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Journal of GeoEngineering, Vol. 2, No.

R. 2,
N.pp. 61-71,etAugust
Hwang, 2007
al.: Toe Movements of Diaphragm Walls and Correction of Inclinometer Readings 61

TOE MOVEMENTS OF DIAPHRAGM WALLS AND CORRECTION


OF INCLINOMETER READINGS
Richard N. Hwang1, Za-Chieh Moh2, and C. H. Wang3

ABSTRACT
Inclinometer readings could be misleading if the toes of inclinometers are used as reference points for calculating wall de-
flections because the toes always move during excavation. Inclinometer readings obtained in three case histories in the Taipei
Basin are studied and procedures for calibrating inclinometer readings to account for toe movements are proposed herein. A de-
sign chart is also provided for estimating toe movements in the T2 and TK2 Zones beforehand.
Key words: Diaphragm wall, deep excavation, instrumentation, wall deflection.

1. INTRODUCTION Wall Deflection

Stage 1
As excavations go deeper and deeper, protection of adjacent
structures becomes a serious concern. Because ground settle- Stage 2
ments, which are the major source of damages to adjacent struc-
Stage 3
tures, behind walls are closely associated with wall deflections, it
is important to design walls and retaining systems to limit wall Stage 4
deflections. Although it is possible to compute wall deflections Ground Settlement Stage 5
by using computer software, the results may be unreliable be-
cause of the limitations of the numerical schemes and also be- Tolerable
cause of the difficulty in modeling complicated soil behavior. Deflection
Therefore, judgment still has to be made on the reasonableness of
point of inflexion
flection
the results obtained based on field observations.
Deflections of diaphragm walls are routinely monitored by
Inclinometer
using inclinometers which are amazingly accurate and can be Competent Stratum
considered as one of the most reliable geotechnical instruments.
However, this does not mean that inclinometers always faithfully Fig. 1 Ideal profiles of wall deflections
report wall deflections. It is usually assumed that the toes of in-
clinometers will not move and the movements at other depths are
excavation while the movements of the wall at each of the strut
computed accordingly. This assumption is certainly untrue unless
levels, once struts are preloaded, are mainly induced by the
the toes of inclinometers are embedded in competent strata for
shortening of struts and are expected to be very small. Accord-
sufficient lengths. As a result, the readings are often erroneous
ingly, it has been proposed to calibrate the readings based on the
and have to be calibrated.
assumption that walls at a specific level, say, the first or the sec-
It will be easy to calibrate inclinometer readings if the top of
ond level, will no longer move, or move inward by only small
inclinometer is monitored. But this rarely is the case. For deep
amounts, once the struts at this level are installed and preloaded
excavations in soft ground, Fig. 1 shows the results normally
(Hwang and Moh, 2007a, 2007b; Hwang et al., 2007). The valid-
expected from monitoring of wall deflections. The wall behaves
ity of this assumption is verified herein.
as a cantilever in the first stage of excavation (i.e., the 1st dig) and
significant movement would normally occur before the struts at
the first level are installed. During this stage of excavation, the 2. GEOLOGY AND GROUND CONDITIONS IN
rigidity of the wall contributes very little in reducing wall deflec-
tions. Once the struts at the first level are installed and preloaded, THE TAIPEI BASIN
the wall will behave as a plate supported at its upper end and the Three case histories are studied and the locations of the sites
rigidity of the wall starts to show its significance. In normal cases, are shown in Fig. 2. Although one of them is located in the T2
the wall will bulge inward toward the pit in subsequent stages of zone while others are located in the TK2 zone of the Taipei Basin,
Manuscript received April 9, 2007; revised May 29, 2007; accepted these 3 sites are very close to each other and thus have quite
July 26, 2007. similar ground conditions. Basically, the subsoils consist of the 6
1
Senior Vice President (corresponding author), Moh and Associ- sublayers commonly present in the Sungshan Formation. A typi-
ates, Inc., Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. (e-mail: richard.hwang@ cal CPT (cone penetration test) profile is given in Fig. 3 for the
maaconsultants.com) convenience of readers. As can be noted, the 6 sublayers in the
2
President, Moh and Associates, Inc., Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. Sungshan Formation are clearly identifiable. The properties of
(e-mail: zachieh.moh@maaconsultants.com)
3 these sublayers have been well documented in literature. Readers
Principal Engineer, Moh and Associates, Inc., Taipei, Taiwan,
R.O.C. (e-mail: ch.wang@maaconsultants.com) are advised to refer to Woo and Moh, (1991), Lee (1996), and
62 Journal of GeoEngineering, Vol. 2, No. 2, August 2007

Taipei Main Station will result in lengthening of struts and reduction in strut loads.
Danshui
Therefore, the validity of aforementioned assumption can be
River Case 1 verified by studying the performance of struts. Contrary to incli-
nometer readings which are usually reliable, strut loads are sensi-
tive to construction activities and reliable readings are very dif-
Case 3 ficult to obtain. A comprehensive monitoring program was car-
BK1 ried out and data with an excellent quality were obtained during
the construction of BL-8 Station (Shandao Temple Station) of the
TK3 BK2 Jilong River Taipei Rapid Transit Systems (Taipei Metro). It is thus possible
WL to correlate wall deflections with shortening of struts.
Figure 4 shows a site plan for the station and the cut-and-
SC
K1
cover section of tunnels to the east of the station. The station is
K3
HC K2 240 m in length and 21.5 m in width and the tunnel section is
T2 TK2 150 m in length with the same width. Excavation was carried out
B3
T1 TK1 for the station together with the tunnel section at the same time
T1
B2
B1 H2 and was carried out to the final depth of 18.5 m in 7 stages as
Dahan
River C shown in Fig. 5. The pit was retained by diaphragm walls of 1000
H1
S H3 mm in thickness and 30.5 m in length. The toes of the walls were
YH
embedded in Sublayer II which consists of clayey silts and silty
YH
clays with an average N-value of about 17 in Standard Penetra-
Xindian
River
tion Tests (SPT). It is highly questionable that such materials
would be sufficiently competent to resist toe movements of dia-
Case 2
phragm walls.
Geology Map: Lee, 1996

