CUPRINS

1. Alfabetul limbii engleze 2

1.1. Vocalele limbii engleze 3
1.2.Consoanele limbii engleze 3
2. Substantivul 4
3. Articolul 9
4. Prepozitia 12
5. Conjunctia 21
6. Interjectia 22
7. Adejectivul 23
8. Adverbul 32
9. Numeralul 37
10. Pronumele 44
11. Verbul 48
11.1. Verbele auxiliare(to be, to do, to have) 49
11.2. Verbele modale 52
11.3. Verbele copulative 56
12. Modul indicativ 57
12. 1. Prezentul simplu 59
12. 2. Prezentul continuu 60
12. 3. Prezentul perfect 61
12. 4. Prezentul perfect continuu 63
12. 5. Trecutul simplu 64
12. 6. Trecutul continuu 65
12. 7. Trecutul perfect 66
12. 8. Trecutul perfect continuu 67
12. 9. Viitorul simplu 68
12.10. Viitorul continuu 69
12.11. Viitorul de intentie 70
12.12. Viitorul apropiat 71
12.13. Viitorul in trecut 71
12.14. Viitorul perfect 72
13. Conditionalul 74
13.1.Conditionalul prezent 74
13.2.Conditionalul trecut 74
14. Subjonctivul 77
15. Modul imperativ 78
16. Diateza pasiva 78
17. Corespondenta timpurilor 80
18. Lista verbelor neregulate 81
19. Verbe cu prepozitii 85
20. Zilele saptamanii, Lunile si Anotimpurile 89
21. Exprimarea datei si orei 90
22. False friends 91
23. Unitati de masura 92
24. Semnele matematice 93

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 1. ALFABETUL LIMBII ENGLEZE

Engleza foloseste un alfabet latin cu literele cunoscute si in alte limbi straine de origine
indo-europeana dar cunoaste grupuri de litere care se pronunta diferit. De exemplu, "th" este
grupul cel mai cunoscut.
Ceea ce este mai interesant in alfabetul englez este ca adesea "y" si "w" devin vocale si
astfel intervin schimbarile necesare (articolul nehotarat "a" se transforma in "an" daca cuvintele
incep cu una dintre aceste litere).
Engleza este o limba tonala in care intonatia este importanta. De aceea, adesea, vocea ajuta
sa transmita ironia sau surpriza, afirmatia sau interogatia. Spre exemplu, intrebarea poate fi
formata cu ajutorul inversiunii subiectului cu auxiliarul verbului dar exista si posibilitatea
mentinerii afirmatiei si a schimbarii intonatiei.
Diacriticele apar destul de rar in limba engleza, in special in cuvintele imprmutate
(appliqué, attaché, crêpe, élite) si pronuntia lor este identica cu cea din limba din care provin, in
mare parte din franceza.

Litera Transcriere fonetica

a [ei]
b [bi:]
c [si:]
d [di:]
e [i:]
f [ef]
g [dji:]
h [eitch]
i [ai]
j [gei] 1.1.VOCALELE LIMBII
ENGLEZA (THE WOELS)
k [kei]
l [el]
Limba engleza are 12
m [em]
vocale, lungi (mai lungi decat
n [en]
in limba romana, pe care le
o [ou] indicam in transcrierea
p [pi:] fonemica prin doua puncte
q [kju:] [:]), si scurte (mai scurte decat
r [a:] in limba romana):
s [es] 1. a scurt, intre "a" anterior si
t [ti:] "o", ex.: nut [nat] nuca
u [ju:] 2. a: mai lunga decat vocala
v [vi:] romaneasca, urmata de obicei
w ['dablju:] de "r" (care nu se pronunta,
x [eks] doar daca urmatorul cuvant
y [wai] incape cu o vocala!), ex.: arm
z [zed] [a:m] brat, car [ca:] masina
3. [a] a cu barcuta deasupra,
e scurt, si intalnit in silabe neaccentuate, ex.: a pen [ a pen] un stilou, at home [at haum] acasa,
after [a:fta] dupa, England [ingland] Anglia

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4. [a: ] a cu barcuta deasupra, prelungit si pronuntat printre dinti, intr-un zambet larg, ex.: girl
[ga:l] fata, learn [la:n] a invata
5. [ae] este un sunet intermediar intre "e" si "a", pronuntat cu gura foarte mult deschisa, ex.: Ann
[aen] Ana, has [haez] (el, ea) are
6. e similar cu vocala romaneasca, ex.: men [men] barbati, many [meni] multi, multe
i scurt, intre "i" si "e"
7. it [it] el, ea (pentru substantive ce denumesc obiecte, animale si notiuni abstracte), ex: big [big]
mare
8. i: vocala lunga, intalnita in exclamatiile din limba romana!, ex: be [bi:] a fi, see [si:] a vedea
9. o intermediara intre o si a, ex: dog [dog] caine, not [not] nu (adverb)
10. o: lung, intre "u" si "o", ex: all [o:l] toti, toate, door [do:] usa
11. u scurt, intre "u" si "o", ex: good [gud] bun
12. u: lung, ex: you [iu:] tu, voi, do [du:] a face

1.2 CONSOANELE LIMBII ENGLEZA (THE CONSONANTS)

Unele consoane englezesti sunt deosebite de cele din limba romana:

1. urmate de aspiratie, de un "h" usor, cand sunt folosite la inceputul cuvintelor
k come [cham] a veni (de regula, "e"-ul din pozitie finala nu se citeste!)
p pen [phen] stilou
t ten [then] zece
2. alveolare; varful limbii se sprijina pe alveolele incisivilor superiori
d did [did] facut
t ten [ten] zece
n not [not] nu
3. interdentale, tine varful limbii intre dinti si rosteste "s" (consoana surda) sau "z" (consoana
sonora)
["s"] thank ["s"aenc] multumesc
["z"] then ["z"en] atunci
4. "l" velar, pozitie finala / "l" clar, apare inainte de vocale
tell [tel] a povesti like [laic] a place
5. "n" velar / "n" clar
sun [san] soare English [inglish] englez
6. "r" fricativ, nu se pronunta in pozitie finala, decat daca urmatorul cuvant incepe cu o vocala
Henry
7. "s"-ul dintre doua vocale, sau uneori cel aflat la sfarsitul cuvantului se pronunta "z"
please [pli:z] va rog (adu-ti aminte ca "e" final, dupa consoana, nu se citeste!)
his [hiz] al lui
8. "sh" are ca echivalent "sh"-ul romanesc: shogun English [inglish] englez
9. "ts" indentic cu "ts"-ul romanesc nuts [nats] nuci

2. SUBSTANTIVUL / THE NOUN

ATENTIE: In engleza, toate propozitiile trebuie sa aiba subiect. Subiectul poate fi un

substantiv sau un pronume.
Felul substantivelor
Substantivele în limba engleza se pot împarti în patru categorii:
 substantive comune: cat, girl, lamp
 substantive proprii: England, London, Mr Smith, Mary
 substantive abstracte: beauty, love, courage, fear, joy

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 substantive colective: crowd, group, team

Genul
Substantive de genul masculin sunt fiintele si animalele de sex masculin: fenomene cu caracter
puernic, de regula negative Ex.: man, boy, lion, dog,
Substantivele de genul feminin sunt fiintele si animalele de sex feminin: Ex.: woman, girl, cat,
giraffe Baroness (femininul e format citeodata adaugand "ess" la forma de masculin)
Substantive de genul neutru sunt lucrurile, plantele, animale sau fiinte al caror sex nu este
cunoscut (pronume: it/they): -obiecte fara suflet Ex.: world, peace, house, mouse, baby
Exceptii: tarile, navele, în majoritatea cazurilor si autovehiculele sau alte vehicule sunt de
genul feminin.
Substantivele de genul comun sunt o particularitate a limbii engleze. Substantivele care intra în
aceasta categorie au aceeasi forma pentru ambele sexe:
Ex.: child (copil, copila), cook (bucatar, bucatareasa), teacher (profesor, profesoara).
Unele substantive au forme diferite pentru genul masculin si cel feminin: Ex.: boy - girl, husband -
wife, brother - sister, father - mother, son - daughter, uncle - aunt, bull - cow, king – queen
NOTA: In incercarea de a elimina “discriminarea de gen” (gender discrimination)exista o tendinta
de a inlocui “terminatiile” man si woman cu person sau de a le elimina complet. In alte cazuri au
fost create alte expresii sau alte cuvinte lipsite de gen.
salesman, saleswoman → salesperson / chairman, chairwoman → chairperson sau chair /
steward, stewardess → flight attendant

Numarul
1. Substantivele numarabile – se pot numara, adica au numar. Pot avea atat forme de singular cat si
de plural. La plural avem urmatoarele forme:
a. la majoritatea substativelor se adauga -s formei de singular:
book, books / day, days / house, houses / donkey, donkeys / handkerchief, handkerchiefs
2. substantivele in o, ch, sh, s sau x primesc -es:
potato, potatoes / church, churches / brush, brushes / bus, buses / box, boxes / kiss, kisses
3. terminate in consoana + y pierd pe y si primesc -ies:
baby, babies / factory, factories / fly, flies
NOTA: Exista exceptii : kilo, kilos/ photo, photos piano, pianos / radio, radios/soprano, sopranos
4. unele substantive elimina -f/fe de la final si primesc -ves:
calf, calves / wife, wives / wolf, wolves / loaf, loaves / half, halves / leaf, leaves / life, lives
/ shelf, shelves / thief, thieves/ knife, knives / self, selves
5. unele substantive isi modifica vocalele: foot, feet / tooth, teeth / goose, geese / man, men
/ woman, women / mouse, mice / louse, lice / child, children / person, people
6. unele substantive au aceeasi forma la singular si la plural: sheep, trout, deer, aircraft, fish (RAR:
fishes) trout, salmon, series, species, means, headquarters

7. unele substantive exista numai la forma de plural: clothes, pants, pyjamas, scissors, eyeglasses,
scales, stairs, savings, earnings, belongings, outskirts, wages, premises, surroundings, archives,
customs, police, the Middle Ages
8. unele substantive imprumutate pastreaza pluralul grecesc, italian sau latin: crisis, crises
/ cactus, cacti / phenomenon, phenomena / datum, data / libretto, libretti / fungus, fungi
/ nucleus, nuclei / stimulus, stimuli / criterion, criteria / basis, bases / thesis, theses / oasis, oases
/ axis, axes / medium, media / bacterium, bacteria
NOTA: Engleza moderna foloseste adesea data, media, bacteria cu sens plural, dar cu un verb la
singular. The latest data is highly encouraging.

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9. numele de familie se pot folosi la plural pentru a indica intreaga familie. Numelui i se adauga un
-s. Nu au loc schimbari de ortografie:
The Kennedys are world-famous.
10. Substantivele colective se refera la un grup de oameni sau lucruri. Sunt in mod normal folosite
la singular. In engleza britanica (Br.E.) se pot folosi atat cu verbe la singular cat si la plural. In
engleza americana (Am.E.) au intotdeauna un verb la singular. Iata o lista de substantive colective
uzuale: family, aristocracy, nobility, government, enemy, proletariat, press, opposition, jury,
community, army, audience, crew, staff, team, committee, public
NOTA: Ocazional substantivele colective sunt folosite la plural si sunt numarabile.
Romeo and Juliet came from two feuding families.
The governments of Israel and Egypt agreed to sign the treaty.
Only two teams can get to the finals.
Substantivele nenumarabile – NU pot fi numarate, adica nu au numar. De obicei au numai
forma de singular. Se impart in urmatoarele categorii:
substantive concrete:water, wood, metal, paper, gras, glass , oil, silver, gol, sand, snow, rain, bread,
milk, coffee butter, wine, fire, food, salt
substantive abstracte: love, beauty, hope, relief, experience, advice, purity, joy, freedom,
information, courage, design, duty, capacity, education, evil, time, patience, reality, intelligence
NOTA: Work este nenumarabil, dar job este numarabil.
Harriet is looking for work. James has two jobs.
Works inseamna: fabrica, parte mecanica, productie literara, fapte sau acte.
Mother Teresa of Calcutta is known for her good works.
My father has the complete works of Victor Hugo in his library.
The steel works are down the road.
ATENTIE: Iata cateva substantive nenumarabile in engleza care in alte limbi se pot deseori
numara: advice, baggage, luggage, furniture, damage, hair, shopping, homework, information,
knowledge, money, weather, research, progress, business, spaghetti, news
- substantive verbale (verbe in ING): camping, dancing, shopping, jogging, singing etc.
Smoking is bad for your health.
The town council does not permit parking on this street.
- nume de limbi: German, English, Chinese, Italian, Spanish etc.
You speak excellent English.
- unele nume de boli, stiinte si jocuri au forma de plural, dar in mod normal primesc un verb la
singular. Sunt considerate nenumarabile: measels, mumps, dominoes, physics, politics, ethics,
acoustics, statistics, mathematics, news, eletronics etc.
Politics does not interest me.
The latest news is quite encouraging.
Mathematics is an important subject. DAR: His mathematics were all wrong. (NU stiinta, si
calculele)

ATENTIE: Substativele nenumarabile nu sunt niciodata precedate de expresii de numar (a, an, one,
two, three etc.). Iata cateva expresii folosite pentru a indica numarul/cantitatea:
a piece of information / furniture / advice / equipment / glass / paper / news
a type of atmosphere / behaviour / violence
an item of luggage / baggage / news
a case of mumps / measels / flu
a ray of hope / sunshine
a lot of strength / security

Pluralul substantivelor compuse

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-În cazul substantivelor compuse numai ultimul cuvânt va trece la plural.
Ex.: boy-friends, break-ins, travel agents
-Exceptii: substantivele compuse al caror prim element esteman sauwom an vor primi semnul
pluralului pentru ambele substantive componente.
Ex.: men drivers, women teachers, men servants
-În cazul substantivelor compuse formate din constructii de genul substantiv + prepozitie / adverb
+ substantiv, substantivul de baza va primi semnul pluralului.
Ex.: sisters-in-law, passers-by, men-of-war, hangers-on, lookers-on, runners-up
-Abrevierile sau initialele vor forma pluralul prin adaugarea unuis
Ex.: MPs (Members of Parliament), VIPs (very important persons)

Sens Unic / Sens Comun

Her hair is black. (Parul ei este negru.)
She found a hair in the milk. (A gasit un fir de par în lapte.)
Their house was made of wood. (Casa lor este din lemn.)
We picnicked in the woods. (Am mers la picnic în padure.)

Cazurile substantivului
1. Nominativ
Intr-o propozitie substantivul in nominativ este subiectul actiunii.
Substantivul in nominativ este ingrosat:
Mark read a book. / The tree has a lot of flowers. / Water freezes at 32°F (0°C).
2. Acuzativ
Indica obiectul asupra caruia se rasfrange actiunea intr-un mod direct. Acuzativul este un caz ce
exprimă complementele direct, indirect şi circumstanţiale.
Intrebarile cu care se identifica: ce? pe cine? unde? de unde? pana unde? de cand? pe cine? pe ce?
cu ce? cu cine? de ce? de cine? de la cine? cand? pana cand?
Substantivele in acuzativ sunt ingrosate:
Max fixed the car/The girl sells the big box /The girl hugs the boy/I eat the pizza you gave me.
3. Dativ
Indica obiectul asupra caruia se rasfrange actiunea intr-un mod indirect.
Identificarea se face cu intrebarea "Cui ?".
Substantivele ingrosate sunt in cazul Dativ.
1. I have baked Mary a cake. (Am gatit o prajitura pentru Mary. Cui i-am gatit prajitura ?)
2. The king gave his son his kingdom. (Regele i-a dat regatul fiului sau. Cui i-a dat regele regatul
sau ?)
3. Give the ball to Mary.(Da-i mingia lui Mary. Cui sa-i dau mingea ?)
4. Give Mary the ball. (Da-i mingia lui Mary. Cui sa-i dau mingea ?)
In cazul verbelor care cer dupa ele un complement direct si unul indirect, dativul se poate construi
in 2 feluri (vezi exemplul nr. 3 si nr. 4).
4. Genitiv
Exprima o posesie (ceva/cineva apartine cuiva)
1. Mark's shop (magazinul lui James)
2. John's car (masina lui John)
3. the sailors' boat (barca pescarilor)
4. the chemist's guide (ghidul chimistului)
5. the window of the house (fereastra casei)
6. the firm’s new project (noul proiect al firmei)
7. the gift of the girl who... (darul fetei care ...)
Comentarii

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a) Genitivul (posesia) in limba engleza se formeaza astfel:
-cand posesorul este o persoana: prin adaugarea unui 's dupa posesor (obiectul posedat se afla
dupa posesor in propozitie). Vezi exemplele nr. 1, 2, 4;
-cand posesorii sunt mai multe pesoane: prin adaugarea unui ' (apostrof) dupa posesori (obiectul
posedat se afla dupa posesori in propozitie). Vezi exemplul nr.3;
-cand posesorul este un lucru: se foloseste constructia cu "of": obiect posedat + of + posesor (un
lucru). Vezi exemplul nr. 5;
b) In exemplul nr. 6 ambele forme de genitiv sunt corecte deoarece posesorul este un grup de
persoane. Aceeasi regula se aplica pentru posesori precum: government, company, committee,
team, party.
c) Daca posesorul e urmat de that, who, etc se foloseste genitivul format cu "of". Vezi exemplul nr.
7.
Forma posesiva
 Se adauga 's la forma de singular a substantivelor care nu se termina în s:
Ex.: a child's voice, the people's choice, a horse's mouth, women's clothes
 Vom folosi doar apostroful (') cu formele de plural ale substantivelor care se termina în s.
Ex.: a boys' school, the Johnsons' residence
 Numele proprii terminate în s vor primi fie doar apostrof ('), fie 's
Ex.: Mr Jones's / Mr Jones' car, Yeats's / Yeats' poems
 În cazul substantivelor compuse si a titlurilor ultimul cuvânt va primi 's
Ex.: My father-in-law's guitar, Henry the Eighth's wives
 's se foloseste si dupa initiale sau abrevieri.
Ex.: The CEO's assistant, the PM's speech
 Forma posesiva se foloseste în general când vorbim de oameni, animale, tari. Se foloseste de
asemenea în urmatoarele cazuri:
 În expresii temporale
Ex.: yesterday's newspaper, in five years' time, ten minutes' break
 În expresii construite dupa modelul bani + worth
Ex.: ten dollars' worth of bananas, a shilling's worth of stamps
 În alte expresii uzuale:
Ex.: for heaven's sake, a winter's day, the water's edge, the plane's wings, the
train's departure
 În cazul anumitor substantive folosite la posesiv, este uzuala omisiunea substantivului urmator
atunci când sensul comunicarii este clar (magazine, birouri, oficii, casa, locuinta).
Ex.: You can buy this at the baker's (shop). Mary bought her tickets at the travel agent's
(office). The kids went to Bobby's (house).
 Ideea de posesie se poate exprima si cu ajutorul constructiei of+substantiv. Aceasta
constructie se foloseste mai ales pentru lucruri sau fiinte umane sau animale atunci cand
acestea sunt urmate de o propozitie subordonata.
Ex.: the walls of the town, the roof of the church, the keys of the house

In limba engleza exista o serie de substantive care denumesc animalul viu (1).
Aceste denumiri provin dintr-o limba germana veche anglo-saxona, care se vorbea cu mai bine de
1000 de ani in urma pe teritotiul Angliei. Dar atunci cand animalul este sacrificat, denimirea sa ase
schimba si devine
Denumire Animalul viu Animalul sacrificat
Vaca, bou / carne de vita Cow, ox Beef
Vitel / carne de vital Calf Veal
Oaie / carne de oaie Sheep Mutton
Porc / carne de porc Pig Pork

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Aceasta schimare se explica prin faptul ca dupa anul 1066 (batalia de Hastings, cand anglo-saxonii
au fost cuceriti de normanzi, un popor ce venea din nordul Frantei si vorbeau franceza normanda).
Anglia s-a aflat timp de 350 de ani sub ocupatie normanda si in acesta perioada limba oficiala a
fost frnaceza normada. Cei saraci-taranii, serbii, care cresteau animalele, au continuat sa vorbeasca
anglo-saxona folosind denumirile respective pentru animalele vii, dar cand animalul era sacrificat,
el ajungea pe masa nobililor care vorbeau franceza si care foloseau denumirile respective pentru
carnea animalului. Astfel se explica existenta a 2 termeni.

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 3. ARTICOLUL /THE ARTICLE

Pentru ca un substantiv sa capete înteles într-o propozitie oarecare, acesta trebuie sa fie însotit de
un determinant substantival. Cel mai des folosit determinant substantival este articolul. Articolele
se pot clasifica dupa cum urmeaza:
 Articolul hotarât - the
 Articolul nehotarât - a / an
 Articolul zero (forma implicita sau neexprimata)
Articolele sunt forme invariabile, adica nu se schimba în functie de numarul sau genul
substantivului si se aseaza în fata substantivului determinat.

Articolul hotarât (the) se foloseste:

1 inaintea unui substantiv singular numarabil sau nenumarabil sau a unui substantiv plural
numarabil pentru a face o noua referire la ceva ce a fost deja sau la care s-a facut deja
aluzie:He wanted to go to the bank to change some money, but all the banks were on
strike./Dave had a nasty accident when he was young. You can still see the scar.
Do you remember the fun we had when we were at school together?
2 pentru a face referire la cineva sau ceva anume:The American economy is suffering at the
moment. / The people I work with are very friendly.
I don’t like the president of that company.
3 in fata unui substantiv reprezentand o anume persoana sau un lucru sau un grup de
persoane sau lucruri: I don’t feel well. Can you call the doctor? (= medicul personal)
The kids aren’t at home. (= proprii tai copii)
Can you pass me the butter, please? (= untul de pe aceasta masa)
Shall I drive the car? (= aceasta masina)
Maria Callas sang so beautifully that the audience threw flowers onto the stage.
(=publicul care o urmarea a aruncat flori pe scena pe care canta ea)
4 cu referire la ceva unic in mod absolut:
The sun rises in the East and sets in the West.
The weather at the North Pole is very cold.
The President of the United States visited the Pope last May.
5 in fata adjectivelor pentru a face referire la un anumit grup sau clasa de oameni. In acest
caz NU este nevoie de substantiv:
Only the strong survive. (= oamenii puternici in general)
The question of the unemployed came up again.
Robin Hood stole from the rich and gave to the poor.
6 in fata unui substantiv la singular pentru a se referi la un anume grup de oameni, animale
sau obiecte: The Indian elephant is smaller than the African elephant.
The dolphin is said to be a very intelligent animal.
Henry Ford invented the automobile.
The customer is always right.
7 inaintea unor substantive proprii pentru a denumi zone geografice, nume de mari si rauri,
lanturi muntoase, grupuri de insule, nume la plural de tari si deserturi:the Middle East, the
North of England, the Ivory Coast, the Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea, the English
Channel, the River Thames, the Straits of Gibraltar, the Himalayas, the Alps, the
Carpathians, the Hawaiian Islands, the Falklands, the United States of America, the
Netherlands, the Philippines, the Arizona Desert, the Mojave Desert
NOTA: THE nu se foloseste cu nume de munti izolati.
Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Scotland.
THE nu se foloseste cu nume de lacuri.

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 Lake Superior, Lake Victoria, Lake Ontario
8 in fata numelor de instruente muzicale:
Rachmaninov began to play the piano when he was only 4 years old.
The guitar has always been my favourite instrument.
9 in fata unor adjective – nationalitati cu referire la oameni dintr-o anumita tara. Aici se
foloseste un verb la plural:
The Swiss have decided not to join the EU.
The Spanish are doing very well in this year’s Olympics.
NOTA: In anumite cazuri, se pot folosi numai substantive la plural.
The Germans were upset about losing the WW II.
The Americans hosted the 1994 World Football Championship.
10 inaintea adjectivelor superlative si a numeralelor ordinale:
Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon.
Laura is the most beautiful in my class.
That is the silliest thing I have ever heard.
NOTA: Uneori numeralele oridinale pot fi folosite fara THE atunci cand se face
referire la ordinea in care se petrec evenimentele.
Brendan came first ad Colin second at 100 meters.
We went to Manhattan first, then on to Brooklyn.

Articolul nehotarât (a / an).

