Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Canadian Humanistic and Transpersonal Association Page 0
Table of Contents
1 Introduction
4 Survey of the Field
6 Jungian Psychology
8 Psychoenergetic Models
18 Transpersonal Psychology
The humanistic, existential and transpersonal traditions are not as widely known
in Ontario, but are, nevertheless, mainstream. Since its formalization as the “Third
Force” (to distinguish it from psychoanalysis and cognitive behavioural) in the 1960’s,
humanistic psychology has established itself via the Association for Humanistic
Thus, despite the fact that many body oriented psychotherapies have been
developed in the last fifty to sixty years, their origins date back to early twentieth century
psychology. In addition, a survey of the eclectic field of current body oriented
psychotherapies that have descended from these traditions shows that this is a
significant, viable, professional, ethical and coherent group of psychotherapies.
It is also true that body oriented psychotherapy must be used judiciously and the
proper application of methodology and types of techniques varies according to
personality type. I will address this in detail later in this paper, but I would again like to
emphasize that training, clinical supervisions and ongoing continuing education are vital
for a therapist to be able to make diagnostic and prognostic judgments as to the efficacy
and specifics of appropriate body oriented techniques. Not all body oriented
methodologies involve actual touch.
Psychoanalysis
The original psychosomatic formulation came from the psychoanalytic tradition in which
the body, (energetically, anatomically, physiologically) was seen as a ground for the
creation of psychic contents. Sigmund Freud developed his original drive theory based,
in part, on his neurophysiological background. Although it has been significantly
modified in modern psychoanalysis (in the forms of Self Psychology, Ego Psychology,
Adler was originally attached to Freud’s biological approach and had an interest
in the body’s capacity to compensate for organic damage by adaptations in the
psychological sphere. According to McNeely, Adler’s attention to physical defects and
bodily expressions of character traits was an important contribution to the evolution of
body therapy, and she quotes him as saying “the bodily postures and attitudes always
Jungian Psychology
1. The Jungian concept of psychic energy having a “dense end which corresponds
to the most primordial instinctual level of biology” and that because of the focus
of wholeness as the main theme of individuation this must be taken into account.
Jung’s psychological interpretation of alchemical symbols and cosmology led him
to this conceptualization.
3. In the Jungian concept of the psyche’s need for balance in the personality
typology, feeling and sensation functions must be incorporated into one’s
lifestyle, implying an essential role for bodily awareness.
4. Despite his primary psychic orientation, Jung also spoke of the physiological
concomitants of psychological complexes and Mindell says, “biofeedback
researchers today credit him with the discovery of what they call ‘skin talk’”. 18
5. Jung insisted upon integration of body and spirit as a condition for the success of
the organismic drive to wholeness, which he called individuation. Nathan
Schwartz-Salant has underlined it thus: “Only when the spirit exists as a reality,
when psychic reality is a phrase with objective meaning — stemming from a
transformation of the psyche such that a feeling centre exists — then and only
then does a descent into the body lead to transformation and the experience of
the Somatic unconscious”.19
McNeely reports that Jungian analyst Arnold Mindell PhD considers that the
unconscious “speaks” in the language of the body. 20 His principal focus is the
amplification and expression of the body’s involuntary signals in order to translate those
signals into healing images. Mindell writes in Dreambody that bodywork extends the
experiential dimension of dreams and generally increases the possibility for knowing the
unconscious.21 He also suggests that “the eyes, skin colour, lips, hand motion, body
posture, voice tone, all manifest the real personality”. 22 He works using subtle
attunement by focusing intently on body gestures, postures and sensation to bridge the
Psychoenergetic Models
Wilhelm Reich MD is the psychoanalyst who most focused on the body as a means of
psychotherapy. Writing in the 1920’s he spoke of body tension, posture and of
“character armoring and character resistance” 24, by which he meant chronic
physiological rigidities corresponding to emotional barriers against feeling excitement.
