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WCDMA Access Procedure

Review

Access is associated with the call setup success


rate of the network. Mastering the access
procedure can increase this KPI with the access
parameters optimization.
Objectives

Upon completion of this course,you will be able to:

 Know the detailed access


procedure in UMTS

 Know how to optimize the


access procedure
Course Contents

Random access procedure

RRC setup procedure

RAB setup procedure


Random access procedure

 Physical channel about access

 Random access procedure

 Parameters optimization
PRACH access slot
radio frame: 10 ms radio frame: 10 ms

5120 chips

Access slot #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14

Random Access Transmission

Random Access Transmission

Random Access Transmission

Random Access Transmission

UE can start the random-access transmission at the beginning of a access slot

There are 15 access slots per two frames

what access slots are available is given by higher layers


Structure of the random-access transmission

P r ea m b le P r ea m b le P r ea m b le M essa g e p a r t

4 0 9 6 ch ip s
1 0 m s (on e r a d io fr a m e)

P r ea m b le P r ea m b le P r ea m b le M essa g e p a r t

4 0 9 6 ch ip s 2 0 m s (tw o r a d io fr a m es)

 Each random-access transmission consists of one or several


preambles of length 4096 chips and a message of length 10
ms or 20 ms.
 Each preamble is of length 4096 chips and consists of 256
repetitions of a signature of length 16 chips.
Structure of the random-access transmission

One access slot


Acq.
Ind.
AICH access
slots RX at UE

τp-a
Pre- Pre-
amble amble Message part
PRACH access
slots TX at UE

τp-p τp-m

The preamble-to-preamble distance τp-p shall be larger than or


equal to the minimum preamble-to-preamble distance
τp-p,min .
Structure of the random-access transmission

when AICH_Transmission_Timing is set to 0


τp-p,min = 15360 chips (3 access slots)
τp-a = 7680 chips
τp-m = 15360 chips (3 access slots)
when AICH_Transmission_Timing is set to 1, then
τp-p,min = 20480 chips (4 access slots)
τp-a = 12800 chips
τp-m = 20480 chips (4 access slots)
The parameter AICH_Transmission_Timing is
signalled by higher layers.
Random access procedure

 Physical channel about access

 Random access procedure

 Parameters optimization
Concepts in random access procedure

 Preamble Signature

 AC (Access Class)

 ASC (Access Service Class)

 RACH sub channels

 Access slot set


Preamble Signature
The preamble signature corresponding to a signatures consists of 256 repetitions of a length

16 signature Ps(n) shown as the following table. UE gets signature from system info type5.
Preamble Value of n
signature 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
P0(n) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
P1(n) 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
P2(n) 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1
P3(n) 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1
P4(n) 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1
P5(n) 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1
P6(n) 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1
P7(n) 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1
P8(n) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
P9(n) 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1
P10(n) 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1
P11(n) 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1
P12(n) 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1
P13(n) 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1
P14(n) 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1
P15(n) 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1
Access Class

The SIMs/USIMs of all the UEs are allocated with one of Access Class 0~9. In addition,
one or more special access classes (Access Class 11~15) might be allocated to the
SIM/USIM storage information of the UEs with high priority, as shown below:
 Access Class 15 --- PLMN Staff;
 Access Class 14 --- Emergency Services;
 Access Class 13 --- Public Utilities;
 Access Class 12 --- Security Services;
 Access Class 11 --- For PLMN Use.

Different from Access Class 0~9 and 11~15, the control information of
Access Class 10 is sent to UEs by means of air interface signalling,
indicating whether the UEs belonging to Access Class 0~9 or without IMSI
can be accessed to the network in case of emergency calls. For the UEs
with Access Class 11~15, they cannot initiate the emergency calls when
Access Class 10 and Access Class 11~15 are all barred.
Access Service Class

 The PRACH resources (access timeslots and preamble signatures in FDD


mode) can be classified into several ASCs. One ASC defines a partition of
certain PRACH resources.
 The ASCs are numbered within the range 0<= i <=7, and the maximum
number of ASCs is 8. "0" indicates the highest priority and "7" indicates the

lowest priority.

 AC to ASC mapping. In case the UE is member of several ACs it shall


select the ASC for the highest AC number.

AC 0–9 10 11 12 13 14 15
st nd rd th th th th
ASC 1 IE 2 IE 3 IE 4 IE 5 IE 6 IE 7 IE
Access Slot Set

Access slot set 1 contains PRACH slots 0 – 7 and starts τp-a chips before
the downlink P-CCPCH frame for which SFN mod 2 = 0. Access slot set 2
contains PRACH slots 8 - 14 and starts (τp-a –2560) chips before the
downlink P-CCPCH frame for which SFN mod 2 = 1.

