Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
2014-2015
This booklet is prepared by Hirad Aalipanah, Iman Maghsoudi.
With special thanks to Morteza Saghafian, Mahdi Etesami Fard,
Davood Vakili, Erfan Salavati.
Copyright
Young
c Scholars Club 2014-2015. All rights reserved.
Ministry of education, Islamic Republic of Iran.
www.ysc.ac.ir - www.igo-official.ir
The first Iranian Geometry Olympiad was held simultaneously in Tehran and Is-
fahan on September 4th, 2014 with over 300 participants. This competition had two
levels, junior and senior which each level had 5 problems. The contestants solved
problems in 4 hours and 30 minutes.
In the end, the highest ranked participants in each level awarded with gold ruler,
silver ruler or bronze ruler respectively.
This booklet have the problems of this competition plus other geometry problems
used in other Iranian mathematical competition since summer of 2014 till spring of
2015.
This year the second Iranian Geometry Olympiad will be held in Tehran on Septem-
ber 3th, 2015. We tend to provide online presence for those who are interested from
other countries. Those who wish to participate can contact Mr. Salavati for more
information at erfan.salavati@gmail.com
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
solution.
Let K midpoint of side BC. Therefore:
AK = KC ⇒ ∠KAC = ∠N KC = 30◦
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
solution.
Let I be the incenter of 4ABC. We know that
)
∠BF K = 90◦ − ∠B 1
◦ 1 ⇒ ∠DF M = ∠B
∠BF D = 90 − 2 ∠B 2
But ∠DF M = ∠M DK. Therefore
1
∠M DK = ∠B
2
MK r
Hense 4M DK and 4BID are similar (same angles) and DK
= BD
. In the same
way we have N
DL
L r
= CD . Therefore
M K · BD N L · CD area of 4BM D M K · BD DK
r= = ⇒ = =
DK DL area of 4CN D N L · CD DL
Solutions 13
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
solution.
We draw a 93-gon similar with the second 93-gon in the circumcircle of the first
93-gon (so the sides of the second 93-gon would be multiplying by a constant number
c). Now we have two 93-gons witch are inscribed in the same circle and apply the
problem’s conditions. We name this 93-gons A1 A2 ...A93 and C1 C2 ...C93 .
_ _
We know that A1 A2 k C1 C2 . Therefore A1 C1 =A2 C2 but they lie on the opposite
_ _
side of each other. In fact, Ai Ci =Ai+1 Ci+1 and they lie on the opposite side of each
_ _ _ _
other for all 1 6 i 6 93 (A94 C94 =A1 C1 ). Therefore A1 C1 and A1 C1 lie on the opposite
_ ◦ ◦
side of each other. So A1 C1 = 0 or 180 . This means that the 93-gons are coincident
or reflections of each other across the center. So Ai Ai+1 = Ci Ci+1 for 1 6 i 6 93.
Ai Ai+1
Therefore, B i Bi+1
= c.
Solutions 14
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
solution.
Suppose M is the midpoint of CD. Hense AM is the perpendicular bisector of
CD. AM intersects DE and BE at P, Q respectively. Therefore, P C = P D. We
have
∠EBA + ∠CAB = ∠A + ∠B + ∠A = 180◦ − ∠C + ∠A = 90◦
Hense AC ⊥ BE. Thus in 4ABQ, BC, AC are altitudes. This means C is the
orthocenter of this triangle and
1 1
∠CQE = ∠CQB = ∠A = ∠A + ∠A = ∠P DC + ∠P CD = ∠CP E
2 2
Hense CP QE is cyclic. Therefore
BM + CM > AY
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
solution.
O is the circumcenter of 4ABC, so OM ⊥ AX. We draw a perpendicular line
from B to OM . This line intersects with the circumcircle at Z. Since OM ⊥ BZ,
OM is the perpendicular bisector of BZ. This means M Z = M B. By using triangle
inequality we have
BM + M C = ZM + M C > CZ
But BZ k AX, thus
_ _ _ _ _
AZ = BX = CY ⇒ ZAC = Y CA ⇒ CZ = AY
AB = BP ⇔ ∠M XB = 60◦
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
solution.
