Chapter 07 Equations and Logarithms PDF

Number and algebra
7
Equations
and
logarithms
Historically, algebra dates back to ancient Egypt and
Babylon where linear and quadratic equations were solved.
In ancient Babylon, quadratic equations were solved by very
similar methods to those still relevant and taught today.
Logarithms were developed in the seventeenth century and
are still in use, most recognised in the pH, decibel and
Richter scales.
N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S A D V A N C E D
for the A ustralian Curriculum 10 þ10A
Shutterstock.com/WitR
n Chapter outline n Wordbank
Proficiency strands cubic equation An equation involving a variable cubed
7-01 Equations with algebraic U F R (power of 3), such as 4x 3 ¼ 500
fractions
7-02 Quadratic equations U F R C exponential equation An equation where the variable is
x 2 þ bx þ c ¼ 0 a power, such as 3 x ¼ 243
7-03 Simple cubic equations U F R C logarithm The power of a number, to a given base. For
ax 3 ¼ c* example, log10 1000 ¼ 3, meaning that the logarithm of
7-04 Equation problems U F PS R C 1000 to base 10 is 3, because 1000 ¼ 10 3
7-05 Equations and formulas U F PS R C inequality A mathematical statement that two quantities
7-06 Changing the subject of U F R C are not equal, involving algebraic expressions and an
a formula* inequality sign (>, , <, or )
7-07 Graphing inequalities on U F C
a number line quadratic equation An equation involving a variable
7-08 Solving inequalities U F R squared (power of 2), such as 3x 2 6 ¼ 69
7-09 Logarithms* U F R C solution The answer to an equation, inequality or
7-10 Logarithm laws* U F R C problem, the correct value(s) of the variable that makes
7-11 Exponential and U F R C an equation or inequality true
logarithmic equations*
*STAGE 5.3
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Equations and logarithms
n In this chapter you will:

• solve linear equations involving simple algebraic fractions
• solve simple quadratic equations using a range of strategies
• substitute values into formulas to determine an unknown
• solve linear inequalities and graph their solutions on a number line
• (STAGE 5.3) use the definition of a logarithm to establish and apply the laws of logarithms
• (STAGE 5.3) solve simple exponential equations
• solve linear equations and problems involving equations
• (STAGE 5.3) solve linear equations involving complex algebraic fractions
• (STAGE 5.3) solve simple cubic equations of the form ax 3 ¼ c
• (STAGE 5.3) change the subject of a formula
• (STAGE 5.3) solve simple logarithmic equations
SkillCheck
Worksheet
1 Solve each equation.
StartUp assignment 6
a 4a þ 5 ¼ 2a 19 b 3x þ 2 ¼ 4 c 4(2 x) ¼ 24
MAT10NAWK10040 5
2 Factorise each expression.
a k 2 þ 5k þ 4 b y 2 10y þ 16 c m 2 m 56
d u 2 þ 8u 65 e w 2 10w þ 21 f x 2 2x 24
Video tutorial
Equations with
7-01 Equations with algebraic equations
algebraic fractions
MAT10NAVT10026
Example 1
Puzzle sheet
Equations code puzzle Solve each equation.

MAT10NAPS10041 a 2m m ¼ 2 b 2a þ 4 ¼ 2
3 2 5 3
Puzzle sheet
Solution
Equations order activity
MAT10NAPS10042
a 2m m ¼ 2
3 2
Puzzle sheet Multiply both sides by a common multiple of the denominators to remove the fractions.
Solving linear
The lowest common multiple (LCM) of 3 and 2 is 6, so multiply both sides by 6.

equations 1 2m m
6 ¼ 632
MAT10NAPS00035 3 2
2m m
Puzzle sheet 62 3 63 3 ¼ 12
Solving linear
31 21
equations 2 4m 3m ¼ 12
Check by substituting that this
MAT10NAPS00036 m ¼ 12
solution is correct.
248 9780170194662
b 2a þ 4 ¼ 2
5 3
Multiply both sides by 15, the LCM of 5 and 3.
2a þ 4 3 2 5
3 15 ¼ 3 15
51 31
3ð2a þ 4Þ ¼ 10
6a þ 12 ¼ 10
6a ¼ 2
2
a¼
6
1
¼
3
Stage 5.3
Example 2
Solve 2n þ 1 3n 2 ¼ 5 Video tutorial
3 2
Equations with
Solution algebraic fractions
2n þ 1 3n 2 MAT10NAVT10026
¼ 5
3 2
2n þ 1 3n 2
62 63 ¼ 6 3 ð5Þ The LCM of 3 and 2 is 6.
31 21
2ð2n þ 1Þ 3ð3n 2Þ ¼ 30
4n þ 2 9n þ 6 ¼ 30
5n þ 8 ¼ 30
5n ¼ 38
38
n¼
5
3
¼7
5
Exercise 7-01 Equations with algebraic fractions