He advocated direct body contact work on the defensive musculature using breathing,
exercise and massage, calling this “vegeto therapeutic treatment”. By the 1940’s Reich
had coined the term “bioenergetic”, which his patient and student, Alexander Lowen
MD, came to use as the name of a form of body oriented psychotherapy that he
developed, along with John Pierrakos, who went on to develop his own version called
“core energetics”, which incorporated a spiritual element. This marked the beginning of
a trend in body oriented psychotherapies — that of speaking in energetic metaphors
using terms such as “charge”, “streaming”, “block”, “flow”, “pulsation”, “grounding”.
Many of the current varieties of body oriented psychotherapies employ this model and
the work of therapy includes a significant focus on this element. This functional
dynamism is said to show itself in such factors as level of vitality, skin color, body
posture, eye quality, voice tone, sense of contact, groundedness. Means of working
Hakomi, developed by Ron Kurtz and Hector Prestera, MD, uses similar
psychophysical typology to Lowen. They have, however related the psychodynamic
and bioenergetic model to the Chinese acupuncture system 28 in their book, The Body
Reveals, which provides a very detailed examination of what various body parts can
show about personality, bioenergetics and psychodynamics.
Malcolm Brown, PhD began his work in body oriented psychotherapy in 1964 as a
colleague of Lowen. Although designated a Neo-Reichian, thus acknowledging Reich’s
influence on his tradition, his sources of influence are diverse, including C.G. Jung, E.
Neuman (Jungian), A. Maslow (transpersonal), K. Goldstein (Gestalt), and C. Rogers
(humanistic/existential).29 This is somewhat typical of current body oriented
psychotherapies. Their background influences are diverse, but apart from Reich’s
original connection to psychoanalysis, they mainly fall within the existential and
transpersonal traditions, since these are quintessentially holistic and integrative with a
significant stated focus on embodied experience as a core theme and goal of
psychotherapy. Brown is particularly focused on spiritual issues in embodiment work
and also on appropriate challenge to ego defences. McNeely quotes from Brown’s
privately published writing. “Our body-centred energy-mobilization techniques are for us
exclusively intermediary in function, never ends in themselves. They mediate the
client’s awareness of his own neglected soul-powers and intuitive capacities for self
Humanistic-Existential-Phenomenological Tradition
Subsequent gestaltists have continued and elaborated this bodily focus. Kepner
writes about this in detail, based on his teaching and work at the Gestalt Institute of
Cleveland. His themes include body experience as experience of self, the body and the
disowned self, the therapeutic use of touch and dealing with the person as a whole.
Kepner appropriately also delineates limitations for touch oriented body work with
certain diagnostic types.41
Training in gestalt is offered throughout the world, with many centres in North
America and Europe, including Toronto, New York, Los Angeles, Cleveland and
Chicago. Their publications include the International Gestalt Journal, the British Gestalt
Journal and Gestalt!, an online journal.
The Rubenfeld Synergy Method combines the postural methods of F.M. Alexander
and Feldenkrais with gestalt awareness techniques and Eriksonian hypnotherapy, the
goal being “re-education of the nervous system, especially the motor cortex” 45 and to
correct “tensions and imbalances” in the “dynamic integration of body, mind, emotions
Primal therapy is a particularly bodily oriented psychotherapy that draws on both the
psychodynamic and existential traditions, as well as pre and peri natal psychology. The
existential focus on authenticity (incorporated into primal as an attempt to manifest the
“real self”) and the psychodynamic focus on reliving the traumatic past as a vehicle to
present psychological health, both call for this body orientation in the primal model. The
goal is an ever deepening sense of here and now self, mediated as embodied
experience. The facilitation of emotional expression by techniques of breathing,
posture, massage and containment exercises is part of a general focus on aliveness.