AICH access
slots SFN mod 2 = 0 SFN mod 2 = 1

τp-a #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14

#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14

PRACH
access slots Access slot set 1 Access slot set 2

10 ms 10 ms
RACH sub channels

A RACH sub-channel defines a sub-set of the total set of uplink access

slots. There are a total of 12 RACH sub-channels.

SFN modulo 8 of Sub-channel number


corresponding P-
CCPCH frame 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 12 13 14 8 9 10 11

2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

3 9 10 11 12 13 14 8

4 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5

5 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

6 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Random access procedure
Random access procedure

Before random-access procedure, Layer 1 shall receive the


following information from the RRC layers:
 The preamble scrambling code.
 The message length in time, either 10 or 20 ms.
 The AICH_Transmission_Timing parameter [0 or 1].
 The set of available signatures and the set of available RACH sub-channels
for each ASC.
 The power-ramping factor Power Ramp Step.
 The parameter Preamble Retrans Max.
 Preamble_Initial_Power.
 The Power offset P p-m = Pmessage-control – Ppreamble.
 The set of Transport Format parameters, This includes the power offset
between the data part and the control part of the random-access message for
each Transport Format.
Random access procedure

Layer 1 shall also receive the following information from the


MAC layers :
 The Transport Format to be used for the PRACH message
part.
 The ASC of the PRACH transmission.
 The data to be transmitted .
Random access steps

1. Derive the available uplink access slots in the next full


access slot set and Randomly select one access slot .
2. Randomly select a signature from the set of available
signatures within the given ASC .
3. Set the Preamble Retransmission Counter to Preamble
Retrans Max.
4. Set the parameter Commanded Preamble Power to
Preamble_Initial_Power.
Random access steps

5. Transmit a preamble using the selected uplink access slot,


signature, and preamble transmission power.
6. Check the corresponding AI, if received positive AI, send the
message part and set L1 status “RACH message transmitted”.
If received negative AI, set L1 status “Nack on AICH received”.
7. If no AI received, select the next access slot, signature and
decrease the preamble retransmission counter by one,
increase the preamble power by power ramp step. Check if the
counter more than 0 and the preamble power less than the
maximum allowed. If true, send a preamble again. Otherwise,
set L1 status “No ack on AICH” .
Random access procedure

 Physical channel about access

 Random access procedure

 Parameters optimization
ConstantValue

 Preamble_Initial_Power = DL_Path_Loss + UL_interference +


Constant_Value. This parameter is used for the UE to estimate
the initial PRACH transmission power according to the open
loop power.
 Influence on the network performance: If this parameter is set
too big, the initial transmission power will be too big, but the
access process will become shorter; if it is set too small, the
access power will satisfy the requirements, but the preamble
requires multiple ramps, which will lengthen the access
process.
PRACH Power Ramp Step

 PRACH PowerRampStep is the ramp step of the preamble


power by the UE before it receives the NodeB capture
indication.
 Influence on the network performance: If this value is set too
big, the access process will be shortened, but the probability of
wasting power will be bigger; if it is set too small, the access
process will be lengthened, but some power will be saved. It is
a value to be weighed.
Maximum Preamble Retransmit Times

 PreambleRetransMax is the maximum preamble


retransmission times of the UE within a preamble ramp cycle.
 Influence on the network performance: If this value is set too
big, the access process will be shortened, but the probability of
wasting power will be bigger; if it is set too small, the access
process will be lengthened, but some power will be saved. It is
a value to be weighed.
Maximum Preamble Cycle Times

 Mmax defines the maximum times of the random access


preamble cycle. When the UE transmits a preamble and has
reached the maximum retransmit times
(PreambleRetransMax), if the UE has not received the capture
indication yet, it will repeat the access attempt after the
specified waiting time; but the maximum cycle times cannot
exceed Mmax.
 Influence on the network performance: If this parameter is set
too small, the UE access success rate will be influenced; if it is
set too big, the UE will probably try access attempt repeatedly
within a long time, which will increase the uplink interference.
Course Contents

Random access procedure

RRC setup procedure

RAB setup procedure


RRC Setup Procedure
Parameters optimization

 T300 and N300


 DPDCH Power Control Preamble Length (PCPreamble)
 Successive Synchronization Indication Times (NInSyncInd)
 Successive Out-of-sync Indication Times (NOutSyncInd)
 Radio Link Failure Timer Duration (TRLFailure)
 N312 and T312
 N313, N315, T313
T300 and N300