Fig. 2 Locations of the sites of the cases studied N


Section A Section B Section C Section D Section E
Pore Pressure
Tip Resistance Local Friction Response
qc , MPa fs , MPa pw , MPa
0 3 6 9 12 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 -0.5 0 1 2
0 0 0
VI (CL)
SID-7 SID-8 SID-10
5 5 5 VG-21~38 VG-39~56 VG-57~74 VG-75~92 VG-93~110 21.5m
SID-6 SID-11 SID-12 SID-13 SID-15
V
(SM) 10 10 10
Depth, m

15 15 15 Notes: VG – strain gauges on struts


SID – inclinometers in diaphragm walls

IV 240m 150m
(CL) 20 20 20 BL8 (Shandao Temple Station) Cut-and-Cover Tunnels

III 25 25 25
(SM) Fig. 4 Site plan and locations of instruments, Case 1
II (CL) 30 30 30
I
(SM) SID
35 35 35 Ground Level
VI CL GL-1.7m (1H350x350x12x19)
Fig. 3 Typical results of piezocone tests in the Sungshan GL-2.0m 1 GL-2.4m
GL-4.4m (1H400x400x13x21)
Formation 2 GL-5.0m

V SM GL-7.4m (1H400x400x13x21)
3 GL-8.1m

Chin et al. (2006) for local geology and detailed information on GL-10.2m (2H400x400x13x21)
GL-10.8m
4
the properties of various sublayers in the Sungshan Formation.
Sungshan Formation

GL-13m (2H400x400x13x21)
GL-13.5m
The Sungshan Formation is underlain by the Chingmei 5 GL-14.1m

Gravels at depths varying from 40 m to 60 m in the T2 and TK2 GL-16m (2H400x400x13x21)


6 GL-16.6m
IV CL
zones. This gravelly layer consists of gravels, cobbles and boul- 7 GL-18.5m
ders and is normally assumed to be a competent base stratum for
anchoring diaphragm wall toes. This, however, is a major subject GL-23.5m 1000mm Diaphragm Wall
to be studied herein.
III SM

GL-28.5m
3. CASE 1: CALIBRATING WALL MOVEMENTS II CL GL-30.5m
BY PERFORMANCE OF STRUTS Sublayer

Inward movements of walls will lead to shortening of struts


and increase in strut loads while outward movements of walls Fig. 5 Soil profile and retaining system, Case 1
R. N. Hwang, et al.: Toe Movements of Diaphragm Walls and Correction of Inclinometer Readings 63

3.1 Loads in Struts 300


Level 1 (VG39)
Strain gauges were available in 5 sections for monitoring 250
Level 2 (VG41)

Strut Load, Tonnes


strut loads and Figs. 6 to 10 show the readings obtained for struts 200 Level 3 (VG43)
at the top 4 levels. The loads in all the struts in Section B, before Level 4 (VG45)
and after preloading of struts at various levels, are listed in Table 150 3
1 for information. Also shown in the table are the maximum in- 2
4
100
creases and reductions of loads in these struts after being pre-
loaded. 50 1
Take Section B for example, refer to Fig. 7, the strut at the
0
first level was preloaded to 22.8 tonnes at the end of the first
8/1 8/21 9/10 9/30 10/20 11/9 11/29
stage of excavation. The load in this strut increased as excavation
Date (Year 1993)
proceeded and reached 46 tonnes before the strut at the second
level was preloaded. It dropped to 13 tonnes as a result of pre- Fig. 7 Strut loads recorded in Section B, Case 1
loading of the strut at the second level. The influence of subse-
quent excavation and preloading of struts became smaller and 300
smaller as excavation went deeper and deeper. The strut load Level 1 (VG57)
dropped to its lowest value of –11.7 tonnes (negative value 250 Level 2 (VG59)
means tensions) at the end of the 5th stage of excavation before

Strut Load, Tonnes


Level 3 (VG61)
200
the strut at the 5th level was preloaded. The fact that tension was Level 4 (VG63)
3
recorded is somewhat puzzling because struts and walings were 150
not rigidly fixed to walls and, hence, tension was unlikely to oc- 2 4
cur in struts physically. However, such a phenomenon has been 100
observed in a majority of records for struts at the first level and 1
50
deserves explanations.
It is a normal practice to apply certain forces to jack struts 0
against walings to close up gaps between struts and walings and 8/1 8/21 9/10 9/30 10/20 11/9 11/29
gaps between walings and walls before preloading. Therefore, Date (Year 1993)
there were already loads in struts to start with and these loads
were not included in readings. Although other possibilities can- Fig. 8 Strut loads recorded in Section C, Case 1
not be ruled out, this does explain why tensions were recorded.
The loads in the strut at the second level varied in a similar man- 300
ner as those in the strut at the first level except that tension was Level 1 (VG75)

not observed presumably due to the heavy preload. 250 Level 2 (VG77)

The strut loads at the 1st, 2nd, and the 6th levels reached their
Strut Load, Tonnes

Level 3 (VG79)
200
maximums during excavation while those at the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Level 4 (VG81)
levels reached their maximums when the immediately lower 150
3
struts were removed for casting the permanent structures subse- 4
100
quent to the completion of excavation. The minimum loads were 2

all recorded in the excavation stages. 50


Although the magnitudes were different, the strut loads in 1
other sections varied in a similar manner and the maximum in- 0
creases and maximum reductions of the loads observed in Sec- 8/1 8/21 9/10 9/30 10/20 11/9 11/29
tion B can be considered typical not only in this case but in all Date (Year 1993)
excavations using the bottom-up methods of construction.
Fig. 9 Strut loads recorded in Section D, Case 1