Suppose X 0 is a point such that 4M BX 0 is equilateral.(X 0 and X lie on the same
side of M B) It’s enough to show that:
AB = BP ⇔ X 0 ≡ X
Draw the line passing through P 0 such that be parallel with CD. Suppose that this
line intersects AD in M 0 .
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
solution.
Suppose point K is intersection AM and circumcircle of 4AEF . M F tangent to
circumcircle of 4AEF at F .
( because of ∠M F C = ∠M CF = ∠AEF ). Therefore M F 2 = M K.M A . In the
other hand, M Y = M F so M Y 2 = M K.M A. It means
∠M Y K = ∠Y AM (1)
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
solution.
∠N AM = ∠N AE + ∠A + ∠F AM = ∠EXB + ∠A + ∠CXF
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
solution.
First we show that if we move P and Q, the line AM doesn’t move. To show that
sin ∠A1
we calculate sin ∠A2
. By the law of sines in 4AF M and 4AEM we have
BP
)
sin ∠F1 = PF
· sin ∠B sin ∠F1 sin ∠B EQ
CQ ⇒ = · (4)
sin ∠E1 = EQ
· sin ∠C sin ∠E1 sin ∠C F P
H2 P − H1 Q
tan α = (7)
QP
H1 and H2 are the orthometers of 4BF P and 4CQE respectively. Thus we have
BQ · QP
QF · H1 Q = BQ · QP ⇒ H1 Q =
FQ
CP · P Q
EP · H2 P = CP · P Q ⇒ H2 P =
EP
but CP = BQ. Thus
P Q · BQ · (F Q − EP )
H2 P − H1 Q =
EP · F Q
by putting this in (7) :
BQ · (F Q − EP ) BQ BQ CP BQ
tan α = = − = −
EP · F Q EP FQ EP FQ
tan α · tan θ = 1
AD AD AD 1 1
tan θ = = = = CD BD
=
DX CD − CX CD − BD AD
− AD
cot ∠B − cot ∠C
this equality and (8) implies that AM ⊥ H1 H2 .
Problems of 2nd Iranian Geometry Olympiad 2015 (Elementary)
1. We have four wooden triangles with sides 3, 4, 5 centimeters. How many convex
polygons can we make by all of these triangles?(Just draw the polygons without any
proof)
A convex polygon is a polygon which all of it’s angles are less than 180◦ and there
isn’t any hole in it. For example:
2. Let ABC be a triangle with ∠A = 60◦ . The points M, N, K lie on BC, AC, AB
respectively such that BK = KM = M N = N C. If AN = 2AK, find the values of
∠B and ∠C.
1
4. In rectangle ABCD, the points M, N, P, Q lie on AB, BC, CD, DA respectively
such that the area of triangles AQM, BM N, CN P, DP Q are equal. Prove that the
quadrilateral M N P Q is parallelogram.
5. Do there exist 6 circles in the plane such that every circle passes through centers
of exactly 3 other circles?
2
Problems of 2nd Iranian Geometry Olympiad 2015 (Medium)
1. In the figure below, the points P, A, B lie on a circle. The point Q lies inside the
circle such that ∠P AQ = 90◦ and P Q = BQ. Prove that the value of ∠AQB−∠P QA
is equal to the arc AB.
3. In triangle ABC, the points M, N, K are the midpoints of BC, CA, AB respec-
tively. Let ωB and ωC be two semicircles with diameter AC and AB respectively,
outside the triangle. Suppose that M K and M N intersect ωC and ωB at X and Y
respectively. Let the tangents at X and Y to ωC and ωB respectively, intersect at Z.
prove that AZ⊥BC.
3
4. Let ABC be an equilateral triangle with circumcircle ω and circumcenter O. Let
P be the point on the arc BC( the arc which A doesn’t lie ). Tangent to ω at P in-
tersects extensions of AB and AC at K and L respectively. Show that ∠KOL > 90◦ .
5. a) Do there exist 5 circles in the plane such that every circle passes through centers
of exactly 3 circles?
b) Do there exist 6 circles in the plane such that every circle passes through centers
of exactly 3 circles?
4
Problems of 2nd Iranian Geometry Olympiad 2015 (Advanced)
3. Let H be the orthocenter of the triangle ABC. Let l1 and l2 be two lines passing
through H and perpendicular to each other. l1 intersects BC and extension of AB
at D and Z respectively, and l2 intersects BC and extension of AC at E and X re-
spectively. Let Y be a point such that Y D k AC and Y E k AB. Prove that X, Y, Z
are collinear.
