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CE – 202
(Mechanics of Materials)
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Mechanics of materials/strength of materials:
• Applied mechanics  behavior of solid bodies subjected
to various types of loading.
• Objective: determine the stresses, strains, and
displacements in structures and their components due to the
loads acting on them (mechanical behavior).
• Essential for the safe design of all types of structures
(buildings, bridges, machines, motors, ships, airplanes,
antennas, etc.)

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1.2 NORMAL STRESS AND STRAIN
• Fundamental concepts: stress and strain.
• Elementary form  prismatic bar subjected to axial forces.
• Prismatic bar: straight structural member having the same
cross section throughout its length.

Prismatic Beam Non Prismatic Beam

• Axial force is a load directed along the axis of the member,
resulting in either tension or compression in the bar.
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1.2 NORMAL STRESS AND STRAIN

Compression Bar Tension Bar

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1.2 NORMAL STRESS AND STRAIN

before the loads are applied

after the loads are applied

m-n:
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis
of the bar  cross section.

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1.2 NORMAL STRESS AND STRAIN
• Stress: units of force per unit area   = P/A
• When the bar is stretched by the forces P  tensile/
tension stresses (+); if the forces are reversed in
direction, causing the bar to be compressed 
compressive/compression stresses (-).
• Stresses act in a direction perpendicular to the cut surface
 normal stresses.

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1.2 NORMAL STRESS AND STRAIN
 = P/A
• Stress is uniformly distributed over the cross section of
the bar  axial force P acts through the centroid of the
cross-sectional area.
• When the load P does not act at the centroid, bending of
the bar will result, and a more complicated analysis is
necessary.

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1.2 NORMAL STRESS AND STRAIN
• Straight bar:
- becoming longer  tension
- becoming shorter  compression
• This quantity is called the elongation per unit length, or
strain.
- bar in tension  tensile strain (+)
- bar in compression  compressive strain (-)

• Strain:  = /L
Called a normal strain  associated with normal stresses.

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1.2 NORMAL STRESS AND STRAIN
Example:

AB ?
CD ?
Max. tensile stress = 85,7 MPa

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1.2 NORMAL STRESS AND STRAIN
Problem 1:
A short post constructed from a hollow circular
tube of aluminum supports a
compressive load of 26 kips
The inner and outer diameters:
d1 = 4.0 in and d2 = 4.5 in.
Its length is 16 in, the shortening of the post due
to the load is measured as 0.012 in.
Determine the compressive stress and strain in
the post.
Disregard the weight of the post itself, and
assume that the post does not buckle under the
load.)
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1.2 NORMAL STRESS AND STRAIN
Problem 2:

A circular steel rod of length L and diameter d

hangs in a mine shaft and holds an ore bucket of
weight Wb at its lower end.
(a) Obtain a formula for the maximum stress
max in the rod, taking into account the
weight of the rod Wr itself where weight
density of steel  = 77 kN/m3
(b) Calculate the maximum stress if L 40 m, d 8
mm, and Wb 1.5 kN.

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1.2 NORMAL STRESS AND STRAIN
Problem 3:

Diameter kabel BA = 10 mm ; BA ?

Diameter kabel BC = 8 mm ; BC ?

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1.2 NORMAL STRESS AND STRAIN
Problem 4:
A circular aluminum tube of length L = 400 mm is loaded in compression
by forces P (see figure). The outside and inside diameters are 60 mm and
50 mm, respectively. A strain gage is placed on the outside of the bar to
measure normal strain in the longitudinal direction.

