Guide to the Design of Diaphragms, Chords

Part No.

1
and Collectors Based on the 2006 IBC and
ASCE/SEI 7-05
•Design Guide Overview
•Introduction to Four-Story
Concrete Building Example
•Diaphragm Demand – SDC B
•Diaphragm Design – SDC B
•Diaphragm Design (with
Opening) – SDC B
Timothy W. Mays, Ph.D., P.E.
•Collector Design – SDC B
Associate Professor •Discussion of SDCs C, D, E,
The Citadel and F

Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors

Design Guide Overview
Topics covered:
• General Overview
• Concrete Diaphragms
• Wood Diaphragms
• Metal Deck Diaphragms
• Concrete Slab on Metal Deck Diaphragms
• Chord and Collector Detailing

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

1
Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors
Introduction to Four-Story Concrete Building Example
• Concrete framed (beams, girders, and columns) building
• 12 in thick reinforced concrete shear walls resist lateral loads
• 6 ½ in. normal weight reinforced concrete slab (all floors and roof)

Interior beams 21 x 24
Perimeter beams 21 x 24
Interior girders 24 x 28
Exterior columns 21 x 21
Interior columns 24 x 24

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors

Introduction to Four-Story Concrete Building Example
3D Model and Section:

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

2
Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors
Introduction to Four-Story Concrete Building Example
Typical Floor Plan:

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors

Introduction to Four-Story Concrete Building Example
Second Floor Plan with Opening:

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

3
Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors
Introduction to Four-Story Concrete Building Example
Given Information:
• The example building has Occupancy Category II in accordance with Table
1-1 of ASCE/SEI 7-05. (I=1.0)
• Seismic weights:

• Material properties:

• Base shear:

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors

Introduction to Four-Story Concrete Building Example
Other Information:
• The redundancy factor, ρ, is equal to 1.0 in accordance with ASCE/SEI 7-05
Section 12.3.4.1 for Seismic Design Category B or C.
• Note that in this example the COM and COR are concurrent due to the
symmetrical nature of the structure.

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

4
Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors
Diaphragm Demand – SDC B
Floor Demand – All Floors:
• The diaphragm design forces must be calculated at each level, as follows:

• The diaphragm design force at each level need not exceed:

• The diaphragm design force at each level shall not be less than:

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors

Diaphragm Demand – SDC B
Floor Demand – All Floors:

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

5
Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors
Diaphragm Demand – SDC B
Floor Demand – All Floors:

fx
fpx = γfx
Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors

Diaphragm Demand – SDC B
Third Floor Demand:

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

6
Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors
Diaphragm Demand – SDC B
Third Floor Demand:
• Based on ASCE/SEI 7-05 Section 12.3.1.2, a rigid diaphragm must have a
span-to-depth ratio of less than 3 and no horizontal irregularities should
exist.
• The diaphragm is rigid for this example.
• Rigid diaphragm analysis - assumes that there are no relative horizontal
displacements within the diaphragm; no internal strains, and therefore no
internal stresses.
• The distribution of forces within the diaphragm can not be captured in a
rigid diaphragm analysis performed by a computer program.
• Can use plate elements to model diaphragm.
• An approximate and simple analytical model is proposed in this example.

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors

Diaphragm Demand – SDC B
Third Floor Demand:

Gridline B – Shear wall forces Gridline F – Shear wall forces

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

7
Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors
Diaphragm Demand – SDC B
Third Floor Demand:

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors

Diaphragm Demand – SDC B
Third Floor Demand:

fx

fpx = γfx
fpx = 1.49fx

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

8
Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors
Diaphragm Demand – SDC B
Third Floor Demand:

Shear diagram (k)

Moment diagram (k-ft)

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors

Diaphragm Demand – SDC B
Third Floor Demand – Maximum Shear Force in Diaphragm:
• The maximum shear occurs at gridline F. With a collector in place of length
LdF, the maximum shear is:

Shear diagram (k)

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

9
Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors
Diaphragm Demand – SDC B
Third Floor Demand – Maximum Chord Force in Diaphragm:
• The maximum chord force is obtained from the moment diagram.
Assuming an approximate center-to-center distance between chord
elements of 95 percent of the total diaphragm depth, the maximum chord
force is:

Moment diagram (k-ft)

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors

Diaphragm Demand (with Opening) – SDC B
Second Floor Demand:

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

10
Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors
Diaphragm Demand (with Opening) – SDC B
Second Floor Demand:
• Based on ASCE/SEI 7-05 Section 12.3.1.2, a rigid diaphragm must have a
span-to-depth ratio of less than 3 and no horizontal irregularities should
exist.
• The diaphragm is rigid for this example since the opening does not create
an irregularity (doesn’t apply for SDC B anyway).