4. In triangle ABC, we draw the circle with center A and radius AB. This circle
intersects AC at two points. Also we draw the circle with center A and radius AC and
this circle intersects AB at two points. Denote these four points by A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 .
Find the points B1 , B2 , B3 , B4 and C1 , C2 , C3 , C4 similarly. Suppose that these 12
points lie on two circles. Prove that the triangle ABC is isosceles.
5
Solutions of 2nd Iranian Geometry Olympiad 2015 (Elementary)
1. We have four wooden triangles with sides 3, 4, 5 centimeters. How many convex
polygons can we make by all of these triangles?(Just draw the polygons without any
proof)
A convex polygon is a polygon which all of it’s angles are less than 180◦ and there
isn’t any hole in it. For example:
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
6
7
2. Let ABC be a triangle with ∠A = 60◦ . The points M, N, K lie on BC, AC, AB
respectively such that BK = KM = M N = N C. If AN = 2AK, find the values of
∠B and ∠C.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
Suppose the point P be the midpoint of AN . Therefore AK = AP = AN and
so we can say 4AP K is the equilateral triangle. So ∠AN K = ∠KP2
A
= 30◦ Let
∠ACB = ∠N M C = α. Therfore ∠ABC = ∠KM B = 120◦ − α. So ∠KM N = 60◦ .
Therefore 4KM N is the equilateral triangle. Now we know that ∠M N A = 90◦ .
Therefore α = 45◦ . So we have ∠C = 45◦ and ∠B = 75◦ .
8
3. In the figure below, we know that AB = CD and BC = 2AD. Prove that
∠BAD = 30◦ .
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution 1.
Let two points E and F on BC and AB respectively such that DF ⊥BC and
DE⊥AB. We can say DF = DC 2
= AB
2
.(because of ∠BCD = 30◦ and ∠DF C = 90◦ )
Also we know that DF = BE, therfore DE is the perpendicular bisector of AB. So
BD = AD.
9
Solution 2.
Suppose that P is the point such that triangle DCP is Equilateral. We know that
P C⊥BC and P C = CD = AB, therfore quadrilateral ABCP is Rectangular.
10
4. In rectangle ABCD, the points M, N, P, Q lie on AB, BC, CD, DA respectively
such that the area of triangles AQM, BM N, CN P, DP Q are equal. Prove that the
quadrilateral M N P Q is parallelogram.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
Let AB = CD = a, AD = BC = b and AM = x, AQ = z, P C = y, N C = t. If
x 6= y, we can assume that x > y. We know that:
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Comment.
If quadrilateral ABCD be the parallelogram, similarly we can show that quadri-
lateral M N P Q is parallelogram.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
11
5. Do there exist 6 circles in the plane such that every circle passes through centers
of exactly 3 other circles?
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
In the picture below, we have 6 points in the plane such that for every point there
exists exactly 3 other points on a circle with radius 1 centimeter.
12
Solutions of 2nd Iranian Geometry Olympiad 2015 (Medium)
1. In the figure below, the points P, A, B lie on a circle. The point Q lies inside the
circle such that ∠P AQ = 90◦ and P Q = BQ. Prove that the value of ∠AQB−∠P QA
is equal to the arc AB.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution 1.
Let point M be the midpoint of P B. So we can say ∠P M Q = 90◦ and we know
that ∠P AQ = 90◦ , therefore quadrilateral P AM Q is cyclic. Therefore:
∠AP M = ∠AQM
So we can say that the subtract ∠AQB from ∠P QA is equal to arc AB.
13
Solution 2.
Let the point K be the reflection of P to AQ. We have to show:
14
2. In acute-angled triangle ABC, BH is the altitude of the vertex B. The points D
and E are midpoints of AB and AC respectively. Suppose that F be the reflection of
H with respect to ED. Prove that the line BF passes through circumcenter of ABC.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution 1.
The circumcenter of 4ABC denote by O. We know that ∠OBA = 90◦ − ∠C,
therfore we have to show that ∠F BA = 90◦ − ∠C. We know that AD = BD = DH,
also DH = DF .
⇒ ∠F BA = 90◦ − ∠C
15
Solution 2.
