Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Testing of rock
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Laboratory tests for testing of rock samples:
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[a] Index test & indirect strength test :
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Fig. 7.2: Point-load index test & Schmidt (rebound)
hammer test
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Irregular block sample placed in between pointed
loading platens
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Slake durability index test apparatus
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Aggregate sample for Slake durability test
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Slaking (disintegration) of rock sample after test
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Sonic velocity test on core sample (non-destructive
test, sample can be used for other test)
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Disc-shaped sample for Brazilian Test.
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Mode of failure of sample – ‘diametrical fracture’
indicating the association of tensile stress
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Point-load Index test:
Is a quick & simple test to undertake. Sample can be
core (teras) or irregular block. Equipment is easy to
handle and portable. Test can be undertaken on site.
Data obtained is an index (indicator) for strength of
sample tested.
A simple test & therefore, no constraint on number of
test.
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Irregular block sample
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Core sample obtained rock drilling
Log10 JCS = 0.00088 (γ) (R) + 1.01 (Broch & Franklin, 1972).
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Schmidt / Rebound Hammer test
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Weathered
rock (Grade Fresh rock
II to III): (Grade I):
R = JCS ≠ UCS R = JCS ≈ UCS
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Ultrasonic velocity test
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Name of test Data obtained and indication
Uniaxial compressive Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS). Indication on
test (UCT). strength and resistance against loading and
fracturing.
Point-load index Is (can be converted to UCS). Indication is similar
strength. to UCS
Slake durability index Isd (Slake durability Index). Indication on
test. resistance against slaking (pemeroian) and degree
of bonding between mineral grains. Resistance
against weathering.
Schmidt / Rebound R (Rebound Number). Indication on surface
hammer test. hardness (strength) and resistance against impact
and abrasion. R is related to UCS
Tensile strength Tensile strength (T). Indication on resistance
against fracturing and degree of bonding mineral
grains.
Ultrasonic Veolcity Vp (P-wave velocity). Indication on denseness and
Test compactness.
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[b] Direct strength test:
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Universal compression machine, equipped with closed-
circuit servo-controlled unit (3000 kN capacity)
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Digital controller for input of test parameters into
testing program e.g. strain-rate & maximum load etc.
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Preparation of rock core sample using laboratory
coring machine (tungsten carbide coring bit)
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Coring of rock block in laboratory – to obtain cylindrical
sample 54 mm diameter & 108 mm height
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Trimming of core sample to the required height or
length using diamond disc cutter.
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Prepared core samples – 54mm dia. & 108mm height.
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Prepared core samples – 54mm dia. & 108mm ht.
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Uniaxial compression test:
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Electric foil strain gauges (20 - 30 mm gauge length)
to measure strains
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Uniaxial and lateral strain vs. normal stress
160
140
120
80
60
40
20
0
-0.15 -0.05 0.05 0.15 0.25 0.35
Strain (%)
σa
( )
120 σc = 104 MPa
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Slope = Es
σc/2
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Rock type Elastic modulus, Poisson’s
E (GPa) ratio, ν
Andesite, Basalt 60 0.20
Gabbro, Dolerite 90 0.20
Coal 3 0.42
Dolomite 70 0.15
Gneiss 60 0.24
Granite 60 0.22
Limestone 70 0.30
Quartzite 80 0.17
Sandstone 20 0.15
Shale 12 0.10
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Failure under uniaxial compression test:
Stress (MPa)
Sample A
Sample B
Strain (%)
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Modes of failure of rock sample under loading
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Fracture planes in failed rock sample
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Fracture planes in failed rock sample
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Triaxial Compression test:
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Hoek’s Cell for use in triaxial compression test
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Test set-up for triaxial compression test
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Direct shear test:
Shear test is to evaluate shear strength & shear
behaviour of weakness plane in rock (not shearing of
the intact rock material)
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Joint is the weakest point in this core sample, sliding or
shearing is likely to occur along this fracture
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Typical roughness profile & index (JRC) of joint surface
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Estimation of joint shear strength:
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Typical roughness profiles and JRC number
Smooth Basic + 20
Defined ridges Basic + 60
Small steps Basic + 100
Very rough Basic + 140
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Frequently asked questions
Why joint is susceptible to weathering?
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Portable shear box apparatus suitable for test on
core sample (Roctest Phi – 10)
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Large shear box apparatus
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Shear box section for rectangular sample
size 150 × 220 × 220 mm (H × L × B)
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In situ or field test:
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In situ or field test:
Figure 7.5: [a] & [b] shear test configuration; loading &
displacement. [c] & [d] type of shearing behaviour for
unstable rock block in different situations.
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Roughness of joint surface may induce dilation during
shearing of joint blocks. Dilation is the vertical
displacement that leads to joint opening.
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Texture of joint surface – roughness (kekasaran)
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Properties of rock determined in laboratory & field:
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Fresh rock (weathering grade I)
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Strength Reduction Factor (SRF): Effect of different
weathering grades ( I to V) on strength of rock.
Grade VI is soils!
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