The primal model sees the psychodynamic self as being based on a bodily sense of self
originating in infancy, birth and intrauterine life. Support for this comes from
psychoanalysis, pre and peri natal psychology and transpersonal psychology. Freud
and the early psychoanalysts located the beginning of the development of a sense of
self at the Oedipal period. Later psychoanalysts (through Object Relations and Self
Psychology) have extended this back to infancy. Krueger goes so far as to say the
body and its evolving mental representations are the foundation of a sense of self and
suggests this beginning in the first few weeks of life. He quotes Lichtenberg as
describing “the concept of the body self as a compilation of the psychic experience of
body sensation, body functioning and body image” 54. Clinical work in primal therapy and
research evidence in pre and perinatal psychology has suggested moving the temporal
location of the beginning of a historical sense of self back beyond infancy into birth and
intrauterine experience.55 Verny quotes extensive research evidence supporting this
position56. It is the incorporation of elements of pre and perinatal psychology into the
primal model which supports the primal focus on birth and intrauterine material as a
means of access to deeper levels of the adult psyche. The primal model suggests that
this is made available especially, perhaps even only, via body oriented techniques. The
primal model further suggests that full bodily mediated, egoically modulated access to
these deeper layers of the psyche is necessary to a mature sense of self and activated
human potential. It is also the position of the primal tradition that these deep bodily
Transpersonal Psychology
Another broad area where body oriented psychotherapy is applicable is what might
generally be termed psychosomatic medicine, in which the mind and the body are seen
as self reflecting aspects of the human being as an organismic whole. Psychosomatic
medicine originally was a formulation of psychoanalysis, arising in part out of the focus
in psychoanalysis on the body as the ground for the creation of psychic contents
through drives and instincts, in part out of the observed relationship between bodily
behaviour and psychodynamics and in part out of the observations of the somatization
tendency in hysterical conversion reactions. As previously outlined in this paper, Freud,
Jung, Grodeck, Ferenzi, Adler and Alexander, amongst others, contributed to the
definition and evolution of this psychoanalytic psychosomatic model. Dunbar further
proposed in 1935 that various personality characteristics were associated with particular
psychosomatic disorders employing the idea of specificity. 60 More recently, according to
Wittkower and Warnes, this “has increasingly given way to the psychosomatic
approach, i.e. to the psychological and psychosocial approach to anyone suffering from
any disorder”61 (i.e. physical disorder). However, although multicausality in
psychosomatic conditions is currently a prominent model, Paulley and Pelser show
contemporary support for specificity (of personality characteristics or profiles in relation
to psychosomatic expressions), preferring, however, the term typicality and suggesting
that coping mechanism style confers this typicality/specificity. 62.
According to Goleman and Gurin, mind-body medicine tends to focus on the mind’s
capacity to influence quality of life, wellness and the course of physical disease itself. It
invokes evidence from stress studies, psychoneuroimmunology, the effects of emotions
and psychosocial conditions. 64 An interesting journal in this area is Advances in Mind
Body Medicine.65 It is a peer reviewed, well referenced, thoroughly clinical and
academic publication, with thematic issues such as “Is the Mind Part of the Immune
System” and “Can the Self Affect the Course of Cancer”. Mind body medicine employs
methods such as autogenic training, relaxation techniques, biofeedback, hypnosis,
social support, guided visualization, exercise and psychotherapy. Holistic medical
doctors are typically practitioners of mind body medicine, as are many GP
psychotherapists. Ontario GP Psychotherapist Bob James has written of the mind-body
connection using the term Bio Mind, which he suggests subconsciously “organises
events within and between all our living cells” by means of a decentralized field effect
and holistically reflects the self organizing, evolutionary theme in nature itself. 66
In June 1996 the first US National Conference on Body Oriented Psychotherapy was
held in conjunction with the fourth International Congress of Psycho Corporeal
Therapies, providing a professional forum for North American and European
practitioners to meet. One hundred and fifty presenters from eighteen countries gave
workshops on over sixty modalities of body oriented psychotherapy. The program
provided continuing education credits for both physicians and psychologists.