The circumcenter of 4ABC denote by O. We know that quadrilateral ADOE is
cyclic. Also we know that AD = HD = DB, therefore:
16
3. In triangle ABC, the points M, N, K are the midpoints of BC, CA, AB respec-
tively. Let ωB and ωC be two semicircles with diameter AC and AB respectively,
outside the triangle. Suppose that M K and M N intersect ωC and ωB at X and Y
respectively. Let the tangents at X and Y to ωC and ωB respectively, intersect at Z.
prove that AZ⊥BC.
∠A ∠A
∠AHX = ∠ABX = , ∠AHY = ∠ACY = ⇒ ∠XHY = ∠XM Y = ∠A
2 2
17
∠A
In the other hand: ∠ZY X = ∠ACY = 2
∠A ∠A
∠ZHX = ∠ZY X = , ∠AHX = ⇒ ∠ZHX = ∠AHX
2 2
So the points Z, A, H are collinear, therefore AZ⊥BC.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution 2.
Let point H on BC such that AH⊥BC. We know that KM and M N are parallel
to AC and AB respectively. So we can say ∠AKX = ∠AN Y = ∠A, therefore
∠ABX = ∠ACY = ∠A 2
and ∠XAB = ∠Y AC = 90◦ − ∠A
2
. So X, A, Y are collinear.
∠A
⇒ ∠ZXY = ∠ZY X = ⇒ ZX = ZY
2
So the point Z lie on the radical axis of two these semicirculars. Also we know that
the line AH is the radical axis of two these semicirculars. Therefore the points Z, A, H
are collinear, therefore AZ⊥BC.
18
4. Let ABC be an equilateral triangle with circumcircle ω and circumcenter O. Let
P be the point on the arc BC( the arc which A doesn’t lie ). Tangent to ω at P in-
tersects extensions of AB and AC at K and L respectively. Show that ∠KOL > 90◦ .
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution 1.
Suppose that M and N be the midpoints of AB and AC respectively. We know
that quadrilateral BM N C is cyclic. Also ∠BP C = 120◦ > 90◦ , so we can say
the point P is in the circumcircle of quadrilateral BM N C. Therefore: ∠M P N >
∠M BN = 30◦
In the other hand, quadrilaterals KM OP and N OP L are cyclic. Therefore:
19
Solution 2.
Suppose that ∠KOL ≤ 90◦ , therfore KL2 ≤ OK 2 + OL2 . Assume that R is the
radius of a circumcircle 4ABC. Let BK = x and LC = y and AB = AC = BC = a.
According to law of cosines in triangle AKL, we have:
KB.KA = OK 2 − R2 ⇒ OK 2 = R2 + x(a + x)
⇒ R2 ≤ xy (1)
KL is tangent to circumcircle of 4ABC at P . So we have:
20
We know that ∠KOL ≤ 90◦ , therefore KOL is acute-triangle. Suppose that H is
orthocenter of 4KOL. So the point H lies on OP and we can say HP ≤ OP .
21
5. a) Do there exist 5 circles in the plane such that every circle passes through centers
of exactly 3 circles?
b) Do there exist 6 circles in the plane such that every circle passes through centers
of exactly 3 circles?
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
a)Solution.
There aren’t such 5 circles. Suppose that these circles exists, therefore their centers
are 5 points that each point has same distance from 3 other points and has diffrent
distance from the remaining point. We draw an arrow from each point to it’s diffrent
distance point.
- lemma 1. We don’t have two points such Oi , Oj that each one is the diffrent
distance point of the other one.
proof. If we have such thing then Oi and Oj both have same distance to the
remaining points, therefore both of them are circumcenter of the remaining points,
which is wrong.
- lemma 2. We don’t have 4 points such Oi , Oj , Ok , Ol that Oi , Oj put their arrow
in Ok and OK puts it’s arrow in Ol .
proof. If we name the remaining point Om then the distances of Oi from Oj , Ol ,
Om are equal and the distances of Oj from Oi , Ol , Om are equal. Therefore each of
Ol , Om is the diffrent distance point of another which is wrong (according to lemma
1).
so each point sends an arrow and recives an arrow. Because of lemma 1 we don’t
have 3 or 4 points cycles. Therefore we only have one 5 points cycle. So each pair of
these 5 points should have equal distance. which is impossible.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
b)Solution.
in the picture below, we have 6 points in the plane such that for every point there
exists exactly 3 other points on a circle with radius 1 centimeter.