1 Solve each equation. See Example 1
3y
a ¼9 b 2a ¼ 2 c mþ5¼6 d k 2 ¼ 11
5 9 2 5
nþ5 y1 xþ1 y1
e ¼ 10 f ¼ 2 g þ 2 ¼ 10 h 6¼3
3 4 4 5
2ðx þ 1Þ 3ðm 2Þ
i mþ21¼3 j x6þ7¼0 k ¼ 10 l ¼6
5 5 5 4
8ðn þ 1Þ 5ð1 nÞ 4ð1 þ dÞ
m þ2¼4 n 1¼3 o þ 1 ¼ 71
3 2 3 3
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

a 2k ¼ 5 b 3w ¼ 2 c 5x ¼ 10 d x1¼xþ1
3 4 10 5 2 3 2 4
yþ2 y1 a þ5¼a1 pþ2 p5 2y 1 y þ 1
e ¼ f g ¼ h ¼
5 2 3 8 5 2 5 4
3y þ 2 2y þ 1
i ¼ j wþw¼7 k w w ¼ 15 l 2w w ¼ 4
3 4 5 2 2 5 3 4
3a 2y y
m a
þ ¼1 n ¼4 o þ 3a ¼ 2
a
2 3 5 3 3 4
3 Solve each equation. Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
a 4m m ¼ 2
5 3
A m ¼ 10 B m ¼ 12 C m ¼ 30 D m¼4
7 3
b m þ 1 ¼ 3 þ 2m
2 5
A m¼1 B m¼5 C m¼5 D m¼2
3 3
Stage 5.3 4 Solve each equation.
pþ2 pþ1
See Example 2 a x 1 þ 2x ¼ 0 b þ ¼ 10 c m þ 2 þ m þ 1 ¼ 12
4 7 3 4 3 4
3y þ 1 y þ 2
d x3þx2¼6 e 3x 10 þ x 2 ¼ 11 f ¼4
5 2 3 2 4 3
7 þ 2a a 1 6a 1 a þ 2 wþ3 w1 1
g ¼6 h ¼8 i ¼
5 2 4 3 6 5 3
j a 10 5 2a ¼ 1
5 4 2
2
7-02 Quadratic equations x þ bx þ c ¼ 0
iStockphoto/Lagui
An equation in which the highest power of the variable is 2 is called a quadratic equation;
for example, x 2 ¼ 5, 3m 2 þ 7 ¼ 10, d 2 d 6 ¼ 0 and 4y 2 3y ¼ 8.
250 9780170194662
Solving ax 2 ¼ c Worksheet
Equations review
Summary MAT10NAWK10043
The quadratic equation x 2 ¼ c (where c is a positive number) has two solutions,

pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
x ¼ c ðwhich means x ¼ c and x ¼ cÞ
Example 3
Video tutorial
Solve each quadratic equation.
Simple quadratic
a m 2 ¼ 16 b 3x 2 ¼ 75 c 3m 2 12 ¼ 0 equations
MAT10NAVT10028
Solution
a m 2 ¼ 16
pffiffiffiffiffi
m ¼ 16 Finding the square root of both sides.
¼ 4
b 3x 2 ¼ 75 c 3m 2 12 ¼ 0
75 3m 2 12 þ 12 ¼ 0 þ 12
x2 ¼
3 3m 2 ¼ 12
2
x ¼ 25
pffiffiffiffiffi 12
x ¼ 25 m2 ¼
3
2
¼ 5 m ¼4
pffiffiffi
m¼ 4
¼ 2
Example 4
2
Solve 5x ¼ 25, writing the solution in exact (surd) form.
9
Solution
5x 2
¼ 25
9
5x 2 ¼ 25 3 9
¼ 225
225
x2 ¼
5
¼ 45pffiffiffiffiffi
x ¼ 45 As a surd
pffiffiffipffiffiffi
¼ 9 5
pffiffiffi
¼ 3 5 In simplest surd form
9780170194662 251
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Example 5
Solve 7x 2 88 ¼ 0, writing the solution correct to one decimal place.
Solution
7x 2 88 ¼ 0
7x 2 ¼ 88
88
x2 ¼
7
rffiffiffiffiffi
88
x¼
7
x ¼ 3:54562 . . .
3:5
Solving x 2 þ bx þ c ¼ 0 by factorising
To solve quadratic equations of the form x 2 þ bx þ c ¼ 0, we need to factorise the quadratic
expression on the LHS, which we learnt in Chapter 5, Products and Factors.
Example 6
Video tutorial
Quadratic equations
Solve x 2 þ 5x þ 6 ¼ 0.
by factorising
MAT10NAVT10029
Solution
x 2 þ 5x þ 6 ¼ 0
(x þ 2)(x þ 3) ¼ 0
The LHS has been factorised into two factors, (x þ 2) and (x þ 3), whose product is 0.
If two numbers have a product of 0, then one of the numbers must be 0.
) xþ2¼ 0 or xþ3 ¼0
) x ¼ 2 or x ¼ 3
[ The solution to x 2 þ 5x þ 6 ¼ 0 is x ¼ 2 or x ¼ 3.
Check:
When x ¼ 2,
LHS ¼ (2) 2 þ 5 3 (2) þ 6 ¼ 0
RHS ¼ 0
Therefore LHS ¼ RHS.
When x ¼ 3,
LHS ¼ (3) 2 þ 5 3 (3) þ 6 ¼ 0
RHS ¼ 0
Therefore LHS ¼ RHS.
252 9780170194662
Summary
When solving quadratic equations by factorising, the following property is used.
If pq ¼ 0, then p ¼ 0 or q ¼ 0.
Example 7
Video tutorial
Solve each quadratic equation. Simple quadratic
equations
a x2 x 2 ¼ 0 b u 2 þ 3u 28 ¼ 0
c a 2 2a ¼ 0 d p 2 ¼ 5p þ 24 MAT10NAVT10028
Solution
a x2 x 2 ¼ 0
(x 2)(x þ 1) ¼ 0
) x2¼0 or xþ1¼0
)x¼2 or x ¼ 1
[ The solution to x 2 x 2 ¼ 0 is x ¼ 2 or x ¼ 1.
b u 2 þ 3u 28 ¼ 0
(u þ 7)(u 4) ¼ 0
) uþ7¼0 or u4¼0
) u ¼ 7 or u¼4
[ The solution to u 2 þ 3u 28 ¼ 0 is u ¼ 7 or u ¼ 4.
c a 2 2a ¼ 0
This requires a simpler factorisation as there
are only two terms, both involving a.
a(a 2) ¼ 0
)a¼0 or a2¼0
)a¼0 or a¼2
[ The solution to a 2 2a ¼ 0 is a ¼ 0 or a ¼ 2.
d p 2 ¼ 5p þ 24
p 2 5p 24 ¼ 0 Moving all terms to the LHS
( p 8)(p þ 3) ¼ 0 and making the RHS ¼ 0
) p8¼0 or pþ3¼0
)p¼8 or p ¼ 3
[ The solution to p 2 ¼ 5p þ 24 is p ¼ 8 or p ¼ 3.
Note: Quadratic equations of the form ax 2 þ bx þ c ¼ 0 will be met in Chapter 11, Quadratic
equations and the parabola.
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Exercise 7-02 Quadratic equations x 2 þ bx þ c ¼ 0