Workshops included topics such as “The Role of Catharsis”, “Psychosomatics as
Experienced from an Art Therapy, Object Relations Perspectives”, “Sexuality and Body
Psychotherapy”. All the well established body oriented psychotherapies mentioned in
this paper were represented, alongside newer, evolving approaches. This conference
was the culmination of a five year process of discussion between many practitioners
and represents a desire to clarify commonalities and explore differences between the
extensive array of developing body oriented psychotherapy approaches.
The USABP, formed from this conference, has held regular conferences ever since.
The USABP defines body oriented psychotherapy as “a distinct branch of the main body
of psychotherapy with a long history and a large body of knowledge based upon a
sound theoretical position… (It) involves a developmental model, theory of personality,
hypotheses about the origins of psychological disturbances and alterations, as well as a
The USABP was founded in 1996 following the first US National Conference on
Body Oriented Psychotherapy. Their peer reviewed journal is the USA Body
Psychotherapy Journal. Their stated mission is to: develop and promote standards in
providing body psychotherapy to the public; to promote access to quality body
psychotherapy for all persons; to be an influential, equal, and collaborative member of
the health care and education community; to be a source on issues and information
related to the field of body psychotherapy; to enhance the professional development
and personal growth of members; to encourage, develop, and provide a professional
community that is based on enlightened, collaborative, and collegial relationships. The
USABP provides online continuing education credits to members through their website,
with credits granted by the California Board of Behavioral Counselors (Approval no.
PCE 4095).
In gestalt and Jungian body work, bioenergetics, core energetics, Reichian, Neo
Reichian, primal, experiential and transpersonal psychotherapy (amongst others) touch
is central. It is usually done in the form of simple touch, massage, posturing or
psychophysical engagement.
McNeely, a Jungian, identifies three unique aspects of touch: (I) exploration and
amplification of bodily states by enactment, positioning, asserting movement and
directing attention; (ii) mirroring, in which the therapist actively joins with the patient in
exercises such as pushing or pulling; and (iii) de-armouring where the therapist actively
moves against the patient’s somatic defence system, through pressure that can range
from light touch to deep massage.71
Bioenergetics, core energetics, Reichian and Neo Reichian body work techniques
utilize posture, massage, breathing and grounding exercises. As noted earlier in this
paper, Brown distinguishes between nurturing and catalytic touch suggesting the latter
must follow based on sufficient prior use of the former. In these body oriented traditions,
touch is considered essential in diagnosing energy and tension patterns,
psychophysical defensive blocks and tissue structure in relation to character type. The
psychotherapeutic process itself involves extensive use of touch in working with the
bioenergetic, psychophysical and psychodynamic elements of the patient. This is
considered fundamental to these models of psychotherapy.
McNeely delineates several issues in body need gratification via touch, 73 including
providing contact (which Whitmont describes as a “channel of relatedness for contact
starved adults”74), affection (being careful to avoid sexualizing) and containment (e.g.
giving support to release of terror or grief that would otherwise not be possible because
of anxiety factors). She suggests the primary object of reparenting touch is healing of
mind body splits created by early damage to the body and psyche. 75 She says that child
analysts, such as Winnicott, contend that a child of any age who needs to be held
affectionately is seeking a physical form of loving which is given naturally in the womb. 76
She also says that in this model it is not enough to be conscious of the early pain of
deprivation, but is necessary that early wounding be repaired. She suggests “this may
occur through reparenting physically and emotionally by touching and holding at a pre
genital level, as one would touch and hold a small child”. 77 Greene says “we have all
experienced how insight into a complex and its archetypal images is often not sufficient
to change the compulsive nature of an associated behaviour that has its roots in the
very structure of the body”.78
4. When in doubt don’t touch and bring the question up as a clinical issue.
5. Examine your own motivations for touch regarding your attention focus to ensure
that it is patient centred and in response.
6. Pay attention to timing. Touching too soon may prevent an issue emerging.
Touching too late may reinforce old imprints of control or depriviation.
7. Never touch a sexual area or an area the client considers private, noting cultural
differences in regard to privacy concerns.