22
Solutions of 2nd Iranian Geometry Olympiad 2015 (Advanced)
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
Suppose that the point Z be the intersection of BX and circle ω1 . We know that
∠Y BZ = 90◦ , therefore the points Y, O1 , Z are collinear.
23
2. Let ABC be an equilateral triangle with circumcircle ω and circumcenter O. Let
P be the point on the arc BC( the arc which A doesn’t lie ). Tangent to ω at P in-
tersects extensions of AB and AC at K and L respectively. Show that ∠KOL > 90◦ .
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution 1.
Suppose that M and N be the midpoints of AB and AC respectively. We know
that quadrilateral BM N C is cyclic. Also ∠BP C = 120◦ > 90◦ , so we can say
the point P is in the circumcircle of quadrilateral BM N C. Therefore: ∠M P N >
∠M BN = 30◦
In the other hand, quadrilaterals KM OP and N OP L are cyclic. Therefore:
24
Solution 2.
Suppose that ∠KOL ≤ 90◦ , therfore KL2 ≤ OK 2 + OL2 . Assume that R is the
radius of a circumcircle 4ABC. Let BK = x and LC = y and AB = AC = BC = a.
According to law of cosines in triangle AKL, we have:
KB.KA = OK 2 − R2 ⇒ OK 2 = R2 + x(a + x)
⇒ R2 ≤ xy (1)
KL is tangent to circumcircle of 4ABC at P . So we have:
25
We know that ∠KOL ≤ 90◦ , therefore KOL is acute-triangle. Suppose that H is
orthocenter of 4KOL. So the point H lies on OP and we can say HP ≤ OP .
26
3. Let H be the orthocenter of the triangle ABC. Let l1 and l2 be two lines passing
through H and perpendicular to each other. l1 intersects BC and extension of AB
at D and Z respectively, and l2 intersects BC and extension of AC at E and X re-
spectively. Let Y be a point such that Y D k AC and Y E k AB. Prove that X, Y, Z
are collinear.
In the other hand, H is the orthocenter of 4ABC. So BH⊥AC and we know that
∠DHE = 90◦ , therefore ∠HXA = ∠BHZ = α. Similarly we can say ∠HZA =
∠CHX = θ.
27
According to law of sines in 4HP C, 4HCX and 4HP X:
PC tan(α)
⇒ =
CX tan(θ)
Similarly, according to law of sines in 4HBQ, 4HBZ and 4HQZ, we can show:
BZ tan(α) BZ PC PC CX
⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ = (3)
BQ tan(θ) BQ CX BZ BQ
Suppose that the line which passes through E and parallel to AB, intersects ZX at
Y1 and the line which passes through D and parallel to AC, intersects ZX at Y2 .
According to Thales’s theorem we can say:
Y1 X XE Y2 X PD
= , =
ZY1 EQ ZY2 ZD
28
4. In triangle ABC, we draw the circle with center A and radius AB. This circle
intersects AC at two points. Also we draw the circle with center A and radius AC and
this circle intersects AB at two points. Denote these four points by A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 .
Find the points B1 , B2 , B3 , B4 and C1 , C2 , C3 , C4 similarly. Suppose that these 12
points lie on two circles. Prove that the triangle ABC is isosceles.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution 1.
Suppose that triangle ABC isn’t isosceles and a > b > c. In this case, there
are four points (from these 12 points) on each side of 4ABC. Suppose that these
12 points lie on two circles ω1 and ω2 . Therefore each one of the circles ω1 and ω2
intersects each side of 4ABC exactly at two points. Suppose that P (A, ω1 ), P (A, ω2 )
are power of the point A with respect to circles ω1 , ω2 respectively. Now we know
that:
P (A, ω1 ).P (A, ω2 ) = b.b.(a − c).(a + c) = c.c.(a − b)(a + b)
⇒ b2 (a2 − c2 ) = c2 (a2 − b2 ) ⇒ a2 (b2 − c2 ) = 0 ⇒ b=c
But we know that b > c and it’s a contradiction. Therefore the triangle ABC is
isosceles.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution 2.