300
300
Level 1 (VG93)
Level 1 (VG21)
250 250 Level 2 (VG95)
Level 2 (VG23)
Strut Load, Tonnes
Strut Load, Tonnes

Level 3 (VG97)
200 Level 3 (VG25) 200
Level 4 (VG99)
Level 4 (VG27)
150 150 3

2 3
100 4 100 2

50 50 4
1
1
0
0
8/1 9/20 11/9
8/1 8/21 9/10 9/30 10/20 11/9 11/29
Date (Year 1993)
Date (Year 1993)

Fig. 6 Strut loads recorded in Section A, Case 1 Fig. 10 Strut loads recorded in Section E, Case 1
64 Journal of GeoEngineering, Vol. 2, No. 2, August 2007

Table 1 Loads in struts and changes in length of structural members, Section B, Case 1

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6

1H350 u 350 1H400 u 400 1H400 u 400 2H400 u 400 2H400 u 400 2H400 u 400
Structural member
u 12 u 19 u 13 u 21 u 13 u 21 u 13 u 21 u 13 u 21 u 13 u 21
Sectional area (cm2) 1 u 173.9 1 u 218.7 1 u 218.7 2 u 218.7 2 u 218.7 2 u 218.7
Strut loads during excavation (tonnes)
Design load 84 164 212 440 336 432
Preloading Level 1 strut
after 22.80
Preloading Level 2 strut
before 46.00
after 13.00 66.40
Preloading Level 3 strut
before 15.90 132.10
after 3.40 100.80 85.00
Preloading Level 4 strut
before 11.20 124.70 164.80
after 7.40 92.3 145.60 76.40
Preloading Level 5 strut
before 11.70 91.30 159.00 153.00
after 7.70 70.40 145.50 120.60 79.90
Preloading Level 6 strut
before 10.10 70.80 146.10 138.10 124.20
after 7.30 58.50 132.30 125.50 130.00 90.10
Before casting base slab 10.90 65.70 137.00 125.50 136.70 157.40
Maximum increase in load after preloading 23.2 65.7 79.8 76.6 56.8 67.3
Maximum reduction in load after preloading 34.5 7.9
Change in length of strut during excavation (mm)
Maximum shortening after preloading 1.4 3.2 3.9 1.9 1.4 1.7
Maximum elongation after preloading 2.1 0.4

Strut loads during casting of structures (tonnes)


After casting base slab 7.80 67.90 135.70 117.60 132.40 136.50
After removing Level 6 2.10 81.10 145.80 133.00 180.00
After removing Level 5 6.50 68.10 160.80 183.80
After removing Level 4 9.50 88.60 202.70

3.2 Shortening of Struts and Corresponding Wall


Movements strut is preloaded can be proved by calculation without substan-
tiation by observations. Take Grade 50 steel for example, the
Struts were shortened as the loads in struts increased. Take axial strain in struts is limited to 0.875 u 103 for an allowable
the strut at Level 1 in Section B for example, the maximum in- stress of 0.5 fy (fy = yield stress = 350 N/mm2) and an E value
crease in loads were 23.2 tonnes, corresponding to a shortening (Young’s Modulus) of 200,000 N/mm2. That means, the shorten-
of the strut of only 1.4 mm for an E value (Young’s Modulus) of ing of a strut is limited to 0.875 mm per meter of length if loaded
200,000 N/mm2 and a length of strut of 21.5 m. Wall movements to 100 of design load, or 0.44 mm per meter if already pre-
at the two ends of the strut subsequent to the preloading of this loaded to 50 of design load. Therefore, the shortening of a strut
strut would be a half of these values, i.e., less than 1 mm. Simi- of, say, 20 m in length will be limited to 9 mm if the strut has
larly, the shortening of the strut at the second level was 3.2 mm already been preloaded to 50 of its design load.
and the inward movements of the wall at the two ends would be
This example fully demonstrates the feasibility of calibrat-
about 1.6 mm after preloading. The maximum shortening of all
ing inclinometer readings by assuming that the wall at the first
the struts during excavation was 3.9 mm, occurring at the third
strut level, and/or the second level, will no longer move, or will
level and corresponding to an inward movement of 2 mm after
move by only a small amount once the strut is preloaded. It
preloading of the strut at this level.
should be noted, however, shortening of struts is proportional to
It is interesting to note that the load in the strut at the first the lengths of struts. In this particular case, struts were only
level dropped below the preload at the end of excavation. This 21.5 m long while the struts for most basement excavations are
also happened to the strut at the second level. That means, the much longer, say, 40 m to 100 m in length. Therefore, wall
wall should move outward a little bit at these two levels at the movements are expected to be somewhat larger, say, 10 mm or
end. However, the magnitudes of these outward movements were larger, for practical purposes, it will be appropriate to assume an
so small and it can be assumed that, for all practical purposes, the increment of 1 mm to 2 mm per stage of excavation for long
wall did not move at all once struts were preloaded. struts. After all, it is a small amount in comparison with wall
The fact that shortening of a strut will be minimal once the deflections of many tens of millimeters in general cases.
R. N. Hwang, et al.: Toe Movements of Diaphragm Walls and Correction of Inclinometer Readings 65