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors

Diaphragm Demand (with Opening) – SDC B
Second Floor Demand:

Gridline B – Shear wall forces Gridline F – Shear wall forces

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

11
Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors
Diaphragm Demand (with Opening) – SDC B
Second Floor Demand:

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors

Diaphragm Demand (with Opening) – SDC B
Second Floor Demand:

fx

fpx = γfx
fpx = 2.49fx

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

12
Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors
Diaphragm Demand (with Opening) – SDC B
Second Floor Demand:

Shear diagram (k)

Moment diagram (k-ft)

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors

Diaphragm Demand (with Opening) – SDC B
Second Floor Demand – Maximum Shear Force in Diaphragm:
• The maximum shear is the larger shear occurring at gridline F and gridline
E.

Shear diagram (k)

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

13
Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors
Diaphragm Demand (with Opening) – SDC B
Second Floor Demand – Maximum Chord Force in Diaphragm:
• The primary chord force is obtained from the moment diagram. Assuming
an approximate center-to-center distance between chord elements of 95
percent of the total diaphragm depth, the primary chord force is:

Moment diagram (k-ft)

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors

Diaphragm Demand (with Opening) – SDC B
Second Floor Demand – Maximum Chord Force in Diaphragm:
• The secondary chord forces are calculated based on the internal moment in
the diaphragm segment adjacent to the opening.
• Idealizing the segment above the opening as a beam with fixed ends, the
applied loading is approximated based on the relative mass of each
segment.
• Since the building is symmetric and the opening is located directly in its
center, the applied loading on each segment will be equal to half of the
overall applied trapezoidal load over this portion of the diaphragm

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

14
Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors
Diaphragm Demand (with Opening) – SDC B
Second Floor Demand – Maximum Chord Force in Diaphragm:

w1 = 0.916 klf
w2 = 1.14 klf

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors

Diaphragm Demand (with Opening) – SDC B
Second Floor Demand – Maximum Chord Force in Diaphragm:

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

15
Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors
Diaphragm Demand (with Opening) – SDC B
Second Floor Demand – Maximum Chord Force in Diaphragm:
• The secondary chord forces are obtained from the moment diagram.
Assuming an approximate center-to-center distance between chord
elements of 95 percent of the total diaphragm depth, the secondary chord
force at the center of the segment span is:

Moment diagram (k-ft)

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors

Diaphragm Demand (with Opening) – SDC B
Second Floor Demand – Maximum Chord Force in Diaphragm:
• The secondary chord forces are obtained from the moment diagram.
Assuming an approximate center-to-center distance between chord
elements of 95 percent of the total diaphragm depth, the secondary chord
force at the end of the segment span is:

Moment diagram (k-ft)

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

16
Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors
Diaphragm Demand (with Opening) – SDC B
Second Floor Demand – Maximum Chord Force in Diaphragm:

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors

Diaphragm Design – SDC B
Third Floor Diaphragm Shear Check at Gridline F:
• The design shear strength of the 6 ½ inch-thick concrete floor slab is
calculated as follows:

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

17
Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors
Diaphragm Design – SDC B
Third Floor Diaphragm Chord Design:
• The design tension strength of the reinforcement is calculated as:

• Provide one #6 bar at the slab edge (As = 0.44 in2)

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors

Diaphragm Design – SDC B
Third Floor Diaphragm Chord Design:

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

18
Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors
Diaphragm Design (with Opening) – SDC B
Second Floor Diaphragm Shear Check at Gridline F:
• The design shear strength of the 6 ½ inch-thick concrete floor slab is
calculated as follows:

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors

Diaphragm Design (with Opening) – SDC B
Second Floor Diaphragm Chord Design:
• The design tension strength of the reinforcement is calculated as:

• Provide one #6 bar at the slab edge (As = 0.44 in2)

• Secondary chord reinforcement required for negative moment adjacent to
opening:

• Provide one #5 bar at the slab edge (As = 0.31 in2)

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

19
Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors
Diaphragm Design (with Opening) – SDC B
Second Floor Diaphragm Chord Design:

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors

Collector Design – SDC B
Third Floor Diaphragm Collector Design:
• The collector should be designed for:

• The load combination used in the collector design for Seismic Design
Category B is in accordance with ASCE/SEI 7-05 Section 12.4.2.3:

• Collector beam must be designed as a beam-column

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

20
Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors
Collector Design – SDC B
Third Floor Diaphragm Collector Design:
• Determine axial force (k) distribution in collector:

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors

Discussion of SDCs C, D, E, and F
• Irregularities may apply in higher SDCs.
• ASCE/SEI Section 12.11.2.2.1 addresses the requirements of continuous
ties or struts between diaphragm chords for Seismic Design Categories C
through F. This is not required in the example for Seismic Design Category
B. It should be noted that in the case of a concrete diaphragm with beams,
as in this example, the above requirement is satisfied automatically as
these elements act integrally.
• An additional requirement, which applies for Seismic Design Categories C
through F, is the application of load combinations with the overstrength
factor (Ω0) in accordance with ASCE/SEI Section 12.10.2.1 for the design of
collector elements, splices, and connections.

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

21
Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors
Discussion of SDCs C, D, E, and F
SEAOC Seismology Committee’s Draft Recommendations (2008):

Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC

22