Suppose that triangle ABC isn’t isosceles. In this case, there are four points
(from these 12 points) on each side of 4ABC. Suppose that these 12 points lie on
two circles ω1 and ω2 . Therefore each one of the circles ω1 and ω2 intersects each side
of 4ABC exactly at two points (and each one of the circles ω1 and ω2 doesn’t pass
through A, B, C). We know that the intersections of ω1 and the sides of 4ABC is
even number. Also the intersections of ω2 and the sides of 4ABC is even number.
But Among the these 12 points, just 3 points lie on the sides of 4ABC and this is
odd number. So it’s a contradiction. Therefore the triangle ABC is isosceles.
29
5. Rectangles ABA1 B2 , BCB1 C2 , CAC1 A2 lie otside triangle ABC. Let C 0 be a
point such that C 0 A1 ⊥ A1 C2 and C 0 B2 ⊥ B2 C1 . Points A0 and B 0 are defined simi-
larly. Prove that lines AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 concur.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
Suppose that lA is the line which passes through A and perpendicular to B2 C1 .
Let lB and lC similarly. Suppose that CB1 = BC2 = x and BA1 = AB2 = y and
AC1 = CA2 = z. According to angles equality, we can say:
30
Suppose that P A0 , P B 0 , P C 0 intersects BC, AC, AB at D, E, F respectively and:
P D = m , P E = n , P F = t. According to before figure, we have:
sin(∠A1 ) n y sin(∠B1 ) t x sin(∠C1 ) m z
= = , = = , = =
sin(∠A2 ) t z sin(∠B2 ) m y sin(∠C2 ) n x
kyz
If n = ky, then: t = kz , m = x
.
Now draw the line from A0 such that be parallel to BC. The intersection of this
line and extension AB and AC denote by B3 and C3 respectively. Let the point A00
be the intersection of AA0 and BC. According to Thales’s theorem, we have:
BA00 B3 A0
=
CA00 C3 A0
31
Let ∠B3 P A0 = α and ∠C3 P A0 = θ. We know that the quadrilaterals P F B3 A0
and P EC3 A0 are cyclic. Therefore ∠B3 F A0 = α and ∠C3 EA0 = θ.
B3 A0 tan(α)
0
=
C3 A tan(θ)
32
According to Ceva’s theorem in 4ABC, we have to that:
33
1
1. Ali wants to move from point A to point B. He cannot walk inside the
black areas but he is free to move in any direction inside the white areas (not
only the grid lines but the whole plane). Help Ali to find the shortest path
between A and B. Only draw the path and write its length.
1. In trapezoid ABCD with AB k CD, ω1 and ω2 are two circles with di-
ameters AD and BC, respectively. Let X and Y be two arbitrary points on ω1
and ω2 , respectively. Show that the length of segment XY is not more than
half of the perimeter of ABCD.
3. Find all positive integers N such that there exists a triangle which can
be dissected into N similar quadrilaterals.
1. Ali wants to move from point A to point B. He cannot walk inside the
black areas but he is free to move in any direction inside the white areas (not
only the grid lines but the whole plane). Help Ali to find the shortest path
between A and B. Only draw the path and write its length.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
2.Let ω be the circumcircle of triangle ABC with AC > AB. Let X be a point
on AC and Y be a point on the circle ω, such that CX = CY = AB. (The
points A and Y lie on different sides of the line BC). The line XY intersects ω
for the second time in point P . Show that P B = P C.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
We know that CX = CY therefore:
_ _ _
∠Y XC = ∠XY C ⇒AP + CY =P C
_ _ _ _ _
Also we have AB = CY therefore AP + CY =AP + AB=P B, so P B = P C.
7
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
It’s clear that the ray from B parallel to AD passes through the quadrilateral
if and only if ∠DAB + ∠ABC > 180◦ .
We have to find a parallelogram such that both of it’s rays pass thorough
ABCD. Among A, B and C, D there is exactly one set with sum of angles
greater than 180◦ . Also among A, D and B, D there is exactly one set with sum
of angles greater than 180◦ . These two good sets have a vertex in common, say
A. So both of the rays from B parallel to AD, and from D parallel to AB, are
inside the quadlirateral.