Se foloseste a înaintea substantivelor care încep cu o consoana si an înaintea substantivelor
care încep cu o vocala (a, e, i, o, u). Articolul nehotarât se foloseste:
1. inaintea unui substantiv pentru a ne referi la ceva sau cineva pentru prima data:
I’ve received a postcard from a friend of mine in the US.
After months of searching, my brother found a job.
The Jacksons live in a bungalow.
2. pentru a exprima ce este ceva sau cineva, inclusiv slujbe sau profesii:
My neighbour is a sociologist and his wife is an architect.
Jenny doesn’t eat meat; she’s a vegetarian.
There is a man at the door who says he is a detective.
That was a kind thing to say.
3. dupa verbul be sau alte verbele copulative, cand dupa ele urmeaza locutiuni prepozitionala
sau propozitii relative care ofera mai multa informatie despre cineva sau ceva:
I read an interesting article about pollution in yesterday’s paper.
Jack’s son is a talented artist.
He studied law at University and became a judge.
I bought a painting that reminded me of my childhood home.
John Smith wrote an interesting article on Education in the ‘Times’ yesterday.
4. cu unele expresii numerice insemnand “unu” sau su expresii ale pretului, vitezei, raportului
si cantitatii:
A hundred guests were invited.
Petrol costs £ 1.50 a litre in England.
He’s crazy driving at 190 kilometres an hour.
You must take this medicine four times a day if you want to get better.
There was a great deal of noise coming form the house next door.
5. cu substantive numarabile la singular pentru a da definitii, a face afirmatii generale,
exclamatii sau cand ne exprimam dorinte:
A thesaurus is a dictionary of synonyms.
A house built of stone is stronger than a house built of wood.

10
 An apple a day keeps the doctor away. (proverb)
Wow! What a pretty girl walked by just now.
I’d like a nice cool glass of beer.

Articolul a / an si one
1. Atunci când numeri sau masori timpul, distanta, greutatea, etc. se poate folosi fie
a/an fie one pentru singular:
Ex.: a / one pound, a / one million pounds
You can take an/ one hour for lunch.
2. Dar a/an si one nu înseamna întotdeauna acelasi lucru:
Ex.: A box is no good. (We need a crate not a box).
One box is no good, we need two boxes.

Articolul zero. Nu se foloseste articol în urmatoarele cazuri:

1.in fata substantivelor nenumarabile sau numarabile la plural cand se face o afirmatie generala
(adesea precedate de determinanti ca: some, any, a piece of, a lot of etc.):
Water quenches thirst on a hot day.
Pollution in big cities is very worrying.
Dogs make good companions.
There is some luggage to be taken upstairs.
Is there any bread in the kitchen?
2.in fata substativelor abstracte cand sunt folosite in mod generic: beauty, happiness, fear, hope,
knowledge, intelligence etc.; cu exceptia cazurilor cand sunt folosite cu sens mai bine specificat:
Knowledge comes to us through our senses. DAR: She got the job because she has
a knowledge of English.
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. DAR: What a beauty!
3.in fata substantivelor proprii, nume de persoane si numele unei companii, cu exceptia situatiilor
cand se vorbeste de familie ca un tot:
He works for Microsoft.
Helen and George Parker are coming to dinner tonight. DAR: The Parkers are
coming to dinner tonight.
• pentru a vorbi despre sporturi, in fata numelor de echipe etc:
He loves football and supports Manchester Utd.
• inaintea meselor zilei:
Where did you have breakfast / lunch / dinner?
• inaintea cuvintelor home, church, university, prison, hospital, market etc. atunci cand ele
reprezinta o institutie sau o idee generala. THE se foloseste totusi atunci cand se face o
referire speciala la locul respectiv:
Al Capone was arrested and put in prison for tax evasion. (ne referim nu la o anumita inchisoare,
ci la institutie)
His mother went to the prison once a week to visit him. (aici ne referim la acea inchisoare unde se
afla Al Capone)
My mother goes to church every Sunday. (biserica in sensul de institutie, serviciu religios)
She sometimes goes to the church near the Royal Palace. (acea biserica anume).
Our University is 150 years old. (institutia universitatii)
Emma and Ben often go to the university to talk to their professor. (la o universitate anume, in
cladirea ei)

11
 4. PREPOZITIA / PREPOSITIONS

1. Prepozitia de loc - se foloseste cu verbe statice: to be/to stay/to exist/to stand, etc.
 in – in, la, pentru spatii mari Ex: I live in Bucharest.
 at – in, la, pentru spatii reduse Ex: I live at Sinaia.
 within – in cadrul, pentru suprafete restranse Ex: A lot of words have been said within
these walls.
 against – rezemat Ex: The man is against the wall.
 – impotriva Ex: We are against them.
 on – pe (pozitia pe o suprafata) Ex: The book is on the table.
 Pentru apropiere:
 imediata: next to, close to, beside
 apropiere: near, near by, by
 Pozitia pe verticala:
 over – deasupra
 under – dedesubt (fara raportare la un punct fix)
 above – deasupra
 below – dedesubt (cu raportare la un punct fix) Ex: above zero, below the water level
 underneath – punctul cel mai de jos
 on top of – punctul cel mai de sus (prin atingere) Ex: The green book is underneath.
(este cea mai de jos carte)
 Pozitia pe orizontala:
 in front of – in fata
 behind – in spate (pt lucruri pentru a indica pozitia)Ex: The tree is in front of the house.
 after – dupa
 before – inainte (pt oameni, pentru a indica ordinea)Ex: I’m before you at the queue
 between – intre 2
 among – printre (mai mult de 2)
2. Prepozitia de miscare - se foloseste numai cu verbe de miscare
 to – la, catre (pp atingerea punctului) Ex: I go to school.
 towards – la, catre (nu pp atingerea punctului) Ex: I go towards office.
 Into – in (pp patrunderea intr-un spatiu) Ex: Put the bag into the house.
 Onto – pe (pp miscarea pe o suprafata orizontala;se pune “on”daca sta)The cat is running onto
the floor.
 along – de-a lungul (pp miscarea pe o suprafata plana si lunga) Ex: I’m walking along the
beech.
 through – prin (pp traversare si patrundere) Ex: I walk through the park.
 across – traversare (nu si patrundere) Ex: I run across the street.
 about – prin (arata o miscare nedefinita)Ex: I walk about town (prin oras, fara un tel precis)
 around – in jurul (pp o miscare circulara) Ex: I dance around the fire.
 out of – pp iesirea dintr-un volum Ex: Get out of my house.
 off – pp desprinderea de o suprafata Ex: The plane takes off.
 up-and-down – in sus si in jos pe un plan vertical Ex: The children run up-and-down the
stairs.
 from – de la, de pe, din Ex: Take it from my bag.
 past – langa (pp apropierea imediata prin miscare) Ex: I drive past the university (si nu
near the university!, pt ca sunt in miscare)

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3. Prepozitia de timp
 in – pentru ani, lunile anului, anotimpuri, perioade ale vietii (in my childhood),
 in anumite momente ale zilei (in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening)
 at – pentru ora (at 10 o’clock), in anumite momente ale zilei (at noon, at midday, at
midnight, at dusk), pentru varsta (at the age of 15), mesele zilei (at lunch time), cu week-end
(at the week-end) si in sarbatori (at Christmas)
 on – cu zilele saptamanii (on Sunday), data (on the 15th of June) si
sarbatorile (on Christmas day – cand este vorba de ziua de Craciun, nu de toata perioada)
 before si after – inainte si dupa, cu raportare la un punct fix
 by – nu mai tarziu de Ex: Try to arrive by ten.
 during – in timpul
 over – in timpul, dar pe perioade scurte Ex: Read it over the week-end.
 throughout / althrough – de-a lungul, dar pe o prioada lunga de timp Ex: Althrough the years.
4. Diferentiere intre prepozitii
 in time on time
cu ceva timp inainte la fix
 in the end at the end
finally, in cele din urma la capatul (urmeaza un substantiv)
 in with
pentru ceva cu care esti imbracat pentru o trasatura fizica
Ex: A woman in trousers. A woman with long hair.
 as like
pentru rol, functie, pozitie pentru comparatie
Ex: I work as a teacher. Ex: I talk like a teacher.
(I am a teacher) (I am an engineer)
 on about
in legatura cu, folosit academic despre
Ex: Give me a book on Economics. Ex: Let’s talk about sex.
 due to owing to
datorita (doar dupa “to be”) datorita (restul inafara de “to be”)
Ex: My success is due to her. Ex: Owing to my work I succeeded.
 over across
pp traversarea peste un obstacol traversare pe jos
Ex: I’m over the ocean. (cu avionul) Ex: I’m across the ocean. (cu barca)
 despite in spite of
dupa urmeaza CD (niciodata sub.) dupa urmeaza genitiv
Ex: Despite the bad weather I left. Ex: In spite of the bad weather I left.
 made of – recunosc materialul Ex: made of gold
 made from – deduc ceva elemente Ex: the cake is made from cocoa
 made with – recunosc 1 element Ex: a chocolate made with milk (dar laptele nu este
elementul de baza)
 in – in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening
 at – at dawn, at midnight
 on – pentru orice moment al zilei atunci cand exista un atribut
Ex: In the morning dar On a fine day
At night dar On a starry night
5. Pentru mijloace de locomotie
 by – cu orice mijloc de transport, daca nu este determinat
Ex: by car, by bus, by plane (dar on foot!)
 in – pentru autovehicule, daca sunt determinate

13
 Ex: in my father’s car, in the car that you bought me
 on – pentru toate celelalte in afara de autovehicule daca sunt determinate
Ex: on my father’s plane, on the tube/subway/underground

6. Expresii cu Prepoziţii
Prepozitia Expresii
About (despre) About the town-prin oraş
About six o‘clock-în jurul orei şase
A journey about the world-o călătorie prin lume
About my head-deasupra capului meu
About all-mai presus de orice,în primul rând
Across (de-a curmezişul sau de-a To walk across the street-a traversa strada
latul) Across the road-peste drum
After (după) After dark-după lăsarea întunericului
After breakfast-după micul dejun
After five o‘clock-după ora cinci
Day after day-zi de zi,zi după zi
Time after time-deseori,foarte adesea
After theat-după aceea
The day after tomorrow-poimâine
Against-împotrivă,contra Against the laws-împotriva legilor
A race against time-o cursă contra cronometru
To lean against a wall-a se sprijini de un perete
Along-de-a lungul Along a valley-de.a lungul unei văi
Along the sea shore-de-a lungul ţărmului
Among-între Among us-între noi(când este vorba de 3 sau mai multe persoane)
Among his friends-printre(între) prietenii lui
Among the most important reasons-printre cele m.imp.cauze(motive)
Around-împrejur A trip around the contry-o călătorie prin ţară
To sit around the table-a şedea în jurul mesei
I will come around ten-o să vin pe la zece (în jur de ora zece)
At –la At noon-la prânz
At day break-la revărsatul zorilor
At sunset-la apusul soarelui,la asfinţit
At rondom-la intâmplare
At work-la lucru
At the door-la uşă
At the beginning-la început
At the end-la sfârşit
At the same time-în acelaşi timp
At the age of-la vârsta de
At first-la început
At last-la sfârşit,în cele din urmă
At full speed-la viteză maximă,cu toată viteza
At first sight-la prima vedere
At what time?-la ce oră?
At once-imediat
At least-cel puţin
At my disposal-la dispoziţia mea
Byfore-înainte Byfore my eyes-înaintea ochilor mei

14
 Byfore one a‘clock-înainte de ora unu
To sail byfore the wind-a naviga cu vântul în spate
Behind(bihaind)-în spate Behind the clouds-în spatele norilor
To hide behind the door-a se ascunde în spatele uşii
Below(bilou)-sub To strike below the belt-a lovi sub centură
Below sea level-sub nivelul mării
Below the ground-sub pământ
Below the average-sub nivelul mediu
Beneath-sub,mai jos de Beneath one‘s dignity-sub demnitatea cuiva
Besides-în afară de He has two cars besides this-el are două maşini în afară de aceasta
Between-între, se foloseşte când este Between the two world wars-între cele două războaie mondiale
vorba de două elemente sau două An understanding between us-o înţelegere între noi
persoane
Beyond-dincolo de Beyond doubt(deaut)-fără îndoială
Beyond the sea-dincolo de mare
Beyond limits-peste limită
By-de,de către,prin To open by force-a deschide cu forţa
To travel by train-a călători cu trenul
To go by car-a merge cu maşina
Day by day-zi de zi
Step by step-pas cu pas
Drop by drop-strop cu strop
Piece by piece-bucată cu bucată
One by one-unul câte unul
Two by two-doi câte doi
To learn by heart-a învăţa pe de rost
To go by the post-office-a trece pe lângă poştă
By force of circunstances-prin forţa împrejurărilor
To sleep side by side-a dormi unul lângă altul
For-pentru Good for food-comestibil
To leave for school-a pleca la şcoală
To look for help-a căuta ajutor
To cry for help-a striga după ajutor
For a time-un timp,pentru un timp
To go for a walk-a merge la plimbare
To read for pleasure-a citi de plăcere
What is this good for?-la ce este bun ăsta?
For all the world-pentru nimic în lume
To have a taste for art-a avea gust artistic
For this reason-pentru(din) acest motiv
For the sake of peace-în numele păcii
Enough(inagh) for the present-suficient deocamdată
I‘m sorry for you-îmi pare rău de tine(pentru tine)
From-din,de la From first to last-de la primul la ultimul
From heaven to earth-de la cer la pământ
From bad(bead) to worse-din ce în ce mai rău
From place to place-din când în când
From morning to night-de dimineaţa până seara
Light from the sun-lumină de la soare
A man free from care-un om liber de griji

15
 A man from the country-un om de la ţară
To be far from home-a fi departe de casă
From theat point of view-din punctul acela de vedere
From my point of view-din punctul meu de vedere
To be released from prisom-a fi eliberat din închisoare
Seen from above-văzut de sus
Seen from below(bilou)-văzut de dedesubt
On my way from Piteşti to Bucharest-în drumul meu de la P.la B
To tell one thing from another-a deosebi un lucru de celălalt
In-în In the morning-dimineaţa
In the shade(şeid)-la umbră
In the end-la final
In the garden-în grădină
In heaven-în cer
In spring-primăvara
In summer-vara
In fall-toamna
In winter-iarna
To be in danger(deinger)-a fi în pericol
To lie(lai) in bed-a sta întins în pat
To live in the country-a sta la ţară
In our centuri(auăr senturi)-
In all seasons-în toate anotimpurile
In my youth-în tinereţea mea
In his memory-în memoria lui
Early in the morning-dimineaţa devreme
In the past-în trecut
In the future(fiuciăr)-în viitor
In come just in time-a veni la timp
To keep(kip)in mind(maind)-a ţine minte
Done in haste-făcut în grabă
To put in mind-a-şi pune în gând
To put in order-a pune în ordine
In general-în general
To work in vain-a munci în zadar
To be in pain-a fi îndurerat
To speak in public-a vorbi în public
To take in hand-a lua în mână
Into-în,spre To lead into error-a duce în eroare
To get into difficulties-a da de greutăţi
To fall into the river-a cădea în râu(lac)
To burst into tears-a izbucni în lacrimi
To get into trouble-a da de bucluc,belea,necaz
To pour walter into a glass-a turna apă în pahar
Inside-înăuntru Inside the room-înăuntrul camerei
His is inside-el e înăuntru
Near-lângă Near the sea shore-lângă ţărm
Near at hand-la îndemână,aproape
Near you-lângă tine
Of-de A crown of gold-o coroană de aur

16
 A flock of sheep-o turmă de oi
Hard of hearing(hiring)-surd,tare de urechi
A book of proverbs-o carte de proverbe
The force of the wind-forţa vântului
A place of honour-în loc de onoare
A man of mark-un om însemnat(important)
A man of no importance-un om oarecare(fără importanţă)
To wear adress of silk-a purta o rochie de mătase
Love of a mother-iubire de mamă
Master of the house-stăpânul casei
A piece of paper-o bucată de hârtie
A friend of mine-un prieten de-al meu
The events of late-evenimentele din ultimul timp
In days of old-în zilele de mult apuse
Of course-bineânţeles,cu siguranţă,sigur că da
Off-departe de Keep off the grass-nu călcaţi pe iarbă
To be off duty-a fi liber,a nu fi la serviciu
To fall off the horse-a cădea de pe cal
On-pe To be on duty-a fi de serviciu
To sit on the grass-a sta pe iarbă
Some goods(gudz)on sale-nişte mărfuri de vănzare
Haus on fire-o casă în flăcări
To go on foot-a merge pe jos
On a beautiful day-într-o zi frumoasă
On such a day-într-o astfel de zi
On this occasion(ocheijen)-cu această ocazie
On certain conditions-cu anumite condiţii
To stand on tip toe-a sta în vârful picioarelor
To be on land-a fi pe uscat
On the whole-în ansamblu,în general,în mare
On an average-în medie
To be on holiday-a fi în vacanţă
To sit on a chair-a sta pe un scaun
To pay on demand-a plăti la cerere
To pay on the spot-a plăti pe loc
On the celing-pe tavan
On a desert island(ailănd)-pe o insulă pustie
On the point of-a fi pe punctul de a
Over-peste Over the rocks-peste stânci
To be head over heels in love-a fi îndrăgostit lulea
To stay somewhere(samuer) over night-a sta undeva peste noapte
To be famous all over the world-a fi celebru(cunoscut )în toată ţara
To cook over the fire-a găti la foc
To tremble all over-a tremura din toate mădularele,a tremura tot
Past Past his comprehension-peste puterea lui de a înţelege
To be past work-a nu mai putea munci,a nu mai putea să muncească
To be past danger(deinger)-a fi în afara pericolului
Have past one-unu şi jumătate
It is past five o‘clock-este trecut de ora cinci
Round-în jurul A round table-o masă rotundă

17
 A round peg in a square hole-potrivit ca nuca în perete
Round the world-în jurul lumii
Since-de,de la Since four o‘clock-de la ora patru
I haven‘t seen him since-nu l-am mai văzut de atunci
Through-prin To go through thick and thin-a trece prin foc şi apă
Through the wood-prin pădure
To at through fear-a acţiona de frică
All through the night-toată noaptea,tot timpul nopţii
To go through life-a trece prin viaţă
Through whom?-prin cine Throughout this country-de-a lungul şi de-a latul acestei ţări
Throughout our holidays-pe tot parcursul vacanţei noastre,tot timpul
vacanţei noastre
Till-până,până la To be up lill late-a se culca târziu,a nu se culca devreme
Till death do us part-până ce moartea ne va despărţi
To-la,către To go to bed-a merge la culcare
To take to wife-a lua de soţie(nevastă)
From end to end-de la cap la cap
From hand to mouth-de la mână până la gură
To come to an end-a lua sfârşit
To finish-a termina,a se termina
To be wet to the skin-a fi ud până la piele
To count up to ten-a număra până la zece
From time to time-din când în când,din timp în timp
To dance to the musics-a dansa după muzică
I don‘t want to!-nu vreau
Under-sub Under lock and key-sub cheie,sub pază
Under the tree-sub copac
To swim under water-a înota sub apă
To be under arms-a fi sub arme
To be under a vow(veau)-a fi sub un jurământ,a fi legat prin jurământ
To be under sentence of death-a fi condamnat la moarte
Under what conditions?-în ce condiţii
Under these conditions-în aceste condiţii
In under ten minutes-în mai puţin de 10 minute
To be under age-a fi minor
To be under treatement-a fi sub îngrijire medicală a fi în tratament
Under my feet-sub tălpile(picioarele) mele
The ball rolled underneath a table-mingea s-a rostogolit sub o masă
Up-în susul,către The ups and downs of life-urcuşurile şi coborâşurile vieţii,geutăţile
vieţii
To run up the hill-a alerga pe deal în sus
To walk up a hill-a urca un deal
Wake up!-trezeşte-te,scoală-te
Until-până la,până în Until the end of life-până la sfârşitul vieţii
Upon- To refuse upon the principle-a refuza din principiu
Upon the top of the hill-în vârful dealului
Upon our word-pe cuvântul nostru
Within-în,înăuntrul,nu mai târziu de To keep within doors-a ţine în casă
Within the law-în limita legii
Within a week-în mai puţin de o săptămână

18
 Within our room-în interiorul camerei noastre
Without-fără To be without help-a fi fără de ajutor
To come without delay-a veni fără întârzâiere
To escape without damage-a scăpa nevătămat
To come without fail-a veni sigur(negreşit)
To come without doubt-a veni fără îndoială
It goes withaut sayng(seing)-se înţelege de la sine
I will leave withaut him-o să plec fără el

PROPOZITII ATRIBUTIVE RELATIVE SI PRONUME RELATIVE

A. Pronume relative – forma:

Subiect Complement Posesiv

persoane who who / whom whose
that that
obiecte which which whose
that that

B. Propozitii relative – exista doua tipuri:

1. Subordonate relative calificative. Utilizare: pronumele relative pot fi:
subiect:
The woman who / that has red hair is my sister.
All who / that met Erica admired her.
He studied the picture which / that depicted the prince on horseback.
We never met anyone who / that liked him.
NOTA: Pronumele calificative subiecte (who, which, that) sunt uneori inlocuite in relativele
calificative de:
1. un participiu prezent:
The road which / that leads to Arlington has been closed. = The road leading to Arlington has been
closed.
2. un participiu trecut:
The woman who / that was caught stealing was arrested. = The woman caught stealing was
arrested.
3. un INFINITIV, dupa the only, the last, the first, the second etc:
The only driver who / that won twice was Pearson. = The only driver to win twice was Pearson.
complement:
She is the woman (who / that) we met last night.
The milk (which / that) I bought has gone bad.
ATENTIE! Cand este folosit cu functie de complement, de obicei prinumele relativ este omis
(dupa cum se vede in exemplele de mai sus).
posesiv:
There is the musician whose composition won first prize.
Where is the hotel whose manager is so famous?
complement prepozitional (who, that sau whom se folosesc pentru persoane; which sau that se
folosesc pentru lucruri):
The man to whom I spoke was very rude.
SAU: The man (whom / who / that) I spoke to was very rude.
The subject in which he is interested is sociology.
SAU: The subject (which / that) he is interested in is sociology.

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ATENTIE! Prepozitiile sunt de obicei plasate DUPA verb in propozitia subordonata, iar
pronumele relativ se omite.
2. Subordonate relative explicative – forma: subordonatele nu folosesc niciodata pronumele
relativ that, nu omit niciodata pronumele relative, sunt intotdeauna separate prin virgule. Utilizare:
pronumele relativ poate fi:
subiect:
Our neighbours, who are quite old, have a Jeep.
That dirty truck, which looks abandoned, is mine.
complement:
Dr. Smith, whom I met a year ago, writes a weekly column in the local newspaper.
Their lawn, which was newly seeded in the spring, has turned brown.
posesiv:
My grandmother, whose eightieth birthday we celebrated in May, broke her leg last week.
Our fence, whose paint is peeling, looks terrible.
complement prepozitional (whom / who se folosesc pentru persoane; which se foloseste pentru
lucruri):
The wanted man, for whom the police are looking, used to live in our town.
SAU: The wanted man, whom / who the police are looking for, used to live in our town.
SAU: The wanted man, the police are looking for, used to live in our town.
NOTA: Which se foloseste cu referire la o propozitie precedenta:
Jerry testified that he had never met her, which was a lie.
What se foloseste cu sensul de “lucrurile care, ceea ce”:
What Jerry said was a lie.
All / both / few / most / some + of + whom / which se refera la persoane si lucruri:
The travellers, all of whom were ill, were hospitalized.
The two Inca pots, both of which were museum pieces, were stolen.

20
 5. CONJUNCTIA

A. Dupa aspect
1. Simple: but, if, and.
2. Compuse: however, unless, otherwise.
3. De legatura: as…as, both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, whether…or .
4. Locutiuni: as well as, as if (de parca), as though (de parca), for instance, that’s why, so long as
(atata timp cat).
B. Dupa functie
1. De coordonare
a) “and” - care leaga - propozitii intre ele - parti de vorbire de acelasi fel Ex: I go and stay
there for a week
b) “as well as” Ex: I work in a school as well as at home.
c) “neither…nor” Ex: I am neither in the kitchen nor in the bathroom.
d) “not only…but also…” Ex: I am not only intelligent but also pretty.
e) “as well” Ex: He is calm and good as well.
f) “either…or” Ex: They are either brother and sister or husband and wife.
g) “furthermore” (cu atat mai mult) Ex: I speak English, furthermore I wood like to visit
England.
h) conjunctii adversative: but, while, whereas (pe cata vreme, tinand seama de) –
contrasteaza cu propozitia principala.
Ex: I am tall but fat.
I am talking while you are righting.
k) conjunctii disjunctive: or, else, or else (ori, cu alte cuvinte), otherwise (altfel).
Ex: Would you prefer coffee or tea?
Please put your coat else you get whet.
Learn your lesson otherwise you fail.
i) conjunctiile concluzive: consequently, on that account, so, then, that is why (iata de ce),
therefore (de aceea).
Ex: I haven’t slept therefore/that is why I am tired.
j) conjunctii explicative: for example, for instance, namely, that is to say.
Ex: Only one friend of mine left Romania, namely Ela.
I like do a lot of thinks for instance/example reading, dancing, …
2. De subordonare – acelea care introduc o propozitie secundara. Unele dintre ele sunt
specializate pe anumite tipuri de propozitii.
Ex: pt. concesive: through, although (desi)
pt. conditionale: if
pt. comparative: as if (de parca), as though
pt. predicative sau pt. subiective, completive directe, attributive
 Subordonate predicative – introduse prin:
a) “what” - Ex: The question is what I must read.
b) “who” - Ex: The question is who is he.
c) “where” - Ex: The question is were I go.
d) “when” - Ex: The question is when I can come.
e…) whatever, whoever, that, why –
 Subordonate subiective – introduse prin:
a) “that” - Ex: It is necessary that you should understand this rule.
b) “what” Ex: It doesn’t matter what you believe.
c) “who” Ex: It hasn’t be decided who is the leader of the team.
d) which, whoever, whatever, whichever, when, how, why, where, if, whether.

