1. If and are two topologies on with , what does connectedness of in one topology imply about connectedness in the other?

If is connected under , it must necessarily be connected under because a separation in is also a separation in . However, can be connected under but not under . For
example, if is the discreet topology on and is the standard topology.
2. Let be a sequence of connected subspaces of , such that for all . Show that is connected.
If is a separation of , then intersects some and intersects some other . Since are connected, we must therefore have and . But
then , a contradiction.

3. Let be a collection of connected subspaces of ; let be a connected subspace of . Show that if for all , then is connected.
If was a separation, then must lie in (without loss of generalization). must then intersect (and therefore contain) some , but then the intersection of and that must
be empty, a contradiction.
4. Show that if is an infinite set, it is connected in the finite complement topology.
Any two open sets and satisfy , which must be nonempty for finite and .
6. Let . Show that if is a connected subspace of that intersects both and , then intersects Bd .
If does not intersect Bd , then we must have and similarly . But
then gives a separation of , a contradiction.
9. Let be a proper subset of and be a proper subset of . If and are connected, show that is connected.
First, note that for , that the subspaces are connected. Choose one such pair . I show that every
point must be in the same component as .
First, we cannot have both , so assume without loss of generalization. Then is in the same component as . Then, since
, is in the same component as . Therefore, is in the same component as for all such pairs . Therefore, the entire
set is a single connected component.
11. Let be a quotient map. Show that if each set is connected, and if is connected,then is connected.
It is clear that we must have for . Therefore, must be an open map. Then, if is a separation of , we have as a separation of
, a contradiction.
12. Let ; let and be connected. Show that if and form a separation of , then and are connected.
Assume is a separation of . Since is connected, it must lie completely within either or , so let us assume . Then is a separation of
. Therefore, is connected. The same logic applies to .

1a. Show that no two of the spaces , , and are homeomorphic.

All three spaces are connected. Deleting any point from gives a disconnected space. Deleting from gives a connected space, but deleting any other point gives a disconnected
space. Similarly, and can both be deleted from but still leave a connected space.
b. Show that there can exist imbeddings and even if and are not homeomorphic.

Consider the intervals and with which can be imbedded in the other by .
c. Show and are not homeomorphic for .
Deleting any point from gives a disconnected space, but deleting a point from leaves a connected (in fact, path-connected) space.
2. Let be a continuous map. Show there exists a point of such that .
Fix some point . If we are done, so assume . $S^1$ is connected (it is the union of two arcs, each homeomorphic to an interval in the real line), so the
intermediate value theorem applies. Let , and switch with if necessary so that . Then , so by the intermediate value theorem
there must be some point such that , so .
3. Let . Show that a map must have a fixed point.
The identity map is obviously continuous, so we have a map . We must have and so then and
. Since is connected, the intermediate value theorem gives a point at which , so . This does not hold for open or half-open intervals. For example, the

function has no fixed points for or .

4. Let be an ordered set in the order topology. Show that if is connected, then is a linear continuum.
(1) has the least upper bound property.

Assume there is some subset such that has an upper bound in , but has no least upper bound. Then let . Since has an upper bound, the set of upper

bounds is non empty. Let . If there is some , or some , then we

have but also . In other words, would be a least upper bound! So we must have , but and are open and disjoint, so they
separate , a contradiction.
(2) If there exists such that .
Suppose the hypothesis fails for some . Then separates , a contradiction.

6. Show that if is a well-ordered set, then in the dictionary order is a linear continuum.

(2) is trivial, so I will only prove the least upper bound property. Let be a subset with an upper bound, and let be the projection onto the first

component. If has a maximum element , then if has a least upper bound in choose that. If does not have a least upper bound in ,
or if doesn’t have a maximum element, use well ordering to choose the smallest such that . In these cases, is a least upper bound for .
7a. Let and be ordered sets in the order topology. Show that if is order preserving and surjective, then is a homeomorphism.
Since is order preserving, it is easy to see that it must be injective. It is easy to see that its inverse must therefore also be order preserving, so given an interval in , we
have , so is continuous. As its inverse satisfies the hypothesis, it is continuous as well.
9. Show that if is a countable subset of , then is path connected.
Given two different points , assume they have different coordinates without loss of generalization. Assume and choose . Then, for
any , we can create a path in that goes from to , and then to . These paths are distinct for all , and the cardinality of the set of such paths is the same as the cardinality
of the set of possible , and is therefore uncountable. If we ignore all such paths that pass through a point of , there are still an uncountable number remaining, so we have a path
from to in .
10. Show that if is an open connected subspace of , then is path connected.
Choose some . Let be the set of points such that there is a path from to in . Then for each , contains some open ball around . For any
point , we can compose the path from to with a path from to to get a path from to . So, , so is open.
Now, consider . then contains some ball . For any , cannot be in , because otherwise we could compose the path from to with a
path from to to get a path from to , contradicting the fact that . Therefore, is open in . Since is both open and closed, and is connected, must be all
of .
12. Recall that denotes the minimal uncountable well-ordered set. Let denote the ordered set in the dictionary order, with its smallest element deleted. is called the long
line.