8
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
We have three cases:
Case i. AC > AB. We know that:
Let T be a point on BC such that LT ⊥BC. We know that the line CL is the
internal bisector of angle C, so LT = LA also we have LB = LK therefore two
triangles BT L and KAL are equal.
Case iii. AC = AB. In this case, K ≡ A and L is the midpoint of AB. Let T
be a point on BC such that LT ⊥BC. We know that the line CL is the internal
bisector of angle C, so LT = LA = LB which is impossible.
10
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
Suppose that ∠CBD = α, so ∠DAB = 2α, therefore:
∠ADB − ∠ABD = 4α , ∠ADB + ∠ABD = 180◦ − 2α
⇒ ∠ADB = 90◦ + α , ∠ABD = 90◦ − 3α ⇒ ∠DAB + ∠CBA = 90◦
Let P be intersection point of AD and BC. So we have ∠AP
√
B = 90◦ . On the
other hand we know that ∠P DC = 45◦ , therefore P D = 22 CD = BC
2
1. In trapezoid ABCD with AB k CD, ω1 and ω2 are two circles with di-
ameters AD and BC, respectively. Let X and Y be two arbitrary points on ω1
and ω2 , respectively. Show that the length of segment XY is not more than
half of the perimeter of ABCD.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
First solution.
Let O1 and O2 be the centers of circles ω1 and ω2 , respectively. It’s clear that
O1 and O2 are the midpoints of AD and BC, respectively.
AD BC AB + CD
XO1 = , Y O2 = , O 1 O2 =
2 2 2
AB + BC + CD + DA
⇒ XY ≤ XO1 + O1 O2 + Y O2 =
2
12
Second solution.
The farthest points of two circles lie on their center line.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
We know that:
∠CAB = ∠CQB , ∠DAB = ∠BDQ
⇒ ∠CAD = ∠CAB + ∠DAB = ∠CQB + ∠BDQ = ∠P BD = ∠P AD
Therefore AD is the bisector of ∠CAP .
14
3. Find all positive integers N such that there exists a triangle which can be
dissected into N similar quadrilaterals.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
For N = 1 it’s clear that this is impossible. Also for N = 2 this dissection is
impossible too, because one of the two quadrilaterals is convex and the other is
concave. For N ≥ 3 we can do this kind of dissection in equilateral triangle.
15
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
Suppose that AB < AC. It’s enough to show that P K k AB.
AQ PQ MB PB
4P M A ∼ 4P AQ ⇒ = , 4P M B ∼ 4P CQ ⇒ =
MA PA QC PQ
AC PA
4P BA ∼ 4P AC ⇒ =
BA PB
We know that M A = M B, so according to above three equations we can say
that:
AQ BA
= (1)
QC AC
KA KQ AQ KA AQ 2
4KAQ ∼ 4KQC ⇒ = = ⇒ =( ) (2)
KQ KC QC KC QC
PB PA BA PB BA 2
4P BA ∼ 4P AC ⇒ = = ⇒ =( ) (3)
PA PC AC PC AC
KA PB
(1), (2), (3) ⇒ = ⇒ P K k AB
KC PC
16
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
Suppose that P is the intersection point of XE and Y F . We know that:
∠EXA = ∠EAC = ∠EAD = ∠F Y A = α ⇒ P X = P Y
∠ABE = ∠EXA = α , ∠ABF = 180◦ − ∠F Y A = 180◦ − α
⇒ ∠EBF = ∠XP Y = 180◦ − 2α ⇒ P EBF : cyclic
EF ⊥XY ⇒ ∠P EF = ∠AEX = ∠AF Y ⇒ PE = PF
We proved that P E = P F and the quadrilateral P EBF is cyclic. Therefore, P
is the midpoint of arc EF in the circumcircle of triangle BEF . Also we know
that the perpendicular bisector of XY is parallel to EF and passes through P .
So the perpendicular bisector of XY is tangent to the circumcircle of triangle
BEF at P .
18
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
We know that:
∠AF C = ∠AED = 180◦ − ∠CAD , ∠AEF = 180◦ − ∠AQD
⇒ ∠AF D = ∠AQD
So the point Q is the reflection of the point F in the line AD. Similarly we can
say the point P is the reflection of the point E in the line AC. Therefore:
∠DAQ = ∠DAF = ∠ACD , ∠CAP = ∠CAE = ∠CDA
⇒ ∠DAQ + ∠CAD + ∠CAP = ∠ACD + ∠CAD + ∠CDA = 180◦
So the points A, P and Q are collinear.