21
 „ubordonate completive directe (cele cu forma de complement): if, that, whether, whatever,
whoever, wherever, why, whichever.
Ex: She sad that she was tired.
I don’t know if you leave Romania.
I don’t know whoever want’s my dog.
I do whatever you want me to do.
I may take whatever book you want.
 Subordonate indirecte – introduse prin: to whom, to what, to anyone, whoever.
Ex: I may give the flowers to whom you want.
You interpret whatever she says.
 Subordonate prepozitionale – introduse prin: who, whom, whoever, whichever, how daca
sunt precedate de o prepozitie.
Ex: You depend on what I say.
You must approved of whatever she says.
 Subordonate atributive – introduse prin: whose, which, whom, were, why, when, that.
Ex: This is the woman who loves me.
This is the man whose wife is pretty.
This is the boy whom I greeted.
 Subordonate adverbiale – introduse prin: as, like, much as, how, in the manner, as if, as
though, just.
Ex: No one speaks like you do.
They acted much as I told them. (respectand majoritatea celor spuse de mine)
 Subordonate conditionale – introduse prin: if, on condition that, only if.
Ex: I shall come soon if/on condition that I find my passport.

6. INTERJECTIA

Prin interjectie se exteriorizeaza sentimente, manifestari, sau se reproduc sunete din natura.
Interjectiile sunt scurte exclamatii ca si : Oh!, Um sau Ah!
Ele nu au o valoare gramaticala reala, dar le folosim chiar des, de obicei mai mult in vorbire decat
in scris.
Exemple:
surpriza: Wow! Oh! - Uau!
bucurie: Ah! Ooh! - Ah!
mirare: Oh dear! Indeed! - Vai draga! Intradevar!
admiratie: Whew!
dispret: Pshaw! What a same! - Ce pacat!
aprobare: Well done! - Foarte bine!
manifestari de vointa: Oh! Help! Look out! Cheer up! - Oh! Ajutor! Ai grija! Capul sus!
zgomote: Bang! Click! Miaow! - Bang! Clic! Miau!
Interjectii ca „er” si „um” sunt cunoscute si ca interjectii de ezitare. Ele sunt extrem de folosite in
engleza.
Sunt folosite atunci cand cineva nu stie ce sa spuna, sau iti indica faptul ca se gandeste la ce va
spune.

22
 7. ADJECTIVUL / THE ADJECTIVE

Forma adjectivului
Adjectivele sunt invariabile. Ele nu îsi schimba forma în functie de gen sau numar.
Ex.: A hot potato, some hot potatoes.
Pentru a sublinia sau accentua sensul unui adjectiv se pot folosi very, really:
Ex.: A very hot potato, some really hot potatoes.
Pozitia adjectivului
 De obicei adjectivul se aseaza în fata substantivului determinat:
Ex.: A good movie.
 Dupa verbe auxiliare ca to be, to become, to seem, to look, to taste, to appear, to feel, to
keep, to make, to smell, to sound, to turn, etc:
Ex.: The movie is good.
You seem upset.
This cheese tastes different.
 Dupa substantiv în expresii fixe:
Ex.: the Princess Royal, the President elect, the court martial
 Câteva adjective, ca de exemplu chief, main, poor (=unfortunate) stau numai în fata
substantivului determinat:
Ex.: This is the main purpose of the meeting.
That poor woman was living in a garage.
 Altele pot sta numai dupa un verb auxiliar: asleep, upset, awake, afraid, alike, alive, alone,
annoyed, ill, well, sorry
Ex.: He's asleep.
I'm alone.
 Unele adjective îsi schimba sensul în functie de pozitia pe care o ocupa. Adjectivele
involved, present, concerned au sens diferit daca sunt plasate în fata substantivului sau
dupa acesta.
Ex.: These are the people involved / concerned. (the people who have something
to do with the matter)
They had an involved discussion on the matter. (detailed, complex)
I am a concerned mother. (worried, anxious)
The list of the students present is outside, on the door. (students who were there)
The present status of the matter requires urgent attention. (current)

Functiile adjectivului
Adjectivul ne spune mai multe despre calitatile substantivul determinat. Pot exprima:
 Sentimente sau calitati:
Ex.: They make an original couple. She is a single mother.
 Nationalitatea sau originea:
Ex.: Ricardo is Spanish. His mother is Argentinean and his father is Canadian.
I bought him a Swiss watch for Christmas.
Diferite caracteristici ale unui obiect:Ex.: The table is long. The steel tray was a gift.
 Vârsta:
Ex.: My hat is too old. I will buy another one.
He is still very young, almost a boy.
 Dimensiuni, marime si masuri:
Ex.:"Gone with the Wind" is a very long film.
 That boy is too tall.
 Culoarea:
Ex.: I have a red jacket to go with my new white skirt.
 Materie / material:
Ex.: He wore a cotton shirt.
It was a silver tray, not a steel tray.
 Forma:
Ex.: A rectangular envelope.
A round table.
 Judecati, pareri sau opinii:
Ex.: Grammar is fascinating.
The show was entertaining.

Ordinea adjectivelor
Atunci când se folosesc doua sau mai multe adjective pentru a descrie acelasi substantiv,
ordinea lor depinde de functiile acestora. Exista mai multe variante, dar cea mai obisnuita ordine
este: Value/opinion, Size, Age/Temperature, Shape, Colour, Origin, Material
Value/opinion delicious, lovely, charming
Size small, huge, tiny
Age/Temperature old, hot, young, little
Shape round, square, rectangular
Colour red, blonde, black
Origin Swedish, Victorian, Chinese
Material plastic, wooden, silver
Ex: a green round plastic bucket / an elegant little French clock / a small round wooden table

Gradele de comparatie

Ca si in limba romana, adjectivul din limba engleza exprima o calitate si este asezat langa
substantive, pe care il determina dar in fata acestuia. Din punct de vedere al modului in care se
formeaza gradele de comparativ ale adjectivului englezesc se impart in 2 grupe:
- adjective regulate – care formeaza gradele de comparative dupa regulile fixe
- adjective neregulate – care au forme speciale pentru gradele de comparative, in care, uneori de
schimba chiar radacina cuvantului

Gradele de comparatie exprima in general raportul unui adjectiv fata de ceva sau starea maxima a
acestuia.
De exemplu: mai cald, mai rapid, cel mai bun.

Exista trei grade de comparatie ale adjectivelor:

1. pozitiv – adjectivul nu se schimba
2. comparative: a.de inferioritate
b.de egalitate
c.de superioritate
3. superlative: a.relativ
b.absolut
1. pozitiv - adjectivul nu se schimba

2. În limba engleza, comparativul (comparative) se poate forma in doua moduri, in functie de cate
silabe are adjectivul.
a) Adjective cu o silaba
Adjectivele formate dintr-o silaba formeaza comparativul adaugand -er la forma simpla,
[adjectiv_simplu + -er].
tall - taller (mai inalt), blue - bluer (mai albastru)
- Adjectivele simple, formate din [consoana + o vocala + consoana] vor dubla consoana finala.
fat - fatter (mai gras), big - bigger (mai mare), hot - hotter (mai fierbinte)
b) Adjective cu doua silabe
Adjectivele formate din doua silabe formeaza comparativul adaugand
-er la forma simpla, [adjectiv_simplu + -er]
-cuvantul more in fata, [more + adjectiv_simplu].
- er se adauga doar la adjectivele care se termina in: -y, -ly, -ow, -le, -er, -ure sau la adjectivele:
handsome, polite, pleasant, common, quiet. In rest, pentru celelalte, dar si pentru acestea, se poate
adauga more in fata.
Exemple:
yellow - yellower /more yellow (mai galben)
simple - simpler /more simple (mai simplu)
tender - tenderer /more tender (mai tandru)
- Adjectivele terminate in -y vor inlocui "y" cu "i" inainte de "-er".
happy - happier /more happy (mai fericit) / pretty - prettier /more pretty (mai dragut)
c) Adjective cu trei sau mai multe silabe
Adjectivele formate din trei sau mai multe silabe formeaza comparativul adaugand cuvantul more
in fata, [more + adjectiv_simplu].
important - more important (mai important)
expensive - more expensive (mai scump)

3. Ca si comparativul, superlativul (superlative) in limba engleza se poate forma diferit, in functie

de cate silabe are adjectivul.
a) Adjective cu o silaba
Adjectivele formate dintr-o silaba formeaza superlativul adaugand -est la forma simpla,
[adjectiv_simplu + -est].
tall - tallest (cel mai inalt), blue - bluest (cel mai albastru)
- Adjectivele simple, formate din [consoana + o vocala + consoana] vor dubla consoana finala.
fat - fattest (cel mai gras), big - biggest (cel mai mare), hot - hottest (cel mai fierbinte)
b) Adjective cu doua silabe
Adjectivele formate din doua silabe formeaza superlativul adaugand -est la forma simpla,
[adjectiv_simplu + -est] sau cuvantul most in fata, [most + adjectiv_simplu].
- est se adauga doar la adjectivele care se termina in: -y, -ly, -ow, -le, -er, -ure sau la adjectivele:
handsome, polite, pleasant, common, quiet. In rest, pentru celelalte, dar si pentru acestea, se poate
adauga most in fata.
Exemple:
yellow - yellowest /most yellow (cel mai galben)
simple - simplest /most simple (cel mai simplu)
tender - tenderest /most tender (cel mai tandru)
- Adjectivele terminate in -y vor inlocui "y" cu "i" inainte de "-est".
happy - happiest /most happy (cel mai fericit)
pretty - prettiest /most pretty (cel mai dragut)
c) Adjective cu trei sau mai multe silabe
Adjectivele formate din trei sau mai multe silabe formeaza superlativul adaugand cuvantul most in
fata, [most + adjectiv_simplu].
important - most important (cel mai important)
expensive - most expensive (cel mai scump)

Forme neregulate
Urmatoarele adjective au forme de comparativ si superlativ total neregulate (trebuie memorate asa
cum sunt):
Pozitiv Comparativ Superlativ
good (bun) better (mai bun) best (cel mai bun)
bad (rau) worse (mai rau) worst (cel mai rau)
little (mic, putin) less (mai mic, mai putin) least (cel mai putin)
old (batran, in varsta) older /elder (mai batran) oldest/eldest(cel mai batran)
much /many (mult /multe) more (mai mult /multe) most (cel mai mult /multe)
far (departe) further /farther (mai furthest /farthest (cel mai
departe) departe)

Comparatia adjectivelor
Comparatia adjectivelor fata de altceva (lucru, obiect, fiinta, eveniment, loc, etc) se poate forma in
mai multe feluri.
- the + superlative
This is the oldest theater in London. - Acesta este cel mai vechi (batran) teatru din Londra.
- comparative + than - Pentru a compara diferentele dintre doua obiecte, evenimente sau fiinte:
He makes fewer mistakes than you do. - El face mai putine greseli decat faci tu.
Thailand is sunnier than Norway. - Tailanda e mai insorita decat Norvegia.
Albert is more humbly than Arthur. - Albert e mai smerit decat Arthur.
- as + adjective + as - Comparative de egalitate. Constructie folosita pentru a compara oameni,
locuri, fiinte, evenimete sau obiecte, între care nu exista diferente:
Peter is 28 years old. John is 28 years old. Peter is as old as John. - Peter are 28 de ani. John are 28
de ani. Peter e la fel de in varsta ca John.
Ramona is as happy as Raphael. - Ramona e la fel de fericita ca Rafael.
A tiger is as dangerous as a lion. - Un tigru e la fel de periculos ca un leu.
- not as + adjective + as - Se poate arata diferentele dintre doua substantive folosind contructia
not so/as ...as:
Mont Blanc is not as high as Mount Everest. - Muntele Blanc nu e la fel de inalt ca muntele
Everest
Norway is not as sunny as Thailand. - Norvegia nu e la fel de insorita ca Tailanda.

Schimbare de valoare gramaticala

Adjectiv Substantiv
big, small size (masura)
long, short length (lungime)
broad, narrow breadth (largime pt ceva concret)
wide, narrow width (largime pt ceva abstract)
high, low height (inaltime)
deep, shallow depth (adancime)
heavy, light weight (greutate)
 strong, weak strength (putere)……..etc.

Constructii cu comparativul de egalitate:

as brave as a lion , as blind as a bat , as black as coal , as busy as a bee , as cool as a cucumber ,
as clear as daylight , as dry as a bone , as easy as ABC , as fresh as a daisy , as hairy as a gorilla ,
as mad as a hatter (palarier) , as poor as a church-mouse , as silent as a grave , as wise as
Solomon , as soft as silk , as smooth as grass , as gentle as a lamb…….etc.

Comparativul de superioritate
 adj scurte: adj + er + than. Modificari ortografice:
 daca adj se termina in “e”, se adauga doar “r” Ex: nice – nicer
 daca adj se termina in “y” precedat de consoana, se transforma “y” in “ier” Ex: pretty –
prettier
Exceptii: shy – shyer / sly – slyer / wry – wryer (stramb)
 daca adj se termina in consoana precedata de vocala, dublez consoana finala Ex: big –
bigger
 pt adj lungi: more + adj + than Ex: The book is more interesting than the movie.
Adj provenite din latina sunt urmate de “to” si nu de “than” Ex: He is superior to me.

Superlativul relativ
 adj scurte: the + adj +est Ex: large – the largest / silly – the silliest
 adj lungi: the most+ adj
Ex: This is the most expensive thing.
ATENTIE! dupa superlativ urmeaza prepozitiile “of” sau “in”
Ex: He is the best of all/the best in my group.
ATENTIE! daca se face comparatie intre 2 elemente, comparativul implica superlativul:
the + comparativ
Ex: Between you and me, I am the older.

Superlativul absolut
very + adj
very poate fi inlocuit cu: extremely , exceptionally , tremendously , awfully
ATENTIE! nu toate adj au grad de comparatie, unele definesc ideea de unitate (own,
complete, proper, perfect, marvelous, maximum, minimum). Altele au sufixe si prefixe:
extra – large / over – crowded / super – fine / ultra – short / priceless

Comparatia neregulata
good – better – the best / bad – worse – the worst / ill – worse – the worst
many – more – the most / much – more – the most / little – less – the least
near – nearer – the nearest (cel mai apropiat); next (urmatorul)
far – farther – the farthest (in spatiu) / far – further – the furthest (in timp)
late – later – the latest; the last (ultimul); the latter (ult din 2). Dintre 2, primul este “the
former”, nu “the first”.
up – upper – the upmost / in – inner – the inmost / out – outer – the outmost
fore – former – the foremost / old – older – the oldest
old – elder – the eldest (doar atributiv, pt membrii aceleiasi familii)
Ex: My elder brother is older than me. (fratele meu mai mare)
Constructii adjectivale

1) cu mult mai = much/ a lot + comparative Ex: It is much warmer today / a lot warmer today
2) de departe cel mai = by far + superlativ Ex: This is by far the hottest day of the year.
3) din ce in ce mai = comp + and + comp Ex: It is warmer and warmer
ATENTIE! pt adj lungi se repeta doar “more” Ex: It is more and more interesting.
4) cu cat mai,… cu atat mai… (the + comparativ …the + comparativ)
ATENTIE! Expresia e obligatoriu sa se repete identic si verbul “to be” lipseste:
Ex: The more, the better (cu cat mai mare, cu atat mai bine)
ATENTIE! Mai multe adjective care determina acelasi substantiv se despart prin virgula.
Daca nu apare virgula intre ele atunci cel care nu este urmat de virgula este adverb.
ATENTIE! Ordinea adjectivelor care determina un substantiv va tine cont de cele
subiective (primele expuse) si de cele obiective (imediat langa substantiv).
ATENTIE! Un adjectiv poate sa determine si un verb. Verbul va fi obligatoriu “to be”
sau orice alt verb de perceptie care poate fi inlocuit cu “to be”.
Ex: I am intelligent
He looks happy sau He is happy.

Adjectivul Calitativ
Adjectivele din aceasta categorie sunt adjective care descriu proprietati ale obiectelor ce pot avea
grade, nivele, intensitati ale acelei proprietati.
big (mare) , small (mic) , dry (uscat) , good (bun)

Adjectivul Posesiv
Adjectivele posesive sunt cele care arata o posesie; arata al cui e un obiect (al meu, al tau, etc ...);
 invariabil ca forma si numar
 anuleaza articolul substantivului
 se aseaza in fata substantivului pe care-l determina
 forme: my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their Ex: My book.
my book (cartea mea)your book (cartea ta, cartea voastra)
his book (cartea lui)
her book (cartea ei)
its book (cartea lui, ei -> pentru lucruri, animale, abstractiuni)
our book (cartea noastra)
our books (cartile noastre)
your books (cartile voastre)
their book (cartea lor)
their books (cartile lor)

Corespondenta pronumelor posesive cu adjectivele posesive:

Persoana Pronumele posesiv Adjectivul posesiv
1st singular Mine My
2nd singular Yours Your
3rd (female) Hers Her
3rd (male) His His
3rd (neuter) Its Its
1st plural Ours Our
2nd plural Yours your
3rd plural Theirs their

Adjectivul Demonstrativ
Adjectivul demonstrativ are numai 4 forme:
Singular Plural
Closer this (acesta/ aceasta) these (acestia/ acestea)
Farther that (acela/ aceea) those (aceia/ acelea)
 anuleza articolul substantivului
 invariabil ca forma (M/F)
 se aseaza in fata substantivului pe care il determina
 daca nu determina un substantiv devine pronume demonstrativ
Ex: “this” – aceasta, acesta (singular apropiere)
“these” – acestea, acestia (plural apropiere)
ambele merg cu “here”.
“that” – acela, aceea (singular departare)
“those” – acelea, aceia (plural departare)
ambele merg cu “there”.
NOTA! Indepartarea in spatiu presupune si indepartarea in timp. Deci “that” si “those”
se vor cupla cu trecutul. Ex: This book is good. (this = adjectiv, book = substantiv)
This is a good book. (this = pronume)
Adjectivul interogativ
 pozitie initiala in propozitie
 invariabil ca forma
 anuleaza articolul
 determina un substantiv
 forme: what, which, whose, how much, how many.
Diferenta: what./which
Which presupune selectie dintr-un numar limitat. Ex: Which boy is your best friend?
What nu presupune selectie. Ex: What days of the week do you know?
Diferenta how much / how many
How much presupune cantitatea si se foloseste pentru substantive nenumarabile. Ex: How
much money do you want?
How many inseamna numar si se foloseste la substantive numarabile. Ex: How many books do
you want?

Adjectivul relativ
 pozitie mediana
 introduce o propozitie secundara
 invariabil
 determina un substantiv anulandu-i articolul
 forme:
 whatever (fara selectie),
 whichever (selectie din numar limitat),
 whose (a, al, ai, ale cui).
Ex: You may take 1/ whatever books you want 2/.
Adjectivul nehotarat
SOME (unii, niste, vreo, cativa) - Utilizare:
1. In propozitia enuntiativa urmat de substantiv nenumarabil sau numarabil la plural.
Ex: I have some money / friends.
2. In propozitia interogativa in care se face o afirmatie sau o invitatie.
Ex: Would you like some coffee?
3. In propozitia in care stiu sigur ca primesc raspuns pozitiv.
Ex: Mother, can you give me some money?
4. In propozitia interogativa in care intrebarea nu se refera la “some”.
Ex: Why are there so many people in some (so many) restaurants?
5. In propozitia negativa al carui sens este afirmativ.
Ex: I never go home without buying some chocolate.
6. Cand poate fi inlocuitorul lui “certain”.
Ex: Certain people/some people believe they are the best.
ANY - este inlocuitorul lui “some” in:
1. Propozitia interogativa la care nu stiu ce raspuns voi primi.
Ex: Is there any milk left?
2. In propozitia enuntiativa dar cu sensul de oricine, oricare, orice.
Ex: Any book is good for you.
3. In propozitia care contine un adverb negativ de genul: hardly, barely, scarcely (de abia, cu
greu, deloc).
Ex: I hardly eat any bread (nu mananc paine aproape deloc)
4. In propozitia care contine “if”. (if = incertitudine)
Ex: If you find any books, buy them.
5. In propozitia care contine o expresie de indoiala: maybe, perhaps.
Ex: I doubt there are any good films in town.
6. In propozitia negativa in care verbul este negat.
Ex: I haven’t any friends here.
NO - Se foloseste numai in propozitia negativa in care verbul este la afirmativ.
Ex: I have no friends here.
EVERY (fara particularizare) Ex: Every day I go to my office. (nu ma duc chiar in fiecare zi)
EACH – (cu particularizare) Ex: Each person has a name. (fiecare, particularizare)
EITHER – (fiecare din doi)
NEITHER – (nici unul din doi)
ATENTIE! Dupa each, every, either sau neither rmeaza substantiv numarabil la singular
iar acordul cu verbul se face la singular.
Expresii cu every si each
Each other = unul pe altul (pp reciprocitate)
Every bit/inch = fiecare bucatica
Every right = tot dreptul
Every now and than = din cand in cand
Every other day = alternativ
Every so often = la interval regulat de timp fara a sti exact cand.
SUCH (astfel) - Urmat de substantiv numarabil la plural sau nenumarabil. Ex: I have such
friends/information.
SUCH A - Urmat de substantiv numarabil la singular. Ex: This is such a man of honor.
ALL - Urmat de substantiv nenumarabil sau numarabil la plural. Ex: All books/information
must be used.
 WHOLE - Urmat de substantiv numarabil la singular. Ex: I like the whole book.
NOTA! Pt perioade de timp se poate folosi si “whole” si “all” Ex: I’m home all the morning/
the whole morning. (whole este cotat ca fiind mai puternic)
THE OTHER - Urmat de substantiv numarabil la singular sau plural.
Ex: The other child/children can swim.
Expresia “The other day” = some days ago, cere obligatoriu trecutul.
Ex: I was there the other day. (Am fost acolo acum cateva zile)
OTHER + Urmat de substantiv numarabil la plural.
Ex: Give me other examples.
+ Daca e precedat de “no” poate fi urmat si de numarabil la singular.
Ex: No other man is as good as you are.
ANOTHER + substantiv la singular (different, in addition)
Ex: Would you like another drink? = vrei inca unul (suplimentar) sau un altul (diferit)?
BOTH + substantiv numarabil la plural (pt. doi)
Ex: I like both kids -> acordul in plural
Both are intelligent.
SEVERAL (mai multi intr-un numar nedefinit) + substantiv numarabil la plural.
Ex: We spent several days there.
MOST (majoritatea) + substantiv numarabil la plural sau nenumarabil.
Ex: Most books/information can be read easily.
ENOUGH
ATENTIE! Daca e urmat de substantiv nenumarabil sau numarabil la plural are pozitie
mobila. Ex: I have enough money/money enough to be happy.
ATENTIE! Daca e urmat de substantiv numarabil la singular se aseaza dupa el.
Ex: He is man enough to understand me.
 8. ADVERBUL / THE ADVERB