3.3 Correcting Inclinometer Readings for Toe movements of inclinometer and were found to be as much as
Movements 22 mm for inclinometer SID-7 and 14.5 mm for inclinometer
SID-11.
Incremental wall movements at the two ends of a strut will
be a half of the changes in length of the strut. There were a total 3.4 Progressive Toe Movements
of 8 inclinometers for monitoring wall movements in these 5
sections and their locations are shown in Fig. 4. The readings The movements at the toes of all the 8 inclinometers in
obtained by inclinometers SID-7 and SID-11 installed in apposi- various stages of excavation are shown in Fig. 13. The final toe
tive walls in Section B are shown in Figs. 11(a) and 12(a) respec- movements varied from 5 mm to 31 mm. The movements of in-
tively. As can be noted from these two figures that the top of the clinometers SID-10 and SID-15 were smaller than those of others
walls moved outward by as much as 20 mm at the end of excava- because these two inclinometers were very close to the eastern
tion in both cases. At the first strut level of 1.7 m below surface, wall which helped to reduce wall movements. Although incli-
the walls also moved outward by more than 15 mm subsequent to nometer SID-6 was also located at the corner of the site, grouting
preloading of the strut in both cases. If these inclinometer read- was once carried out to stop leakage on the diaphragm wall at
ings were truly reliable, the strut at the first level would have this location and presumably increased the toe movement of this
been elongated by more than 30 mm. This certainly cannot be inclinometer.
true. As depicted in Table 1 and as discussed in the preceding
section, the changes in the length of the strut and the associated 4. CASE 2: MOVEMENTS OF LONG
wall movements at the first level were really negligible for prac-
tical purposes. The controversy is doubtlessly due to movements
INCLINOMETERS EMBEDDED IN GRAVELS
of inclinometers at toes which were taken as reference points for To further illustrate the application of the aforementioned
calculating wall deflections at other depths. approach, the inclinometer readings obtained in an excavation for
It then becomes apparent that the connecting point where the constructing 6 highrise apartments, 2 in each of the 3 blocks
strut jointed the wall was more stable than the toe of the incli- shown in Fig. 14, were analyzed. The dimensions of the pits were
nometer and can be used as the reference point instead. Figures
11(b) and 12(b) show the wall deflection profiles obtained by
adjusting inclinometer readings so the wall movements at the Movement of Inclinometer Toe, mm
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
first strut level were negligible subsequent to the preloading of Ground Level
0
the strut at this level. These profiles well resemble the ideal pro- 1 SID-6
2
files shown in Fig. 1. The corrections made correspond to toe 3
1 SID-7
SID-8
Depth of excavation, m
4
5 5 2 SID-10
Sungshan 6 SID-11
Wall Deflection, mm Wall Deflection, mm
Formation 7 3 SID-12

ˀˇ ˃ ˀ˅ ˃ ˃ ˅˃ ˇ˃ ˉ˃ ˋ˃ ˀˇ ˃ ˀ˅ ˃ ˃ ˅˃ ˇ˃ ˉ˃ ˋ˃ Final depth SID-13


= 18.5m
10 SID-15
˃ ˃ 4
Level 1 Level 1
ˈ ˈ -30.5m 5
15
2 6
˄˃ 2 ˄˃
3
3 7
˄ˈ
Depth, m

˄ˈ 4
Depth, m

Stage
4 20
5 5
˅˃ ˅˃
Chingmei Gravels
6 6
˅ˈ 7 ˅ˈ Fig. 13 Progressive toe movements of inclinometers, Case 1
7
ˆ˃ ˆ˃
N
Toe movement = 22mm
ˆˈ ˆˈ SID2 SIS2

(a) before correction (b) after correction SID1


SIS1
Fig. 11 Wall deflection profiles, SID7, Case 1
SID3

SID5 SID4 SID10 SID9


W all Deflection, m m W all Deflection, m m
SID6

ˀˇ ˃ ˀ˅ ˃ ˃ ˅˃ ˇ˃ ˉ˃ ˋ˃
SID8

ˀˇ ˃ ˀ˅ ˃ ˃ ˅˃ ˇ˃ ˉ˃ ˋ˃
Jian Guo N. Road

˃ ˃
Level 1 Level 1
SIS3

ˈ ˈ

˄˃ ˄˃ SID7 SID12
1 1
SID13

SID11

˄ˈ
Depth, m

˄ˈ
Depth, m

2 2
3 3 7F
˅˃ ˅˃
SIS4

4 4
5 5
˅ˈ ˅ˈ 6
6
7 SID14 SIS5 SID15
7
ˆ˃ ˆ˃
5F
Toe movem ent = 14.5mm
ˆˈ ˆˈ

(a) before correction (b) after correction 0 20m

Fig. 12 Wall deflection profiles, SID11, Case 1 Fig. 14 Site plan and locations of inclinometers, Case 2
66 Journal of GeoEngineering, Vol. 2, No. 2, August 2007

108 m by 33 m for the North Block, 132 m by 40 m for the Cen- diaphragm wall at this corner retreated by 15 m or so therein and
tral Block and 109 m by 37 m for the South Block. Excavations formed a Z-section as depicted in Fig. 14. The web of this Z-
were carried out to a depth of 17.5 m in 7 stages for constructing section in fact served as a cross wall and reduced wall deflections.
4-level basements. All the 3 pits were retained by 900 mm dia- This leads to the conclusion that the toe of this inclinometer did
phragm walls installed to a depth of 35 m as depicted in Fig. 15. not move much. This situation is similar to that for inclinometers
SID-10 and SID-15, of which the toe movements were much
4.1 Original Wall Deflection Profiles smaller in comparison with the toe movements elsewhere, in
Case 1.
Wall deflections were monitored by 20 inclinometers at this Figure 18(a) shows the readings obtained by inclinometer
site, of which 15 (SID-1 aSID-15) were installed in the wall SID-2 and the profiles shown are typical for those inclinometers
panels and 5 (SIS1 a SIS5) were installed in soil immediately installed in diaphragm walls and stopped at the toes of the walls,
next to the walls to pair with those in the wall panels so the dif- i.e., inclinometers SID1 a SID15. It is not surprising that outward
ference in performance can be studied. The readings obtained by movements were recorded near surface because large movements
Inclinometer SIS2 which was installed in soil next to the walls occurred at toes of the diaphragm walls.
are shown in Fig. 16(a). Significant outward movements of walls,
as much as 20 mm, were recorded at shallow depths in the 5th
stage of excavation and subsequently. As discussed in Case 1, Wall Deflection, mm Wall Deflection, mm
outward movements of such a magnitude are unlikely to be real- ˀ˅˃ ˃ ˅˃ ˇ˃ ˉ˃ ˋ˃ ˀ˅˃ ˃ ˅˃ ˇ˃ ˉ˃ ˋ˃
istic because of the lack of mechanism for this to happen in real- ˃ ˃
ity. It is thus believed that the toe of this inclinometers did move
as excavation proceeded. As all of these inclinometers were in-
˄˃ ˄˃
stalled to a predetermined depth of 52 m while the top of the
Chingmei Formation was supposed to be at a depth of 51 m, the 5
penetrations into the gravel layer were supposed to be 1 m. ˅˃ ˅˃
5
However, the penetrations were not confirmed during the instal-
Depth, m