(a) Let be an ordered set; le t be points of . Show that has the order type of iff both and do.

If [a,c) has the order type of , let be an order isomorphism, so we must necessarily have and . Then is an order

isomorphism from to and is an order isomorphism from to . Conversely, if we have order

isomorphisms and then composing with the map and with we get an order isomorphism

from to .

(b) Let be an ordered set. Let be an increasing sequence of points of ; suppose . Show that has the order type of iff each smaller

interval has the order type of .

Choose an increasing sequence of rationals approaching , such as . Then map each in to in . It is easy to see that this is an order
isomorphism.

(c) Let denote the smallest element of . For each element different from , show that the interval of has the order type of .
This is merely transfinite induction, applying (a) when has an immediate predecessor and (b) when it does not.
(d) Show that is path connected.

Given and in , assume , and choose some . Then a_0 \times 0, z$ has the order type of [0,1) in , so after deleting , we have that has the order
type of in . Since $(0,1)$ is path connected, and , and must be path connected in .
(e) Show that every point of has a neighborhood homeomorphic with an open interval in .

It is clear that has neither a least nor a greatest element. Therefore, for any , we can choose . Then latex is homeomorphic to since they are order
isomorphic, so is homeomorphic to .
(f) Show that cannot be imbedded in for any .
The standard topology on can be generated by the basis for and for each coordinate of . This is a countable basis, so has a countable

basis, along with any subspace. However, the subspace in is the union of an uncountable number of disjoint intervals, so it has no countable basis.
1. What are the components and path components of ? What are the continuous maps ?

Given in , separate and show that must be in different components. So, the components (and therefore the path components) are the one point
sets. Therefore, any must be a constant function, as the domain is a connected space so the image must be connected.
3. Show that the ordered square is locally connected but not locally path connected. What are the path components?
Given , any neighborhood of contains a subspace homeomorphic to the ordered square itself, so it is not path connected. So, the ordered square is not locally path
connected. However, given any and any neighborhood of , there is an interval containing and contained in the neighborhood. The interval in the ordered square is a linear continuum,
as any subset with an upper bound in must have a least upper bound in the ordered square, and that least upper bound must also be in since . So, the
ordered square is locally connected. The path components are the subspaces for .
4. Let be locally path connected. Show that every connected open set in is path connected.
Let be a connected open set in , fix some , and let be the path component containing . The path components of are open in , so if , then , together with
the union of all other path components of , separate , a contradiction. Therefore, we must have so is path connected.
5. Let denote the rational points of the interval of . Let denote the union of all line segments joining the point to points of .
(a) Show that is path connected, but is locally connected only at the point .
Any two points can be connected by the path that goes from one point to , and then to the other point. Now consider a point in and the

neighborhood . Then choose some irrational number , and note that the open sets and separate , so
$T$ is not locally connected.
(b) Find a subset of that is path connected but is nowhere locally connected.

Let denote the set of pairs for , and create a space that is the union of above with line segments connected the origin to each point of . Essentially this is the
space gotten by taking two copies of , rotating one a half turn, and then pasting them together along the outer line segment.
6. A space is said to be weakly locally connected at if for every neighborhood of , there is a connected subspace of contained in that contains a neighborhood of . Show that if is
everywhere weakly locally connected, then it is locally connected.
Consider some and some neighborhood . Let denote the connected component of in . For any , there is a connected subspace of contained in that contains a
neighborhood of . This connected subspace must be contained entirely within , so we can write as a union of neighborhoods of for each . In other words, is
open. Thus, is locally connected.
8. Let be a quotient map. Show that if is locally connected, then is locally connected.
Let be open in , and let be a component of . Write as a union of components in , where obviously . Since is a quotient