Adverbele sunt cuvinte care ne spun mai multe despre cum , unde, când, cât de frecvent sau
în ce măsura are loc o actiune.
Functia adverbelor
Astfel, adverbele determina în general verbe:
Ex.: The bus moved slowly. (cum?)
I am going home tomorrow. (când?)
Adverbele pot determina:
 adjective: You look absolutely fabulous!
 adverbe: She played the violin extremely well. You're speaking too quietly.
 propozitii intregi: Perhaps we'll see you again next year.
In general adverbul este terminat in “ly”, dar nu tot ce are “ly” este adverb. De regula se
formeaza din adjectiv + “ly”.
Modificari ortografice:
1. daca adjectivul se termina in “e”, acesta se pastreaza “ely”
Ex: nice – nicely
Exceptii: due – duly (datorat) / true – truly / whole – wholly
2. daca adjectivul se termina in “le”, se transforma “e” in “y”/ “ly”
Ex: capable – capably
3. daca adjectivul se termina in “ll”, se adauga doar “lly”
Ex: full – fully
4. daca adjectivul se termina in “ic”, se adauga “ally”
Ex: automatic – automatically
5. daca adjectivul se termina in “y”, indiferent daca este precedat de vocala sau de consoana,
se transforma in “i” si se adauga “ily”
Ex: pretty – prettily
gay – gaily
Exceptii: shy – shyly / wry – wryly / coy – coyly (sfios)
6. adjectivul “good” face adverbul “well”
NOTA: ca sa verific L-urile unui adverb, il desfac in adjectiv + ly
Ex: usually = usual + ly / bitterly = bitter + ly / awfully = awful + ly
Adverbe care au 2 forme cu acelasi inteles (oricare din ele este corect)
1. bright = brightly
2. sound = soundly
3. fair = fairly
4. tight = tightly (sunt echivalente)
5. dear = dearly
6. dead = deadly
7. cheap = cheaply
Ex: The sun shines bright / brightly.
NOTA: forma in “ly” se va prefera totusi cand adverbul determina un adjectiv
Ex: He is deadly tired. (si nu “he is dead tired”).
Adverbul cheap se va folosi in loc de cheaply doar pentru a caracteriza activitati
comerciale (to buy, to sell, to get)
Ex: She bought it cheap. Dar We traveled cheaply.
Adverbe cu 2 forme cu 2 intelesuri diferite
clean = complet high = sus
cleanly = intr-o maniera curata highly = foarte
clear = exact just = tocmai
clearly = intr-o maniera clara justly = asa cum se cuvine
close = apropiat late = tarziu
closely = indeaproape lately = in ultima vreme
deep = adanc large = extins
deeply = profund largely = pe scara larga
direct = direct most = majoritatea
directly = imediat mostly = cu precadere
due = spre (la busola Ex: They went due South. near = langa
duly = punctual nearly = aproape ca
easy = usor Ex: Take it easy! pretty = foarte
easily = intr-o maniera lejera prettily = intr-o maniera draguta
free = gratis right = exact
freely = pe sleau, deschis rightly = cu precizie, clar
full = complet sharp = fix
fully = pe scara larga, intr-o maniera extinsa sharply = intr-o maniera taioasa
hard = greu short = brusc
hardly = de-abia, cu greu, aproape deloc shortly = imediat

Adverbe si adjective cu aceeasi forma si inteles

Fast, far, early, alike, alone, past, solo, straight, next, little, outside.
NOTA: daca adjectivul se termina in “ly”, el devine adverb prin contructia
in a + adj + manner
Ex: He is a friendly person. / He speaks to me in a friendly way / manner.
Adj adv
coward=las (substantiv) / cowardly = las (adjectiv) / in a cowardly manner = cu lasitate (adverb)

Gradele de comparatie - se construiesc astfel:

 daca adjectivul si adverbul au aceeasi forma, se comporta ca un adjectiv scurt (gradele se
fac cu “er” si “est”)
Ex: I run fast / not so fast as / as fast as / faster than / the fastest of all / very fast
 daca adverbul se obtine din adjectiv + ly, face gradele de comparatie ca un adjectiv lung
(cu “more” si “the most”)
Ex: He runs quickly / less quickly than / as quickly as / more quickly than / the most
quickly of all / very quickly

Comparatia regulata
 well – better – the best
 badly – worse – the worst
 much – more – the most
 far – farther – the farthest
– further – the furthest
 near – nearer – the next
 little – less – the least
 late – later – the last
Clasificarea adverbelor
1. Adverbe de mod
2. Adverbe de loc si directie
3. Adverbe de timp, durata si frecventa
4. Adverbe de probabilitate
5. Adverbe de grad

Adverbe de mod
Adverbele de mod ne arata cum, in ce mod are loc o actiune. Ele se aseaza in propozitie
dupa verb sau dupa complementul acestuia.
 fairly – foarte, dar nu extraordinary. Fairly se cupleaza intotdeauna cu adjectivul la
gradul pozitiv. Ex: Your story is fairly interesting.
 quite – este mai puternic decat fairly. Se foloseste cand vreau sa fac o apreciere
favorabila. Ex: This car is quite cheap.
NOTA : cand se refera la adjective sau adverbe care nu au grade de comparatie,
“quite” capata sensul de absolut, complet, de-a dreptul.
Ex: Your dress is quite unique.
 rather – se foloseste cand am de facut o apreciere nefavorabila si sensul este =
foarte, neasteptat de. Se foloseste numai cu caracteristici negative. Poate fi precedat
si urmat de articolul “a”
Ex: This car is rather expensive.
Ex: This is a rather difficult exercise.
This is rather a difficult exercise.
 pretty – foarte (familiar, intre prieteni) Ex: I’m pretty tired.
 very – Este cel mai cunoscut si se cupleaza cu orice (pozitiv, comparativ sau
superlativ) Ex: I do my very best.
He is very much faster than I am.
 much / a lot = se cupleaza cu comparativul Ex: He is much faster than I am.
 by far = se cupleaza cu superlativul Ex: He is by far the fastest of all.
 too – se cupleaza cu pozitivul Ex: He is too fast.
 enough – se cupleaza cu pozitivul, dar se aseaza dupa el
Ex: He is fast enough for a champion.
 so – se cupleaza - cu much, many, little, few + substantiv
- cu adjectiv / adverb la pozitiv
Ex: It is so difficult.
I have so many friends / so much money.
There is so little time left.
 such – urmat de - substantiv numarabil la sg precedat de “a”
- de constructia adjectiv + substantiv la pl
Ex: He is such a man. / They are such interesting persons.

Adverbe de loc si directie

Ne arata unde are loc actiunea verbului. Se aseaza in general dupa verbul principal sau
complementul sau.
Ex: Dupa verb: I looked everywhere./ John looked ...away, up, down, around... / I'm going
...home, out, back...
Dupa complement: They built a house nearby. / She took the child outside.
 A. Here / there. Cu verbe de miscare, here exprima ideea de înspre/ cu / împreuna cu
vorbitorul, iar there contrariul, departe, fara participarea vorbitorului:
Ex.: Come here (= spre mine)
It's in here (= vino impreuna cu mine sa vezi)
Put it there (= departe de mine)
It's in there (= du-te singur sa vezi)
Expresii cu here/ there: down here, down there, over here, over there, under here, under
there, up here, up there.
B. Adverbele de loc terminate în -wards - exprima ideea de miscare într-o anumita
directie: Ex.: backwards, forwards, downwards, upwards, inwards, outwards, northwards,
southwards, eastwards, westwards, homewards, onwards.
Cats don't usually walk backwards. / The ship sailed westwards.
De retinut! Towards este prepozitie, nu adverb, astfel încât va fi întotdeauna urmat
de un substantiv sau pronume:
Ex.: He walked towards the car. She ran towards me.
C. Adverbe care exprima atât locul cât si directia: ahead, abroad, overseas, uphill,
downhill, sideways, indoors, outdoors.

Adverbe de timp, durata si frecventa

Arata cand a avut loc o actiune dar si durata sau frecventa actiunii.
 Când: today, yesterday, later, now, last year
 Durata, pentru cât timp: all day, not long, for a while, since last year
 Cât de frecvent: sometimes, frequently, never, often, yearly
De obicei, adverbele de timp se aseaza la sfârsitul propozitiei sau emfatic, la începutul ei:
Ex.: One of my children wrote to me yesterday. / Later the boy understood the story.
Adverbele care indica durata se aseaza la sfarsitul propozitiei:
Ex.: She stayed in the house all day. / My mother lived in France for a year.
Adverbele de frecventa exprima frecventa unei actiuni si se aseaza de obicei in fata
verbului principal, dar dupa verbele auxiliare (cum ar fi be, have, may, must):
I often eat vegetarian food. (in fata verbului principal)
You must always fasten your seat belt. (dupa verbul auxiliar must)
I have never forgotten my first kiss. (dupa verbul auxiliar have si in fata verbului principal
forgotten)
Unele adverbe de frecventa exprima regularitatea incidentei unei actiuni si se plaseaza la
sfarsitul prepozitiei:
This magazine is published monthly. / He visits his mother once a week.
Adverbe de fecventa: frequently, generally, normally, occasionally, often, regularly,
sometimes, usually.
De retinut! Yet se foloseste in propozitii interogative sau negative.
Have you finished your work yet? No, not yet.
They haven't met him yet.
Still exprima ideea de continuitate. Se foloseste in propozitii pozitive sau interogative.
I am still hungry. / Do you still work for the BBC?
Adverbe de timp usuale:
 ago – se foloseste cand raportarea se face fata de un moment prezent
Ex: I saw her one hour ago.
NOTA! daca raportarea se face fata de un moment trecut, in loc de ago se pune before
Ex: I told her that I had met her one hour before.
 for – arata durata unei actiuni fara a prezenta momentul de inceput si sfarsit al actiunii.
Este specific prezentului perfect simplu si continuu si trecutului perfect continuu.
 Ex: I haven’t met her for two years.
NOTA! se poate intalni si cu timpul trecut
Ex: I was a student for two years (I’m no longer a student).
NOTA! pentru perioade lungi de timp (for ages, for centuries)
ATENTIE! nu se pune “for” dupa verbele: to last, to take, to wait, to spend, to stay
Ex: I’ve been waiting ten minutes, (si nu I’ve been waiting for ten minutes).
It lasts five seconds, (si nu it lasts for five seconds).
 since – arata inceputul perioadei fara a preciza durata si momentul final. Este specific
prezentului perfect simplu si continuu si trecutului continuu.
Ex: I haven’t met her since Monday.

Adverbe de siguranta si probabilitate

Acestea exprima cat de sigur este vorbitorul de actiunea sau evenimentul pe care il
relateaza: certainly, definitely, probably, undoubtedly, surely, maybe, obviously, perhaps, possibly,
really. Se aseaza in propozitie intre verbul auxiliar si verbul principal.
Ex.: He has certainly forgotten the meeting.
Pentru o formulare emfatica sau o reliefare a afirmatiilor, se aseaza în debutul frazei:
Ex.: Undoubtedly, Winston Churchill was a great politician.
De retinut! Surely asezat la inceputul propozitiei inseamna ca vorbitorul este convins
de adevarul unei afirmatii, dar incearca sa obtina o confirmare: Surely you've got a bicycle?

Adverbe de grad
Aceastea exprima intensitatea sau gradul de indeplinire a actiunii unui verb, adjectiv sau
adverb: almost, nearly, quite, just, too, enough, hardly, scarcely, completely, very, extremely.
Locul lor in propozitie este fie in fata adjectivului sau adverbului pe care il determina, fie
in fata verbului principal:
Ex.: The water was extremely cold. / He was just leaving. / She has almost finished.
 Enough, very, too
Enough inseamna "pana la punctul necesar pentru a..." si se plaseaza dupa adjectiv sau adverb:
Is your coffee hot enough? (adjectiv) / He didn't work hard enough. (adverb)
Too = "mai mult decat este necesar pentru..." si se aseaza in fata adjectivului sau adverbului:
This coffee is too hot. (adjective) / He works too hard. (adverb)
Very intareste sensul unui adjectiv sau adverb si se aseaza in fata acestora:
The girl was very beautiful. (adjectiv) / He worked very quickly. (adverb)
De retinut! Exista o diferenta importanta intre too si very: Very exprima un fapt: He speaks
very quickly. Too sugereaza existenta unei probleme: He speaks too quickly (for me to
understand).
Alte adverbe asemanatoare lui very: extremely, especially, particularly, pretty, rather, quite,
fairly, rather, not especially, not particularly.

Locutiuni adverbiale
 subst + after + subst day after day / year after year / month after month
 during – urmat intotdeauna de substantiv. A nu se confunda cu while (in timp ce), care
presupune actiuni paralele. During poate fi inlocuit cu “in” daca se refera la perioade de
timp Ex: during my life = in my life
 from … to – poate fi inlocuit cu till, dar niciodata cu until, pentru ca until nu presupune
cunoasterea momentului de sfarsit al actiunii
Ex: I work until I die. (nu stiu cand) / I get up at 8 o’clock and work till 10 o’clock.
NOTA! until nu poate fi cuprins in expresia from … to in loc de “to”
 9 NUMERALUL / THE NUMERAL

Numeralul reprezintă partea de vorbire care exprimă o cifră, numărul sau ordinea obiectelor, tot ce
e legat de numere. Deseori determină un substantiv si apare înaintea aceluia.
Există mai multe tipuri de numeral, dintre care cele mai frecvent ulilizate sunt: Numeralul
cardinal si Numeralul ordinal. In afara de acestea doua, mai sunt numeralele: fractionar, colectiv,
multiplicativ si distributiv

1. Numeralul cardinal - arata numarul, cantitatea

Numeralul zero
1) zero = pentru calcul matematic si pentru exprimarea temperaturii
Ex: It’s ten degrees above zero.
2) love = zero pentru exprimarea scorului la tenis (15-0 = fifteen-love)
3) nil = (nothing) = zero pentru exprimarea scorului la fotbal
4) naught = zero cand face parte din partea zecimala a unui numar
5) oh = zero pentru numere de telefon
0 – zero (zero, null)
De la 1 la 12 avem forme distincte
1 – one (unu)
2 – two (doi)
3 – three (trei)
4 – four (patru)
5 – five (cinci)
6 – six (sase)
7 – seven (sapte)
8 – eight (opt)
9 – nine (noua)
10 – ten (zece)
11 – eleven (unsprezece)
12 – twelve (doisprezece)
De la 13 la 19 avem (numeral simplu + “teen”), la care accentul cade pe sufix si “i”-ul este
lung.
13 – thirteen (treisprezece)
14 – fourteen (patrusprezece)
15 – fifteen (cincisprezece)
16 – sixteen (saisprezece)
17 – seventeen (saptesprezece)
18 – eighteen (optsprezece)
19 – nineteen (nouasprezece)
De la 20 la 90 avem (numeral cardinal + “ty”), care este scurt si cu accentul pe prima silaba.
Ex: 40 = forty (nu mai are “u”!)
20 – twenty (douazeci)
30 – thirty (treizeci)
40 – forty (patruzeci)
50 – fifty (cincizeci)
60 – sixty (saizeci)
70 – seventy (saptezeci)
80 – eighty (optzeci)
90 – ninety (nouazeci)
Numeralele compuse se scriu cu cratima
Ex: 42 = forty-two
One hundred = 100 - Ca numeral nu poate avea plural, dar are ca substantiv. Este substantiv
cand:
a) este urmat de “of”: Ex: hundreds of pages
b) nu determina alt substantiv: Ex: hundreds are here
Numeralul compus peste suta se scrie cu prepozitia “and” la englezi si fara la americani. -
Numeralele care denumesc sute, mii sau milioane sunt legate prin "and" de cele care denumesc
zeci si unitati.
Ex: 210 = two hundred and ten
115 - a/one hundred and fifteen
735 - seven hundred and thirty-five
3008 - three thousand and eight
100 – one hundred (o suta)
700 – seven hundred(sapte sute)
1000-one thousand (o mie)
3000 – three thousand (trei mii)
One thousand = 1,000 - Aceleasi reguli ca la suta.
One million = 1,000,000 - Fara “s” la TOEFL, dar este corect si cu “s” (2 millions) in engleza.
One billion = 1,000,000,000 - Americanii zic milliard.

Utilizarea numeralului cardinal:

1) pentru exprimarea temperaturii (cu verbul “to be”)
2) pentru calcule matematice:
Addition (to add = a aduna)
2 + 3 = 5 two plus/and three is/are/equals five (acordul se face in sg si in pl)
Subtraction (to subtract = a scadea)
5 – 3 = 2 five minus/take away is two (acordul se face doar in sg)
Multiplication (to multiply = a inmulti)
2 x 3 = 6 two multiplied by three/twice three/3 times 2 is/are/equals six (acordul se face in sg
si in pl)
Division (to divide = a imparti)
6 : 3 = 2 six divided by three is two (acordul se face doar in sg)
“reminder” = rest
Root = radical - cube root = radical de ordinul 3
- square root = radical de ordinul 2
Power = putere
More than = >
Less than = <
Equal to = egal
Unequal to = diferit de
Parallel to = paralel
Perpendicular to = perpendicular
Angle = unghi
Right angle = unghi drept
Straight angle = unghi de 180 grade
Circle angle = unghi de 360 grade
Even = par
Odd = impar
3) pentru exprimarea unitatii monetare:
coin = moneda
bill/note = bancnota
nickel = 5 centi
dime = 10 centi
quarter of a dollar = 25 centi
half of a dollar = 50 centi
4) pentru unitati de masura – la timpul potrivit (cand primim I20) !!!
5) pentru exprimarea anilor: se citesc cifrele 2 cate 2, iar anii formati din mai putin de 4 cifre se
citesc ca un numeral.
NOTA! zero nu se citeste in cadrul acestor 4 cifre ale anilor
Ex: 1907 = nineteen seven
- era noastra (e.n.) = a.d. (ante domini) sau in the year of Lord
- inaintea erei noastre = b.c. (before Christ)
6) pentru exprimarea numerelor zecimale (“decimal fractions”), intregul se citeste ca atare, punct
in loc de virgula, iar partea zecimala cifra cu cifra
Ex: 20.03 = twenty point naught three
NOTA! daca intregul este <1, nu se citeste
Ex: 0.1 = point one
7) pentru exprimarea varstei (cu verbul “to be”)
Ex: I’m twenty (years old) / I’m twenty years of age. Sau I’m aged twenty.
Aproximarea varstei se face cu: almost, about (around), over, under
Ex: I’m in my twenties (am douazeci si) I’m mid-twenty (25 ani)
8) pentru exprimarea numerelor de telefon
to dial = a forma un numar
figure = cifra
slot = orificiu pentru ban
booth = cabina telefonica
receiver = receptor
long-distance call = convorbire la distanta
call collector = convorbire cu taxa inversa
operator = centralista
extension = interior
to be through = a avea legatura
to hang on = a ramane pe fir
to hang up = a inchide
Numerele de telefon se citesc cifra cu cifra cu exceptia cifrei repetate daca este la inceputul sau
la sfarsitul numarului. Regula nu se aplica pentru zero.
Ex: 223700 – double two, 3, 7, oh, oh
9) pentru exprimarea orei:
- formal
- informal
Ex: What’s the time?
What time is it?
What’s the time by your watch?
My watch is fast = ceasul meu e inainte
My watch is slow = ceasul meu e in urma
My watch is wrong = ceasul meu nu merge bine
My watch is broken = ceasul meu e stricat
face = cadran
 belt = curelusa
hand = limba de ceas (minutes hand, seconds hand)
Pentru ora exacta:
a) It’s seven o’clock sharp PM/AM
b) 00.00 = midnight
12.00 = midday
c) It’s half past … (e si jumate)
d) It’s a quarter past/to … (e si un sfert/ fara un sfert)
e) It’s ten minutes past/to (e si/fara zece)
Ora oficiala: 08:00 = oh eight hundred hours
23:24 = twenty three twenty four

Numerale speciale:
couple = 2 (pt oameni si pt timp); couple of minutes = 2 minute
pair = 2 pereche (pt imbracaminte, incaltaminte, unelte cu structuri paralele)
Ex: a pair of shoes
yoke = team = 2 pentru animale
Ex: a yoke of cattle = 2 vite
a team of oxen = 2 boi
brace = 2 pentru vanat
Ex: I have brace duck (am 2 rate salbatice)
score = 20
half a score = 10
dozen = 12
gross = 144 (12 duzini)

2. Numeralul ordinal
Numeralul ordinal in limba engleza se formeaza de la numaralul cardinal prin derivare; ca si in
limba romana el exprima ordinea intr-un sir si una din functiile sale principale este sa exprime
dara.
Numeralul ordinal este intotdeauna precedat de articolul hotarat THE. Pentru primele 3 cifre
avem cuvinte speciale:
1- the first
2- the second
3- the third
Urmatoarele se deriva cu ajutorul terminatiei –THE
1- the first(the 1st)
2- the second(the 2nd)
3 - the third(the 3rd)
4 - the fourth (the 4th)
5 - the fifth(the 5th)
6 - the sixth(the 6th)
7 - the seventh(the 7th)
8 - the eigth(the 8th)
9 - the ninth(the 9th)
10 - the tenth(the 10th)
11 - the eleventh(the11th)
12 - the twelfth(the 12th)
13 - the thirteenth(the 13th)
14 - the fourteenth(the 14th)
15 - the fifteenth(the 15th)
16 - the sixteenth(the 16th)
17 - the seventeenth(the 17th)
18 - the eihteenth(the 18th)
19 - the nineteenth(the 19th)
20 - the twentieth(the 20th)
21 -the twenty-first (the 21st)
30 - the thirtieth (the 30th)
32 - the thirty-second (the 32nd)
40 - the fortieth (the 40th)
43 - the forty-third (the 43rd)
50 - the fiftieth (the 50th)
60 - the sixtieth (the 60th)
70 - the seventieth (the 70th)
80 - the eightieth (the 80th)
90 - the ninetieth (the 90th)
100 - the hundreth (the 100th)
101- the hundred and first(the101st)
1000 - the one thousandth(the 1000th)

Prescurtarea se face folosindfolosind cifrele care reprezinta numeralul - ultimele 2 litere

Prescurtari: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, …21st, 22nd, etc.
NOTA! “th” se aplica doar ultimei cifre !

Modificari ortografice:
five – the fifth
eight – the eighth
nine – the ninth
twelve – the twelfth
twenty – the twentieth (+ toate cele terminate in “ty”)
Utilizarea numeralului ordinal:
1) exprimarea datei (in 2 forme)
a) luna/zi/an
b) zi/luna/an
2) exprimarea ordinii intr-o insiruire
Ex: Henry the eighth , the first floor , the second World War
3) pentru numeralul fractionar (common fraction/vulgar fraction)
numerator = numaratorul (cardinal)
denominator = numitorul (ordinal)
Ex: 1/3 = one third
NOTA! daca numaratorul > 1, numitorul va fi in plural
Ex: 2/3 = two thirds
Intregul = the whole
Fractia pe 100 = per cent
Procentaj = percentage
Numeralul distributiv - Arata distributia lucrurilor:
Numeralul distributiv (The Distributive Numeral) exprima gruparea numerica a obiectelor. Se
formează cu ajulorul lui by sau and.
one by one - unul câte unul , three by three - trei câte trei , by twos - câte doi , by threes - câte
trei , two and two - doi si cu doi , three and three - trei si cu trei , One by one = unul cate unul
Two at a time = 2 odata , By twos / in twos = cate 2
Nota: Aproximarea numerică se exprimă prin: about (circa), nearly (aproximativ), almost
(aproape)
Depăsirea unei cifre se exprimă prin: over (peste), morethan (mai mult decat /de), above (peste)

Numeralul adverbial - Arata de cate ori se repeta o actiune:

Once = o data
Twice = de doua ori
Secondly = in al doilea rand
Three times = de trei ori
Firstly = in primul rand
Ten times = de zece ori
Four times = de patru ori
Thirdly = in al treilea rand
They would go swimming three timea a week
NOTA! nu exista “twice more”, ci “twice as much as” = de 2 ori mai mult

Numeralul multiplicativ - Arata de cate ori creste o cantitate:

double = twofold = indoit (de 2 ori)
tenfold = inzecit
Numeralul multiplicativ (The Multiplicative Numeral) arata masura în care creste o cantitate sau o
actiune (Ex.: double the amount - dublu sumei [sau "dubleaza cantitatea"]).
Numeralul multiplicativ are forme diferite, în functie de stilul familiar, tehnic, oficial etc. în care
el este folosit.
- În vorbirea curenta, numeralele multiplicative de la 1 la 3 au urmatoarele forme: once (odata),
twice (de doua ori), thrice (de trei ori) [Forma thrice este învechita].
- De la numarul 4 în continuare, numeralele multiplicative se formeaza cu numeralul cardinal
urmat de substantivul times (ori, dati).
Ex.: four times (de patru ori), eight times (de opt ori).
Forma cu "times" este folosita si în locul lui "thrice": three times.
- În stilul literar, tehnic sau oficial, se foloseste numeralul multiplicativ format din numeralul
cardinal si sufixul -fold.
Ex.: twofold (dublu), threefold (triplu), a hundredfold (de o suta de ori)
- Pentru unitatea 1, forma numeralului multiplicativ este si single, iar pentru 2 se foloseste, pe
lânga forma double si twofold.