8. Trust your intuition but beware of projection, relying on training, experience and
integrity to know the difference.
Kepner addresses the issue of touch with these opening words. “Body oriented
work in general, and work that uses touch as a tool for intervention in particular, places
the client and therapist in a position of unusual closeness and intimacy... The physical
distance between the client and therapist is much less than the usual social distance
and requires the client to let down some of his or her reserve to allow the therapist in.
The therapist is potentially in a position of greater power and influence and the client is
potentially in a position of greater vulnerability and openness than the average
therapeutic encounter”.80
These issues increase the importance of a number of boundaries in body and touch
oriented psychotherapy, including the importance of therapists being aware of their own
needs. In this sense, it may be suggested that until a potential body oriented
psychotherapist has worked through any sexual dysfunction or confusion and deep,
unmet psychological needs they should not be doing bodywork. It should be possible to
Primal therapy supports this view of the facilitative value of touch in psychotherapy,
suggesting that the uncovering of unconscious infantile preoccupations and needs is
particularly facilitated by body oriented psychotherapy. It further suggests that it is not
possible to fully address infantile preoccupations and needs by verbal techniques alone.
While it recognizes the need for verbal interactions oriented toward insight,
understanding, ego development, boundary negotiations and timing, it holds that, in
order for there to be full conscious explication of the tangled web of deep unmet infant
need, need denial, self deception, projection and acting out, a body orientation is
essential.
We must also remember that attitudes to the body are characterological. So, for
example, the schizoid tendency to deny, and the anorexic tendency to control, the body
may, in themselves, be the subject of therapy. Similarly, cultural background may
encode typical rigidified attitudes to the body which may become the subject of therapy
for the individual. Body oriented techniques may be introduced to these patients when
timing is appropriate, noting boundary issues, therapeutic bond and ego skills as
significant qualifiers of this timing.
In regard to the issue of sexualizing in body oriented psychotherapy. The first and
last statement must be that, as in any form of psychotherapy, indeed as in any form of
relationship in the helping profession, sexual acting out is absolutely contraindicated,
McNeely, however, also points out that “While working with the body one is usually
confronted, at some point, with the sexual aspects of the patient”. 89 This is also true of
any long term, deep change oriented psychotherapy, and of course for any client in
whom sexual function is a psychological issue. McNeely goes on to point out
“Awareness of sexuality becomes a very natural part of the process of becoming
conscious of the body; the therapist who is managing his or her own sexual energy well
can observe the emergence of sexuality in the patient without getting compulsively
caught up in his or her own sexual complexes, just as a healthy parent can encourage a
child’s sexual development without participation”. 90
The issue of potential sexual acting out, as would be the case for any health
professional, needs to be addressed by the therapist’s personal therapy to ensure
personal maturity, training to ensure understanding of principles and integrity, and
supervision to maintain vigilance.
B. Bongar and L. Beutler, eds. Comprehensive Textbook of Psychotherapy. New York: Oxford University Press,
1995. J. Bugental and B. McBeath, “Depth Existential Therapy: Evolution Since World War II”. R. Elliott and L.
Greenberg, “Experiential Psychotherapy in Practice: The Process of Experiential Approach”.
2
A. Gurinon and S. Messer, eds. Essential Psychotherapies: Theory and Practice. New York: Guildford Press,
1995. J. Bugental and M. Sterling, “Existential Humanistic Psychotherapy. G. Zontel, “Gestalt Therapy”.
3
H. Kaplan and B. Shaddock, eds. Comprehensive Group Psychotherapy (Third Edition). Baltimore: Williams
and Wilkins, 1993. D. Grieve, “Gestalt Group Psychotherapy”. M. Rosenbaum, “Existential-Humanistic
Approaches to Group Psychotherapy”.