 After the UE transmits RRC CONNECTION REQUEST message, the T300


timer will be started, and the timer will be stopped after the UE receives RRC
CONNECTION SETUP message. Once the timer times out, if RRC
CONNECTION REQUEST message is retransmitted less than the number of
times specified by the constant N300, the UE repeats RRC CONNECTION
REQUEST; otherwise it will be in the idle mode.
 Influence on the network performance: The T300 setting should be
considered together with the UE, UTRAN processing delay and the
propagation delay. The bigger T300 is, the longer time the UE T300 will wait
for. The bigger N300 is, the higher success probability of the RRC connection
setup will be, and the longer RRC setup time will probably be. It will likely be
that a UE repeats the access attempt and the connection setup request
transmission, and consequently other users will be influenced seriously.
PCPreamble

 PCPreamble defines the lasting time of DPCCH transmission by the UE


before the UE transmits DPDCH.
 Influence on the network performance: At first, this parameter has been
originally used in the uplink and downlink power control convergence to
prevent the uncontrollable power of the UE at the beginning. Later, it was
considered in some proposals that NodeB needs some time to find the uplink
signal after the UE starts DPCCH transmission. This delay depends on the
searching process and the propagation delay. It makes no sense to start the
uplink DPDCH transmission process before the end of this process, because
the data cannot be received normally at this time, and data loss will occur; or,
if it is the confirmation mode, the retransmission may cause more serious data
delay. If this parameter is set improperly, it will lead to data loss and
retransmission delay, which will consequently influence the service rate and
the transmission delay.
NInSyncInd

 This parameter defines the successive synchronization indication times


required for the NodeB to trigger the radio link recovery process. The radio link
set remains in the initial state until it receives NInsyncInd successive
synchronization indications from L1, then NodeB triggers the radio link
recovery process, which indicates that the radio link set has been
synchronized. Once the radio link recovery process is triggered, the radio link
set is considered to be in the synchronized state.
 Influence on the network performance: The bigger this parameter is, the
stricter the synchronization process will be, and the more difficult the sync will
be; the smaller it is, the easier the synchronization will be. However, if the link
quality is bad, a simple synchronization requirement will lead to the waste of
the UE power and the increase of uplink interference; in the radio link
maintenance process, this parameter is used together with the successive out-
of-sync indication counter.
NOutSyncInd

 NOutSyncInd defines the successive out-of-sync indication times that are


required to receive to start the timer TRlFailure. When the radio link set is in
synchronized state, the NodeB will start the timer TRlFailure after it receives
NOutsyncInd successive out-of-sync indications. The NodeB should stop and
reset the timer TRlFailure after receiving NInsyncInd successive sync
indications. If the timer TRlFailure times out, the NodeB will trigger the radio
link failure process, and indicate the radio link set that is out-of-sync.
 Influence on the network performance: If this parameter is set too small, the
link out-of-sync decision will be likely to occur; if it is set too big, out-of-sync
will not be likely to occur, but, if the link quality is bad, it will result in waste of
the UE power and increased uplink interference. In the radio link maintenance
process, this parameter is adopted together with the successive
synchronization indication counter.
TRLFailure

 This value defines the timer TRlFailure duration. When the radio link set is in
synchronized state, NodeB should start the timer TRlFailure after it receives
NOutsyncInd successive out-of-sync indications; and NodeB should stop and
reset the timer TRlFailure after receiving NInsyncInd successive sync
indications. If the timer TRlFailure times out, NodeB will trigger the radio link
failure process, and indicate the radio link set that is out-of-sync.
 Influence on the network performance: If the timer is set too short, there will
few chances for link synchronization; if it is set too long, the radio link failure
process will probably be delayed, and the downlink interference will be
increased.
N312 and T312

 When the UE starts to set up the dedicated channel, it starts the T312 timer,
and after the UE detects N312 synchronization indications from L1, it will stop
the T312 timer. Once the timer times out, it means that the physical channel
setup has failed.
 Influence on the network performance: The bigger N312 is, the more
difficult the dedicated channel synchronization will be; the longer T312 is, the
bigger the synchronization probability will be, but the longer the
synchronization time will be.
N313, N315, T313

 After the UE detects N313 successive out-of-sync indications from L1, it will
start the T313 timer. And after the UE detects N315 successive sync
indications from L1, it will stop the T313 timer. Once the timer times out, the
radio link fails.
 Influence on the network performance: The bigger N313 is, the more
difficult it will be to start T313, which will reduce the out-of-sync probability; the
smaller N315 is, the longer T313 will be, and the bigger the link recovery
probability will be. These three parameters should be used together.
Course Contents

Random access procedure

RRC setup procedure

RAB setup procedure


RAB Setup Procedure
Appendix: MOC signaling process
N ode B S e rving
UE
S e rving R N S RNC CN

C C C H : R R C C o n ne c t io n R e q u e s t
RRC RRC

R a d io L ink S e tup R e q ue s t
N BAP
NBAP

S ta rt R X

R a d io L ink S e tup R e s p o ns e
N BAP NBAP

Q .A A L 2 E s ta blis h R e q ue s t Q .A A L 2

E s ta blis h C o nf irm
Q .A A L 2 Q .A A L 2

D o w n link S y nc h ro nis a t io n
D C H -F P D C H -F P

U p link S y nc h ro n is a t io n
D C H -F P D C H -F P

S ta rt T X

C C C H : R R C C o n ne c t io n S e tup RRC
RRC
D C C H : R R C C o nne c t io n S e tup C o m p le te
RRC RRC
D C C H : R R C C o nne c t io n S e tup C o m p le te a c k
RLC RLC
DCCH : In ita l D ir e c t T ra ns fe r
RRC RRC
Appendix: MOC signaling process

Node B Serving
UE
Serving RNS RNC CN

DCCH : Inital Direct Transfer


RRC RRC

Initial UE Message
RANAP RANAP
(CM Service Request)

RANAP Direct Transfer RANAP


(CM Service Accept)

RRC
RRC DCCH : Downlink Direct Transfer RRC

DCCH : Uplink Direct Transfer RRC


RRC
Direct Transfer
RANAP RANAP
(Setup)
Direct Transfer
RANAP RANAP
(Call Proceeding)
DCCH : Downlink Direct Transfer
RRC RRC
DCCH : Uplink Direct Transfer
RRC RRC
Appendix: MOC signaling process

Node B Serving
UE
Serving RNS RNC CN

DCCH : Downlink Direct Transfer


RRC RRC
DCCH : Uplink Direct Transfer
RRC RRC
RAB Assignment Request
RANAP RANAP
( Establishment )

Q.AAL2 Establish Request Q.AAL2

Establish Confirm
Q.AAL2 Q.AAL2
Radio Link Reconfiguration
NBAP NBAP
Prepare

NBAP Radio Link Reconfiguration NBAP


Ready
Appendix: MOC signaling process

Node B
Serving
UE Serving RNS CN
RNC

Q.AAL2 Establish Request Q.AAL2

Establish Confirm
Q.AAL2 Q.AAL2

NBAP Downlink Synchronisation NBAP

Uplink Synchronisation
NBAP NBAP

Radio Link Reconfiguration NBAP


NBAP
Commit
RRC DCCH : Radio Bearer Setup RRC

Apply new transport format set

DCCH : Radio Bearer Setup Complete


RRC RRC
DCCH : Radio Bearer Setup Complete ack
RLC RLC

RANAP RAB Assignment Response RANAP


(Establishment )
Appendix: MOC signaling process
Node B
Serving
UE Serving RNS CN
RNC

Direct Transfer
RANAP RANAP
(Alerting)
RRC DCCH : Downlink Direct Transfer
RRC
Direct Transfer RANAP
RANAP (Connect)
RRC DCCH : Downlink Direct Transfer RRC

RRC DCCH : Uplink Direct Transfer RRC


Direct Transfer
RANAP RANAP
(Connect Acknowledge)
RRC DCCH : Uplink Direct Transfer
RRC
Direct Transfer
RANAP RANAP
(Disconnect)
RANAP Direct Transfer
RANAP
(Release)
RRC DCCH : Downlink Direct Transfer RRC

RRC DCCH : Uplink Direct Transfer RRC


Direct Transfer
RANAP (Rlease Complete) RANAP
Appendix: MOC signaling process
Node B
Serving RNS Serving
UE CN
RNC

Iu Release Command
RANAP RANAP

Q.AAL2 Release Request Q.AAL2


Release Complete
Q.AAL2 Q.AAL2
DCCH : RRC Connection Release

DCCH : RRC Connection ReleaseComplete

Radio Link Deletion


NBAP
NBAP

Radio LinkDeletionComplete
NBAP NBAP

Q.AAL2 Release Request Q.AAL2


Release Complete
Q.AAL2 Q.AAL2
Iu Release Complete RANAP
RANAP
Summary

 Random access procedure: physical channels, detailed


random access procedure, access parameters optimization.
 RRC setup procedure and parameters optimization.
 RAB setup procedure and the whole UE outgoing call
procedure.

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