See Example 3 1 Solve each quadratic equation.
a m 2 ¼ 144 b x 2 ¼ 400 c y 2 ¼ 225 d k 2 169 ¼ 0
2
e y 1¼0 f w 2 16 ¼ 0 g x 2 þ 10 ¼ 14 h t2 9 ¼ 7
2
a
i ¼8 j 5k 2 ¼ 180 k 3w 2 ¼ 300 l d 2 þ 60 ¼ 204
2
k2 w2 m2
m ¼ 0:5 n ¼ 2:5 o 5y 2 ¼ 5 p ¼9
2 10 4
3k 2 y2
q 4x 2 ¼ 1 r 2p 2 þ 3 ¼ 21 s þ5¼8 t 2 ¼ 18
4 5
See Example 4 2 Solve each quadratic equation, writing the solution in exact (surd) form where necessary.
2
a 5m 2 20 ¼ 0 b 4a ¼ 36 c m 2 ¼ 28
9
2 2
d 9k 2 þ 10 ¼ 13 e k ¼6 f 3k ¼ 27
16 10
See Example 5 3 Solve each quadratic equation, writing the solution correct to two decimal places where necessary.
2
a 9m 2 2 ¼ 32 b 2x ¼ 23 c 6y 2 ¼ 0.726
2
5
d 2w ¼ 20 e 3a 2 þ 11 ¼ 267 f 2y 2 14 ¼ 63
5
a x 2 þ 3x þ 2 ¼ 0 b y 2 þ 5y þ 4 ¼ 0 c y 2 þ 16y þ 48 ¼ 0
d x 2 þ x 12 ¼ 0 e x 2 þ 2x 3 ¼ 0 f x 2 þ 3x 40 ¼ 0
a x 2 x 30 ¼ 0 b x 2 8x þ16 ¼ 0 c x 2 5x 66 ¼ 0
d d 2 2d ¼ 0 e x 2 3x 10 ¼ 0 f n 2 þ 4n ¼ 0
g k 2 7k ¼ 0 h y 2 ¼ 5y i v 2 ¼ 12v
j m 2 ¼ 3m k a 2 þ 24a ¼ 80 l n 2 ¼ 10n
m u 2 þ 2u ¼ 8 n x 2 ¼ x þ 42 o p(p þ 9) ¼ 20
6 Explain why the quadratic equation x 2 ¼ 25 has no solutions.
7 State which of these quadratic equations have no solutions. Give reasons.
a x 2 ¼ 9 b 2k 2 þ 5 ¼ 9 c 3m 2 þ 8 ¼ 4
2 2 2
d 9w 1 ¼ 1 e 4þd ¼8 f 5a þ 3 ¼ 2
2 3 2
Stage 5.3 3
7-03 Simple cubic equations ax ¼ c
NSW
An equation in which the highest power of the variable is 3 is called a cubic equation, for example,
x 3 ¼ 12, 2m 3 þ 1 ¼ 25, d 3 14 ¼ 4 and x 3 3x 2 þ 5x þ 4 ¼ 0.
Summary
p ffiffiffi
The cubic equation x 3 ¼ c has one solution: x ¼ 3
c
254 9780170194662
Stage 5.3
Example 8
Solve each cubic equation.
a y 3 ¼ 64 b p 3 ¼ 50 c 2x 3 ¼ 2000
Solution
a y 3 ¼ 64
p3
ffiffiffiffiffi
y ¼ 64 Finding the cube root of both sides.
¼4
b p 3 ¼ 50
pffiffiffiffiffi
p ¼ 3 50 50 is not a cube number so leave the answer as a surd.
3
c 2x ¼ 2000
2000
x3 ¼ Dividing both sides by (2).
2
¼ 1000
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
x ¼ 3 1000
¼ 10
Example 9
Solve each cubic equation, writing the solution correct to one decimal place.
2y 3
a 11x 3 102 ¼ 0 b ¼ 11
7
Solution
a 11x 3 102 ¼ 0 b 2y 3
¼ 11
11x 3 ¼ 102 7
102 2y 3 ¼ 11 3 7
x3 ¼
11 ¼ 77y 3
¼ 9:272 . . . 77
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼
x ¼ 3 9:272::: 2
¼ 38:5
¼ 2:1008 . . . pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2:1 y ¼ 3 38:5
¼ 3:3766 . . .
3:4
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Stage 5.3
Exercise 7-03 Simple cubic equations ax 3 ¼ c
See Example 8 1 Solve each cubic equation, writing the solution in exact form where necessary.
a x3 ¼ 1 b m 3 ¼ 125 c a 3 ¼ 1331
d u 3 ¼ 8 e y 3 ¼ 729 f n 3 ¼ 20
g h 3 ¼ 11 h k 3 ¼ 48 i 5m 3 ¼ 75
j 7m 3 ¼ 448 k 4x 3 ¼ 81 l 12x 3 ¼ 480
See Example 9 2 Solve each cubic equation, writing the solution correct to one decimal place.
a w 3 16 ¼ 0 b m 3 þ 6 ¼ 22 c 5m 3 1080 ¼ 0
x3 5x 3
d 3t 3 10 ¼ 87 e ¼9 f ¼ 120
3 7
g 3x 3 ¼ 10 3
h 2x ¼ 0:2048
3
i 7a 10 ¼ 121
4 5 9
7x 3
j a 3 0.064 ¼ 0 k ¼ 10 l 5t 3 þ 46 ¼ 370
9
3 a Does a cubic equation of the form ax 3 ¼ c always have a solution?
b When is the solution to x 3 ¼ c positive?
c When is the solution to x 3 ¼ c negative?
d Can x 3 ¼ c have two solutions?
7-04 Equation problems

