‡jKPvi - 11 I 12

imvqb (Chemistry)

cÖvPxb imvqb imvqb AvaywbK imvqb

‡Kwgqv/Avj‡Kwg* Bs‡iRiv dvÝ
Avieiv (wgki) RbK Rb WvjUb (weªwUk) RbK-A¨v›Ubx j¨vfqvwm‡q (dvÝ)
RbK-Rvwei Be‡b nvBqvb (Avie) (D‡jøL bv _vK‡j Rb WvjUb)
c`v‡_©i cÖKvi‡f`
 c`v‡_©i mvaviYZ KZ cÖKvi ? Dt 3 cÖKvi ( †gŠwjK, †hŠwMK, wgkÖ )
 c`v_© KZ cÖKvi ? Dt 3 cÖKvi ( †gŠwjK, †hŠwMK, wgkÖ )
 c`v_© cÖavbZ KZ cÖKvi ? Dt 2 cÖKvi (‡gŠwjK I †hŠwMK)
‡bvU: weÁv‡b 46wU cÖkœ Av‡Q hv cÖavbZ 2 cÖKvi|

‡g․wjK c`v_©
1| Avwe®‹…Z †gŠwjK c`v‡_©i msL¨v - 109, 116, 118*| (118c`v‡_©i bvg Avbvb& Aw±qvg, GwU GKwU wbw®‹q M¨vm)
2| cÖK…wZ‡Z cÖvß †gŠwjK c`v‡_©i msL¨v- 92, 98*|
3| wbw®‹q M¨v‡mi msL¨v - 6, 7*|
4| ÿviavZzi msL¨v - 6Uv ( wjbv‡K iæwe †P‡Q †d‡j‡Q)
Li =wjw_qvg, Na = †mwWqvg, K=cUvwkqvg, Rb=iæwewWqvg, Cs= wmwRqvg, Fr= d«vwmqvg)

wbw¯‥q M¨vm/ †bv‡ej M¨vm, k~b¨ MÖæ‡ci M¨vm, Viii MÖæ‡ci M¨vm/ †kl MÖæ‡ci M¨vm
RviYgvb= 0, †hvRbx =0
1| wnwjqvg (He )
 me‡P‡q nvjKv wbw®‹q M¨vm
 ‡ejyb, D‡ovRvnvR Dov‡bvi †ÿ‡Î e¨envi Kiv DwPZ|
we: `ª: nvjKv M¨vm- H>He
 ‡ejyb/D‡ovRvnvR Dov‡bvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq - H>He
2| wbqb (10Ne)
 is †eiO evwZ‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq| (is †eis ej‡Z me©wb¤œ 3wU is I m‡e©v”P 7wU is †K eySv‡bv nq)
 wewfbœ mvR m¾vq GwU e¨envi Kiv nq|
we: `ª: mv`v I Kv‡jv ‡K is ejv hv‡e bv|

DS Nayeb Ali Sir 1 Chemistry (Lecture- 11 & 12)

3| AvM©b ( 18Ar) I (4) wµÞb (36Kr)
 wUDejvBU, GbvwR© †mwfs jvBU BZ¨vw`‡Z GB M¨vm e¨envi nq|
 ‡jRvi iwk¥ Drcv`‡b GwU (Ar) e¨envi nq| ( 1960 mv‡j gvBg¨vb ‡jRvi iwk¥ •Zwi‡Z AvM©b M¨vm e¨envi
K‡ib)
5| †Rbb ( 54Xe)
 d‡UvMÖvwdK d¬vk jvB‡Ui Av‡jv|
 GwU aea‡e mv`v Av‡jv w`‡Z mÿg|
6| †iWb (86Rn)
 ‡ZR¯‹xq wbw®‹q M¨vm|
 wewKiY cÖwµqvq †ZR¯‹xq iwk¥ •Zwi‡Z mÿg|
 GwU Øviv K¨vÝv‡ii wPwKrmv Kiv nq| ( c×wZ- †iwWI †_ivcx A_©vr wewKi‡Yi gva¨‡g wPwKrmv)
 ‡iWb Øviv Avjdv, weUv, Mvgv iwk¥ •Zwi Kiv hvq|
7| Avbvb& Aw±qvg (A¨v÷vMb/G÷v‡Rb) 118Uuo
 me‡P‡q fvix wbw®‹q M¨vm Ges me©‡kl wbw®‹q M¨vm|
 AvYweÿwYK M‡elYvq GwU e¨eüZ nq|
‡bvU: mvaviYZ ev‡í _v‡K - bvB‡Uªv‡Rb M¨vm| jv¤ú †cv‡÷i njy` evwZ‡Z- †mwWqvg (Na)

c`v‡_©i Ae¯’v
 c`v‡_©i Ae¯’v 3wU- KwVb, Zij, evqexq|

KwVb Zij evqexq

eid 0‡m. (MjbvsK) → cvwb 100 †m. (ùzUbvsK) → ev®ú


me‡P‡q Nb 4‡m.

 ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j me‡P‡q †ewk evqexq e¯‘i cÖmviY N‡U| evqy cvwb †jvnv
 e¨wZµg: eid cvwb‡Z cwiYZ Ki‡j AvqZb K‡g hvq NbZ¡ †e‡o hvq|
 cvwb‡K ei‡d cwiYZ Ki‡j AvKv‡i †e‡o hvq NbZ¡ K‡g hvq GRb¨ †f‡m _v‡K|

Da٩cvZb

 KwVb mivmwi evqexq/ev®ú n‡j DaŸ©cvZb n‡e|

KwVb → Zvc cÖ‡q‡M mivmwi → evqexq
 D`vniY: Kcy©i, b¨vc_wjb, wbkvbj (NH4cl), Av‡qwWb, †ebwRbqK, GwmW, †gvgevwZ|

DS Nayeb Ali Sir 2 Chemistry (Lecture- 11 & 12)

 ‡h․wMK c`v_© (2/3 aib)
cvwb
H2 O 2wU H I 1wU O 2:1
cÖvq 71%, mve©Rbxb `ªveK

gy³ B‡jKUªb

104.5 mg‡hvRbx eÜb

H H
 AvK…wZ: †KŠwYK, wµ‡KvbvKvi, wÎfzRvKvi, wcivwgW|
 cvwb GKwU AYyi mv‡_ Av‡iKwU AYyi m„wó eÜb †K nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb e‡j|
 cvwbi AvYweK fi 18 MÖvg ev †gŠj
= 2H+10
= 2(1)+ 1 (16)
= 18gm/mol

evqy/evZvm: evqygÛ‡j evZv‡mi Dcw¯’Z Dcv`vbmg~n:

evqygÛ‡ji Dcv`vbmg~n I Zvi cwigvY (wgkÖ c`v_© 8+) MÖxY nvDR B‡d± ev •ewk¦K Dòvqb Gi Rb¨ `vqx
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb (N2) = 78.01% Kve©b WvB A·vBW (CO2) = 49%
Aw·‡Rb (O2) = 20.71% wg‡_b (CH4) = 18%
AM©b (Ar) = 0.8% CFC = 14%
cvwb/Rjxqev®ú = 0.41% N2O = 6%
Kve©b WvB A·vBW (CO2) = 0.03% (0.035%) Ab¨vb¨ = 13%
IRb (O3) = 0.0001%
wg‡_b (CH4) = 0.00002%

m~‡h©i Dcv`vb c„w_ex

nvB‡Wªv‡Rb (H) = 55% AavZzb/M¨vm O2 – 47%
wnwjqvg (He) =44% KvwVb AavZz/Aa©cwievnx- (Si) – 28%
Ab¨vb¨ =1% avZz (Al) – 8%

IRb †nvj/MZ©
CFC = 80%
CO2 = 18%
Ab¨vb¨ = 2%
DS Nayeb Ali Sir 3 Chemistry (Lecture- 11 & 12)
 GU‡gi MVb ev cigvYyi MVb

wPÎ: cigvYyi MVb (iv`vi‡dvW©)

 1| GKwU cigvYy‡Z ¯’vqx KwYKv = 3wU (2+1)
 2| GKwU cigvYy me©`v wbi‡cÿZv cÖ`k©b K‡i
 P=Positive (c‡RwUf) = †cÖvUb=iv`vi‡dvW©
 n= Neutral (wbDUª¨vj) =wbDUªb= wbDPuvw` = P¨vWBDK
-
 e = Negetive (‡b‡MwUf) = B‡j±ªb= _gmb

23
11Na fimsL¨v (A)
cvigvYweK msL¨v(Z)/‡cÖvUb msL¨v (P)
m~Î: A=P+N
N=A-P
= 23 -11
= 12
 c„w_ex‡Z GKgvÎ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨vm hvi gvb k~b¨|
1) AvB‡mv‡Uvc= cv wgj (cvigvYweK msL¨v/‡cÖvUb msL¨vmgvb)
2) AvB‡mvevi = gv_v wgj (fimsL¨v mgvb n‡j)
3) AvB‡mv‡Uªvb = (gv_v- cv) wgj (wbDUªb msL¨v mgvb _v‡K)
4) AvB‡mvgvi = (gv_v I cv) wgj| RgR gv‡b AvB‡mgvi|