Numeralul fractionar
Numeralul fractionar (The Fractional Numeral), numerele fractionare, arata una sau mai multe
parti ale întregului.
Este redat sub forma unor fractii (1/3, 4/5), iar cu litere se exprima cu numaratorul numeral
cardinal, iar numitorul, printr-un numeral ordinal, ca in urmatoarele exemple:
1/3 - one-third (o treime)
2/5 - two-fifths (doua cincimi)
3/4 - three-fourths (trei patrimi)
 - Cand numaratorul exprima o unitate mai mare de 1, numitorul se scrie si se pronunta la plural
(2/3 - two-thirds).
Fractia (the fraction ) – ordinara (vulgar) – zecimala (decimal)
=a/one half (o doime)
=a/one third (o treime)
=a/one quarter = a fourth (un sfert)
=three fourths= three quarters (trei patrimi)
=nine over five hundred and twenty thhree (noua supra cinci sute douazeci si trei)
=4.53 – four point five three (patru virgula cincizeci si trei)

Numeralul colectiv
Numeralul colectiv (The Collective Numeral) arata ca obiectele sunt considerate în grup si nu
izolat (couple = doi, doua; pair = pereche; team = echipa [peeche, grupa]; yoke = pereche; dozen =
duzini; score = douazeci).
- a pair of shoes - o pereche de pantofi
- two team of cattle - doua perechi de vite
- four yoke of oxen - patru perechi de boi
- two dozen of eggs - doua duzini de oua

Numeralul nehotarat (The Indefinite Numeral)

a number of = un numar de
s lot of = o multime/gramada de
Lots of = many = multi multe
tens of = zeci de
hundreds = sute de
thousands of = mii de
Lots of people are walking in the park (multi oameni se plimba prin parc)
 PRONUMELE

Functia pronumelui
Pronumele sunt cuvinte lipsite de inteles de sine statator. Ele nu denumesc si nu aracterizeaza
nimic, functia lor fiind aceea de a inlocui un substantiv, facand astfel referire la o idee, obiect sau
actiune mentionate anterior sau cunoscuta de catre interlocutor.
Ex.: John did all the work. He did all the work. Who did all the work?

Forma pronumelui
Pronumele au forme specifice in functie de:
 Numar: singular - this; plural – these
 Caz: Nominativ - she; Genitiv - hers; Dativ - to her; Acuzativ – her
 Gen: masculin - he; Feminin - she; neutru - it
Pronumele pot fi simple (you, which, many) sau compuse (everybody, whatever, no one).

Clasificarea pronumelor
1. Personale 5. Relative
2. Reflexive 6. De întarire
3. Nehotarate 7. Interogative
4. Demonstrative 8. Reciproce

1. Pronumele personale
Nominativ Genitiv Dativ Acuzativ
I mine (to) me me
you yours (to) you you
Singular he his (to) him him
she hers (to) her her
it its (to) it it
we ours (to) us us
Plural you yours (to) you you
they theirs (to) them them

ATENTIE! I se scrie intotdeauna cu majuscula. Its (pronume) nu are apostrof. It's vine
de la it is sau it has!
Forme arhaice si poetice: pers. II sg. - thou, thine, (to) thee
You / They impersonal - putem folosi aceste doua pronume pentru a vorbi despre oameni
in general.
Ex.: You have to drive on the other side of the road in Great Britain.
They say she's very clever.
It - poate indeplini o serie de functii de mare importanta:
It impersonal (in expresii impersonale temporale, exprimand starea vremii, distante sau in
contructii pasive)
Ex.: It's 7 o'clock. It was spring. Is it Monday? How hot it is!
How far is it to the station?
It demostrativ
 Ex.: Who is it? It's the postman. It's the children.

2. Pronumele reflexive
Acestea insotesc un verb si se refera la subiect. Se folosesc atunci cand subiectul si
complementul direct se refera la aceeasi persoana.
Forme: Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves
Ex.: I wanted to do it myself but he insisted on helping me.
he fell off the ladder and injured herself.

3. Pronumele nehotarate
Some, any, every se pot combina cu -one, -body, -thing pentru a obtine pronumele nehotarate:
anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something, everyone, everybody, everything.
No poate forma impreuna cu -body sau -one pronumele: nobody, no-one.
NOTA! Atat in engleza britanica cat si in cea americana, pronumele nehotarate anyone,
anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody, no-one sunt din punct de vedere
gramatical la singular si trebuie folosite cu un verb la singular.
Alte pronume nehotarate: enough, few, fewer, less, little, many, much, several, more, most,
all, both, every, each, any, either, neither, none, some.
De retinut! Daca acestea forme preceda un substantiv nu mai sunt pronume, ci
determinanti substantivali.
Ex.: Few will be chosen; fewer will finish, Little is expected.

4. Pronumele demonstrativ
Pronumele demostrative: this, these, that, those, such pot functiona atat ca pronume, cat si ca
determinanti substantivali.
Ex.: That is incredible! (referring to something you just saw)
I will never forget this. (referring to a recent experience)
Such is my belief. (referring to an explanation just made)
This si these sugereaza ideea de apropiere temporala sau spatiala, pe cand that si those
sugereaza ideea de departare.
Ex.: These (pancakes sitting here now on my plate) are delicious. Those (pancakes that I
had yesterday morning) were even better.
This (book in my hand) is well written; that (book that I'm pointing to, over there, on
the table) is trash.
Aceasta idee de departare se poate transforma chiar in dispret sau instrainare afectiva:
Ex.: Are you going to wear these? (They are awful. I do not like them at all.)
Can you belive I would have bought that?

5. Pronumele relative
Pronumele relativ face referire la un substantiv sau inlocuitor substantival mentionat in
contextul aterior (antecedent) si leaga propozitia sau grupul de cuvinte care explica sau da mai
multe detalii despre substantivul antecedent de propozitia continand substantivul determinat.
Pronumele relative sunt : who, whoever, which, that.
Ex.: The student who studies hardest usually does the best.
Alegerea corecta dintre which si that se inscrie printre cele mai frecvente nelamuriri ale
studentilor la limba engleza. In general, which se foloseste pentru a introduce propozitii care au
natura de paranteze, explicatii suplimentare dar care pot fi inlaturate sau omise fara a schimba
intelesul frazei. Din acest motiv propozitiile introduse prin which sunt in general intre virgule. Din
contra propozitiile introduse de that sunt considerate indispensabile sensului frazei si nu se vor
pune intre virgule.
Who si formele sale se refera la persoane, which se refera la lucruri, iar that poate face referire
la ambele.
Ex.: The man who hijacked the plane wanted to get to Cuba
The couple who live next door have the radio on all night.
The team that won the championship received a great reception.
This is the program which won the prize.
We'll plant new trees to replace those which fell.

6. Pronumele de intarire
Insoteste substantive sau pronume personale pentru a le sublinia. Ca forma sunt identice cu
pronumele reflexive: Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves
Ex.: I myself don't know the answer. Mary did all this herself. Mary herself did all this.
Expresii: by myself = singur, de unul singur Ex.: I worked by myself.

7. Pronumele interogativ
Pronumele interogative introduc intrebari, propozitii interogative directe sau indirecte.
Forme: who? what? which? whose? (to) whom?
Ex.:Who said that? Whose are those books?
I do not remember to whom I gave my sweater.
What happened?What's the weather like?

8. Pronumele reciproce
Forme: each other si one another. Se folosesc pentru a exprima relatii de reciprocitate intre
fiinte, idei, lucruri.
Ex.: If Bob gave Alicia a book for Christmas and Alicia gave Bob a book for Christmas, we
can say that they gave each other books.
My mother and I give each other a hard time.
They borrowed each other's ideas.
De retinut! Each other se refera la doua obiecte, pe cand one another face referire la mai
mult de doua obiecte sau fiinte.
Ex.: The scientists in this lab often use one another's equipment.
Hockey players hit one another quite frequently.

Pronumele “IT” – functii:

1. Pronume personal, persoana a treia sg.,gen neutru – folosit pentru obiecte şi noţiuni
abstracte, nepersonificate, animale nepersonificate şi cărora nu li se cunosc sexul sau sunt
luate în sens generic.
Ex: Here is a book. It is very interesting. / How ould is your baby? It is five months ould
2. Pronume personal-folosit pentru a indica:
a. Timpul după calendar sau ceas : It is six o‘clock on the 4th of February.
b. Scurgerea timpului: It is getting lake –se face târziu
c. Starea atmosferică: It is getting dark –se întunericeşte; It‘s rather cloudy –mai
degrabă e înorat
d. Fenomene meteorologice şi naturale: It is raining cats and dogs –plouă cu
găleata(torenţial); It thunders –tună; It lightens –fulgeră; It is ten degrees above
zero –sunt +10º
 f. Distanţele: It‘snearly ten kilometres to Albota-sunt aproape 10 km până la Albota.
g. Starea lucrurilor în general: It‘s ok sau it‘s all right!
3. Pronume demonstrativ (echivalent cu That sau Which rsferindu-se la ceva văzut sau
menţionat înainte)
Ex : He expressed his sympathies –şi-a prezentat condoleanţele
It was nice of him (to do that) –drăguţ din partea lui (să facă asta)
4. Pronume introductiv
a. Introductiv anticipativ - are rolul de a introduce propoyiţia printr-un subiect formal
deoarece subiectul real este deplasat după numele predicativ pentru a-l scoate în evidenţă.
Ex: It‘s nice to see /seeing such a garden –este o plăcere să vezi o asmenea
grădină.
Subiectul real se poate exprima prin:
 Infinitivul lung –‘to see‘
 Construcţii gerumviale
 O propoziţie subiectivă,de obicei introdusă prin conjuncţia That.
b. Introductiv de întărire sau subliniere având rolul de a sublinia foarte puternic sau de a
scoate în evidenţă oricare parte a propoziţiei cu excepţia predicatului.
Ex:It‘s Peter who/that solved all the problems.- Peter este cel care a rezolvat toate problemele.
5. Pronume nesemnificativ –folosit ca, complement direct formal mai ales al unor verbe
intranzitive. Acest tip de pronume apare frecvent în engleza vorbită.
Ex: Shall we cab it to the station ? –Să luăm taxiul până la staţie.
No,I‘ would rather foot it. –Nu,prefer să merg pe jos.
 11. VERBUL / THE VERB

Verbul in limba engleza se prezinta sub 3 forme de baza (verb1, verb 2, verb3) de la care se
formeaza timpurile modului indicativ. In functie de modul de formare a V2 si V3, verbele se
impart in 2 mari grupe:
-verbe regulate – formeaza V2 si V3 cu ajutorul terminatiei “ED” adaugata la V1
to work worked worked (t)
to love loved loved (d)
to visit visited visited (id)
-verbe neregulate – au forme speciale pt V2 si V3 in care, uneori, se schimba chiar si radacina
cuvantului
To write wrote written
To go went gone
To have had had

În gramatică, verbul este o parte de vorbire care exprimă în general o acțiune, ca de exemplu a
alerga, a construi. Tot în categoria verbelor intră și o serie de alte cuvinte care, deși nu exprimă
acțiunea propriu-zisă săvîrșită de subiect, din punct de vedere morfologic se comportă identic.
Astfel există verbe care exprimă existența sau starea (a fi, a sta), recepționarea pasivă a unei
acțiuni exterioare (a primi, a auzi), o transformare (a crește, a dispărea), etc.
Termenul verb vine în românește din franțuzescul verbe, cu același sens, și care la rîndul lui
provine din latinescul verbum (cuvînt, verb). Romanii au preluat noțiunea din grecește,
unde rhema avea același sens.
Datorită importanței sale deosebite în comunicare, verbul este una dintre cele două părți de
vorbire prezente în toate limbile, cealaltă fiind substantivul. În multe limbi, inclusiv limba română,
cele mai scurte propoziții corecte gramatical și cu sens de sine stătător sînt cele care conțin un
verb. Pe de altă parte este remarcabilă creația literară Le train de nulle part („Trenul de nicăieri”) a
lui Michel Dansel, (publicată în 2004 sub pseudonimul Michel Thaler), care pe parcursul a 233 de
pagini nu conține nici un verb.
11.1. Verbele auxiliare (to be, to do, to have)
 Sunt verbe deosebit de puternice
 Au forme distincte pt. prezent si trecut
 Intra in alcatuirea altor timpuri verbale:
 to be la toate formele de continuu
 to have la toate timpurile perfecte
 Nu-si pot forma participiul nedefinit (forma in “ing”) cu exceptia situatiei cand verbul “to
have” pierde sensul de a avea, a poseda si intra in alcatuirea alocutiunilor verbale (to have a
bath, to have a shower, to have a rest, to have talk, to have a walk, to have lunch).
 Isi fac singure interogativul prin inversarea cu subiectul
 Isi fac negativul prin adaugarea negatiei “not”
 Isi fac singure intrebarea disjunctiva si raspunsul scurt
Ex: He has a car. Hasn’t he? Yes, he has.
 Trecutul verbelor auxiliare:
 Pt. to be – was la pers I si a II-a singular, were pt. toate celelalte
 Pt. to have – had

VERBUL BE
BE – WAS – BEEN

Afirmativ Negativ Interogativ

I am (I'm) I am not (I'm not) Am I?

You are (You're) You are not (You aren't) Are you?
He is (He's) He is not (He isn't) Is he?
She is (She's) She is not (She isn't) Is she?
It is (It's) It is not (It isn't) Is it?
We are (We're) We are not (We aren't) - Are we?
You are (You're) sunteti You are not (You aren't) - Are you?
They are (They're) They are not (They aren't) Are they?

Utilizare
1. pentru construirea timpurilor continue si a formei pasive:
The old man is taking an afternoon nap.
The bridge was destroyed by the earthquake.
2. pentru a exprima existenta, starea fizica sau mentala sau alte informatii despre o persoana
sau un lucru: Dr. Johnson is a dentist. He is calm and patient.
3. pentru a exprima varsta: The baby is two months old. How old are you?
4. BE TO + INFINITIV: pentru a da ordine/instructiuni sau pentru a comunica un plan:
You are to finish your homework before dinner. (= You must finish…)
The chairman is to give his annual speech tomorrow. (= He plans to give…)
5. BE ABOUT TO + INFINITIV: pentru a indica viitorul imediat:
Meg is about to leave. (= Meg is on the point of leaving.)
6. THERE + BE + SUBSTANTIV: pentru a indica existenta unei fiinte sau a unui lucru:
There are two pieces of cake left in the fridge.
There is a person outside the door.
VERBUL DO
DO – DID – DONE

Afirmativ Negativ Interogativ

I do I do not (I don't) Do I?
You do You do not (You don't) Do you?
He does He does not (He doesn't) Does he?
She does She does not (She doesn't) Does she?
It does It does not (It doesn't) Does it?
We do We do not (We don't) Do we?
You do You do not (You don't) Do you?
They do They do not (They don't) Do they?

Utilizare: DO se foloseste atat ca verb auxiliar cat si ca verb propriu-zis.

A. DO ca verb auxiliar:
1. pentru a forma negativul si interogativul prezentului simplu so trecutului simplu:
The kitten doesn’t play with strangers. / Did they go to the opera yesterday?
2. pentru a evita repetarea aceluiasi verb sau aceleiasi expresii:
My company made a profit last year but IBM did not. /Mary typed that letter very badly. She
certainly did!
3. pentru a sublinia un afirmativ sau imperativ:
Do eat your vegetables! / You’re wrong: I did pay you!
B. DO ca verb propriu-zis – are sensul general de a duce la bun sfarsit, a realiza, a executa, a
administra, a pune in practica:
Students should do the exercises at the end of each unit. /He always does the job well.
The office clerk did the transaction yesterday.
NOTA: A nu se confunda DO cu MAKE! Verbul MAKE are sensul general de a crea, a
produce, a construi, a cauza, a face sa fie sau a prepara. Comparati:

to do someone a favour to make a friend

to do one’s best to make the bed
to do good to make money
to do the dishes to make a rule
to do the shopping to make a mistake
to do one’s homework to make a mess
to do a crossword puzzle to make a living
to do one’s duty to make fun of someone
to do well/badly to make oneself at home
VERBUL HAVE
HAVE – HAD – HAD

Afirmativ Negativ Interogativ

I have (I've) I have not (I haven't) Have I?

You have (You've) You have not (You haven't) Have you?
He has (He's) He has not (He hasn't) Has he?
She has (She's) She has not (She hasn't) Has she?
It has (It's) It has not (It hasn't) Has it?
We have (We've) We have not (We haven't) Have we?
You have (You've) You have not (You haven't) Have you?
They have (They've) They have not (They haven't) Have they?

Utilizare: HAVE se foloseste atat ca verb auxiliar cat si ca verb propriu-zis.

A. HAVE ca verb auxiliar:
1. pentru a forma alte timpuri:
Present perfect: I have worked.
Past perfect: I had worked.
Future perfect: I will have worked.
Past conditional: I would have worked.
2. HAD BETTER + INFINITIV fara TO (short INFINITIVE):
They had better study hard from the first day of school. (It would be a good idea if
they studied hard from…)
You’d better go home. (It would be a good idea if you went home.)
3. I WON’T HAVE + COMPLEMENT + -ING:
I won’t have that dog sleeping on my bed! (I won’t permit that dog to sleep on my bed!)

B. HAVE ca verb propriu-zis:

1. posesia: Anne always has a cold. / Anne doesn’t always have a cold. / Does Anne always
have a cold?
Cand HAVE este urmat de GOT, se intareste sensul posesiv.
Debbie’s got a lovely voice. / Have you got a computer?
2. a manca, a bea sau a organiza: The twins usually have dinner early. / My aunt Mary
doesn’t have coffee often. / Our neighbours had a cocktail party last week.
3. HAVE + COMPLEMENT + PAST PARTICIPLE:
Mrs. Riley had her house painted. (Mrs. Riley got someone to paint her house.)
My best friend has his hair trimmed every Friday. (My best friend has someone to
cut his hair every Friday.)
11.2. Verbele modale
Verbele modale (Modal verbs) exprima atitudinea vorbitorului fata de ceva, actiunea din cadrul
acestuia fiind vazuta ca posibila, probabila, necesara, obligatorie, de dorit etc. Ex.: It might rain
later. - S-a putea sa ploua mai tarziu.
Verbele modale englezesti se pot imparti in:
Verbe notionale exprimannd modalitatea. Acestea se comporta ca verbele obisnuite (want, wish,
order, oblige, advise, intend, mean, prefer, etc.).
Ex.: He wants to see the play. - El vrea sa vada piesa.
Verbe modale defective (Defective Modal Verbs). Acestea exprima de asemenea modalitatea, dar
din punct de vedere formal, prezinta anumite caracteristici (can / could, may / might, must, have to,
shall/should, will / would, ought to, be to, used to, need, dare).
Caracteristici :
 Verbe puternice
 Au forme distincte pt. prezent si trecut
 Nu au infinitiv lung (adica cu to in fata) Ex: I can (fara to) go
 Nu permit dupa ele verbe la infinitiv lung
 Nu apar niciodata singure, cu exceptia raspunsului scurt
 Nu pot avea forma in “ing”. Nu primesc "-s" la persoana a III-a singular (cu exceptia lui "be
to" si "have to"). He must see this play. - Trebuie sa vada aceasta piesa.
 Nu isi pot forma toate timpurile. Sunt defective. - Adica le lipsesc anumite forme verbale si de
aceea nu pot fi conjugate la toate modurile si timpurile. Dar ele pot fi folosite pentru redarea
mai multor timpuri.
I can help you next week. - Am sa te pot ajuta saptamana viitoare.
I could skate when I was a child. Stiam sa patinez cand eram copil.
 Au inlocuitori
 Isi fac interogativul prin inversare cu subiectul. Formeaza singure interogativul si negativul
fara ajutorul auxiliarului "do /did" (cu exceptia lui "have to").
 Isi fac negativul prin adaugarea negatiei “not”
 Isi fac singure intrebarea disjuncta si raspunsul scurt
 Verbele modale nu poseda particula infinitivala TO
 Nu primesc particula TO dupa ele
 Cu unele exceptii, verbele modale, nu au V2 si V3, deci nu pot forma alte timpuri in afara de
prezent. Pentru a exprima totusi modalitate la alte timpuri folosim inlocuitorii (substituentii)
verbelor modale
V1 V2 V3
can could -
may might (in anumite cazuri) -
Must - -

CAN
Utilizare:
 1. pentru a cere, a acorda sau a refuza permisiunea, similar cu may, dar mai putin formal:
You can drive at seventeen in the UK.
Can I borrow your pen, please? I’ve left mine at home.
You cannot go hunting out of season.
NOTA: forme alternative: You are permitted / are allowed to / may drive ar seventeen
in the UK.
ATENTIE: la negativ, could si might au sensuri diferite.
Ex: Ken could not be building the house by himself. (It is impossible, it is too much work.)
Ken might not be building thehouse by himself. (He is building the house himself, he
probably has help.)
2. pentru a face referire la probabilitate, posibilitate sau imposibilitate in prezent, in trecut sau
la conditional:
Look, there’s plenty of snow, we can go skiing today.
Let’s try his office, he could be there.
Bill cannot drive for a few weeks, he’s broken his leg.
3. pentru a face referire la abilitate sau indemanare in prezent, in trecut sau la conditional:
She is a great secretary; she can type ninety words a minute.
Can you speak English?
Tim is hopeless. He can’t even fry and egg.
If he studied harder, he could pass the exam.
NOTA: pentru alte timpuri, se foloseste be able to:
She will be able to / has been able to type 100 words a minute.
4. could + INFINITIV perfect, pentru a se referi la o actiune care nu a avut loc:
You could have hurt your back lifting that heavy table.
I could have driven you to the airport, but I didn’t have my car.
• cand nu stim daca actiunea s-a petrecut sau nu:
Have you seen my umbrella? Dad could have taken it.
NOTA: forme alternative:
You might have hurt your back lifting that heavy table.
You would probably have hurt your back lifting that heavy table.
Inlocuitori: to be able to, to be capable to

MAY
Utilizare:
1. cu referire la evenimente sau actiuni posibile sau probabile in prezent, adesea cu sens de
viitor. Might poate fi folosit pentru a sublinia o foarte redusa posibilitate:
There’s a black cloud above us. It may rain. / Alice may get angry if you tell her.
If you try hard enough, you might convince him to come.
• si cu forma continua:
Call me after eight I may be working hard late tonight.
Alex says he might be going on holiday without his parents this year.
NOTA: formele alternative sunt:
Maybe it wil rain. It is likely to rain.
Maybe Alice will get angry if you tell her. Alice is likely to get angry if you tell her.
2. pentru a cere, a oferi sau a refuza permisiunea politicos:
May I open the window? It is very hot in this office.
You may go in to see the doctor now.
You may not smoke in my car.
NOTA: forme alternative:
Am I allowed to open the window?
 You are not permitted to smoke in my car.
Can I open the window? (can poate fi si el folosit, dar este considerat mai putin politicos)
3. cu well pentru a indica o foarte mare probabilitate:
I think it may well rain today, look at those black clouds.
The Government may well decide to raise the price of gas again.
NOTA: forme alternative:
I think it is very likely to rain today.
The Government is very likely to deicde to raise the price of gas.
ATENTIE: may / might as well are alt sens:
There is nothing interesting on TV this evening, I may / might as well have an early night.
(= Din moment ce nu este nimic interesant la TV, e mai bine sa ma duc devreme la
culcare.)
4. cu o constructie perfecta pentru a face referire la o presupunere in trecut:
Bill isn’t at his office, he may have gone home early.
Brian might not have been killed by Sally.
5. cu o constructie perfecta pentru a face referire la ceva care s-ar fi putut petrece in trecut,
dar nu s-a petrecut; se poate folosi numai might:
You might have burnt your hand while taking that hot tray out of the oven (but you didn’t).
A lot of people, who might have been saved, died when the Titanic sank.
6. Exprimarea unei interdictii Ex: People may not bring dogs into the hotel.
7. Exprimarea unei urari Ex: May all your dreams come true.
8. Dupa verbele “to hope” si “to trust” Ex: I hope you may find tickets for the cinema.
9. La forma negativa are doar forma “may not” (nu exista forma contrasa mayn’t)
10. La trecut are forma may have+participiu trecut si “might” – mai ales pt conditional.
11. Inlocuitori: “to be allowed to”, “to be permitted to”

MUST
1. = trebuie, arata obligativitatea Ex: I must go now.
2. Arata o deductie logica Ex: As she left at four she must be at home now.
3. Negativ: mustn’t (nu trebuie), needn’t (nu este necesar).
4. Trecut: must + have + participiu trecut si had to.
5. Inlocuitori: to have to, to be obliged to, to be compelled to (toate = a fi obligat)
6. Diferenta dintre must si have to.
Must => arata obligativitatea din punctul meu de vedere;
Have to => arata obligativitatea impusa de altii.
Ex: I must go now.
I have to wear uniform.

