FABRICATION OF AUTOMATIC CAR SEAT

ADJUSTMENT FOR COLLISION FATALITY CONTROL

ABSTRACT:
Now-a-days, More than 100 accidents were happening daily everywhere and more than
30% accidents leads to sudden fatality of the driver and the person those who sat on front seats.
Because Head of the driver and person in front seat were due to the inertia force Forehead of the
driver is hitting on steering, windshield, dashboard of car with enormous force leads to death due
to heavy injury on their heads. So, here objective of the project is to control or minimize the
fatality of driver and person who is sitting on front seats even-though the Air-Bags deployed, So,
prevent those fatality by controlling the front seats of driver and persons during collision or
accidents. By controlling the seat back angle of inclination to hold you in a seat against the
forward motion.
In a front of impact crash there are actually three sequential impacts. The first is when the
vehicle hits a fixed object such as a tree or other solid barrier. While the vehicle comes to a
complete stop, the occupants are still moving due to forward acceleration. The second impact
occurs when unrestrained occupants hit something in the interior of the vehicle (steering wheel,
dashboard, or airbag) and restrained occupants hit the restraining system (belts or airbag). After
the body stops, the internal organs are still in forward motion. Therefore, the third impact is the
internal organs colliding with the skeletal structure. Among unrestrained drivers, key injuries
include the knees hitting the instrument panel, the chest hitting the steering wheel or airbag, and
the head hitting the windshield or the airbag. The head hitting the windshield causes abrasions
and superficial cuts to the forehead, nose, and face, but these are typically not serious due to the
nature of the construction of the windshield. Here we are preventing these types of injuries from
our project titled fabrication of automatic car seat adjustment for collision fatality control.
WORKING METHOD:
While, our car were collide with another car suddenly, the crash sensor in front of
the car which is connected to Arduino controller internally. So while car crash more than the
speed of 14-20 MPH the crash sensor send a signal to controller and the controller operate a DC
Geared Motor which is installed under the seats(PUSHBACK SEATS) will run for particular
degree (15-20 degree) of seat using battery power. So we prevents the head collision from
steering wheel, windshield, and dashboard of the car and prevent the fatality of driver even
when airbags deployed. So, by automatic car seat adjustment for collision fatality control we can
minimize the fatality of drivers and person on front seats with may or may not with severe
injuries and not leads to sudden fatality.
MAJOR COMPONENTS:
1. DC MOTOR
2. CRASH SENSOR
3. ARDUINO CONTROLLER
4. POWER SUPPLY
5. RELAY CIRCUIT.

COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION:

1. MOTOR:

Workings of a brushed electric motor with a two-pole rotor (armature) and permanent
magnet stator. "N" and "S" designate polarities on the inside face of the magnets; the outside
faces have opposite polarities. The positive and negative signs show where the DC current is
applied to the commutator which supplies current to the armature coils.

DC MOTOR
Electric machines are a means of converting energy. Motors take electrical energy and produce
mechanical energy. Electric motors are used to power hundreds of devices we use in everyday
life. Motors come in various sizes. Huge motors that can take loads of 1000’s of Horsepower are
typically used in the industry. Some examples of large motor applications include elevators,
electric trains, hoists, and heavy metal rolling mills. Examples of small motor applications
include motors used in automobiles, robots, hand power tools and food blenders. Micro-
machines are electric machines with parts the size of red blood cells, and find many applications
in medicine. Electric motors are broadly classified into two different categories: DC (Direct
Current) and AC (Alternating Current). Within these categories are numerous types, each
offering unique abilities that suit them well for specific applications. In most cases, regardless of
type, electric motors consist of a stator (stationary field) and a rotor (the rotating field or
armature) and operate through the interaction of magnetic flux and electric current to produce
rotational speed and torque. DC motors are distinguished by their ability to operate from direct
current.

