4G WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

Sesha Teja .CH & Sowmya Krishna .N

II B.Tech ECE
KKR & KSR institute of technology an sciences
ph.no: 8142838738
email:trunksseshu78@gmail.com

Abstract:

“The most important and urgent problems of the technology of today and no longer the
satisfaction of the primary needs, but the reparation of the technology of yesterday”With
the advent of the Internet, the most-wanted feature is better, faster access to information .
4G mobile technology is the name given to the next generation of mobile devices such as
cell phones. It became available from at least one provider in several parts of the US in
2009. There is not yet an agreed industry standard for what constitutes 4G mobile, so for
now it is merely a marketing term. Cellular subscribers pay extra on top of their basic
bills for such features as instant messaging, stock quotes, and even Internet access right
on their phones.Meanwhile, cellular providers seek to increase speed on their long-range
wireless networks. The goal is the same: long-range, high-speed wireless, which for the
purposes of this report will be called 4G, for fourth-generation wireless system.

HISTORY:

The letter ‘g’ stands for generation ,from the past 20-30 years where it was started from
1G technologies .Later it was developed as 2G , which was popular from 1990’s .During
this phase messaging(texting) became widely popular all along, than just calling .
3G technology improved the efficiency of how data is carried, making it possible to carry
enhanced information services such as websites in their original format. The
latest iPhone is the best known example of 3G technology.

NEED FOR 4G:

Problems with the current system:

Unfortunately, the current cellular network does not have the available bandwidth
necessary to handle data services well. Not only is data transfer slow — at the speed of
analog modems — but the bandwidth that is available is not allocated efficiently for data.
Data transfer tends to come in bursts rather than in the constant stream of voice data.

Although most technologies are similar, they are not all using the same protocol. In
addition, 3G systems still have inherent flaws. They are not well-designed for data; they
are improvements on a protocol that was originally designed for voice. Thus, they are
inefficient with their use of the available spectrum bandwidth.

Although 3G technologies offer a lot of new advancements and changes in the world of
telecommunication, there are still a few things that render the use of 3G telephone
communication systems technology as disadvantageous. One thing that makes 3G
cellular phones disadvantageous to its users is the fact that these types of cellular phones
are more expensive as compared to those which do not share the same technology.

DISADVANTAGES:
-->expensive input fees for 3g service license
-->numerous differences in the licensing terms
-->it z challenge to build necessary infrastructure for 3G
-->lack of buy in by 2G mobile users for new 3g wireless systems

The main problem with the 3G is this ,Aside from this, people who have 3G can only
enjoy the video conferencing feature of the technology with other 3G subscribers.

4G HARDWARE:

Ultra Wide bandwidth technology:

Ultra Wideband technology, or UWB, is an advanced transmission technology that can be

used in the implementation of a 4G network. The secret to UWB is that it is typically
detected as noise. This highly specific kind of noise does not cause interference with
current radio frequency devices, but can be decoded by another device that recognizes
UWB and can reassemble it back into a signal. Since the signal is disguised as noise, it
can user any part of the frequency spectrum, which means that it can use frequencies that
are currently in use by other radio frequency devices.

An Ultra Wideband device works by emitting a series of short, low powered electrical
pulses that are not directed at one particular frequency but rather are spread across the
entire spectrum

The pulse can be called “shaped noise” because it is not flat, but curves across the
spectrum. On the other hand, actual noise would look the same across a range of

frequencies , it has no shape.

SMART ANTENNAS:

Multiple “smart antennas” can be employed to help find, tune, and turn up signal
information.
Since the antennas can both “listen” and “talk,” a smart antenna can send signals back
in the same direction that they came from. This means that the antenna system cannot
only
hear many times louder, but can also respond more loudly and directly as well..
There are two types of smart antennas:
Switched Beam Antennas have fixed beams of transmission, and
can switch from one predefined beam to another when the user with the phone moves
throughout the sector
Adaptive Array Antennas represent the most advanced smart antenna
approach to date using a variety of new signal processing algorithms to locate
and track the user, minimize interference, and maximize intended signal reception
Smart antennas can thereby:
• Optimize available power
• Increase base station range and coverage
• Reuse available spectrum
• Increase bandwidth and Lengthen battery life of wireless devices.
SOFTWARE OF 4G:

4G is not one defined technology or standard, but rather a collection of technologies and
protocols fully aimed at creating fully packet switched optimized for data.
4g technology is expected to provide speeds of 100mbps while stationary and 1gbps
while stationary and latency less than 5ms.

PACKET LAYER:

The packet layer is a layer of abstraction that separates the data being transmitted from
the way that it is being transmitted. The Internet relies on packets to move files, pictures,
video,
and other information over the same hardware. Without a packet layer, there would need
to be a separate connection on each computer for each type of information and a separate
network with separate routing equipment to move that information around.

Implementation of packets:

VoIP (voice over internet protocol) services convert your voice into a digital signal that
travels over the Internet. If you are calling a regular phone number, the signal is
converted to a regular telephone signal before it reaches the destination. VoIP can allow
you to make a call directly from a computer, a special VoIP phone, or a traditional phone
connected to a special adapter. In addition, wireless "hot spots" in locations such as
airports, parks, and cafes allow you to connect to the Internet and may enable you to use
VoIP service wirelessly.

Recommended system (IPv6):

The next generation addressing system uses the Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) to
locate devices. IPv6 has a much larger address space. Its addresses take the form
x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x where each x is the hexadecimal value that makes up one eighth of the
address. Using this address format, there is room for approximately 3.40 _ 1038 unique
addresses. There are enough addresses for every phone to have a unique address.

ADVANTAGES OF 4G:

advantages of 4G services
-->more affordable communication services
-->one device can communicate with all vs many devices communicating with some
devices
-->tv,internet,phone ,radio,home environment services all reachable through one device
and also multi tasking
parameter 4G Broadband 3G
download speed 12860kb/s 3731kb/s 712kb/s
up loadspeed 4114kb/s 1714kb/s 372kb/s

4G will open door to a variety of mobile applications

In the information age, access to data is the

“killer app” that drives the market.

DRAW BACKS OF 4G:

lack of coverage but it is still a new service high power usage invasion of privacy and
security concerns ,increase in social networking

Threats:
Just as attacks over the Internet may currently take advantage of flaws in applications
like Internet Explorer, so too may attacks in the future take advantage of popular
applications
on cellular phones.

CONCLUSION:
There should be precise standards across the world for 4G mobile technology. If there is
only a little difference between 3G and 4G in terms of speed, then 4G is not really 4th
Generation. It must have superior features in terms of security, speed, connectivity, more
user-friendly environment and should give a feel of technological advancement.
Consumers demand that software and hardware be user-friendly and perform well.
Indeed, it seems part of our culture that customers expect the highest quality and the
greatest features from what they buy. The cellular telephone industry, which now
includes a myriad of wireless devices, is no exception. This is a need that demands a
solution. Today’s wired society is going wireless, and it
has a problem. 4G is the answer

REFERENCES:
R. Campbell. “A lightweight reconfigurable security
mechanism for 3G/4G mobile devices.” IEEE Wireless Communications

Howard, P., M. Walker, and T. Wright. “Towards a coherent approach to

third generation
system security.” 3G Mobile Communication Technologies

Dankers, J., T. Garefalakis, R. Schaffelhofer, and T. Wright. “Public key

infrastructure
in mobile systems.” Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal