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• Modern discipline, which integrates acquisition, • The science and art of making all essential
modelling, analysis, and management of spatially measurement in space to determine the relative
referenced data, i.e. data identified according to positions and points and/or physical and cultural
their locations. details above, on, or beneath the earth’s surface
and to depict them in usable form, or to establish
the position of points and/ or details.(ASCE &
• It uses terrestrial, marine, airborne, and satellite- ACSM)
based sensors to acquire spatial and other data. It
normally transforms the spatially referenced data
from different sources into common information
systems.
Plane surveying
• To prepare a topographical map.
• The curvature of earth is not taken into consideration. Thus it
• To prepare an engineering map is treats as a flat plane.
• To prepare a military map • The instrument is always leveled according to the center of
the earth (gravity level/plumb bob).
• To prepare a contour map
• Only appropriate for smaller areas.
• To prepare a geological map (less than 250 km2)
• To prepare an archeological map.
• To prepare a cadastral map Geodetic surveying
• The curvature of the earth is taken into consideration.
• Used for the area exceeding the 250 km2
• Used mostly for national mapping programs/national
boundaries.
• Very precise surveys of great magnitude.
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Preliminary survey
• Data gathering • The basic principle of surveying is to be able to
• Geospatial data – distances, position and angles work out the position of a point from some other
• Locate physical position- water boundaries, trees, roads, structure,
property marker
point or points, positioning from the known features
• Determination of difference in elevation (vertical distance) to the unknown ones.
Layout survey
• Marking on the ground – wood stakes, iron bars, concrete
monuments, nails, spikes, etc…
• Property lines, engineering works (roads, pipelines, bridges) and
construction surveying
Control survey
• Use as reference both preliminary and layout survey.
• Horizontal and Vertical control (benchmarks)
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Property surveys
Topographic surveys • Preliminary, layout and control survey
• Preliminary survey-natural & manmade involve in determine boundary
surface features of an area. location/laying out new property boundary
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Geographic reference
• Earth reference system – denoted by geographic lines of latitude and longitude
• Latitude - run east/west (parallel to equator)
• Longitude – run north/south converging at the pole
• Use in navigation and geodesy
Grid reference
• Grid system for a states/province
• Ease of calculation (plane geometry) and availability datum for large area
(thousand miles)
Legal reference
• Township subdivide by section and ranges (lot) that unique numbered
Vertical reference
• Can be reference to any datum. Datum most used are Mean Sea Level (MSL).
• MSL is assigned an elevation of 0 ft or 0 meter.