(a) If the measured strain is  = 550 x 10-6, what is the shortening  of the
bar?
(b) If the compressive stress in the bar is intended to be 40 MPa, what
should be the load P?
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1.3 AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS

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1.3 AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS
Problem 5:
The yoke-and-rod connection is subjected to a tensile force of 5 kN.
Determine the average normal stress in each rod and the average
shear stress in the pin A between the members.

r = P/Ar
l = P/Al
avg = P/Ap

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1.4 Mechanical Propeties of Material
Hubungan tegangan () – regangan (ε):
 Pertama kali dinyatakan oleh Robert Hooke (1635-1703).
 Pada nilai tegangan rendah,  berbanding lurus terhadap .
Jika beban dihilangkan, material akan kembali pada
bentuk/panjang mula-mula.
 Pada kondisi ini, material dikatakan dalam keadaan elastis:
 PL
E 
 EA
 E: Modulus elastisitas bahan ditentukan secara eksperimen.

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1.4 Mechanical Propeties of Material (Cont’)
Contoh spesimen uji bahan baja:

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1.4 Mechanical Propeties of Material (Cont’)
Hubungan Beban-Deformasi Bahan Baja:

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1.4 Mechanical Propeties of Material (Cont’)
Hubungan Beban-Deformasi Bahan Baja (diperbesar):

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1.4 Mechanical Propeties of Material (Cont’)
Hubungan Beban-Deformasi Bahan Baja (diperbesar):

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1.4 Mechanical Propeties of Material (Cont’)
Hubungan Beban-Deformasi Bahan Baja (diperbesar):

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1.4 Mechanical Propeties of Material (Cont’)
Hubungan Beban-Deformasi Beberapa Bahan Konstruksi:

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1.4 Mechanical Propeties of Material (Cont’)
Hubungan Deformasi Longitudinal-Lateral:

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1.4 Mechanical Propeties of Material (Cont’)
Shear Modulus of Elasticity or Modulus of Rigidity (G):

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1.4 Mechanical Propeties of Material (Cont’)
Problem 6:
A solid circular rod that is 600mm long and 20mm in diameter is
subjected to an axial force of P = 50 kN. The elongation of the rod is 
= 1,40mm and its diameter becomes d’ = 19,9837mm.
Determine the modulus of elasticity and the modulus of rigidity of the
material. Assume that the material does not yield.

G = E/2(1+)
 = /
 = - lat/long
 = P/A
 = /L lat = d/d
long = l/L

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1.4 Mechanical Propeties of Material (Cont’)
Problem 7:
Determine the elongation of the square hollow bar when it is subjected
to the axial force P = 100 kN. If this axial force is increased to P = 360
kN and realesed, find the permanent elongation of the bar. The bar is
made of a metal alloy having a stress-strain diagram which can be
approximated as shown.

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1.4 Mechanical Propeties of Material (Cont’)
Problem 8:
The rigid beam is supported by a pin at A and wires BD and CE. If the
distributed load causes the end C to be displaced 10mm downward,
determine the normal strain developed in wires CE and BD

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1.4 Mechanical Propeties of Material (Cont’)
Problem 9:
A bar made of A-36 steel has the dimensions shown below. If an axial
force of P = 80 kN is applied to the bar, determine the change in its
length and the change in the dimensions of its cross section after
applying the load. The material behaves elastically.

st = 2.105 Mpa

st = 0,32

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1.4 Mechanical Propeties of Material (Cont’)
Problem 10:

An aluminum specimen shown beside has a diameter

of d0 = 25mm and a gauge length of L 0 = 250 mm. If a
force of 165 kN elongates the gauge length 1.20mm,
determine the modulus of elasticity. Also determine
the specimen’s contraction of diameter. Take Gal = 26
GPa and y = 440 Mpa.

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1.4 Mechanical Propeties of Material (Cont’)
Problem 11:
If the allowable bearing stress for the material under the supports at A
and B is b = 1.5 Mpa, determine the size of square bearing plates A’
and B’ required to support the load. Dimension the plates to the nearest
mm. The reactions at the supports are vertical, take P = 100 kN.

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1.4 Mechanical Propeties of Material (Cont’)
Problem 12:
If the allowable bearing stress for the material under the supports at A
and B is b = 1.5 Mpa, determine the maximum load P that can be
applied to the beam. Thebearing plates A’ and B’ have square cross
sections of 150mm x 150mm and 250mm x 250mm, respectively.

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