2 3
(iii) 14Si30 15P31 (i) 1H 1H

60 60
(iv) C2H4 C2H4 (ii) 29Cu 30Zn

DS Nayeb Ali Sir 4 Chemistry (Lecture- 11 & 12)

 RviY-weRviY, avZz-AavZz, wdkvb-wdDkb
evbvb †QvU evbvb eo
1. RviY/RvwiZ/weRviK 1. weRviY/weRvwiZ/RviK
B‡j±ªb, `vb/Z¨vM, eR©b n‡j Rvib B‡j±ªb MÖnY/AR©b/mshy³ n‡j weRviY
2| avZz (nq KwVb bq ‡k‡l Avg _vK‡e) avZziv RviY NUvq 2. AavZz
Avb&vbAw±qvg I wnwjqvg ev‡` evwK me ÔAvgÕ avZz AavZziv weRviY NUvq
wniK e¨wZZ evwK me k³ wRwbm avZz AavZziv M¨vm A_ev Zij nq| nxiK AavZz
3. wdkvb 3. wdDkb
O→ o+o+3n + wecyj Zvc kw³ o + o→ O +3n + wecyj Zvc kw³
‡hgb: cvigvYweK †evgv, AvYweK †evgv ‡hgb: †mŠikw³, Av‡jvKkw³ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †evgv, bvcvg
* fv½v/UzKiv/weK…Z †evgv GB `ywU †evgvi AvNv‡Z `vjvb †KvVv fv‡½bv|
wKš‘ cÖvYxiv gviv hvq| KviY Giv M¨vmxq †evgv|
* e¯‘wU AvweK…Z _vK‡e Z‡e djvdj Qwo‡q co‡e

A¤ø-ÿviK/ Acid -Base

A¤ø (Acid) ÿviK (Base)
1. ¯^v`: UK 1. ¯^v`- wZZv
2. bxj wjUgvm‡K jvj K‡i 2. jvj wjUgvm‡K bxj K‡i
3. ïiæ‡Z H A_ev †k‡l COOH _vK‡j| 3. †k‡l OH/O _vK‡j
4. PH †¯‹‡ji gvb 7 Gi †P‡q Kg| 4. PH †¯‹‡ji gvb 7 Gi †P‡q †ewk
5. Positive _vK‡j Acid. GKwU gvÎ (Ñ) hy³ Acid 5. Negative _vK‡j ÿvi
Av‡Q Zv n‡jv (HSO4-)

Acid Gi D`vniY
1) H2SO4 (mvjwdDwiK GwmW) → (K) A¤øivR (L) GwmW e„wó NUvq
2) Hcl (nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW) → (K) cvK¯’jx‡Z _v‡K Z‡e g„`y Ae¯’vq (L) GwU Rxevby aŸsm K‡i|
3) HNO3 (bvBwUªK GwmW) → (K) ¯^Y© Mjv‡bvi cvwb (L) GwmW e„wói Rb¨ nq `vqx
4) CH3COOH (&GwmwUK GwmW/B_vbwqK GwmW) → (K) Mv‡Qi Kv‡V _v‡K (g„`y GwmW) (L) wf‡bMvi ( wmiKv
•Zwi‡Z 6-10% GwmwUK GwmW _v‡K)
ÿvi‡Ki D`vniY
CaO (K¨vjwmqvg A·vBW)= Pzb/AvKwiK Pzb/‡fRvj Pzb/k³ Pzb/ Rwg‡Z †`Iqv Pzb|
CaCO3 (K¨vjwmqvg Kve©‡bU)= Pzbvcv_i/wm‡g›U/gv‡e©j/wmivwgK/UvBjm/
Ca(OH)2 (K¨vjwmqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW) = Pz‡bi cvwb/LvIqvi Pzb/weï× Pzb/Kwj Pzb/‡`Iqv‡j jvMv‡bv Pzb/cvwb‡Z †`Iqv
Pzb/ big Pzb|

DS Nayeb Ali Sir 5 Chemistry (Lecture- 11 & 12)

jeY: LvIqvi jeb/iK më/ †Uwej më/cwi‡ekb më = ( †mwWqvg †K¬vivBW)
c wewµqv = GwmW+ÿviK = jeY+ cvwb ( cÖkgb wewµqv)
Hcl+NaoH = Nacl+H2O

‡Uw÷s më/¯^v` hy³ jeY: C5H8NO4Na, g‡bv †mwWqvg MøyUv‡gU †mwWqvg MøyUv‡gU|

c`v‡_©i ÿq/‡ZRw¯…qZv

(Mvgv) wbi‡cÿ (weUv)

Avjdv (+) †ZRw¯Œq iwk¥ ( 3 cÖKvi)

†ZRw¯ŒqZv
†ZRw®Œq c`v_©/fvix c`v_© (P=82Gi †ewk)
(BD‡iwbhvg †iwWqvg †_vwiqvg)

* iwOb †Uwjwfkb, CRT Monitor †_‡K †Kvb ÿwZi iwk wbM©Z nq ?