Depth, m
lation and could be unachieved because of the erratic top of the
ˆ˃ ˆ˃
Chingmei Formation. 7 7
Wall deflection profiles obtained by inclinometers SIS-3, 4,
and 5 are similar to those shown in Fig. 16(a). However, the pro- ˇ˃ ˇ˃

files obtained by inclinometer SIS-1 which was located at the


northeastern corner of the site are somewhat different. As can be ˈ˃ ˈ˃
noted from Fig. 17(a), the readings obtained by Inclinometer
SIS-1 do look reasonable with only progressive inward move- 17mm
ˉ˃
ments of reasonable magnitudes at the upper strut levels. The ˉ˃

(a) Before correction (b) After correction

SIS SID
Fig. 16 Wall deflection profiles for inclinometer SIS-2, Case 2
0m
1.5m (H350x350x12x19)
VI CL 1 GL-2.2m Wall Deflection, mm Wall Deflection, mm
3m
3.9m (H400x400x13x21)
2 GL-4.7m ˀ˅˃ ˃ ˅˃ ˇ˃ ˀ˅˃ ˃ ˅˃ ˇ˃
V ML/CL 7.4m (2H350x350x12x19)
˃ ˃
3 GL-8.2m
10.6m (2H400x400x13x21)
10m
IV CL 4 GL-11.6m
13.2m (2H400x400x13x21)
13m 5 GL-14.0m ˄˃ ˄˃
15.2m (2H400x400x13x21)
6 GL-16.0m SID-1
7 GL-17.5m
uncorrected
III SM ˅˃ ˅˃
5
Final Depth of Excavation = 17.5m
Depth, m

Depth, m

28m ˆ˃ 7 ˆ˃
t = 900mm
Diaphragm wall
14mm
ˇ˃ ˇ˃
GL-35m SID-1
CL/ML
corrected

ˈ˃ ˈ˃

43m II SIS-1 SIS-1


uncorrected uncorrected
ˉ˃ ˉ˃
CL Notes: SIS = slope indicator in soil (to a depth of 52m)
SID = slope indicator in diaphragm wall (to the (a) SIS-1 uncorrected (b) SID-1 corrected vs SIS-1
51m same depth of the walls) (Final Stage)
II~VI = sublayers of the Sungshan Formation
Chingmei Gravels
Fig. 17 Wall deflection profiles for inclinometers SIS-1 and
Fig. 15 Soil profile and retaining system, Case 2 SID-1, Case 2
R. N. Hwang, et al.: Toe Movements of Diaphragm Walls and Correction of Inclinometer Readings 67

Wall Deflection, mm Wall Deflection, mm


4.3 Progressive Wall Movements of Toes of
ˀ˅˃ ˃ ˅˃ ˇ˃ ˉ˃ ˋ˃ ˀ˅˃ ˃ ˅˃ ˇ˃ ˉ˃ ˋ˃
˃ ˃
Inclinometers
SID-2
corrected The toe movements of inclinometers are plotted against
˄˃ ˄˃ depth of excavation in Fig. 21. As can be noted, the toe move-
SID-2
ments in the final stage of excavation were 0 mm, 17 mm, 17 mm,
˅˃ ˅˃ uncorrected 13 mm, and 30 mm for inclinometers SIS-1 to SIS-5, respectively.
5
The fact that the toes of inclinometers moved by as much as 30
Depth, m

ˆ˃ Depth, m ˆ˃ mm is rather amazing if they were indeed embedded in the


7 Chingmei Gravels because diaphragm walls stopped at a level of
28mm 16 m above its top.
ˇ˃ ˇ˃
As mentioned above, the three blocks should be considered
SID-2
uncorrected together as a whole because of the interaction effects and, there-
ˈ˃ ˈ˃
SIS-2 fore, the excavation was more than 100 m in length in both direc-
Corrected
see Fig. 16(b)
tions. As depicted in Fig. 22, the width of excavation exceeded 3
ˉ˃ ˉ˃ times of the distance between the bottom of excavation and the
(a) SID-2 uncorrected readings (b) SID-2 vs SIS-2 top of the Chingmei Gravels and the reduction in vertical stresses
(Final Stage)
as a result of excavation must be sufficient for the Chingmei
Fig. 18 Comparison of wall deflection profiles for inclinometer
Gravels to deform laterally with noticeable magnitudes.
SID-2 and SIS-2, Case 2
4.4 Wall Deflection Profiles after Correction
4.2 Progressive Wall Movements at the Upper Strut
Figure 16(b) shows the wall deflection profiles for incli-
Levels nometer SIS-2 with toe movements duly accounted for. The
As mentioned above, the outward movements near surface maximum deflection increases from 55 mm to 72 mm as a result
obtained by inclinometers SIS-2, 3, 4, and 5 were unrealistic, of the correction. The profiles for inclinometer SIS-3, 4, and 5
presumably due to movements at the toes, and have to be cor-
rected. Figure 19(a) shows the progressive movements of the
Wall movement, mm Wall movement, mm
walls at the first strut level, i.e., at a depth of 1.5 m as depicted in
ˀ˅˃ ˀ˄˃ ˃ ˄˃ ˅˃ ˆ˃ ˇ˃ ˈ˃ ˀ˅˃ ˀ˄˃ ˃ ˄˃ ˅˃ ˆ˃ ˇ˃ ˈ˃
Fig. 15, in various stages of excavation. As proposed in Section
0 0
3.3, adjustments are made to inclinometer readings so the plots of SIS1
1 SIS1
SIS2 SIS2
wall deflections versus depth of excavation become “increasing
Depth of excavation, m
Depth of excavation, m

