

current are shown in Figure 7.

Figure 6. Voltage wave and output current for Vref of 225 V with PID control

Figure 7. Voltage wave and output current for Vref of 250 V with PID control

Data obtained from simulations based on varied Vref, i.e. 200V, 225V, and

250V, using PID control can be seen in Tables 3 and 4 below.

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 Table 3. Simulated values of output voltage and output current with PID control

No. Vref Vout Iout cos 

1 200 V 199.1  201.4 V 3.98 – 4.03 A 0.942
2 225 V 224.1 – 226.1 V 4.48 – 4 52 A 0.942
3 250 V 249.1 – 251.6 V 4.98  5.03 A 0.944

Table 4. Simulated values of overshoot, rise time, and peak time for output voltage
and output current with PID control

No. Characteristic Vref of 200V Fref of 225V Vref of 250V

1 Rise Time 0.07 ms 0.14 ms 0.23 ms
2 Peak Time 0.14 ms 0.24 ms 0.41 ms
3 Max Overshoot Vout 217.9 V 252.8 V 288.3 V
4 Max Overshoot Vout 201.5 V 225.6 V 251.6 V
5 Max Overshoot Iout 4.35 A 5.05 A 5.73 A
6 Max Overshoot Iout 4.03 A 4.50 A 5.03 A

3.2. Results of Simulation with Fuzzy Logic Control

Results of simulation using fuzzy logic control on AC-DC buck boost

converter with Vref of 200 V, output voltage wave and output current shown in

Figure 8. For Vref of 225 V the results are shown in Fig. 9, while Fig. 10 is the

results for Vref of 250 V. To get an accurate value of overshoot, rise time, and peak

time, the process is done using cursor data and inserts magnification in Matlab /

Simulink.

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Figure 8. Voltage wave and output current for Vref of 200 V with fuzzy logic control
(data cursor and insert magnification of voltage wave and output current)

Figure 9. Voltage wave and output current for Vref of 225 V with fuzzy logic control

Figure 10. Voltage wave and output current for Vref of 250 V with fuzzy logic
control

The data of each simulation based on Vref is obtained by a technique similar

to that used by PID control and can be seen in Tables 5 and 6.

Table 5. Simulated values of output voltage and output current with fuzzy logic
control

No. Vref Vout Iout cos 

1 200 V 198.1  200.4 V 3.96 – 4.06 A 0.942
2 225 V 223 – 225 V 4.46 – 4 50 A 0.942
3 250 V 248.1 – 250.3 V 4.96  5.01 A 0.942

Table 6. Simulated values of overshoot, rise time, and peak time for output voltage
and output current with fuzzy logic control

No. Characteristic Vref of 200V Fref of 225V Vref of 250V

1 Rise Time 0.04 ms 0.04 ms 0.04 ms
2 Peak Time
3 Max Overshoot Vout
4 Max Overshoot Vout
5 Max Overshoot Iout
6 Max Overshoot Iout

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 3.3. Comparison

Comparison of the power quality of AC-DC buck boost converter by using

proportional integral derivative (PID) control and fuzzy logic control based on the

result of each control system can maintain the power factor value (cos ) on the input

side and the output voltage based on the desired voltage Vref. However, the

differences are apparent in the characteristics of output current and output voltage on

AC-DC buck boost converter, i.e. overshoot, peak time, and rise time which can be

seen in Table 7 below.

Table 7. Comparison data of simulated values of overshoot, rise time, and peak time,
as well as output voltage and output current with PID control
and fuzzy logic control.

Vref of 200V Vref of 225V Vref of 250V

No. Characteristic
PID Fuzzy PID Fuzzy PID Fuzzy
logic logic logic
1 Rise Time 0.079 ms 0.04 ms 0.14 ms 0.04 ms 0.23 ms 0.04 ms
2 Peak Time 0.145 ms - 024 ms - 0.41 ms -
3 Max Overshoot Vout 217.9 V - 252.5 V - 288.3 V -
4 Max Overshoot Vout 201.5 V - 226.1 V - 251.6 V -
5 Max Overshoot Iout 4.35 A - 5.05 A - 5.73 A -
6 Max Overshoot Iout 4.03 A - 4.52 A - 5.03 A -

From Table 7 above it can be seen that by using PID control on AC-DC buck

boost converter still looks the existence of overshoot and peak time in voltage and

current of output. The larger the Vref is given, the greater the values of overshoot and

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peak time are obtained. While using the fuzzy logic control, overshoot does not exist,

and since the overshoot does not exist then peak time does not occur.