(K) Mvgv (L) g„`y iÄb (X-ray) (M) AwZ †e¸wb (UV)
we‡kl `ªóe¨:
iwOb †Uwjwfkb †_‡K wbM©Z ev AvMZ †Kvb iwk¥ gvby‡li ÿwZ K‡i _v‡K ?
D: g„`y iÄb iwk¥|
‣Re †h․M:
K) Kve©b I nvB‡Wªv‡Rb MwVZ †hŠMmg~n|
L) GB `ywU †gŠj Qvov O I N †ewk _v‡K|
‡hgb: CH4= wg‡_b
CH3COOH = GwmwUK GwmW
HCOOH= diwgK GwmW
H2CO3=Kve©wbK GwmW

DS Nayeb Ali Sir 6 Chemistry (Lecture- 11 & 12)

 Kve©‡bi eûgyLx e¨envi
Kve©b (6C) = K¨wU‡bkb ag© Av‡Q|
* eûiƒcZv cÖ`k©b K‡i|
* cÖavb iƒc‡f` = 2wU ( nxiK I MÖvdvBU)
K¨vwU‡bkb: GKwU †gŠj A‡bK †gŠ‡ji mv‡_ eÜb MVb Kivi ÿgZv|
nxiK MÖvdvBU
1. we`y¨r ev Zwor Acwievnx 1. we`y¨r ev Zwor cwievnx
2. Av‡jv/iwk¥ cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i bv 2. Av‡jv/iwk¥ cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i
3. me‡P‡q KwVb c`v_© 3. me‡P‡q big cÖK…wZi
4. KuvP KvUvi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq 4. ‡cw݇ji wjW, Kj‡gi Kvwj, ﮋ e¨vUvix I OMR G e¨eüZ nq
5. D¾¡j †`Lvq c~Y© Af¨všÍixY cÖwZdjb N‡U| 5. Kv‡jv †`Lvq

¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖkvœ ejx t

1. me‡P‡q nvjKv M¨vm, †gŠj, AavZz = nvB‡Wªv‡Rb (H)
2. me‡P‡q nvjKv avZz = wjw_qvg (Li)
3. me‡P‡q mwµq AavZz = †d¬vwib (F)
4. me‡P‡q mwµq avZz = wjw_qvg (Li), cUvwkqvg (K)
5. mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq Zij AavZz = †eªvwgb (Br)
6. mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq Zij avZz = cvi`/gviKvix (Hg)/ wmwRqvg (Cs)
7. me‡P‡q `vgx AavZz = nxiK (C iæc‡f`)
8. me‡P‡q `vgx avZz = µ¨vwj‡dvwb©qvg, cøvwUbvg, BD‡ivwbqvg
9. me‡P‡q k³ AavZz= nxiK (C iæc‡f`)
10. me‡P‡q k³ avZz= cøvwUbvg, BD‡ivwbqvg (U)
11. me‡P‡q †ewk we`y¨r mycwievnx AavZz= MÖvdvBU
12. me‡P‡q †ewk we`y¨r mycwievnx avZz = iæcv/wmjfvi/ Zvgv/Kcvi (Cu)/‡mvbv(Au)/‡jvnv
13. Avqbvi †cQ‡b †KvbwU cÖ‡jvc †`Iqv n‡Zv= cvi`/gviKix|
14. Avqbvi †cQ‡b †KvbwU cÖ‡jvc †`Iqv nq/DwPZ= iæcv/wmjfvi
15. me‡P‡q fvix AavZz = nxiK|
16. me‡P‡q fvix avZz = Amwgqvg, cøwUbvg, BD‡iwbqvg|
17. gnvRM‡Zi ÿwZKi iwk¥- KmwgK †i  Mvgv †i
18. RxeRM‡Zi/gvby‡li/cÖvYx‡`i me‡P‡q ÿwZi iwk¥- Mvgv iwk¥ iÄb iwk¥ X- Ray
19. i‡KU R¡vjvwb - Zij Aw·‡Rb|
20. g„`y cvwb‡Z mvevb wKfv‡e KvR K‡i - †ewk KvR K‡i| †hgb- e„wói cvwb, cyKzi, b`x, SiYvi cvwb|

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DS Nayeb Ali Sir 7 Chemistry (Lecture- 11 & 12)