DC Gear Motor

WIPER MOTOR

Wiper motor used is a DC motor. It is used to rotate the chain for the to and fro
movement of the eraser apparatus. The motor is placed beneath the blackboard. A wiper motor is
a DC motor with two permanent magnets that serves as a field for the motor, arranged around the
armature where the power is connected to the commutator of the armature with two brushes, the
armature is a set of electromagnetic coils that is each connected to its own two segments in the
commutator so that the power is connected to only one coil at a time to generate a magnetic field
in the armature, this field will oppose the field of the permanent magnet field, where the one
field will push the other away and make the motor to turn.

Powering the Motor:

The standard voltage requirement for the wiper motor is 12 volts DC. The electrical
system in a running automobile usually puts out between 13 and 13.5 volts, so it is safe to say
that the motor can handle up to 13.5 volts with no problem. The minimum required current for
the motor is 1.6 amps at 70 rpm, 0.9 amps at 41 rpm and 4 amps to run it at 106 rpm. These
current ratings are for the motor spinning with no load. As we add mechanical load, these
numbers can increase dramatically, doubling or even tripling under a heavy load. When testing
for torque, we found the motor to draw close to 14 amps in a stalled condition. This factor was
taken into account when selecting a power supply. Since the motor will only use what it needs
when it comes to current, 5amp power supply has been used.

Wiring the Motor:

The wiper motor has a block with 5 electrical terminals. One terminal goes to ground
(Common), one is for high speed, one low speed and two for a parking switch. During motor
operation, the two terminals are connected to each other at about 90% of each rotation.
 approximate speed, current draw and power supply hook-up information for counter
clockwise motor rotation. As an example, if the motor has to rotate at 70 rpm, the positive (+)
connection of the power supply is hooked to the High speed terminal of the motor and the
negative (-) connection of the power supply to the Common terminal on the motor. And vice-
versa for the clockwise rotation. Only two wires have been used in the project.

2. ARDUINO

INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and

software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a
Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing
something online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the
microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino programming language (based
on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing.

Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from everyday objects to
complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers - students, hobbyists, artists,
programmers, and professionals - has gathered around this open-source platform, their
contributions have added up to an incredible amount of accessible knowledge that can be of great
help to novices and experts alike.
Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for fast prototyping,
aimed at students without a background in electronics and programming. As soon as it reached a
wider community, the Arduino board started changing to adapt to new needs and challenges,
differentiating its offer from simple 8-bit boards to products for IOT applications, wearable, 3D
printing, and embedded environments. All Arduino boards are completely open-source,
empowering users to build them independently and eventually adapt them to their particular
needs. Thesoftware, too, is open-source, and it is growing through the contributions of users
worldwide.

HISTORY OF ARDUINO

While teaching a physical computing class at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in 2005,
Massimo Banzi’s students were unwilling to spend the 76euros for the BASIC Stamp
microcontrollers commonly used in such applications. Banzi and his collegues looked for
alternatives, finally settling on the wiring platform developed by one of Banzi’s students.

In his own words: we started to figure out how could we make the whole platform even simpler,
even cheaper, even easier to use. And then we started to essentially re implement the whole thing
as an open source project.

Once they had a prototype, a student wrote the software that would allow wiring programs to
reunion the new platform. Upon seeing the project, visiting professor Casey Reas suggested that
there might be wider applications than just design schools for the new product. The prototype
was redesigned for mass production and a test run of 200 boards was made. Orders began
coming in from other design schools and the students looking for Arduinos

The Arduino project was born and Massimo Banzi and David Cuartielles became its
founders. ARDUINO is an Italian word, meaning STRONG FRIEND. The English version of the
name is Hardwin. As of May2011, more than 300,000 Arduino units are in the wild.
HARDWARE

ARDUINO BOARD LAYOUT

ARDUINO Pin Diagram

3.BATTERY

In electricity, a battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that

convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first battery (or
"voltaic pile") in 1800 by Alessandro Volta and especially since the technically improved Daniell
cell in 1836, batteries have become a common power source for many household and industrial
applications. According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery industry generates US
$48 billion in sales each year, with 6% annual growth.