19
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
First solution.
Let N be the midpoint of side AB. So M N k BC and ∠M BC = ∠N M B.
Therefore it’s enough to show that the line M N is the bisector of ∠XM B.
Second solution.
Let P be the intersection point of XM and BC. Suppose that Q is the point
such that the quadrilateral ADBQ be a rectangle. We know that:
AM = M C and AQ k BP ⇒ QM = M P
QM = BM = M P ⇒ ∠XM B = 2∠M BC
21
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
Suppose that the circumcircles of triangles AI1 B and DHC is tangent together
at point K. Let Q be the second intersection point of circumcircles of triangles
AKD and BKC. we know that:
Therefore the circumcircles of triangles AOB and DI2 C are tangent together
at point Q.
On the other side of the problem, Suppose that the circumcircles of triangles
CI2 D and AOB are tangent together at point Q. Let the point K be the second
intersection of circumcircles of triangles AQD and BQC. Similarly we can show
that the circumcircles of triangles AI1 B and DHC are tangent together at the
point K.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Comment.
Also there is another solution using inversion with respect to a circle with
Michel’s point of the quadrilateral as its center.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
23
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
First solution.
(Z, L, V, U ) = −1 , (E, K, D, C) = −1
We know that polar of the point R with respect to circle ω passes through P .
So polar of the point P with respect to circle ω passes through R. Similarly,
we can say that polar of the point P with respect to circle ω passes through S.
Therefore polar of the point P with respect to circle ω is EF . So P O⊥EF .
25
∠Y QP = θ ⇒ ∠Y CP = ∠Y P B = ∠V P D = θ
Second solution.
Suppose that point O is the circumcenter of triangle XQY . The inversion with
respect to a circle with center P trasnforms the problem into this figure. Suppose
that X 0 is the inversion of point X wrt P . We have to show that the line P O0
is the diameter of circumcircle of triangle E 0 P F 0 . Let O00 be the circumcenter
of triangle X 0 Q0 Y 0 . We know that the points P , O0 and O00 are collinear. So
we have to show that he line P O00 passes through the circumcenter of triangle
E0P F 0.
Suppose that O1 , O2 , O3 and O4 are the centers of circles in the above figure
and K be the intersection point of O1 O3 and O2 O4 . We know that point K
lies on perpendicular bisector of P E 0 and P F 0 , thus K is the circumcenter of
triangle P E 0 F 0 . So we have to show that P , K and O00 are collinear. On the
other hand, we know that the quadrilateral D0 B 0 Y 0 Q0 is isosceles trapezoid. So
the point O00 lies on perpendicular bisector of B 0 D0 . Similarly, the point O00 lies
on perpendicular bisector of A0 C 0 . Therefore, the point O00 is the intersection
of A0 C 0 and B 0 D0 .
27
Suppose that:
A0 C 0 ∩ O1 O2 = M , A0 C 0 ∩ O3 O4 = T
B 0 D0 ∩ O2 O3 = N , B 0 D0 ∩ O1 O4 = L
Let points U and V be on A0 C 0 such that KU ⊥A0 C 0 and O00 V ⊥A0 C 0 . Also let
points R and S be on B 0 D0 such that KR⊥B 0 D0 and O00 S⊥B 0 D0 .
⇒ P V = A0 V − A0 P = (P M + P T ) − 2P M = P T − P M
⇒ TV = PT − PV = PM ⇒ UP = UV
Similarly, we can show that RP = RS, so point K lies on the perpendicular
bisector of P V and P S. It means that K is the citcumcenter of triangle P SV .
Therefore the points P , K and O00 are collinear.
28
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution. (by Ilya Bogdanov f rom Russia)
Suppose a triangle XY Z, in such a way that XY = 1, Y Z = t2 , ZX = t3 and
∠Z = ∠X + 2∠Y .
Such a triangle exists, because for the minimum possible value of t, we have
∠Z > ∠X + 2∠Y and for t = 1 we have ∠Z < ∠X + 2∠Y . So there exists a
triangle with the above properties. Now consider the following 6 points, these
points have the properties of the problem.
29