Beruflich Dokumente
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Rock Mechanics / Ground Control basically deals with two fundamental topics:
Specific Gravity (sg) – The ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight of an equal
volume of a standard substance (typically water).
weight of substance
Specific gravity sg
weight of water
Note: Water = 62.4 lb/ft3, 8.345 lb/gal, 7.48 gal/ft3, 1 gm/cm3, 1000 kg/m3
Porosity (n) – The ratio of the volume of voids in a material to the total volume of the
material.
volume of voids Vv
Porosity n
total volume V
Void Ratio (e) – The ratio of the volume of voids in a material to the volume of solids in
the material.
volume of voids Vv
Void Ratio e
volume of solids Vs
(Problem - Specific Gravity) A sedimentary rock weighs 165 lb/ft3 (pounds per cubic
foot). What is its specific gravity?
weight of substance
Specific gravity sg
weight of water
165 (lb/ft 3 )
62.4 (lb/ft 3 )
2.64
Stress (σ) – The force applied per unit area that produces deformation in a body.
force
Stress ( )
area
(Problem – Overburden Stress) The rock mass over a mine has an average specific
gravity of 2.55. What is the stress in psi (pounds per square inch) that is exerted per
foot of depth?
weight of substance
Specific gravity
weight of water
weight of substance Specific gravity * weight of water
2.55 * 62.4 (lb/ft 3 )
159 (lb/ft 3 )
weight of overburden
overburden stress ( i )
acting area
159 (lb/ft 3 )
i
144 (in 2 /ft 2 )
i 1.1 psi/ft of depth
change in length
Strain ( )
initial length
0.3 ft
ε
75 ft
ε 0.004 or 4000 micro - strains
Rock Properties:
Elastic Properties:
Elastic Modulus
Shear Modulus
Poisson’s Ratio
Strength:
Compressive, Tensile, Shear
Mohr-Coulomb: Friction Angle, Cohesion
Hoek-Brown: m, s
axial stress σ a
E
axial strain εa
Shear Modulus (G) (or Modulus of Rigidity) – The ratio of the shear stress to the shear
strain
τ E
G xy
γ xy 21 ν
Poisson’s Ratio (v) – The ratio of the complementary strain induced in an orthogonal
direction to the primary strain generated by the applied force (uni-axial stress, plane
stress).
r a
where a
a E
Axial Stress ( a)
(-0.000625, 65.5) 80 (0.001775, 65.5)
c /2
40 Es - Secant Modulus
Et - Tangent Modulus
Tangent Elastic Modulus (Et) – The slope of the axial stress-strain curve at a specific
point, generally at 50% of the peak strength.
stress change Δσ a
Et
strain change Δεa
Secant Elastic Modulus (Es) – The slope of the axial stress-strain curve from zero stress
to a specific stress, generally at the peak strength or 50% of the peak strength.
stress change σ a σ 0
Es
strain change εa ε0
(Problem – Elastic Modulus)A surveyor’s 100 ft long steel tape has a cross section of
0.250 in by 0.03 in. What is its elastic modulus if its elongation is 0.064 in when held
by a force of 12 lb?
Note: The elastic modulus of steel stays the same irregardless of strength!
Hooke’s Law: In a tri-axial stress field, the strain in any given direction can be
determined by:
h * v
(1 v)
Note: In general, this is not the case and the tectonic/residual stresses determine the
magnitude of the horizontal stress.
(Problem – Horizontal Stress) - Determine the ratio of horizontal to vertical stress for
a gravity loaded material with a Poisson’s Ratio of 0.25?
h * v
(1 v)
h
v (1 v)
0.25
0.33
1 0.25
Stress Concentrations:
yy
rr r
ur
r
u
Figure. Schematic for Kirsch's equations for stresses around a circular opening.
σ yy a 2 σ yy 4a 2 3a 4
σ rr 1 1 2 4 cos 2θ
2 r 2 2 r r
σ yy a 2 σ yy 3a 4
σ θθ 1 1 4 cos 2θ
2 r 2 2 r
σ yy 2a 2 3a 4
σ rθ 1 2 4 sin 2θ
2 r r
(Problem – Stress Concentration) - For a unit vertical stress, what is the tangential
stress at the side of a circular tunnel?
σ θθ σ yy 2σ yy cos 2θ
1 2( 1 )( 1 )
3
(Problem – Stress Concentration) - For a unit vertical stress, what is the tangential
stress at the top of a circular tunnel?
σ θθ σ yy 2σ yy cos 2θ
1 2( 1 )( 1 )
-1
(Problem – Stress Concentration) - For a unit vertical stress, what is the vertical
stress 2 radii from the edge of the circle (r = 3a)?
σ yy a 2 σ yy 3a 4
σ θθ 1 1 4 cos 2θ
2 r 2 2 r
1 a2 1 3a 4
σ θθ 1 2 1 cos ( 180 )
2 9a 2 81a 4
σ θθ 1.074
Biaxial Stress:
For a bi-axial stress field, the uni-axial solutions can be combined? For instance, a
uni-axial vertical stress field of 3 would give a stress concentration of 9 at the side of the
hole. A uni-axial horizontal stress of 1, would give a stress concentration of -1 at the side
of the hole. The combination of a 3 vertical stress and 1 horizontal stress would result in
a stress concentration of 8 at the side of the hole (and 0 at the top of the hole).
s /szz
+1 0 -1
5
st
4 sr
z/r 3 3
2 2
st s /szz
1 1
sr
r 0
1 2 3 4 5
x/r
Figure The radial (r) and tangential(t) stress at the top and side of a circular opening.
SZZ(Psi)
-50
-75
-100
-125
-150
-175
-200
-225
-250
-275
-300
-325
-350
-375
-400
-425
-450
-475
-500
-525
-550
Z -575
-600
Y X
SZZ(Psi)
0
-25
-50
-75
-100
-125
-150
-175
-200
-225
-250
-275
-300
-325
-350
-375
-400
-425
-450
-475
-500
-525
Z -550
Y X
The stress concentration factor for M=1/3 and w/h=4, using the figure 5 above:
Safety Factors:
tensile strength compressive strength
SFtension SFcomp
SCF * σ v SCF * σ v
1225 13150
.5 * 561 5.5 * 561
4.37 4.26
Note: Good for short term stability in tension and long term stability in compression.
Mohr’s Circle of Stress:
σ σ x
2
σ σx
σ1,σ 3 z z τ xz2
2 2
1 2 τ xz
θp arctan
2 σz σx
The shear force is 701 psi and the resistance is 491, so the joint will
slide.
2
σ1 σ 3 mσ c σ 3 sσ c