NEED
1. Are 2 valori: (a) verb lexical, (b) verb modal.
(a) Verb lexical - este un verb regulat Ex: I need a new car. Do I need a new car?
(b) Verb modal – se foloseste numai in propozitii interogative si negative.Ex: Need
she get up early? She needn’t go there.
Atentie! Totusi “need” se poate intalni si in afirmative ca modal – propozitii in care
exista de regula never, hardly, barely, scarcely Ex: He hardly need mention his name.
2. Exista 2 constructii cu “need” considerate arhaice.
a) Must needs Ex: I must needs see your teacher.
b) Needs must – sugereaza ideea de sarcasm Ex: She needs must bring me now when I have …

OUGHT TO
1. Arata obligativitatea morala de a-si face datoria
Ex: I ought to go (nu are acelasi nuanta cu “must”)
2. Daca e urmat de have si verb la participiul trecut exprima o datorie care s-a indeplinit
Ex: You ought to have waited till 2 o’clock.
3. Nu are forma de sine statatoare de trecut. Se formeaza: ought + have + participiu trecut + to
Ex: Ought have invited to join the party.
4. Negativ: “oughtn’t”

SHOULD - Este mai moale ca ought to

1. Arata o datorie ca recomandare, e cel mai slab din cele care = trebuie
Ex: You should read this book.
2. Pt exprimarea supozitiei
Ex: For his age he should be taller.
3. Folosit daca e precedat de verbe ca: to suggest, to propose, to insist, to recommend, to advice
Ex: I suggest that you should learn English.
4. Folosit cand este precedat de o constructie impersonala: it is important/ necessary/ natural/
better
Ex: It is important that you should understand.
5. Folosit dupa constructii ca: so that, in order that, for fear that, lest (ca sa nu).
Ex: I got up early for fear that/ lest/ so that I should arrive in time.
6. Dupa verbe de stari emotionale: to feel sorry for, to be delighted, to be annoyed (uimit).
Ex: I feel sorry that he should go back. Imi pare rau ca trebuie sa se intoarca.
7. Dupa expresiile: don’t know why, can’t think why, see no reason why
Ex: I don’t know why you should ask me that.

WOULD
1. Folosit pt. o cerere politicoasa Ex: Would you give me your tel. number?
2. Urmat de like ca sa aiba inteles mai politicos Ex: I would like to meet you.
3. Poate fi urmat de “rather” sau “sooner” pentru a exprima preferinta Ex: I would rather sleep
than go for a walk.
4. Pt. a exprima un obicei, actiune repetata in trecut Ex: I would meet you whenever I crossed the
road.
5. Pt a exprima probabilitatea Ex: The man would be his neighbor.

USED TO
1. Arata un obicei trecut Ex: I used to visit my grand parents when I was child.
2. A nu se confunda cu “to be used to” care cere dupa ea verbul in “ing”
Ex: I am used to getting up early. (sunt obisnuit cu sculatul de dimineata)

DARE
1. Are 2 valori: (a) modala; (b) lexicala.
(a) Valoarea modala – in propozitii negative si interogative.
Ex: Dare you say this? (indraznesti sa spui asta)/ I daren’t go there (nu indraznesc sa merg acolo)
(b) valoare ca verb lexical in propozitii afirmative fiind verb regulat.
Ex: I dare to ask you about my dog.
I dare say = I suppose / I dare say I will invite them to dinner. / I daresay = I accept
I daresay you are right again.
NOTA! Pt a exprima indignarea se foloseste expresia: “How dare you”
Ex: How dare you come so late?
 11.3. Verbe copulative
Verbele copulative (cunoscute sub numele de copular verbs sau light verbs sau linking verbs) sunt
acele verbe care şi-au pierdut total sau parţial sensul lexical şi nu pot forma singure predicat. Ele
formează predicate nominale alături de un alt constituent, care poartă încărcătura semantică a
predicatului respectiv și are funcția de nume predicativ (de obicei, un adjectiv sau substantiv).
Exemple:
- Andrew is clever. Andrei este inteligent.
- The grapefruit tastes sour. Fructul de grapefruit este acru.
Verbele copulative stabilesc o legătură între subiectul propoziției și numele predicativ. Ele sunt
intranzitive și, întrucât nu denotă acțiuni, în marea lor majoritate nu pot avea aspect continuu.

Clasificarea verbelor copulative

În funcție de gradul de slăbire a valorii lexicale, verbele copulative se împart astfel:
I. To be (a fi) este verbul copulativ tipic (copula), caracterizat prin cea mai mare golire de conținut
lexical și, datorită acestui fapt, prin cele mai numeroase posibilități combinatorii:
- Adjectiv: Michael is tall. Mihai este înalt.
- Substantiv: Mary is his mother. Maria este mama lui.
- Grup prepozițional: I am in need of money. Am nevoie de bani. (În română nu mai apare predicatul
nominal).
- O întreagă propoziție: This is what I want. Asta este ceea ce vreau.
Be copulativ poate avea aspect continuu, cu adjective non-statice, atunci când denotă un
comportament temporar:
Your child is being naughty. Copilul tău este obraznic. (În română nu mai sunt evidente
diferențele de aspect)
Atenț ie! Când be are sensul se află, există, se găsește, are loc, atunci este verb predicativ, deci
poate forma singur predicatul verbal:
- Some beautiful houses are on the outskirts of the city. Sunt niște case frumoase la periferia orașului.
- Where are my spectacles? Unde-mi sunt ochelarii?
II. Verbe copulative (copula-like verbs) parț ial golite de sens lexical. Ele se împart în mai
multe categorii semantice și au mai puține posibilități combinatorii (în general sunt urmate de
adjective sau substantive):
- verbe copulative incoative, care exprimă schimbarea unei stări: become, come, fall, get, go, grow,
turn
- The leaves have become yellow. Frunzele s-au îngălbenit.
- The heat in the room had became unbearable. Căldura din cameră devenise insuportabilă.
- All his dreams have come true. Toate visurile i s-au împlinit.
- The children fell asleep. Copiii au adormit.
- It was getting dark when I arrived. Se însera când am ajuns.
- My father is going bald. Tatăl meu chelește.
- She might turn an excellent singer. S-ar putea dovedi o cântăreață remarcabilă.
verbe copulative aspectuale, care exprimă continuarea unei stări: continue, hold, remain, rest
- The weather continued cold for a whole week. Vremea a continuat să fie rece pentru o săptămână
întreagă.
- The scientist’s theory still holds good. Teoria omului de știință încă stă în picioare.
- Jane remained a widow. Jane a rămas văduvă.
verbe copulative poziționale, care exprimă poziția în spațiu: lie, loom, pass, rank, sit, stand.
Uneori sunt folosite cu sens figurat.
- The book was lying open on the desk. Cartea zăcea deshisă pe birou.
- The castel loomed menacing in the distance. Castelul se profila amenințător în depărtare.
- He passes for a learned man. Trece drept un om învățat.
- His family ranks high in the community. Familia lui are o poziție înaltă în comunitate.
- John stands alone among his colleagues. John iese în evidență dintre colegii lui.
verbe copulative ale aparenței: appear, look, seem
- The girl appeared sad. Fata părea tristă.
- You seem ill. Pari bolnav.
- The child looks pale. Copilul pare palid la față.
verbe copulative care exprimă percepția senzorială: look, feel, smell, sound, taste
- His face looked sad. Chipul îi era trist.
- I felt tired. Mă simțeam obosită.
- The man’s voice sounded hoarse. Vocea bărbatului era răgușită.
- This parfume smells sweet. Parfumul are un miros dulce.
- The cake tastes delicious. Prăjitura este delicioasă.
Observaț ie. Verbele copulative care denotă percepția senzorială exprimă o stare și nu pot fi
folosite la aspectul continuu decât dacă își schimbă sensul, exprimând activități deliberate:
- The girl was feeling the velvet. Fata pipăia catifeaua.
- The little boy is sounding the drum. Băiețelul cântă la tobe.
- I was smelling the flowers in the garden. Miroseam florile din grădină.
- Mary was looking at the crowd. Maria privea mulțimea.
Verbele copulative pot fi identificate prin înlocuirea lor cu verbul to be. Dacă acest lucru este
posibil, atunci avem de-a face cu un verb copulativ:
- I feel fine = I am fine.
- I am feeling the soft velvet. To feel în acest context nu poate fi înlocuit cu to be, deci nu este verb
copulativ.

Caracteristicile formale ale vervelor copulative

Formarea interogativului și a negativului
Cu excepția lui be, verbele copulative formează interogativul și negativul la timpurile prezent și
trecut simplu cu ajutorul verbului auxiliar to do:
Afirmativ: He became an architect.
Interogativ: Did he become an architect?
Negativ: He did not become an architect.
Verbul to be:
Afirmativ: I am beautiful.
Interogativ: Am I beautiful?
Negativ: I am not beautiful.
Excepț ie: Be cere și el inserția lui do la imperativ negativ: Don’t be so naive!
Inversiunea cu subiectul
Se observă că be își inversează poziția față de subiect în propozițiile interogative, pe când
celelalte verbe copulative nu fac acest lucru.

12. MODUL INDICATIV

MODUL INDICATIV
PREZENTUL TRECUTUL VIITORUL
Simplu simplu
Continuu continuu
Perfect perfect
Perfect continuu perfect continuu
12.1. PREZENTUL SIMPLU / PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE

Afirmativ
SB + V1(s/es a III-a sg)
Negativ
SB + DO NOT (DON’T) + V1
Interogativ
DO + SB + V1 + ?

Afirmativ Negativ Interogativ *

I work I do not (don’t) work Do I work?

You work You do not (don’t) work Do you work?
He/she/it works He/she/it does not (doesn’t) work Does he/she/it work?
We work We do not (don’t) work Do we work?
You work You do not (don’t) work Do you work?
They work They do not (don’t) work Do they work?

exceptie de la regula sunt verbele “to be”,”to have”, verbele modale (se formeaza interogativul
prin inversarea si negativul adaugand particular NOT la forma afirmativa)

1. Desemneaza o actiune repetata ce devine o obisnuinta

2. Adverbe specifice: usually, often, always, every, never Ex: Every day I go to my office.
3. Desemneaza un adevar universal valabil, o lege Ex. Fish swim.
4. Cu valoare de viitor cand actiunea depinde de un program. Ex: The train arrives tonight.
5. Pt actiuni pas cu pas (instructiuni de utilizare, indicatii regizorale, comentarii sportive)
6. In naratiune Ex: The boy enters the room, takes the ball and goes out.
7. Pt actiuni care, desi se desfasoara in momentul vorbirii, nu au durata (verbe nondurative): to
start, to end, to finish, to stop, to quite, to cancel, to kill, to die, to shoot.
8. Cu verbe de perceptie senzoriala: to see, to hear, to taste, to smell, to sound, to feel etc.
9. Cu verbe de perceptie mentala: to think, to realize, to remember, to forget, to remind, to
suppose.
10. Cu verbe de perceptie afectiva: to like, to enjoy, to hate, to dislike.
11. Se formeaza din subiect + verb la infinitiv scurt ; pentru pers III sg se adauga “s”
12. Modificari ortografice la persoana a III-a:
a) Daca verbul se termina in “s”, “ss”, “sh”, “ch”, “tch”, “x”, “z” sau “o” se adauga “es”
Ex: to go => goes
wash => washes
b) Daca verbul se termina in “y” precedat de consoana se transforma “y” in “i” si se adauga “es”.
Ex: cry => cries
13. Interogativul do/does + subiect + verb la infinitiv scurt
Ex: She cries a lot. Does she cry a lot?
13. Negativ subiect + don’t/doesn’t + verb la infinitiv scurt
Ex: She doesn’t cry.\
 12.2.PREZENTUL CONTINUU / PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS

Afirmativ
SB + TO BE + V1 + ING
Negativ
SB + TO BE + NOT + V1 + ING
Interogativ
TO BE + SB + V1 + ING+ ?

Afirmativ Negativ Interogativ

I am working I am not working. Am I working?
You are working You are not (aren’t) working. Are you working?
He/she/it is working He/she/it is not (isn’t) working. Is he/she/it working?
We are working. We are not (aren’t) working. Are we working?
You are working You are not (aren’t) working. Are you working?
They are working They are not (aren’t) working Are they working?

1. Desemneaza o actiune ce se desfasoara in momentul vorbirii (in this very moment/now/right

now)Ex: I am speaking now.
2. Se foloseste in descrieri Ex: The sun is shinning.
3. Cu valoare de viitor cand actiunea depinde de subiect Ex: I am leaving soon.
4. Pt. actiuni prezente paralele in desfasurare (when, while). Ex: While I am talking he is
sleeping.
5. Pentru actiuni care, desi nu se desfasoara in momentul vorbirii, constituie o rupere de ritm.
Ex: Every day I get up at 7, but on Sunday I am getting up at 9.
6. Pt. actiuni repetate care ma enerveaza Ex: She always eats fruits before soup.
(constatare obisnuita) Dar She is always eating fruits before soup. (enervare)
7. Se formeaza din subiect + verbul to be + verb in “ing”. (se conjuga doar “to be”)
Verbul in “ing” = participiu prezent si are urmatoarele modificari ortografice.:
a) Daca verbul se termina in “e” acesta cade inaintea lui “ing”
Ex: to dance => dancing
b) Verbele terminate in “ie” transforma “ie” in “y”
Ex: to lie => lying
c) verbele terminate in consoana precedata de vocala moale dubleaza consoana finala
Ex: to sit => sitting
! Sufixul “ing” nu afecteaza “y” si “i” final al verbului
Ex: to play => playing
to ski => skiing
8. verbe care nu primesc forme continui
- verbe care exprima activitati ale creierului: to understand, to know, to remember/remaind,
to think (poate sa apara in anumite momente, ex: visez la)
- verbe exprimand sentimente: to love, to hate, to like, to enjoy, to dislike.
- verbe exprimand stari permanente si altele: to measure, to cost, to mean, to weight.
 12.3. PREZENTUL PERFECT / PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

Afirmativ
SB+ HAVE/HAS + V3
Negativ
SB + DID NOT + V1
Interogativ
DID+ SB + V1?

Afirmativ Negativ Interogativ

I have called I have not call Have I call ?
You have called You have not call Have you call ?
He has called He has not call Has she call ?
She has called She has not call Has he call ?
We have called We have not call Have we call ?
You have called You have not call Have you call ?
They have called They have not call Have they call ?

1) desemneaza o actiune trecuta, care fie tocmai s-a incheiat, fie ca se desfasoara intr-un timp
deschis, nedeterminat. Spre deosebire de trecut, care desemneaza tot o actiune trecuta, la prezent
perfect momentul incheierii actiunii nu trebuie sa fie cunoscut
Ex: I saw her yesterday. (stiu cand => trecut)
dar
I have seen her lately. (nu stiu cand => prezent perfect)

Ex: Did you see “Gone with the wind”? (nu mai poti sa-l vezi)
dar
Have you seen “American Pie”? (mai poti sa-l vezi)
! de multe ori la o intrebare in prezent perfect raspunsul vine in trecut daca precizez momentul
cand a avut loc actiunea
Ex: Have you met her?
Yes, I have. I met her an hour ago.
(raspunsul trebuie sa contina “have”-ul din intrebare, dar trebuie sa precizez momentul, si atunci
intra pe trecut).
Verbele se impart in: - regulate (a)
- neregulate (b)
(a) Verbele regulate
Au forma II si forma III identice, se formeaza cu sufixul “ed” adaugata la forma infinitivului scurt
Modificari ortografice:
1) daca verbul se termina in “e”, adauga doar “d”
2) daca verbul se termina in “y” precedat de consoana, transforma y in i si adauga “ed”
Ex: cry – cried
3) daca verbul se termina in “l”, il dubleaza mereu
Ex: travel – travelled cancel – cancelled
4) daca verbul se termina in “ic”, adauga “ked”
Ex: panic – panicked
5) daca verbul se termina in consoana precedata de vocala moale (vocala intre 2 consoane),
dubleaza consoana si adauga “ed”
Ex: to stop – stopped

(b) Verbele neregulate

Au forma II si forma III diferite.

˂VEZI TABEL LA FINAL ˂

Adverbele specifice prezentului perfect

Intre cele 2 verbe (auxiliar si verb) avem
- adverbe de frecventa definita: (often, seldom, ever, never, usually, sometimes)
- adverbe de frecventa indefinita: (just, recently, already)
Ex: I have just met her.

yet – se aseaza doar pe finalul propozitiei si numai in propozitii interogative si negative. In

interogative are sensul de “deja”:
Ex: Have you met her yet? (daca ar trebui transpusa in propozitie afirmativa, “yet” ar deveni
“already”) => I have already met her.
In negativa are sensul de “inca”:
Ex: I haven’t met her yet.
for – timp de (arata durata actiunii, fara a preciza momentul de inceput si de final). In propozitie
are pozitie aproape finala.
Ex: I haven’t met her for 2 years.
since – incepand din (arata momentul de inceput, fara a preciza durata sau momentul de final).
Pozitia este spre finalul propozitiei.
Ex: I haven’t met you since Monday.
! dupa “since” urmeaza intotdeauna trecut daca mai urmeaza o propozitie
Ex: I haven’t met her since I came. (este o actiune mai trecuta decat cea cu intalnirea)
Pe pozitia finala mai avem adv de timp deschis (lately, today, this year / month / week).
! prezentul perfect corespunde in romana trecutului (perfectul compus)
Ex: A nins = It has snowed (nu stiu cand)
Dar A nins acum o ora = It snowed an hour ago.
Interogativul – avand in constructie auxiliarul “to be”, se obtine prin inversia acestuia cu subiectul
Ex: Has it snowed?
Negativul – prin adaugarea negatiei “not” la auxiliarul “have”
Ex: It hasn’t snowed.

12.4. PREZENT PERFECT CONTINUU / PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Afirmativ
SB + HAVE / HAS (pers. a III-a sg.) + V1 + ING
Negativ
SB+ HAVE / HAS (pers. a III-a sg.) + NOT+ V1 + ING
(HAVEN’T / HASN’T)
Interogativ
HAVE /HAS (pers. a III-a sg.) + SB + BEEN+ V1 + ING + ?

Afirmativ Negativ Interogativ

I (I’ve) have been painting
You have been painting
She/he has been painting
We have been painting
You have been painting
They have been painting
I have not been painting Have I been painting?
You have not painting Have you been painting?
She/he has not painting Has she/he been painting?
We have not painting Have we been painting?
You have not painting Have you been painting?
They have not painting Have they been painting?

- corespunde in romana prezentului

Ex: Ninge de 2 zile. (ninge = prezent; de 2 zile = actiunea a inceput in trecut si continua pana in
prezent)
- desemneaza o actiune trecuta care s-a desfasurat necontenit si care fie tocmai s-a incheiat, fie se
desfasoara intr-un timp nedeterminat
Ex: It has been snowing for 2 days.
! se foloseste doar cu verbe durative – care au o durata de actiune (nu poti sa spui ca moare de 2
ore)
! se foloseste cu verbe meteo
! are caracter subiectiv (nu pot spune despre altul ca doarme de 2 ore)
! cu: to work
to live
to study nu se poate folosi forma continua decat daca precizez anumite
conditii
Ex: NU ! – I have been working all my life. (verb existential = pleonasm)
DA – I have been working in this company all my life.
! daca precizez de cate ori s-a desfasurat o actiune, nu mai pot folosi forma continua, pentru ca
practic se fragmenteaza actiunea.
Ex: Citesc cartea asta de cand am venit (nu stiu de cate ori)
I have been reading this book since I came.
dar
Am citit cartea asta de 2 ori de cand am venit.
I have read this book twice since I came. (am inceput, am terminat, iar am inceput, etc.)
-adverbe specifice – sunt de continuitate (since si for) ()
-interogativul si negativul – cu auxiliarul “have”

12.5. TRECUTUL SIMPLU / PAST TENSE SIMPLE

Afirmativ
SB + V1+ ED /V2
Negativ
SB + DID NOT (DIDN’T) + V1
Interogativ
DID +SB + V1 + ?

Afirmativ Negativ Interogativ

I spoke I did not speak Did I speak?
You spoke You did not speak Did you speak?
She/he spoke She/he did not speak Did she/he speak?
We spoke We did not speak Did we speak?
You spoke You did not speak Did you speak?
They spoke They did not speak Did they speak?

1) desemneaza o actiune trecuta, repetata, devenita obisnuinta (in romana corespunde cu perfectul
compus)
Ex: I used to visit my grandparents last year.
2) desemneaza o actiune la care momentul incheierii ei este bine precizat
Adverbe specifice – yesterday, the day before yesterday, 3 days ago, last year / month, the other
day, when, etc.
Ex: I visited them yesterday.
3) are valoare de prezent la trecerea de la vorbirea directa la vorbirea indirecta
Ex: She said, “I want to win”.devine She told me that she wanted to win.
(Virgula are valoare de 2 puncte inainte de cuvintele cuiva si nu exista linie de dialog, ci
ghilimelele de sus).
Se traduce, de obicei, cu perfectul compus
Pronunţarea şi ortografierea terminaţiei -ed este în funcţie de terminaţia infinitivului. -ed se
pronunţă:
a) [d] când verbele se termină în vocală sau consoană sonoră [b,g,l,m,n,v,z,dz,_dj_]: play - played
[pleid]; arrived [_ă_’raivd];
b) [t] când verbele se termină în consoană surdă [f,k,p,s,sh,ch,_ş_,t_ş_] like - liked [laikt], cross -
crossed [kr_o_st];
c) [id] când verbele se termină în -t sau -d: want - wanted [‘w_o_ntid]; nod - nodded [‘n_o_did].
Particularităţi ortografice ale terminaţiei -ed:
-Consoana finală a formei de infinitiv se dublează când vocala care o precede este scurtă şi
accentuată: stop - stopped; prefer - preferred
- Consoana finală se dublează la câteva verbe, deşi silaba finală nu este accentuată: kidnap -
kidnapped; handicap - handicapped; worship - worshipped; iar la verbe terminate în ic,
=c se dublează în ck: picnic - picnicked.
În engleza britanică, verbele terminate în -l dublează această consoană, indiferent de accent:
control - controlled; travel - travelled

12.6. TRECUTUL CONTINUU / PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS

Afirmativ
SB + TO BE (PAST TENSE =WERE/WAS ) + V1 + ING
Negativ
SB + TO BE (PAST TENSE = WERE/WAS)+ NOT + V1+ ING
Interogativ
TO BE (PAST TENSE = WERE/WAS ) + SB + V1 + ING+ ?

Afirmativ Negativ Interogativ

I was working
You were working
He was working
She was working
It was working
We were working
They were working
You were working
I was not working Was I working?
You were not working Were you working?
He was not working Was he working?
She was not working Was she working?
It was not working Was it working?
We were not working Were we working?
You were not working Were you working?
They were not working Were they working?

1) desemneaza o actiune trecuta ce se desfasoara intr-un anumit moment bine definit sau intr-un
moment trecut raportat momentului vorbirii (ieri pe vremea asta = this time yesterday)
Ex: I was writing this time yesterday / yesterday at 5 o’clock.
2) se foloseste in descrierile pe trecut
Ex: That day the wind was blowing hard.
! pentru naratiune se foloseste trecutul simplu.
Ex: The child got the ball and put it into the box.
3) desemneaza actiunile trecute paralele in desfasurare (cu “when” si “while”)
Ex: While I was talking, you came.
4) desemneaza o actiune trecuta, repetata, care ma enerva
Ex: He was always asking me to help him!
Interogativul si negativul – prin auxiliarul “to be”
Ex: Was I dancing when you came?
5) Corespunde imperfectului in romana (vorbeam, scriam, citeam)

12.7. TRECUTUL PERFECT / PAST TENSE PERFECT

Afirmativ
SB + HAD (TRECUTUL AUXILIARULUI HAVE) + V3
Negativ
SB + HAD + NOT + V3
Interogativ
HAD + SB + V3+ ?

Afirmativ Negativ Interogativ

I had painted I had not painted Had I painted?
You had painted You had not painted Had you painted?
She/he had painted She/he had not painted Had she/he painted?
We had painted We had not painted Had we painted?
You had painted You had not painted Had you painted?
They had painted They had not painted Had they painted?

1) desemneaza o actiune trecuta, incheiata inaintea unei alte actiuni trecute

Ex: O vazusem inainte sa plece = (inainte am vazut-o si dupa aceea a plecat)
I had seen her before she left.
2) desemneaza o actiune trecuta, incheiata inaintea unui moment trecut
Ex: O vazusem inainte de 1989.
I had seen her before 1989.
3) este specifica constructiilor cu hardly, barely, scarcely, no sooner, mai ales in inversie.
Ex: I had met her before she left.
cu inversie devine
Hardly had I met her when she left.