There are two types of batteries: primary batteries (disposable batteries), which are designed to
be used once and discarded, and secondary batteries(rechargeable batteries), which are designed
to be recharged and used multiple times. Batteries come in many sizes, from miniature cells used
to power hearing aids and wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby
power for telephone exchanges and computer data centers.

BATTERY SIZE

The size of the battery bank required will depend on the storage capacity required, the maximum
discharge rate, the maximum charge rate, and the minimum temperature at which the batteries
will be used. When designing a power system, all of these factors are looked at, and the one
requiring the largest capacity will dictate battery size. Our System Sizing work forms take many
of these factors into account.

One of the biggest mistakes made by those just starting out is not understanding the relationship
between amps and amp-hour requirements of 120 volt AC items versus the effects on their DC
low voltage batteries. For example, say you have a 24 volt nominal system powering a load of 3
amps, 120VAC, which has a duty cycle of 4 hours per day. You would have a 12 amp hour load
(3A X 4 hrs=12 ah). However, in order to determine the true drain on your batteries you have to
divide your nominal battery voltage (24v) into the voltage of the load (120v), which is 5, and
then multiply this times your amp hours (12 ah). So in this case the calculation would be 60 amp
hours drained from your batteries - not the 12 ah. The easiest way to quickly determine the total
battery amp hours required is to first determine total watt-hours required by all loads, and then
divide by the nominal DC system voltage. This resulting number will indicate the amount of amp
hours needed to operate all loads for a given period. However, additional amp hour capacity
would typically be added for more "reserve" capacity or to prevent complete discharge. Using
the above example, 3 amps x 120 VAC x 4 hours = 1440 watt-hours divided by 24 VDC battery
environment equals 60 amp-hours; the same answer as before, but another way to get it.

There are other factors for determining the full extent of the battery drain, such as temperature,
start-up factors, etc., but this should help you get a more complete picture on how to size your
low DC voltage batteries when powering 120/240 volt loads using an inverter. Our System
Sizing work forms take many of these factors into account.

Back to Solar Power System Sizing Page

Temperature has a significant effect on lead-acid batteries. At 40°F they will have about 75% of
rated capacity, and at 0°F their capacity drops to about 50%. An exception to this general rule
would be the Concorde PVX battery, which is not as sensitive to these temperature extremes.

The storage capacity of a battery, the amount of electrical energy it can hold, is usually expressed
in amp hours. If one amp is used for 100 hours, then 100 amp-hours have been used. A battery in
a solar power system should have sufficient amp hour capacity to supply needed power during
the longest expected period "no sun" or extremely cloudy conditions. In wind systems allowance
for "no wind" days should be included. A lead-battery should be sized at least 20% larger than
this amount. If there is a source of back-up power, such as a standby generator along with a
battery charger, the battery bank does not have to be sized for worst-case weather conditions.

SERIES WIRING
 Series wiring refers to connecting batteries to increase volts, but not amps. If you have two
6 volt batteries like the Trojan L16 rated at 350 amp hours, for example, by connecting the
positive terminal of one battery to the negative terminal of the other, then you have series wired
the two together. In this case, you now have a 12 volt battery and the rated 350 amps does not
change. If you were to series wire four L16's you'd have 24 volts at 350 amps, and so on.

PARALLEL WIRING

Parallel wiring refers to connecting batteries to increase amps, but not volts. If you have two 6
volt batteries like the Trojan L16 rated at 350 amp hours, for example, by connecting the positive
terminal of one battery to the positive terminal of the other, and the same with the negative
terminal, then you have parallel wired the two together. In this case, you now have a 6 volt
battery and the rated 350 amps increases to 700 amp hours. If you were to series wire four L16's
you'd have 24 volts at 350 amps, and then parallel wire these four to the four other that are in
series, then you'd have a 24 volt battery at 700 amps.