The value of rise time by using the PID control does not remain constant and

appears to be a change in the value of rise time based on each Vref. Whereas by using

fuzzy logic control, the value of rise time remains constant and there is no significant

change.

4. Conclusions

In accordance with the formulation of the problem and objectives of the

research, the conclusions can be drawn based on the results of simulation, among

others, namely:

1. By using PID control, the simulated AC-DC buck boost converter still shows

the overshoot in the output voltage wave and output current. Rise time and

peak time depend on the reference voltage (Vref) given, where the greater the

reference voltage is given, the resulted rise time and peak time will be greater.

2. The simulated AC-DC buck boost converter with fuzzy logic does not indicate

an overshoot in the form of output voltage wave and output current. Rise time

shows a constant value and is shorter than that obtained with a PID control.

While peak time does not occur because overshoot does not arise in the

system.

3. With varying reference voltages (Vref), i.e. 200 V, 225 V, and 250 V, the use

of PID control and fuzzy logic control can both preserve the power factor

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 value (PF) on the input side. The same is true for output voltage (Vout) and

output current (Iout).

4. Of the two controls used, namely PID and fuzzy logic, simulation with fuzzy

logic control resulted in better performance of AC-DC buck boost converter.

1. Literature Review

2.1. Controller of Buck Boost Converter

The basic circuit of the buck boost converter consists of power MOSFET as

switching, inductor (L), diode (D), capacitor (C), and resistor (R) as load.

Figure 1. The basic circuit of the controller of buck boost converter

The working principle of the circuit is divided into two modes. During mode

1, the transistor Q1 is on and the diode Dm is reverse biased. The input current,

which increases, flows through the conductor L and transistor Q1. During mode 2, the

transistor Q1 is off and the previous current flowing in the inductor L, will flow

through L, C, Dm, and load. The energy stored in the inductor L will be transferred to

the load and the inductor current will decrease until the transistor Q1 is turned on

again in the next cycle.

2.2. Proportional Integral Derivative (PID)

Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) is a controller to determine the stability

of an instrumentation system with the characteristics of feedback in the system. The

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PID control calculates and minimizes the error value / difference between the output

from process to input / setpoint assigned to the system. Figure 2 shows the block

diagram using PID controls in this study.

Figure 2. Block diagram of PID control

The PID control consists of three components, namely: proportional (p),

integral (i), and derivative (d) that can be used simultaneously or independently

depending on the desired response in a system / plant. A PID control calculates

continuously the error value as the difference between the desired setpoint and the

measured process variable or in the algorithm pattern of the PID control, there is also

an error that serves to control the current output with the previous output. The

controller tries to minimize the error value by setting the control variable to the new

value as in Eq. (1).

𝑡 𝑑𝑒(𝑡)
u(t) = P(t) = Kp e(t) + Ki ∫0 𝑒(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + Kd (1)
𝑑𝑡

where:
Kp = Gain proportional
Ki = Gain integral
Kd = Gain derivative

2.3. Fuzzy Logic

Linguistically, fuzzy can be interpreted as vague, in other words, fuzzy logic

is a vague logic. In fuzzy logic a value can be worth 'true' and 'false' simultaneously.

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The 'true' or 'false' level in fuzzy logic depends on the weight of the membership.

Fuzzy logic has degrees of membership ranging from 0 to 1, in contrast to digital

logic that has only two memberships, that is 0 or 1, at a time.

Figure 3 is a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) as an alternative to modern control

systems that is easy because the mathematical model of a system need not be

determined, but it is still effective because it has a stable system response. Fuzzy

logic serves to represent an uncertain and improper value of the system, while the

fuzzy control makes it possible to make decisions even if the input or output of the

system is uncertain and unpredictable.

Figure 3. Fuzzy logic diagram for controller modeling on buck boost converter

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