Adv specifice – after, before, hardly, barely, scarcely, just, already, by the time, for, since
Ex: I had just invited her to dinner when you arrived.

Corespunde in romana cu mai mult ca perfectul (cantasem, vorbisem, citisem).

12.8. TRECUT PERFECT CONTINUU / PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Afirmativ
SB + HAD + BEEN + V1+ ING
Negativ
SB + HAD + NOT + BEEN + V1 + ING
(HADN’T)
Interogativ
HAD + SB + BEEN + V1 + ING + ?

Afirmativ Negativ Interogativ

I had been painting I had not been painting Had I been painting?
You had been painting You had not been painting Had you been painting?
She had been painting She had not been painting Had he been painting?
he had been painting He had not been painting Had she been painting?
We had been painting We had not been painting Had we been painting?
You had been painting You had not been painting Had you been painting?
They had been painting They had not been painting Had they been painting?

Desemneaza o actiune trecuta desfasurata necontenit si incheiata inaintea unei alte actiuni trecute
sau al unui moment trecut
Ex: I had been waiting for you 2 hours before you came.

Se foloseste pentru:
- accentueaza ideea de desfasurare a unei actiuni petrecute inaintea unei alte actiuni trecute
I had been looking for it for hours before I found it
L-am cautat ore intregi inainte de a-l gasi
- conform concordantei timpurilor, se foloseste in vorbirea indirecta atunci cand verbul din
regenta este la trecut
He said he had been studying English for several years
Mi-a spus ca studiaza engleza de cativa ani

Adverbe specifice – for, since, after si before

! nu se foloseste decat cu verbe durative, are caracter subiectiv doar cand actiunea are o
specificatie de genul
Ex: I had been living in this house for 5 years before we moved.
! daca precizez de cate ori s-a desfasurat o actiune, nu se mai poate folosi forma continua

12. 9. VIITORUL SIMPLU / FUTURE SIMPLE

Afirmativ
SB + SHALL (pers 1 sg)/ WILL + V1 (in SUA – will la toate persoanele)
Negativ
SB + SHALL + NOT (SHAN’T)/ WILL + NOT (WON’T) + V1
Interogativ
SHALL/WILL + SB + V1 + ?

Afirmativ Negativ Interogativ

I will/shall (‘ll) paint I will not (won’t) paint Will I paint?
You will paint You will not (won’t) paint Will you paint?
She/he will paint He/she will not (won’t) paint Will she/he paint?
We shall paint We shall not (shan’t) paint Will we paint?
You will paint You will not (won’t) paint Will you paint?
They will paint They will not (won’t) paint Will they paint?

Se foloseste :
-in exprimare anticiparii unei actiuni sau stari ce se va desfasura intr-un moment bine definit
It will rain tomorrow. Maine va ploua. Will in asemenea contexte are valoare neutra, exprimand
doar ideea de viitor si nu aceea de vointa, transmisa de verbul modal will.
-exprima o intentie in viitor sau o decizie pentru viitor luata in momentul vorbirii, nu existenta
anterior in mintea vorbitorului
Oh, you can get it! Wait a minute, I’ll help you…….
Ah, nu poti ajunge s-o/sa-l iei! Asteapta o clipa, te voi ajuta…..
Adverbe specifice – tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next …, the following … always, usually,
often
-desemneaza o actiune viitoare desfasurata in mod repetat, devenita obisnuinta
Ex: I shall always think of you.
! daca in propozitia principala am viitor, in secundara nu pot avea decat prezent. Acest prezent
poate sa fie:
a) simplu – daca depinde de un program
Ex: I shall come when the train arrives.
b) continuu – daca depinde de subiect
Ex: I shall come when I am finding the ticket.
d) prezent perfect – cand actiunea este anterioara momentului viitor
Ex: I shall come when I have saved enough money.
! propozitiile secundara introduse prin temporale (when, while, before, after, as soon as, till,
until, etc.) si if, nu pot sa contina viitor si contin prezent.
Shall, auxiliarul pentru persoana I sing. si pl. este folosit in limbajul oficial, in vorbirea curenta
preferandu-se will.
- propozitiile interogative cu will la pers. a II-a pot exprima o rugaminte
Will you help me lift the chair? Vrei sa ma ajuti sa ridic scaunul?
- propozitiile interogative cu shall exprima fie o oferta (Shall I go there for you?) fie cererea
unui sfat (Where shall I go?)

12.10. VIITOR CONTINUU / FUTURE CONTINUOUS

Afirmativ
SB + WILL + BE + V1 + ING
Negativ
SB + SHALL + NOT (SHAN’T)/ WILL + NOT (WON’T) + BE + V1 +ING
Interogativ
SHALL/WILL + SB + BE+ V1 + ING + ?

Afirmativ Negativ Interogativ

I will/shall be painting I will not/shall not be painting Will I be painting?
You will be painting You will not be painting Will you be painting?
She/he will be painting She/he will not be painting Will she/hebe painting?
We shall be painting We will not/shall not be painting Will we be painting?
You will be painting You will not be painting Will you be painting?
They will be painting They will not be painting Will they be painting?

1) desemneaza o actiune viitoare ce se va desfasura intr-un moment viitor raportat momentului

vorbirii sau intr-un moment viitor raportat momentului precizat (tomorrow this time / tomorrow
between 3 and 5).
This time tomorrow I’ll be having lunch
Maine pe vremea asta voi lua masa de pranz

2) actiuni viitoare in desfasurare (paralele) – when, while

Ex: While I’m watching TV you will be sleeping.
! atentie, nu pot avea viitor in ambele (when si while nu permit viitor)
I’ll be writing to you
Iti voi scrie

Will you be staying with us?

Veti sta la noi?

3) exprima o supozitie in legatura cu o actiune care are loc in prezent

He’ll be swimming now.
Acum o fi innotand.

12.11.VIITORUL DE INTENTIE
Afirmativ
TO BE + GOING TO + V1 (se conjuga doar verbul “to be”)
Negativ
TO BE + NOT + GOING TO + V1
Interogativ
TO BE + GOING TO +V1 + ?

Afirmativ Negativ Interogativ

I am going to write I am not / I’m not going to write Am I going to write ?
You are not/ You aren’t going
You are going to write to write Are you going to write ?
He/She is not / She isn’t going
He/She is going to write to write Is he/she going to write ?
We are not / We aren’t going to
We are going to write write Are we going to write ?
You are not/ You aren’t going
You are going to write to write Are you going to write ?
They are not / They aren’t going
They are going to write to write Are they going to write ?

Se formează cu ajutorul formei be going to la prezent, urmată de infinitivul scurt al

verbului de conjugat
Going to Future se foloseşte în următoarele situaţii :
1) cand avem o actiune viitoare apropiata de momentul vorbirii
Exemplu : We are going to see a film tomorrow.
2) cand avem o actiune viitoare ce va aveaa loc ca urmare a unei intentii prezente
Exemplu : We are going to spend our holiday in the mountains .
Exemplu : We are going to spend our holiday in the mountains.
Avem de gând/intenţionăm să ne petrecem vacanţa la munte.
3) cand avem o actiune viitoare care va avea loc ca rezultat al unei cause prezente
Exemplu : It’s going to rain. Look at the clouds

! nu se poate folosi cu verbul “to go” si “to come”, ci cu “to leave” si “to return”

12.12. VIITORUL APROPIAT

Desemneaza o actiune viitoare ce se va desfasura datorita unei porunci, ordin, rugaminte, sau intr-
un moment imediat urmator. Are 2 forme:
a) to be to + V infinitiv scurt (folosit pt ordine, comenzi)Ex: You are to read the book before
midnight.
b) to be about to + V infinitiv scurt (= a fi pe punctul de a) Ex: He is about to cry.
Interogativul si negativul – cu auxiliarul “to be”

12.13. VIITORUL IN TRECUT / FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST

Viitorul în trecut are două forme: simplă și continuă:

 viitorul în trecut simplu/nedefinit se formează cu ajutorul verbelor SHOULD și WOULD,
urmate de infinitivul scurt al verbului de conjugat.
 viitorul în trecut continuu/progresiv se formează cu ajutorul lui SHOULD și WOULD,
urmate de participiul prezent al verbului de conjugat.

Viitorul în trecut (Future-in-the-Past) exprimă o acțiune posterioară unei alte acțiuni din trecut:
 Mr Jones asked his wife if she would give him something to eat.
 Dan said he would send us a postcard from France.
 You did not tell me you would come by tonight.
 She told me she would be having her parents over the week-end.
Se observă că viitorul în trecut se folosește numai în propoziții secundare, după un timp trecut.

Forma simplă a viitorului în trecut exprimă:

1. opinia vorbitorului: He said he thought he would be back soon.
2. acțiuni viitoare habituale: Mike said it would be too dark to see anything.
3. se folosește în propoziția principală atunci când există o propoziție temporală în fraza
complexă: Ann asked me whether I should tell John everything when I saw him.
Forma continuă a viitorului în trecut exprimă:
1. o acțiune în desfășurare în viitor: He said that by that time on Friday they would be
flying to Rome.
2. o acțiune viitoare care va avea loc în cursul normal al evenimentelor: They confirmed
that the company would be signing contracts on the fifteenth of the month.
Viitorul în trecut din limba engleză se traduce prin viitorul propriu-zis sau viitorul popular din
limba română:
 Mary said she would give us a call.
 Maria a spus că ne va suna/o să ne sune.
 Tom promised me that he would not interfere.
 Tom mi-a promis că nu se va amesteca/n-o să se amestece.

Concordanta timpurilor cere folosirea acestui timp cu referire la actiuni sau stari ce erau viitoare
intr-un moment trecut
Este un timp sintetic care nu poate sa apara in propozitia principala, ci in secundara atunci cand in
propozitia principala am un verb la timpul trecut si vreau sa sugerez o actiune ulterioara acelui
moment trecut.
Ex: I-am spus ca ma voi duce la film.
(trecut) viitor (in rom)
I told her that I should go to the movie.
! daca actiunea ce urmeaza sa se desfasoare in propozitia secundara are durata, voi folosi forma
continua => should / would + be + V-ing
Ex: I told him that I should be waiting for him.
Celelalte forme de viitor in trecut (viitor de intentie in trecut / viitor apropiat in trecut) apar cand
am un verb la trecut in principala, iar in secundara trebuie sa sugerez o actiune ulterioara. In acest
caz verbul “to be” apare la trecut.
Ex: I-am spus ca am de gand sa cumpar masina. I told him that I was going to buy the car.

12.12.VIITORUL PERFECT

Este o actiune viitoare desfasurata intr-un moment viitor anterior inceput.

Ex: Pana la sfarsitul anului voi fi invatat toate verbele. (incep sa invat mai de mult si pana la
momentul viitor de reper, actiunea va fi terminata).
I shall have learned all the verbs by the end of the year.

Afirmativ
SB + SHALL / WILL + HAVE + V3
Negativ
SB + SHALL NOT / WILL NOT + HAVE + V3
Interogativ

! daca exista actiune cu desfasurare necontenita, folosesc o forma continua

shall / will + have + been + V-ing
Ex: Te voi fi asteptat 2 ore pana la sfarsitul zilei.
I shall have been waiting for you 2 hours by the end of the day.
Viitorul perfect si viitorul perfect continuu nu se folosesc decat in vorbire

Afirmativ
SB +SHALL / WILL + HAVE BEEN + V+ ING
Negativ
SB+ SHALL NOT / WILL NOT + HAVE + V +ING
Interogativ
SHALL / WILL + SB + HAVE BEEN + V + ING + ?

Afirmativ Negativ Interogativ

I shall/will have been Shall/Will I have been
writing writing?
You will have been I shan’t/won’t have been Will You have been
writing writing writing?
He/She will have been You won’t have been writing Will He/She have been
writing He/She won’t have been writing writing?
We shall/will have been We shan’t/won’t have been Shall/Will We have been
writing writing writing?
You will have been You won’t have been writing Will You have been
writing They won’t have been writing writing?
They will have been Will They have been
writing writing?

Notă : În limba engleză contemporană formele cu Shall de la persoana I singular şi plural au fost
înlocuite cu forma Will.
Notă : Forma Shan’t este prescurtarea formei Shall Not iar forma Won’t este prescurtarea formei
Will Not.

Viitorul Perfect Continuu (The Future Perfect Continuous Tense) exprimă o acţiune în desfăşurare
în viitor, înainte şi până la o altă acţiune viitoare (şi poate şi după aceea).
Exemplu:
When the bell rings, we shall/will have been writing for fifty minutes. Când va suna clopoţelul, noi
vom fi fost ocupaţi cu scrisul/noi vom fi scris de 50 minute.
Notă : acţiunea săvârşită în această perioadă de timp viitoare anterioară unui moment sau unei
acţiuni de asemenea viitoare, este la viitorul perfect continuu dacă se specifică lungimea perioadei
de timp sau începutul ei (By 6 o’clock p.m. she will have been selling blouses for 8 hours. Până la
ora 18.00 ea va fi vândut bluze timp de 8 ore.) şi la viitorul perfect simplu dacă este prezentă o
precizare numerică în legătură cu acţiunea.(By 6 o’clock p.m. she will have sold 80 blouses. Până
la ora 18.00 ea va fi vândut 80 de bluze.)
Notă : Viitorul Perfect Continuu este rar folosit în vorbire, fiind o formă caracteristică limbii
scrise.

13. CONDITIONALUL
13.1. Conditionalul prezent

Afirmativ
SB + SHOULD/WOULD + V1
Negativ
SB + WOULD NOT (WOULDN’T) + V1
Interogativ
WOULD + SB + V1 + ?

Afirmativ Negativ Interogativ

I should/would paint I would not (wouldn’t) / should Would I paint?
not paint
You would paint You would not paint Would you paint?
She/he would paint She/he would not paint Would she/he paint?
We should /would paint We would not paint Would we paint?
You would paint You would not paint Would you paint?
They would paint hey would not paint Would they paint?

13.2. Conditionalul trecut

Afirmativ
SB + SHOULD/WOULD + HAVE+ V3
Negativ
SB + WOULD NOT (WOULDN’T) + HAVE + V3
Interogativ
WOULD + SB + HAVE + V3 + ?

Afirmativ Negativ Interogativ

I shoul/would have I would not (wouldn’t) / Would I have painted?
painted should not have painted Would you have painted?
You would have painted You would not have painted Would she/he have
She/he would have She/he would not have painted?
painted painted Would we have painted?
We shoul/would have We would not have painted Would you have painted?
painted You would not have painted Would they have
You would have painted They would not have painted painted?
They would have painted
CONDITIONALUL, utilizari
Utilizare:
1. la fel ca viitorul simplu, cand verbul principal este la trecut:
I think he will come. – I thought he would come.
Sam says mother will get well. – Sam said mother would get well.
2. pentru a face referiri la actiuni obisnuite in trecut:
When we lived in Africa we would often spend our weekends outdoor.
When Helen was a baby she would cry all night long.
3. in propozitii subordinate dupa: advise, agree, arrange, ask, beg, command, decide, demand,
determine, insist, order, propose, recommend, request, suggest, be anxious, be determined.
The doctor decided (that) the patient should have his appendix out.
Mrs. Walker is anxious (that) her son should get the job.
4. cu it is / was + adjectiv + that…should:
It is essential that the students should get to their lesson on time.
It was strange that he should say that.
5. dupa can’t think, don’t know why sau see no reason why:
I can’t think why Frank should apologise.
I don’t know why my neighbour should do that.
I see no reason why we should worry.
6. cu oferte si cereri:
Would you prefer tea or coffee?
Would you like to see my stamp collection?
NOTA: Would rather… inseamna “a prefera sa”:
I would rather have coffee than tea.
7. in propozitii conditionale (if clauses). Exista trei tipuri de propozitii conditionale in engleza:
Tipuri Propozitie principala Propozitie subordonata
Conditional I Viitor cu will Present Simple)

Conditional II
(uneori Pres. Simple)
Present Conditional
IF Past Tense
Conditional III Perfect Conditional Past Perfect

Conditional I
Utilizare:
1. cand situatia din propoztia conditionala este probabila, sau se presupune ca se va intampla. Desi
sensul poate fi de prezent sau viitor, verbul din propozitia conditionala este intotdeauna la timpul
prezent:
The vase will break if you drop it.
If it snows on Christmas day, Emma and Ben will make a snowman.
Will you get me some milk, if you go to the supermarket?
2. verbele modale (ex: can, may, must, should) il pot inlocui pe will in propozitia principala:
You can enter the stadium, if you have a ticket.
If he isn’t in, you may leave a message.
Jim must work very hard if he wants to get elected.
If you want to wear that dress in summer you should lose some weight. (sugestie sau sfat)
3. cu doua timpuri prezente (cate unul in amandoua propozitiile) pentru a indica rezultate automate
sau obisnuinte:
If you push that button, the machine shuts down.
If you don’t ask for help, you don’t get it.
If you mix red and blue, you get purple.
4. cu timpuri prezente continue sau perfecte in propozitia conditionala:
If the Goodmans are coming for dinner, I’ll open a special bottle of wine. (Prezent continuu pentru
a indica un aranjament in viitor)
If you are making a cup of coffee, I’ll have one too. (Prezent continuu pentru a indica o actiune in
desfasurare in prezent)
If you haven’t seen that film yet, we’ll go tonight. (Prezent perfect pentru a indica o legatura cu
prezentul)
NOTA: Unless inseamna “if... not”:
Unless it’s a sunny day tomorrow, we won’t go to that picnic. (= If it is not a sunny day tomorrow,
we won’t go to that picnic.)
Otherwise inseamna “or else”:
You must study, otherwise you will fail the exam. (= You must study, or else you will fail the
exam. = If you don’t study, you will fail the exam.)

Conditional II
Utilizare:
1. cand situatia din subordonata conditionala este improbabila sau ipotetica:
If I won the lottery, I would stop working. (but I don’t believe I’ll win)
If you stopped breathing, you would die. (but you don’t intend to stop breathing)
If the distance to the train station were shorter, I would walk there. (the distance is unlikely to
change)
If I were you, I’d buy a bigger car. (but I’m not you)
NOTA: If I were you poate fi folosit si pentru a da sfaturi:
If I were you, I’d apologise to her.
2. pentru a sugestie politicoasa sau pentru a exprima o ipoteza perfect realizabila. Comparati:
If we go in two cars, we will be more comfortable.
If we went in two cars, we would be more comfortable. (mai politicos)
3. verbele modale la un timp trecut il pot inlocui pe would. Sensurile se modifica in mod
corespunzator. Comparati:
If Mr. Lynch applied for the job, he would get it. (sigur)
If Mr. Lynch applied for the job, he might get it. (posibil)
If Mr. Lynch got the job, he could start next Monday. (implica abilitatea sau permisiunea)

Conditional III
Utilizare:
1. cand situatia din subordonata conditionala este in trecut, deci imposibila:
If we had taken an umbrella with us last night, we would not have got wet. (we didn’t take an
umbrella last night and so we got wet)
If Jack had studied law at the university, he would have been a lawyer now. (but Jack didn’t study
law, he studied something else)
2.verbele modale could (abilitate sau permisiune) si might (posibilitate) pto inlocui would in
propozitia principala:
I could have made a cake for you if I had known it was you birthday. (abilitate)
The prisoner might have been let out on parole, if he hadn’t fought with his cellmate. (posibilitate)
NOTA: If only se poate folosi la toate tipurile de conditional pentru a sublinia speranta, dorinta sau
regretul.
If only we had some money with us, we would take the cab.
If only we had paid the bill earlier, we would not have been evicted.

14. SUBJONCTIVUL
Subjonctivul are 2 forme: - sintetic (1) a) prezent
b) trecut (simplu si perfect)
- analitic (2)

1.a) Subjonctivul sintetic prezent

Identic ca forma cu infinitivul scurt; foarte folosit in engleza americana
1) se foloseste in urari Ex: May all your dreams come true. Long live the Queen.
2) la injuraturi Ex: Damn you! Curse this rain! God bless you!
3) in propozitii secundare introduse prin “that” daca in principala am o dorinta, o obligatie, o
necesitate: to suggest, to recommend, to order, to demand, to urge Ex: I urged that she sit down.
4) in propozitii care contin urmatoare;e expresii impersonale:it is necessary, it is essential, it is
important Ex: It is impossible that he arrive in time.

1.b) Subjonctivul sintetic trecut

--Simplu
Este forma a II-a a verbului, numai ca verbul “to be” are mereu forma “were”.
Utilizare:
1) in propozitiile conditionalului 2vEx: I should take it if I were you.
2) dupa verbul “wish”vEx: I wish you were here.
3) dupa constructiile: it’s time, it’s high time, as if, as though, even if, even though, would rather,
would sooner, suppose that Ex: It’s time you went there. I would rather didn’t go there.
I talk as if I didn’t know you.
--Perfect
Identic ca forma cu trecutul perfect (had + verb III)
Utilizare:
1) in conditionalul 3 Ex: You would have invited them if you had found enough space.
2) dupa verbul “wish” atunci cand actiunea este trecuta si regretata (sensul propozitiei trebuie se
fie negativ) Ex: I wish I hadn’t said that.

2. Subjonctivul analitic
Se formeaza dintr-un verb modal (should / would / might / could) + V infinitiv scurt. El a luat
oarecum locul subjonctivului sintetic prezent; este intalnit atat in propozitia principala, cat si in cea
secundara.
Forma shall + V infinitiv scurt
- se foloseste in principala cu sensul de “vrei?” Ex: Shall I help you? (sa te ajut?)
- se foloseste in secundara cu sensul de “trebuie” Ex: I have decided that they shall help her.
Forma should + V infinitiv scurt
- se foloseste in principala cu sensul de “daca e necesar” Ex: Why should you come so early?
- se foloseste in secundara dupa:
a) expresiile impersonale: it is important / it is necessary / it is essential
Ex: It is necessary that you should understand the problem.
b) in propozitiile care contin constructiile: for fear that (de teama ca) / lest (ca sa nu) / in case
Ex: I got up early lest I should miss the train.
c) cu urmatoarele verbe: to demand, to command, to suggest, to recommend, to request, to insist
Ex: I insisted that you should learn this lesson.
d) atunci cand sunt introduse de: although, whatever, though
Ex: Whatever she should say don’t interrupt her.
Forma may / might + V infinitiv scurt
1) se foloseste cand se exprima o urare Ex: May your dreams come true!
2) in subjonctive introduse prin: it is likely, it is probable, it is possible
Ex: It is possible that they might invite us to dinner.
3) in propozitii introduse prin: so that, that, in order that
Ex: I put the perfume in front of you so that you might smell it.
Forma would + V infinitiv scurt
- se foloseste dupa “wish” Ex: I wish you would call on you. (to call on = a vizita)
Forma could + V infinitiv scurt
- se foloseste pentru a exprima o certitudine Ex: We studied a lot so that we could pass TOEFL.

15. MODUL IMPERATIV

Verbele din infinitiv se gasesc in propozitii exclamative ce reprezinta ordine, sfaturi ce trebuiesc
executate.
Exemple
Let him go !( Lasa-l sa se duca ! )
Lock the door ! ( Incuie usa ! )
Go there ! ( Du-te acolo ! )
Let me know ! (Da-mi voie sa stiu !)
Don't worry be happy! Nu te ingrijora, fii fericit!
Leave me alone ! Lasa-ma in pace!
Take it easy ! Usor !

16 . PASSIVE VOICE (DIATEZA PASIVA)

Ca si in limba romana, diateza activa arata ca subiectul efectueaza actiunea. Diateza pasiva arata ca
subiectul suporta actiunea efectuata de complementul de agent. In limba engleza complementul de
agent este introdus prinprepozitia “by”.
La trecerea de la diateza activa la diateza pasiva au loc unele schimbari:
-subiectul devine complent de agent
- complenmentul direct devine subiect
-timpurile raman aceleasi dar structura lor este diferita: sunt formate din timpul respectiv al
verbului TO BE + V3 al verbului de conjugat.
Diateza pasiva este folosita atunci cand cel care efectuaeza actiunea nu este cunoscut sau nu este
important; cand accentul cade pe actiune nu pe subiect; in textele tehnice, economice sau de
afaceri.
Double passive
Existain limba engleza verbe ca pot primi 2 complimente: to tell, to give, to show, to order, to
make, to send. Aceasta imseamna ca la trecerea la diateza pasiva putem alcatui 2 propozitii, fiecare
din ele avand subiect unul din complemente.
In limba vorbita este preferata varianta pasiva avand ca subiect fiinta.