map, is open in . Since is locally connected, each must then be open in , so is also open in . Since is a quotient map, this implies
that is open in . _So for , we have that components of an open set are open, so is locally connected.
10. Let be a space. Let us define if there is no separation such that and .
(a) Show that this is an equivalence relation. The equivalence classes are called quasicomponents.
Reflexivity and symmetry are obvious. Now suppose we have a separation and two points such that . Then, given some other point , we must have
either or . If the former is true, cannot be, and if the latter is true cannot be. Thus, transitivity holds.
(b) Show that each component of lies in a quasicomponent of , and that the components and quasicomponents are the same if is locally connected.
If some component intersects two quasicomponents and , then choose . Since and are in different quasicomponents, there is some separation such
that are in different sets in that separation. But then that separation also separates the connected subspace , which gives a contradiction.
Now, Let be a quasicomponent and let be a component of . Let be the union of all other components in . Then if is locally connected, and are open in , and
therefore . So, must be empty because otherwise separates . Thus, for a locally connected space, the quasicomponents are the same as the connected components.
1a. Let and be two topologies on the set ; Suppose that . What does compactness if under one topology say about compactness in the other?
Any cover under is also a cover under . So if is compact, then the cover has a finite subcollection covering . Since the collection is from , so is the subcollection. Therefore,
compactness in implies compactness in . The converse doesn’t hold – for example, the discrete topology and indiscrete topology on an infinite set.
1b. Show that if is compact Hausdorff under both and , then either and are equal or they are not comparable.
Assume that , and consider the identity function (from the finer topology to the courser topology). It is clear that is continuous, and since it is a map from a
compact to a Hausdorff space, it is therefore a homeomorphism. Thus, the topologies are equal.
2a. Show that in the finite complement topology on , every subspace is compact.
Given any subspace and any cover of that subspace, take a single open set from the cover. This set must contain all but finitely many points in the subspace. For each remaining point, choose one set
from the cover that contains that point. Together, these give a finite subcover of the subspace.
2b. If has the topology consisting of all sets such that is countable or all of , is a compact space?

No. For each , let denote the set , the set with all rationals except deleted. Then the collection covers , but has no finite
subcover.
3. Show that a finite union of compact subspaces of is compact.
Given a cover, choose a finite subcover for each of the compact subspaces. The union of these finite subcovers is still finite, and covers the union of the subspaces.
4. Show that every compact subspace of a metric space is bounded in that metric and is closed. Find a metric space in which not every closed bounded subspace is compact.
As a metric space is Hausdorff, we have that a compact subspace must be closed. Additionally, consider a finite cover of a subspace by balls for fixed , and

let . Then for any two points , we have . So, such a cover is necessarily bounded. Thus, a cover of an unbounded space by balls
cannot have a finite subcover.
In the standard bounded metric on a space , every subspace is bounded, but the argument above shows that not every subspace is compact.
5. Let and be disjoint compact subspaces of the Hausdorff space . Show that there exist disjoint open sets and containing and respectively.
We already have that for every , there are disjoint open sets and such that and . We choose such sets for every . Then, the sets cover , so
there is a finite subcover . The union is open and contains , and it is disjoint from . The latter is a finite intersection of open sets, so it is open, and it
contains because each contains .
6. Show that if is continuous, where is compact and is Hausdorff, then is a closed map.
Given a closed set in , is a closed subspace of a compact space, so it also be compact. Then, the image must also be compact. Since the image is a compact subspace of a Hausdorff
space, it must be closed.
7. Show that if is compact, then the projection is a closed map.

Given a closed set $C$ in . Now consider some element . Then, , so because is compact, has some tube
neighborhood in . Thus, , and since is open, we have that is open.

8. Let , with compact Hausdorff. Show that is continuous iff the graph of , is closed in .

If is continuous, and consider some point . Since is Hausdorff, there exist disjoint open sets in such that and
. Then contains , and cannot contain any points in , because such a point would have to have an value in , which means its coordinate would
be in , which is disjoint from .
 Let be an open set in such that , so contains some . is closed, so is closed as well. If is closed, then we

have closed in . By the previous problem, the projection onto the first coordinate is a closed map,

so is closed. Thus, is open, so is continuous.

11. Let be a compact Hausdorff space. Let be a collection of closed connected subsets of that is simply ordered by proper inclusion. Show that is connected.
If there is a separation of , then and are both open and closed in . Since is an intersection of closed sets, it is closed, so and are also closed in . As closed sets in a
compact space, they are themselves compact, so by problem 5 above we have disjoint open sets and containing and respectively. Now, the sets are closed, and since
the sets are ordered by inclusion, either for some , or the collection has the finite intersection property. In the case of the

former, and separate some , which gives a contradiction. In the case of the latter, as we are in a compact space the intersection is nonempty, in which
case do not actually separate .
12. Let be a closed continuous surjective map such that is compact for all . Such a map is called a perfect map. Show that if is compact, then is
compact.

First I prove that given an open set containing for some , there exists an neighborhood of in such that . Note that is closed, so, as

is a closed map, we have that is closed, so is open. Clearly, implies . If we

let , then is open because is continuous, and for any we have ,

so . Therefore, . Thus, the statement is proven.

Now, take some cover of . For each , finitely many cover , so let be the union of the sets in some finite subcover of ,

so . Then, the sets each contain some open neighborhood of in , and the collection covers . Since is compact, we can
choose a finite subcover covering . Then the collection covers . Since each is a finite union of sets , we also have a finite
subcover by sets in .