Depth of excavation, m
SIS3 2 SIS3
functions” with only positive increments (i.e., inward move- 5 5
SIS4 SIS4

ments) as shown in Fig. 19(b). The amounts adjusted correspond SIS5


3
SIS5

to toe movements of these inclinometers. Figures 20(a) and 20(b) 10 10


4
show the wall deflections at the second strut level before and
after corrections for toe movements respectively. 5
15 15
6
Although the excavation for the southern block lagged by 5 7
months to start, the three blocks can be considered together as a
20 20
whole in the analyses because of the interaction effects. The en-
tire excavation is then more than 100 m in length in both direc- (a) before correction (b) after correction

tions and, therefore, the shortening of struts is expected to be Fig. 20 Progressive wall movements at the second strut level at a
much larger than that for the struts in Case 1. As can be noted depth of 3.9 m, Case 2
from Figs. 19(b) and 20(b), the wall movements were assumed to
increase by 2 mm per stage of excavation subsequent to the pre- Movement of Inclinometer Toe, mm
loading of these struts. Ground Level ˀ˅˃ ˀ˄˃ ˃ ˄˃ ˅˃ ˆ˃ ˇ˃ ˈ˃

1 0
Wall movement, mm Wall movement, mm SIS1
2 1
ˀ˅˃ ˀ˄˃ ˃ ˄˃ ˅˃ ˆ˃ ˇ˃ ˈ˃ ˀ˅˃ ˀ˄˃ ˃ ˄˃ ˅˃ ˆ˃ ˇ˃ ˈ˃
3 SIS2
Depth of excavation, m

0 0 4 SIS3
5 5 2
SIS1 SIS1 SIS4
SIS2
1 SIS2 Sungshan 6
SIS5
Formation 7 3
Depth of excavation, m
Depth of excavation, m

SIS3 SIS3
5 5 2 Final depth
SIS4 SIS4 10
= 17.5m 4
SIS5 SIS5
3 5
10 10 GL-35m 15
4 6
SIS 7
5
15 15 20 Stage
6
7 -52m
Stage
20 20 Chingmei Gravels
(a) before correction (b) after correction
Fig. 19 Progressive wall movements at the first strut level at a Fig. 21 Progressive movements at the toes of inclinometers at a
depth of 1.5 m, Case 2 depth of 52 m, Case 2
68 Journal of GeoEngineering, Vol. 2, No. 2, August 2007

are quite similar in shape to what is shown in the figure. It is 5. CASE 3: PROBLEM WITH SHORT
unnecessary to correct readings of SIS-1 because the toe did not INCLINOMETERS
move and Fig. 17(a) remains valid.
Figure 24 shows the plan for a commercial development
4.5 Progressive Movements at Toes of Diaphragm Walls constructed in 1998 and 1999 and Fig. 25 shows the soil profile
Since the SID series inclinometers stopped at the toe level of and the retaining system. The site was about 33 m by 33 m in
diaphragm walls, the readings obtained have to be corrected to size and excavation was carried out in 4 stages to a maximum
account for the movements at this level. Figure 23 shows the depth of 12 m by using the bottom-up method of construction.
progressive movements of the toes of the diaphragm walls at a The pit was retained by 600 mm diaphragm walls installed to a
depth of 35 m. The toe movements at the locations of SIS-2, 3, 4, depth of only 24 m. To protect the buildings to the north of the
and 5 ranged from 24 mm to 33 mm as the excavation reached its site, buttresses were installed to support the northern wall.
final depth. As can be noted, Fig. 23 is quite similar to Fig. 13
5.1 Original Wall Deflection Profiles
which is for movements of toes of diaphragm walls at a depth of
30.5 m. The wall movements at the location of SIS-1 were Wall deflections were monitored by 7 inclinometers, 3 in
somewhat smaller because of the reasons which were already diaphragm walls and 4 in soils next to the walls. All the incli-
mentioned above. nometers stopped at the toe level of diaphragm walls. For illus-
The toe movements of diaphragm walls at various stages tration, Fig. 26 shows the original inclinometer readings obtained
shown in Fig. 23 can be used to correct the readings obtained by by inclinometers SIS-1, SIS-3, and SID-3. Considerable outward
those inclinometers installed in the diaphragm walls. Take incli- movements of the walls were recorded, presumably, due to toe
nometers SID-1 and SID-2 for example, the toe movement in the movements. It is obvious that the readings have to be corrected
final stage of excavation was about 14 mm at the locations of before they can be meaningfully interpreted.
SIS-1 and SID-1 and 28 mm at the locations of inclinometers
SIS-2 and SID-2. The readings obtained by inclinometers SID-1
and SID-2 were corrected accordingly and are compared with
N 7F/1B
those obtained by SIS-1 and SIS-2 in Figs. 17(b) and 18(b). The Raft
7F/1B
two sets of readings appear to be very close. Foundation
Raft
Foundation SIS-1
6F/1B
A SID-4

>100m SIS-2
Raft
Ground Level A
Foundation

17.5m SID-1
Bottom of Excavation
2F SID-3
Sungshan
Formation Footings
33.5m

SIS-3 SID-2

20m Public Road


SIS 0 5m 10m
Chingmei Gravels

Fig. 22 Configuration of excavation, Case 2 Fig. 24 Site plan and locations of inclinometers, Case 3