Subiectul din diateza activa devine complement de agent, iar CD din diateza activa devine subiect
in pasiva.
Ex: 1) I write the letter.
S CD
2) The letter is written by me.
S C agent
Diateza pasiva presupune un verb “to be”, iar verbul de baza va fi la forma:
V III + by + C agent
! o propozitie care are atat CD cat si CI are 2 forme de pasiv, fiecare complement devenind pe rand
subiect
Ex: I give him my book.
CI CD
devine
The book is given to him by me.
S
He is given the book by me.
S
Aspectul si timpul predicatului din activa se mentin in pasiva.
! complementul de agent poate sa lipseasca daca este un pronume
Ex: I read the book.
The book is read (by me). – poate sa lipseasca
! daca subiectul este impersonal (somebody / someone), el poate de asemenea sa lipseasca

DIATEZA ACTIVA DIATEZA PASIVA

1) I eat an egg. An egg is eaten.
2) I am eating an egg. An egg is being eaten.
3) I have eaten an egg. An egg has been eaten.
4) I have been eating an egg. -
5) I ate an egg. An egg was eaten.
6) I was eating an egg. An egg was being eaten.
7) I had eaten an egg. An egg had been eaten.
8) I had been eating an egg. -
9) I shall eat an egg. An egg will be eaten.
10) I’m going to eat an egg. An egg is going to be eaten.
11) I am to eat an egg. An egg is to be eaten.
12) I’m about to eat an egg. An egg is about to be eaten.
13) … I should eat an egg. … an egg would be eaten.
14) I shall have eaten an egg. An egg will have been eaten.
! atentie la prepozitiile care se aseaza la final (vor rezulta 2 prepozitii una dupa alta)
Ex: They sent for the doctor.
The doctor was sent for by them.
Everybody laughed at him.
He was laughed at by everybody.
! anumite verbe (to eat, to feel, to wear, to wash, to sell, to read, to perform) nu pot avea forma
pasiva cand vrei sa spui ca sunt de foarte buna calitate / se vand singure / se poarta singure, etc.
Ex: These books sold quickly. (si nu have been sold)
The shoes wore comfortably. (si nu have been worn)
! verbul “to grow” nu poate avea sens de diateza pasiva pentru ca este de la sine

Indirect/reported speech
Ca si in limba romana vorbirea indirecta relateaza apusele unei personae. La trecera de la vorbirea
directa la vorbirea indirecta apar schimbari in propozitie. Ele sunt de 2 tipuri:
1 - schimbari logice, cauzate de modificarea punctelor de vedere din care e privita informatia.
Acestea apar intotdeauna: exemplu: trecerea de la pers I la pers a III-a
I - he, she / we - they / this – that / today – that day
2 – schimbari gramaticale, apar numai in cazul in care propozitia introductiva are verbul la timpul
trecut deoarece in acest caz, in fraza in care se formeaza se aplica legile concordantei timpurilor.
(dupa un timp trecut in porpozitia principala nua avem voie sa folosim prezentul, present perfect
sau viitorul in subordonata). Astefel:

Present Simple Past tense Simple

Comtinuous → Continuous

Past Simple Past perfect Simple

Comtinuous → Continuous

Present perfect Simple Past perfect Simple

Comtinuous → Continuous

Past perfect Simple Past perfect Simple

Comtinuous → Continuous

Future Simple Future-in-the-past

Comtinuous →
Can → could
May → might
Must → must in functie de inteles
→ had to
Atentie! Schimbarile gramaticale nu apar daca vervul dein propozitia introductiva este la present,
apar doar schimbarile logice

17. CORESPONDENTA TIMPURILOR

1) daca in principala avem prezent, in secundara putem avea orice

Ex: I know she is / will be / was here.
2) daca in principala avem viitor, in secundara avem prezent
a) simplu – daca depinde de un program
b) continuu – daca depinde de subiect
c) perfect – daca a inceput intr-un moment anterior
3) daca in principala avem trecut, in secundara avem 3 raporturi:
a) simultaneitate (actiuni paralele) => in secundara avem trecut
Ex: While I was dancing, he took my hand.
b) anterioritate => in secundara avem past perfect
Ex: I told him I had met her before.
c) posterioritate => in secundara avem future in the past
Ex: I told him I should go there.
! pt adevaruri universal valabile nu se respecta regula cu trecutul
Ex: He told me that the sun rises from East.

18. LISTA VERBELOR NEREGULATE

Infinitiv Trecut Participiu trecut Traducere

to abide abode abode a astepta, a sta, a locui
to arise arose arisen a se ridica
to awake awoke awoke a se trezi
to be was, were been a fi
to bear bore born a se naste
to beat beat beaten a bate
to become became become a deveni
to begin began begun a icepe
to behold beheld beheld a zari, a vedea
to bend bent bent a idoi
to beseech besought besought a implora
to bear bore born a se naste
to bet bet bet a paria
to bid bade bidden a oferi, a licita
to bind bound bound a lega
to bite bit bitten a musca
to bleed bled bled a sangera
to bless blest blest a binecuvanta
to blow blew blown a sufla
to break broke broken a sparge
to breed bred bred a creste
to bring brought brought a aduce
to broadcast broadcast broadcast a transmite prin radio
to burn burnt (burned) burnt (burned) a arde
to burst burst burst a izbucni
to buy bought bought a cumpara
to can could been able to a putea, a fi posibil
to cast cast cast a arunca
to catch caught caught a prinde
to choose chose chosen a alege
to cleave cleft cleft a despica
to cling clung clung a se lipi
to come came come a veni
to cost cost cost a costa
to creep crept crept a se tara
to cut cut cut a taia
to deal dealt dealt a se ocupa, a trata afaceri
to dig dug dug a sapa
to do did done a face
to draw drew drawn a desena
to dream dreamt (dreamed) dreamt (dreamed) a visa
to drink drank drunk a bea
to drive drove driven a conduce masina
to dwell dwelt dwelt a locui, a ramane, a insista
to eat ate eaten a manca
to fall fell fallen a cadea
to feed fed fed a hrani
to feel felt felt a simti
to fight fought fought a lupta
to find found found a gasi
to fly flew flown a zbura
to forbid forbade forbidden a interzice
to forecast forecast forecast a prevedea
to foresee foresaw foreseen a prevedea
to foretell foretold foretold a prezice
to forget forgot forgotten a uita
to forgive forgave forgiven a ierta
a renunta la,
to forgo forwent forgone
a da uitarii
forsake forsook forsaken a parasi
to freeze froze frozen a igheta
to get got got a primi
to give gave given a da
to go went gone a merge
to grind ground ground a macina
to grow grew grown a creste
to hang hung (hanged) hung (hanged) a spanzura
to have had had a avea
to hear heard heard a auzi
to hide hid hidden a ascunde
to hit hit hit a lovi
to hold held held a tine
to hurt hurt hurt a rani
to keep kept kept a pastra
to kneel knelt knelt a igenunchia
to knit knit knit a tricota
to know knew known a sti, a cunoaste
to lay laid laid a aseza
to lead led led a conduce
to lean leant leant a se sprijini de
to learn learnt (learned) learnt (learned) a ivata
to leave left left a lasa, a parasi
to lend lent lent a împrumuta (cuiva)
to let let let a permite
to lie lay lain a fi culcat
to light lit lit a aprinde
to lose lost lost a pierde
to make made made a face
to mean meant meant a isemna
to meet met met a italni
to misgive misgave misgiven a inspira neicredere
to mislead misled misled a induce i eroare
to mistake mistook mistaken a itelege gresit
to outdo outdid outdone a itrece
to overcome overcame overcome a ivinge
to overdo overdid overdone a face exces
to pay paid paid a plati
to put put put a pune
to read read read a citi
to rend rent rent a sfasia, a rupe
to ride rode ridden a calari
to ring rang rung a suna
to rise rose risen a se ridica
to run ran run a alerga
to say said said a spune
to see saw seen a vedea
to seek sought sought a cauta
to sell sold sold a vinde
to send sent sent a trimite
to set set set a fixa, a regla
to sew sewed sewn (sewed) a coase
a scutura,
to shake shook shaken
a clatina
to shave shaved shaven a se barbieri
to shed shed shed a varsa (lacrimi)
to shine shone shone a straluci
a icalta,
to shoe shod shod
a potcovi
to shoot shot shot a împusca
to show showed shown a arata
to shrink shrank shrunk a se strange
to shut shut shut a ichide
to sing sang sung a canta
to sink sank sunk a se scufunda
to sit sat sat a sta (pe scaun)
to slay slew slain a ucide
to sleep slept slept a dormi
to slide slid slid a aluneca
to sling slung slung a azvarli
a crapa,
to slit slit slit
a despica
to smell smelt (smelled) smelt (smelled) a mirosi
to smite smote smitten a lovi
to sow sowed sown a semana
to speak spoke spoken a vorbi
a accelera,
to speed sped sped
a goni
to spell spelt (spelled) spelt (spelled) a pronunta litera cu litera
a petrece,
to spend spent spent
a cheltui
to spill spilt spilt a varsa
a toarce,
to spin spun spun
a se roti
to spit spat spat a scuipa
to split split split a despica
to spoil spoilt spoilt a strica
to spread spread spread a itinde
to spring sprang sprung a sari, a tasni
to stand stood stodd a sta i picioare
to steal stole stolen a fura
to stick stuck stuck a ifige, a se lipi
to sting stung stung a itepa
to stink stank stunk a mirosi urat
to strike struck struck a lovi
a isira,
to string strung strung
a icorda
to strive strove striven a se stradui
to swear swore sworn a jura
to sweep swept swept a matura
to swim swam swum a inota
to swing swung swung a se legana
to take took taken a lua
to teach taught taught a ivata, a preda
to tear tore torn a rupe, a sfasia
to tell told told a spune
to think thought thought a gandi, a crede
to throw threw thrown a arunca
to thrust thrust thrust a îmbranci
to tread trod trodden a calca
to underlie underlay underlain a sustine
to understand understood understood a itelge
to upset upset upset a supara
to wake woke woken a se trezi
to wear wore worn a purta
to weave wove woven a tese
to wet wet wet a uda
to win won won a castiga
to wind wound wound a se rasuci
a frange,
to wring wrung wrung
a smulge
to write wrote written a scrie

19. VERBE CU PREPOZIŢII

To accuse of-a acuza de

To agree with-a fi de acord cu
To agree on-a fi de acord asupra
To apologize for-a.şi cere iertare pentru
To approve of something-a aproba ceva
To arrive at-a ajunge la
To ask for something-a cere ceva
To be accustomed to something-a fi familiar cu ceva
To be acquainted with-a cunoaşte,a fi obişnuit cu
To be afreid of something-a se teme de ceva
To be afreid of somebody-a se teme de cineva
To be angry with somebody-a fi supărat pe cineva
To be anxious about something-a fi îngrijorat de ceva
To be astonished at-a fi uimit(uluit) de
To be aware of – a-şi da seama de,a fi conştient de
To be characteristic of-a fi caracteristic pentru
To be close to-a fi aproape de,a fi alături de
To be confident of-a fi încrezător în
To be crauy about-a fi nebun după
To be cruel to-a fi crud cu,a fi rău faţă de,a fi crud faţă de
To be dependent on / upon-a fi dependent de
To be deprived(dipraiv) of-a fi lipsit de,a fi deposedat de
To be different(difrent)from-a fi diferit de
To be fond of-a fi legat de
To be good at-a fi bun la,a se pricepe la
To be good(kind)to-a fi amabil cu
To be grateful to-a fi recunoscător faţă de
To be indignant at-a fi indignat de
To be of opinia on that-a fi de părere că
To be bent on /upon-a fi hotărât să
To be on the move-a fi în mişcare
To be impressed by-a fi impresionat de
To be independent of-a fi independent de
To be indifferent to-a fi indiferent faţă de
To be intent on-a fi absolvit de
To be interested in-a fi interesat de
Tu be jealous of-a fi gelos pe
To be patient with-a fi răbdător cu
To be polite to-a fi politicos(civilizat)cu
To be preoccupied by-a fi preocupat de
To be proud of-a fi mândru(ă) de
To be satisfied with-a fi mulţumit cu(de)
To be sated with-a fi sătul(dezgustat)de
To be seized with-a fi prins de
To be similar to-a fi asmănător cu
To be sorry for-a-I părea rău pentru,a-şi cere scuze
To be superior to-a fi superior
To be surprised at-a fi surprins de
To be typical of-a fi caracteristic pentru
To beg for-a cerşi,a implora
To begin by-a începe prin
To belong to-a aparţine
To beware of-a se feri de,a se păzi
To boast of-a se lăuda cu,a se făli cu
To borrow from-a împrumuta de la
To call for-a cere,a necesita
To call on somebody-a vizita pe cineva
To call at a place-a trece printr-un loc
To care for-a ţine la,a-I plăcea
To compare with(to)-a compara cu
To complain of-a se plânge(văita)de
To conceal from-a se ascunde de
To congratulate on-a felicita pentru
To contribute to-a contribui la
To count /rely on upon-a se bizui /baza pe
To cure of-a vindeca de
To deal with-a se ocupa de (cu)
To defend from-a apăra de
To depend on(upond)-a depinde de
To die of-a muri de
To differ from-a diferi de
To do withaut-a face fără,a se lipsi de
To doubt of –a se îndoi de
To embark on –a participa la,a o porni într-o direcţie
To escape from-a scăpa de
To feedon-a hrăni cu
To fill with-a umple cu
To forgivefor-a ierta pentru
To glanceat-a arunca o privire la
To go to-a merge la,a se duce la
To go in for-a se prezenta la
To hope for-a spera la
To indulge in-a se deda la,a se complace în,a îndemna să
To insist on-a insista asupra
To interfere in –a interveni(amesteca) în
To intrudeon-a deranja,atulbura
To knock at-a bate la
To laugh at-a râde de
To laughwith joy-a râde de bucurie
To leavefor-a pleca la
To lend to somebody-a da împrumut cuiva
To live on-a trăi din,a trăi cu
To long for-a tânji după
To look at-a privi la
To look after-a avea grijă de,a îngriji de
To look for-a căuta
To look into-a examina
To look like-a semăna cu
To look on-a considera
To look to-a se îngriji de
To meet with-a întâmpina
To mistake for-a confunda cu,a lua drept
To move from………to………-a se muta din……….la……….
To object to-a obiecta asupra(împotriva)
To part with-a se despărţi de
To participate in-a participa la
To pass for-a trece drept
To peep at-a privi pe furiş la
To pine for-a tânji după
To play at-a se juca de-a
To prevent from-a împiedica să,a opri să
To profit by something-a profita de ceva
To protect from-a proteja de,a apăra de
To provide with-a înzestra cu
To pull at-a trage la
To put in practice-a pune în practică
To recover from – a-şi reveni după,a se face bine după
To refer to-a se referi la
To refrain from-a se abţine de la
To remind somebody of something-a aminti cuiva de ceva
To resort to somebody-a se adresa cuiva,a apela la cineva
To retire from-a se retrage din
To reproach somebody of something-a reproşa cuiva ceva
To rush at something-a se repezi la ceva
To see to-a se îngriji de,a se ocupa de
To send for-a trimite după
To separate from-a separa de
To smell of-a mirosi a
To stand for – a reprezenta,a lua apărarea
To stare at-a se uita fix la,a privi fix la
To start for-a porni către(spre)
To substract from-a scădea din
To succeed in in-a reuşi să
To supply with-a aproviziona cu
To take into account-a lua în seamă
To take into consideration-a lua în consideraţie
To taste of-a avea gust de
To tell from-a deosebi de
To think about(of)-a se gândi la
To transform(change) into-a transforma(schimba)în
To threaten with-a ameninţa cu
To translate from…into…-a traduce din ………în………
To wait for somebody-a aştepta pe cineva
To worry about – a-şi face griji în privinţa

20. ZILELE SAPTAMANII , LUNILE SI ANOTIMPURILE

1. Zilele saptamanii (Days of the week)

Zilele saptamanii (Days of the week) in limba engleza se scriu întotdeauna cu literă mare (sunt
substantive proprii în limba engleză). Enumerarea zilelor săptămânii, calendarele, etc. încep cu
duminică (Sunday).
Sunday - duminica
Monday - luni
Tuesday - marti
Wednesday - miercuri
Thursday - joi
Friday - vineri
Saturday - sambata
- Exemple cu propozitii:
Every Sunday she goes to church. - In fiecare duminica ea merge la biserica.
We have English classes on Tuesday and on Thursday. - Avem ore de engleză martea si joia.
On Friday I visit my parents. - Vinerea imi vizitez parintii.

2. Lunile anului (Months of the year)

Ca si zilele saptamanii, lunile anului (Months of the year) in limba engleza se scriu întotdeauna cu
literă mare (sunt substantive proprii în limba engleză).
January - ianuarie
February - februarie
March - martie
April - aprilie
May - mai
June - iunie
July - iulie
August - august
September - septembrie
October - octombrie
November - noiembrie
December - decembrie
- Exemple cu propozitii:
May is a wonderful month. - Mai este o luna minunata.
His birthday is in October. - Ziua lui de nastere este in octombrie.
On July I go to the mountain. - In iulie merg la munte.

3. Anotimpuri (Seasons)
Anotimpurile (The seasons) in limba engleza sunt urmatoarele:
spring - primavara
summer - vara
autumn - toamna
winter - iarna
- Exemple cu propozitii:
The spring months are March, April and May - Lunile de primăvară sunt martie, aprilie si mai.
I like all seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter. - Imi plac toate anotimpurile: primavara,
vara, toamna si iarna.

21. EXPRIMAREA DATEI SI OREI

1. Exprimarea datei
In limba engleza data se exprima folosind numeralul ordinal. Cand exprimam data completa cu
ziua, prepozitia este ON ; daca exprimam data doar cu luna sau anul prepozitia este IN.
La exprimarea datei se foloseste numeralul ordinal, acesta poate fi asezat inaintea sau dupa numele
lunii.
Daca numeralul ordinal precede denumirea lunii, acesta este urmat de "of".
Ex.: I was born on the 7th of July 1996. - M-am nascut pe 7 Iulie 1976.
Daca numeralul ordinal este asezat dupa denumirea lunii, "of" este omis.
Ex.: I was born on April (the) 7th. - M-am nascut pe 7 Iulie.
În engleza americana ordinea obisnuita este luna, ziua, anul.
 Ex.: 05.02.1981 - May the 2nd 1981.
In engleza britanica ordinea este ziua, luna, anul.
Ex.: 15.05.1981 - 15th of May 1981.
- Anii se citesc cu ajutorul miilor sau a sutelor (stil oficial), ori a zecilor (in limba vorbita). De
exemplu, 1996 se poate citi:
1. one thousand nine hundread and ninety-six (o mie noua sute nouaazeci si sase)
sau
2. nineteen hundread and ninety-six (nouasprezece sute nouazeci si sase)
ori
3. nineteen ninety-six (nouasprezece nouazeci si sase)
Anul 2000 se citeste "two thousand".

Atentie
Cifra zero se poate citi : zero, oh, nil, nothing sau love.
zero - în matematică si indicarea temperaturii
oh - la numerele de telefon
nil si nothing - pentru exprimarea scorului la fotbal
love - în tenis
Exemple:
It is four degrees below zero. = Sunt minus patru grade.
Dial 6070... = Formează six-oh-seven-oh...
Leeds United won 4-0 (four nil sau four to nothing). = Leeds a câstigat cu 4:0.
Nastase leads by 30:0 (thirty-love). = Nastase conduce cu 30:0.

2. Exprimarea orei (timpului cronologic)

In exprimarea timpului cronologic se foloseste forma "o'clock", iar propozitia incepe de obicei cu
pronumele "It".
It is ten o'clock. = E ora zece.
It is five o 'clock sharp. = Este cinci fix.
- O'clock se foloseste numai cu ora fixa.
- Jumătatea de oră se exprimă prin "half", iar sfertul de oră prin "(a) quarter".
- Pentru a indica fractiunile de ore pâna la "si jumatate" se mentioneaza numarul minutelor urmat
de prepozitia "past" si de ora respectiva.
Ex.: It is ten (minutes) past nine. = Este (ora) 9 si 10 (minute).
- Fractiunile între jumatate si ora urmatoare se redau în limba engleza spunânând numarul
minutelor, prepozitia "to" si apoi ora.
Ex.: It is twenty (minutes) to six. = Este sase fara 20 (de minute).
- În engleza americana se folosesc si prepozitiile "after" si "before" în loc de "past" si "to".
8:10 - It is ten (minutes) after 8.
8:40 - It is twenty (minutes) before 9.
- In engleza americana, pentru jumatate de ora se foloseste expresia cu "thirty" dupa ora. Ex.:
8:30 - It's eight thirty.
Se practică exprimarea orei si în felul următor: Ex.: 2:15 – two fifteen (doi si un sfert)
Alte exemple:
It is ten (minutes) past eight. = Este opt si zece.
It is a quarter past nine. = Este nouă si un sfert.
It is half past nine. = Este nouă si jumătate.
It is twenty (minutes) to ten. = Este zece fără douăzeci.
It is quarter to ten. = Este zece fără un sfert.
 22. FALSE FRIENDS

Sunt numite “false friends” acele traduceri greşite de cuvinte şi expresii din două limbi diferite,
care se datorează asemănării fonetice. Acestea pot reprezenta o dificultate pentru cei ce învaţă o
limbă străină, în special una legată de limba maternă, pentru că elevii tind să identifice greşit
cuvintele, din cauza interferenţei lingvistice. Pentru că „false friends” sunt o problemă des întâlnită
pentru cei ce învaţă o limbă străină, profesorii scriu adeseori liste de „false friends” pentru a veni
în ajutorul elevilor.

În limba engleză Traducere greşită în Traducere corectă în limba

limba română română
Actual actual real, adevǎrat
Actually actual de fapt
adept adept expert
advertisement avertisement reclamă, anunţ publicitar
apology apologie scuză
arm armă braţ
ballot balot vot
ban ban interdicţie
box box cutie
bucket buchet găleată
camera cameră (de apartament) cameră (de fotografiat)
car car maşină
character caracter personaj
chef chef bucătar şef
commercial comercial reclamă
curve curve curbă
cutie cutie drăguţică
crime crimă infracţiune
deposit depozit avans
editor editor redactor
engaged angajat logodit
eventually eventual în cele din urmă
excited excitat agitat, emoţionat
fabric fabrică stofă, ţesătură
far far departe
feud feudă gâlceavă
fund fund fond
gymnasium gimnaziu sală de gimnastică
infatuation infatuare pasiune, dragoste nebună, zăpăcire
lack lac lipsă
library librărie bibliotecă
magazine magazine revistă
mare mare iapă
nervous nervos emoţionat
novel nuvelă roman
ordinary ordinar obişnuit, uzual
plane plan avion
pregnant pregnant gravidă
prize prize premiu
preservative prezervativ conservant
process proces procedură
prospect prospect perspectivă
scholar şcolar cărturar
sensible sensibil rezonabil, raţional
sever sever a despărţi, a despica
slut slută curvă
stamina stamină rezistenţă, vitalitate
sympathetic simpatic milos

23. UNITATI DE MASURA (MEASURES)

1 inch (in.) = 2,54 cm = 1/36 yard = 1/12 foot

12 inches = 1 foot = 30,48 cm = 0,3048 m
3 feet (ft.) = 1 yard = 91 cm = 0,91 m = 1 yd
1 mile = 1,760 yards = 1609,35 m
1 mile = 80 chains
1 link = 7.92 inches = 20,1168 cm
1 chain = 100 links = 20,1168 m
1 furlong= 10 chains = 200,11 m
1 rod = 5,029 m
1 league = 3 miles
1 fanthom= 6 feet = 1,82 m
1 cable = 608 feet = 185,31 m
1 sea mile = 6,080 feet = 1851,85 m

24. SEMNELE MATEMATICE

a. Semnele matematice
+ plus = and = plus
Empty set = miltime vida
- minus = minus
Pi ˂pai˂ = 3.14
× multiplied = inmultit
Angle = unghi
: dedided by = impartit la
ˊ = minute = minut
˝= second = secunda
= equal to = agal cu
Log = logarithm = logarithm
< less than = mai mic decat
> more than = mai mare decat
Triangle = triunghi
Less than or equal to = mai mic sau egal cu
Infinity = inifinit
More than or qual to = mai mare sau egal cu
Square root = radacina patrata
|| = parallel to = parallel cu
Perpendicular to = perpendicular pe
% = percentage sign = la suta (procent)
5% = five per cent = cinci la suta
5.5% = five point five per cent = cinci virgule cinci la suta

b. operatiuni aritmetice
2+2=4 two plus/and two makes/equals/is/are four = doi plus doi fac patru
10-2=8 ten minus two makes/equals eight
5×5=25 five times five makes/is twenty-five
4×3=12 four threes are twelve = three fours are twelve
25:5=5 five into twenty makes/equals five = twenty-five divided by five is five