CHAPTER 4

EQUIPMENT AND PROCESS CONTROL DESIGN

4.1 Characteristics of Influent and Effluent

Based on the available data given by Metropolitan Tuguegarao Water District (MTWD),

the flowrate of grey water produced from the urban and rural areas of Barangay Carig Norte and

Sur with an estimated population of 7000 people. Data gathered showed that the sewage produced

from each person was 60 L/person/day. The treated wastewater will be received by a water body

belonging to Class C which will be used for agriculture, irrigation and livestock watering (DAO,

2016). The physical and chemical constituents of the influent and effluent are shown in Table 3.1.

Table 4.1 Physical and chemical characteristics of influent and effluent

Receiving Water
Constituents Grey Water (Influent) Unit
(Effluent)

BOD5 200 5-7 mg/L

Color Gray 75 (TCU)

o
Temperature 13-32 25-31 C

Total Suspended Solids 200 80 mg/L

pH 7.5 6.5-9.0

Nitrate as NO3-N 0.5 7 mg/L

Fecal coliform 30x106 200 MPN/100 mL

 To meet the physical and chemical characteristics of the receiving water, the influent must

undergo a secondary water treatment using the conventional activated sludge process. This process

is the most versatile and widely used biological process of municipal waters and is low-cost

(Corbitt, 2004). The parameters that should be addressed in designing an activated sludge process

is shown in Table 3.2.

Table 4.2 Design Parameters for Convential Activated Sludge Reactor

Parameter Typical value

Organic loading 25–50 lb BOD5/day/1000 ft3 (0.4–0.8 kg BOD5/day/m3)

MLSS 1500–4000 mg/L

F/M ratio 0.2–0.5 lb BOD5/day/lb MLSS (0.2–0.5 kg BOD5/day/kg MLSS)

Detention time 4–8 h

Recycle 50–100%

Air supply

Diffused aeration 800–1500 scf/lb BOD5 removed (50–95 m3/kg BOD5 removed)

Mechanical aeration 0.8–1.1 lb O2/lb BOD5 removed (0.8–1.1 kg O2/kg BOD5

removed)

Mean Cell Residence 5–10 days

Time

Waste sludge 0.4–0.6 lb/lb BOD, removed (0.4–0.6 kg/kg BOD, removed)

Source: Corbitt, 2004

4.2 Activated Sludge Reactor

For the design of a conventional activated sludge reactor (CASP), the following data were

used.

Given:

Population = 7000 people

Individual sewage rate = 60 L/person/day

Flowrate= 60L/person/day(0.001)(7000)= 420 m3/day

Total nitrogen = 40 mg/L

Total phosphate = 15 mg/L

BOD5 concentration = 53g/person/day(1person/day/60L)(1000)=883 mg/L

BOD5/BODu = 1.04

Total Volatile Solids = 425 mg/L

Total Suspended Solids = 800 mg/L

Assumptions:

Mean Cell Residence Time, θc = 10 days

Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids, MLSS = 3000 mg/L

Recirculation Rate, Xr = 10,000 mg/L

Y = 0.23

Decay constant Kd = 0.07 per day

Specific substrate utilization rate, q = (0.038 mg/l)-1 (h)-1

Assume 35% BOD removal in primary clarifier therefore BOD5 going into aeration tank

is 883(1-0.35) = 574 mg/L

Width to depth ratio = 1.2-2.2

Calculations:

Effluent BOD5 concentration

Substrate Concentrat ion, S 

1
1 /  c  K d   1
(1 / 10  0.07)
qY 0.038(0.6)
S  7.46 mg/L

VSS 425
  0.53
SS 800
Assume biodegrada ble fraction in VSS is 0.7 and BOD 5 of effluent is 20mg/L

BOD 5 of VSS in effluent  0.7(0.5)(2 0)  7mg/L

Total BOD 5 in effluent  7.46  7  14.46 mg/L

Reactor Volume

QY c (S o  S) 420(0.23)(10)(574  14.46)

Vr  
(1  K d  c )X (1  0.07(10))(3000)

Vr  106 m 3

Volume of excess solids, Qw

Vr X 106(3000)
Qw  
 c X r 10(10000)

m3
Q w  3.18
day

Mass of excess solids

kg
Q w X r  3.18(10)  31.8
day

Recycled wasted sludge, Qr

QX  Q w X r 420(3000)  31.8(10000)
Qr  
Xr  X 10000  3000

kg
Q r  134.57
day
Recirculation Ratio

Q r 134.57
R 
Q 420 .
R  0.32

Aeration time

Vr 106(24)
t   6.06 h
Q 420

Food to microorganism ratio

Q(S o  S) 420(574  14.46)

F/ M  
Vr X 106(3000)

kg BOD 5
F / M  0.74
kg MLSS day

Oxygen Requirement

Q(S0  S)
O 2 required   1.42Q w X r
BOD 5 / BOD u

420(0.574 - 0.01446)
O 2 required   1.42(3.18)(10)
1.04
kg
O 2 required  180.81
day

BOD removal efficiency

So  S 883  14.46
% BOD removal  (100)  (100)
So 883

% BOD removal  98.4%

Reactor dimensions

Assume width to depth ratio = 1.5 and depth = 4.5 m

w  1.5(4.5m)
w  6.75m
4.3 Secondary clarifier

Basis: Flowrate, Q = 420 m3/day

Calculations:

Surface Area

QC 420
A  ; assume overflow rate  20.35m 3 / m 2 / day
OR 20.35
A  20.64m 2

Volume

Assume automatic sludge removal therefore detention time, t = 4h

V  Qt  420(4h )(1day / 24h )

V  70m 3

Depth

V 70
d 
A 20.64
d  3.39m

Width and Length

V 70
W 
4d 4(3.39)

W  2.27 m
L  4 W  4(2.27)
L  9.08m

Cross-sectional Area

A x  Wd  2.27(3.39)

A x  7.70m 2
 References
Corbitt, R. A. (2004). Standard Handbook of Environmental Engineering. McGraw-Hill.
DENR-EMB. (2016, May 24). Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Standards of 2016.
DENR ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 2016-08. Quezon City, Philippines: Official
Gazette.