4
. H. Kaplan and B. Sadock eds. Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry (Fourth Edition). Baltimore: Williams
and Wilkins, 1985. W. Ofman, “Existential Psychotherapy”. B. Shadock, “Group Psychotherapy and
Psychodrama”, B. Sadock. H. Stupp and G. Blackwood, “Recent Methods of Psychotherapy” (includes Gestalt
and Logotherapy).
5
M. Herzen, A. Kazdin and A. Bellack, eds. Clinical Psychology Handbook. New York: Pergammon, 1991. H.
Urban, “Humanistic, Phenomenological and Existential Approaches”. C. Fischer, “Phenomenological-Existential
Psychotherapy”.
6
D. Krueger. Body Self Psychological Self. New York: Brunner Mazel, 1989.
7
JAC Brown. Freud and the Freudians. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1961.
8
M. Jacoby. “Getting in Touch and Touching”. Body in Analysis. Ed. N. Schwartz-Salant and M. Steen. Wilmette:
Chiron Clinical Series: 1986, pg. 113.
9
Jacoby, pg. 114.
10
D.A. McNeely. Touching: Body Therapy and Depth Psychology. Toronto: Inner city Books, 1987, pg. 33.
11
McNeely, pg. 33.
12
Liljan Espenak. “The Adlerian Approach to Dance Therapy”. Eight Theoretical Approaches in Dance. Ed.
Pensry Burstone. Daybook, Iowa: Kendall-Hunt Publishing Co., 1979.
13
George Grodeck. The Book of the It. New York: The New American Library of World Literature, 1961.
14
McNeely, pg. 39.
15
McNeely, pg. 40.
16
McNeely, pg. 40.
17
E.C. Whitmont and T. Kaufman. “Analytic Psychology”. Current Psychotherapies. Ed. R. Corsini , D. Wedding
and Itasca Illinon. New York: F.E. Publishing Company, 1973., pp. 99, 110.
18
A. Mindell. Dreambody: The Body’s Role in Revealing the Self. Santa Monica: Santa Monica Sigo Press,
1982.
19
N. Schwartz-Salant. Narcissism and Character: The Psychology of Narcissistic Character Disorders. Toronto:
Inner City Books, 1982, pg. 121.
20
McNeely, pg. 55.
21
Mindell, pg. *.
22
Mindell, pg. 197.
23
McNeely, pg. 57.
24
W. Reich. Character Analysis. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1972.
25
H. Lowen. Bioenergetics. New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1975.
26
J. Pierrakos. Human Energy Systems Theory. Institute for the New Age of Man, 340 East 57th St., New York
10022, pg. 22.
27
J. Pierrakos, J. Life Functions of the Energy Centers of Man. Institute for the New Age of Man, 340 East 57th
St., New York 10022.
28
R. Kurtz and H. Prestera. The Body Reveals - What Your body Says About You. San Francisco: Harper and
Row, 1984.
29
M. Brown. The Healing Touch - An Introduction to Organismic Psychotherapy. P.O. Box 806, Mendocino, CA,
95460 USA: Life Rhythm, 1990.
30
McNeely, pg. 53.
31
Brown, The Healing Touch, pg. 117.
32
Brown, The Healing Touch, pg. 117.
33
McNeely, pg. 55.
34
McNeely, pg. 55.
35
McNeely, pg. 55.
36
A. Blatner. Foundation of Psychodrama — History, Theory and Practice. New York: Springer, 1988.
37
J. Chodorow. “Dance Movement and Body Experience in Analysis” in Jungian Analysis. M. Stein, ed. Boulder:
Shambala, 1982.
38
Urban, pg. 209.
39
R. May. “Being and Time”. Existential Psychology. Ed. R. May. New York: Random House, 1969.
40
R. Hefferline, P. Goodman and F. Perls. Gestalt Therapy. New York: Julian, 1951.
41
Kepner, J. Body Process - Working with the Body in Psychotherapy. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993, pg.
83.
42
R. Daldrup, L. Bentler, D. Engle and L. Greenberg. Focused Expressive Psychotherapy: Freeing the
Overcontrolled Patient. New York: Guildford Press, 1988, pg. 50.