Movement at Diaphragm Wall Toes, mm


Ground Level ˀ˅˃ ˀ˄˃ ˃ ˄˃ ˅˃ ˆ˃ ˇ˃ ˈ˃ 7F
SIS-1
1 0 GL SID-4
2 1 SIS1
3 SIS2 1B GL-1.3m
VI CL
Depth of excavation, m

4 SIS3
5 5 2 GL-4.5m
SIS4
Sungshan 6 V SM GL-7.3m
3 SIS5
Formation 7 GL-8.9m
Final depth GL-12m
10
= 17.5m 4 IV CL
Buttresses
5 T = 600mm
-35m 15 at 5m spacing
6 III 5m (northern wall only)
ML
SIS 7
t = 600mm
20 Stage Diaphragm wall
Sungshan GL-24m
Formation
Chingmei Gravels Not to scale

Fig. 23 Progressive wall movements at toes of diaphragm walls Fig. 25 Section A-A: Soil profile and retaining system,
at a depth of 35 m, Case 2 Case 3
R. N. Hwang, et al.: Toe Movements of Diaphragm Walls and Correction of Inclinometer Readings 69

Wall Deflection, mm Wall Deflection, mm Wall Deflection, mm


ˀˆ˃ ˀ˅˃ ˀ˄˃ ˃ ˄˃ ˅˃ ˆ˃ ˇ˃ ˈ˃ ˉ˃ ˀˆ˃ ˀ˅˃ ˀ˄˃ ˃ ˄˃ ˅˃ ˆ˃ ˇ˃ ˈ˃ ˉ˃ ˀˆ˃ ˀ˅˃ ˀ˄˃ ˃ ˄˃ ˅˃ ˆ˃ ˇ˃ ˈ˃ ˉ˃
˃ ˃ ˃
ˆ ˆ ˆ
ˉ ˉ ˉ

Depth, m
ˌ ˌ ˌ
˄˅ ˄˅ ˄˅
˄ˈ ˄ˈ ˄ˈ
˄ˋ ˄ˋ ˄ˋ
˅˄ ˅˄ ˅˄
˅ˇ SIS-1 ˅ˇ SIS-3 ˅ˇ SID-3

(a) Uncorrected ˅ˊ ˅ˊ ˅ˊ

ˀˆ˃ ˀ˅˃ ˀ˄˃ ˃ ˄˃ ˅˃ ˆ˃ ˇ˃ ˈ˃ ˉ˃ ˀˆ˃ ˀ˅˃ ˀ˄˃ ˃ ˄˃ ˅˃ ˆ˃ ˇ˃ ˈ˃ ˉ˃ ˀˆ˃ ˀ˅˃ ˀ˄˃ ˃ ˄˃ ˅˃ ˆ˃ ˇ˃ ˈ˃ ˉ˃


˃ ˃ ˃
ˆ ˆ ˆ
ˉ ˉ ˉ
ˌ ˌ ˌ
˄˅ ˄˅ ˄˅
˄ˈ ˄ˈ ˄ˈ
˄ˋ ˄ˋ ˄ˋ
Depth, m

˅˄ ˅˄ ˅˄
˅ˇ ˅ˇ ˅ˇ
˅ˊ ˅ˊ ˅ˊ
ˆ˃ ˆ˃ ˆ˃
ˆˆ ˆˆ ˆˆ
ˆˉ ˆˉ ˆˉ
ˆˌ ˆˌ ˆˌ
ˇ˅ SIS-1 ˇ˅ SIS-3 ˇ˅ SID-3
ˇˈ ˇˈ ˇˈ
ˇˋ ˇˋ ˇˋ
(b) Corrected

Fig. 26 Wall deflection profiles and ground movements beyond toe level, Case 3

Wall movement, mm Wall movement, mm


5.2 Progressive Wall Movements at the First Strut Level ˀ˅˃ ˃ ˅˃ ˇ˃ ˀ˅˃ ˃ ˅˃ ˇ˃
˃ ˃
Figure 27(a) shows the progressive wall movements at the ˦˜˦ˀ˄ ˦˜˦ˀ˄
˅ ˅
first strut level at a depth of 1.3 m and Fig. 27(b) shows the same ˦˜˦ˀˆ ˦˜˦ˀˆ
Depth of excavation, m

Depth of excavation, m
with toe movements duly accounted for by following the proce- ˦˜˗ˀˆ ˦˜˗ˀˆ
ˇ ˇ
dure mentioned above. The struts were 33 m long and were
ˉ ˉ
longer than those in Case 1 (21.5 m) but shorter than those in
Case 2 (more than 100 m), therefore, incremental wall move- ˋ ˋ
ments subsequent to the preloading of the struts at the first level
˄˃ ˄˃
were assumed to be about 1 mm per stage of excavation as de-
picted in Fig. 27(b). ˄˅ ˄˅

˄ˇ ˄ˇ

5.3 Progressive Movements at Toes of Diaphragm Walls (a) before correction (b) after correction
Fig. 27 Wall deflections at the first strut level at a depth of
The differences between the two sets of readings shown in Fig. 1.3 m, Case 3
27(a) and 27(b) correspond to the toe movements of diaphragm
walls and are plotted versus depth of excavation in Fig. 28. As Ground SIS Wall movement, mm
can be noted, toe movements ranged from 22 mm to 35 mm at Level
the end as excavation reached a depth of 12 m. ˀ˅˃ ˃ ˅˃ ˇ˃
1 ˃

2 ˦˜˦ˀ˄
˅
˦˜˦ˀˆ
5.4 Wall Deflection Profiles after Correction 3
Depth of excavation, m

˦˜˗ˀˆ
Sungshan 4 ˇ
Formation 5
The wall deflection profiles with corrections to account for ˉ
Final depth
toe movements are shown in Fig. 26(b). The lower portion of the = 12m
profiles beyond the toe level were established by referring to the ˋ

shapes of profiles shown in Figs. 1. Because of the lack of data, it ˄˃


GL-24m
is unsure whether or not there were ground movements in the
˄˅
Chingmei Gravels. According to Fig. 21, there could be ground
movements of a few millimeters in this gravelly layer for a depth ˄ˇ
of excavation of 12 m despite the fact that the diaphragm walls
stopped at a much higher level. However, this site (33 m by
33 m) is much smaller in size in comparison with that in Case 2 Chingmei Gravels
(more than 100 m in both direction) and ground movements in Fig. 28 Toe movement of diaphragm wall at a depth of 24 m,
the Chingmei Gravels are thus expected to be negligible. Case 3
70 Journal of GeoEngineering, Vol. 2, No. 2, August 2007

As can be noted by comparing the profiles for inclinometer Toe movement, mm


SIS-1, which is located in the section with buttress, with the pro-
0 10 20 30 40 50
files for inclinometer SIS-3, which is located in a section without
buttresses, the reductions in wall deflections were not significant. 0
Length of Wall

Depth of Excavation
This, however, is the subject of an on-going study and is beyond
5 L=24m
the scope of this paper.
10
L=30m
6. DISCUSSIONS 15

More than often, inclinometers are installed in diaphragm 20


L=35m
walls and stop at the same depths as diaphragm walls. The read-
ings obtained are inevitably affected by toe movements and have 25
to be corrected if the toes of inclinometers are used as reference
points for computing wall deflections. Short penetration into base Fig. 29 Progressive movements of toes of diaphragm walls in the
strata which are presumed to be sufficiently competent to anchor T2 and TK2 zones of the Taipei Basin
the toes does not guarantee that the toes of inclinometers and/or
diaphragm walls will not move.
If the movements of the top of inclinometer are monitored, likely to be misleading. The movements at the top of incli-
the readings obtained at other depths can be calibrated accord- nometer casings should be monitored so readings can be
ingly. However, this is seldom the case. The procedure of cor- calibrated accordingly.
recting inclinometer readings obtained during excavations by (2) As an alternative, inclinometer readings can be calibrated by
assuming that walls at the two ends of a strut will no longer move adopting the connections between the walls and struts at the
or move by only small amounts once the strut is preloaded offers first or the second levels as reference points.
a viable solution to the problem and its validity and potential (3) Wall movements at the connections at the first and the sec-
applications have been fully illustrated above. ond strut levels can be assumed to be nil for short struts, say,
Even in the design stage, the toes of diaphragm walls are 20 m or so in length, subsequent to the preloading of the
also frequently assumed to be fixed for computing wall deflec- struts. For long struts, say, longer than 60 m in length, wall
tions. It is therefore desirable to establish procedures to estimate movements of 2 mm per stage of excavation will be appro-
toe movements beforehand so designers can add these move- priate.
ments to the results obtained from their analyses. (4) For excavations using the bottom-up method of construction,
Toe movements for walls with different lengths can be esti- Fig. 29 can be used to estimate movements at the toes of
mated by interpolating and extrapolating the three curves shown diaphragm walls in the T2 and TK2 zones of the Taipei Ba-
in Fig. 29 which was developed based on the information given sin.
in Figs. 13 (for 1000 mm walls to 30.5 m in Case 1), 23 (for 900
mm walls to 35 m in Case 2) and 28 (600 mm walls to 24 m in
Case 3). Naturally, for the same depth of excavation, toe move- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ments decrease as the lengths of walls increase. For example, toe
movements for a 10 m excavation can be as much as 22 mm for The authors are grateful to Mr. Lup W. Wong for his review
walls of 24 m in length, reducing to 12 mm for walls of 30 m and of the manuscript and many valuable suggestions. The permis-
9 mm for walls of 35 m in length. For an excavation of 15 m, the sion from the Department of Rapid Transit Systems to publish
toes of walls of 30 m in length will move as much as 25 mm the data presented herein is also appreciated.
while the toes of walls of 35 m will move 20 mm only. For such
a depth of excavation in the T2 and TK2 zones, it will be inap-
propriate to adopt walls shorter than 30 m. As the thicknesses of REFERENCES
walls usually go together with the lengths of walls, the former
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correspond to the upper curves in Figs. 13, 23, and 28 and it is ties of Natural Soils, 29 November ~ 1 December, Singapore.
thus sufficiently conservative to adopt these three curves in de- Hwang, R. N. and Moh, Z. C. (2007a). “Deflection paths and refer-
signs of walls in the T2 and TK2 zones of the Taipei Basin. ence envelopes for diaphragm walls in the Taipei Basin.” Jour-
nal of GeoEngineering, 2(1), 112.
Hwang, R. N. and Moh, Z. C. (2007b). “Reference envelopes for
7. CONCLUSIONS evaluating performance of diaphragm walls.” Proceedings of the
13th Asian Regional Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geo-
Based on the foregoing discussions, it is concluded that technical Engineering, 10 ~ 14 December, Kolkata, India.
(1) Movements of toes of inclinometers are inevitable even Hwang, R. N., Moh, Z. C. and Wang, C. H. (2007). “Performance of
embedded in the Chingmei Gravels and inclinometer read- wall systems during excavation for Core Pacific City.” Journal
ings obtained by adopting the toes as reference points are of GeoEngineering, 2(2), 53-60.
R. N. Hwang, et al.: Toe Movements of Diaphragm Walls and Correction of Inclinometer Readings 71

Lee, S. H. (1996). “Engineering geological zonation for the Taipei


City.” Sino-Geotechnics, 54 (in Chinese).
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72 Journal of GeoEngineering, Vol. 2, No. 2, August 2007

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