43
Daldrup, pg. vii.
44
Daldrup, pg. 20.
45
McNeely, pg. 50.
46
AHP Somatics Community 1992 Directory, PO Box 3327, Saratoga, CA 95070-1327, pg. 33.
47
E. Gendlin. Focusing: Second Edition. New York: Bantam Books, 1981.
48
E. Gendlin. Focusing-Oriented Psychotherapy - a Manual of the Experiential Method. New York: Guildford
Press, 1996.
49
A. Mahrer. Experiential Psychotherapy: Basic Practices. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1989.
50
Gendlin, Focusing: Second Edition, pg. 55.
51
Gendlin, Focusing: Second Edition, pg. 86.
52
G. Egan. Encounter: Group Process for Personal Growth. Belmont: Wadsworth, 1970.
53
Mahrer, pg. 181.
54
Krueger, pg. 4.
55
T. Verny, ed. Pre and Peri Natal Psychology - An Introduction. New York: Human Sciences Press, 1987.
56
T. Verny. The Secret of the Unborn Child. Delta Book: New York; 1981.
57
1994-95 Listings of Schools and Programs. Association for Transpersonal Psychology, P.O. Box 3049, Palo
Alto, CA 94309.
58
Dr. Sean O’Sullivan. “The Transpersonal Therapies: Holotrophic Breathwork” in GP Psychotherapy Newsletter
Vol. 4 No. 3 October 1994 and Vol. 5 No. 1 February 1995.
59
O’Sullivan, Vol. 4 No. 3, page 11.
60
. H. Dunbar. Emotions and Bodily Changes. New York: Columbia University Press, 1935.
61
E. Wittkower and H. Warnes, eds. Psychosomatic Medicine - Its Clinical Applications. New York: Harper &
Row, 1977, pg. xix.
62
J. Paulley, J. and H. Pelser. Psychological Management for Psychosomatic Disorders. New York: Springer
Verlag, 1989.
63
R. Kellner. Psychosomatic Syndromes and Somatic Symptoms. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric
Press, 1991.
64
D. Golman D. and J. Gurin, eds. Mind Body Medicine. New York: Consumers Union, 1993.
65
Advances - The Journal of Mind Body Medicine. John E. Fetzer Institute, Inc. 9292 West KL Avenue,
Kalamazoo, MI 49009 8400.
66
Robert T. James. Biomind and the Art of Uncancering. 120 Byron Street, Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario L0S
1J0, 1995.
67
Kepner, pg. 72.
68
Kepner, pg. 76.
69
Kepner, pg. 77.
70
Kepner, pg. 77.
71
McNeely, pg. 67.
72
Jacoby, pg. 114.
73
McNeely, pg. 74.
74
E. Whitmont “Recent Influences in the Practice of Jungian Analysis”. Jungian Analysis. Ed. M. Stein. Boulder:
Shambhala Publication, 1982.
75
McNeely, pg. 70.
76
D. Winnicott. The Child and the Outside World. London: Tavistock Publishers, 1957.
77
McNeely, pg. 71.
78
A. Greene. “Giving the Body its Due”. Quadrant, 17/2 pp. 9-24, pg. 11.
79
Caldwell, Christine, PhD, ADTR, LPC, Founder, Somatic Psychology Dept., Naropa Institute, Boulder, CO.
AHP Somatics Wellness and Community Newsletter. August, 1996. PO Box 2123, San Anselmo, CA 94979-
2123.
80
Kepner, pg. 81.
81
Kepner, pg. 84.
82
Swartz-Salant, pg. 123.
83
M. Balint. The Basic Fault, Second Edition. New York: Brunner/Mazel, pg. 144.
84
McNeely, pg. 76.
85
McNeely, pg. 76
86
Kepner, pg. 76.
87
Kepner, pg. 71.
88
Kepner, pg. 85
89
McNeely, pg. 75.
90
McNeely, pg. 75.