Example 10
At a concert, an adult’s ticket costs $5 more than twice the cost of a child’s ticket. The total
cost for 3 adults and 7 children is $327. Find the cost of a child’s ticket and an adult’s ticket.
Solution
Let the cost of a child’s ticket be $c. Using a variable to represent an
[ Cost of an adult’s ticket ¼ $(2c þ 5) unknown quantity.
3ð2c þ 5Þ þ 7c ¼ 327 Forming an equation.
6c þ 15 þ 7c ¼ 327 Solving the equation.
13c þ 15 ¼ 327
13c ¼ 312
c ¼ 24 A child’s ticket costs $24.
) Cost of an adult’s ticket ¼ 2 3 $24 þ 5
¼ $53
[ A child’s ticket costs $24 and an adult’s ticket costs $53.
Check: 3 3 $53 þ 7 3 $24 ¼ $327.
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Example 11
Jennifer is 7 years older than Amy. Ten years from now, the sum of their ages will be 43.
How old are they now?
Solution
Let x ¼ Amy’s age now. Now In 10 years’ time
[ Jennifer’s age now ¼ x þ 7. Amy x x þ 10
In 10 years’ time: Jennifer xþ7 x þ 7 þ 10 ¼ x þ 17
ðx þ 10Þ þ ðx þ 17Þ ¼ 43
2x þ 27 ¼ 43
2x ¼ 16
x¼8 Amy is 8 now.
Jennifer’s age now ¼ 8 þ 7
¼ 15
Amy is 8 years old now and Jennifer is 15 years old now.
[ Check: In 10 years’ time, the sum of their ages will be 18 þ 25 ¼ 43.
Exercise 7-04 Equation problems

For each question, write an equation and solve it to answer the problem.
1 A rectangle is four times as long as it is wide. The perimeter of the rectangle is 250 cm. Find
the dimensions of the rectangle.
2 The equal sides of an isosceles triangle are twice as long as the other side. The perimeter of the
triangle is 90 mm. Find the lengths of the sides of the triangle.
3 At the football match, an adult’s ticket costs $6 more than twice the cost of a child’s ticket. The See Example 10
total cost for 3 adults and 5 children is $249. Find the cost of a child’s ticket and an adult’s ticket.
4 The sum of three consecutive numbers is 186. Find the numbers.
5 The sum of three consecutive even numbers is 288. Find the numbers.
6 Sanjay is nine times the age of his son, Anand. In 5 years he will be four times the age of See Example 11
Anand. How old are they now?
7 When 15 is subtracted from three times a certain number, the answer is 63. What is the number?
8 The product of 2 and a number is the same as 12 subtract the number. Find the number.
9 The sum of the present ages of Vatha and Chris is 36. In 4 years time, the sum of their ages
will equal twice Vatha’s present age. How old are they now?
10 Four consecutive numbers have a sum of 858. Find the numbers.
11 Find x.
(2x + 45)°
5(x – 12)°
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
12 Manori’s bag has 10-cent and 20-cent coins. She has 202 coins with a total value of $31.90.
How many 20-cent coins does Manori have?
13 If 17 more than a number is 5 more than three times the number, what is the number?
14 If the perimeter of this parallelogram is 130, find x. 3(x + 2)
x–3
15 The sum of Scott’s age and his mother’s age is 45. In 5 years’ time, three times Scott’s age less
9 will be the same as his mother’s age. Find the present ages of Scott and his mother.
16 One angle in a triangle is double the smallest angle, and the third angle in the triangle is
5 more than four times the smallest angle. Find the size of each angle.
17 A large container of water is 7 full. After 15 L has been taken out, the container is 2 full.
8 3
When full, how many litres does the container hold?
18 The total cost of a school camp for Year 10 students was $21 280. Each teacher paid $185 to
attend and each student paid $165. There was one teacher for every 15 students. Find the
numbers of teachers and students that attended the camp.
Mental skills 7 Maths without calculators
Multiplying decimals
1 Study each example.
a 3 × 8 = 24, so 3 × 0.8 = 2.4
0 dp + 1 dp = 1 dp (dp = decimal places)

The number of decimal places in the answer is equal to the total number of decimal places
in the question. Also, the answer sounds reasonable because, by estimation:
3 3 0.8 3 3 1 ¼ 3 (2.4 3)
b 6 × 5 = 30, so 0.6 × 0.5 = 0.30 = 0.3
1 dp + 1 dp = 2 dp
By estimation, 0:6 3 0:5 0:5 3 0:5 ¼ 1 3 1 ¼ 1 ¼ 0:25 (0.3 0.25)
2 2 4
c 7 × 3 = 21, so 0.07 × 0.3 = 0.021
2 dp + 1 dp = 3 dp
By estimation, 0:07 3 0:3 0:07 3 1 0:02 (0.021 0.02)
3
258 9780170194662
2 Now evaluate each product.
a 0.7 3 5 b 12 3 0.2 c 0.4 3 0.3 d (0.6) 2
e 8 3 0.1 f 0.03 3 0.9 g 4 3 0.05 h 1.1 3 8
i 0.3 3 0.8 j 0.2 3 0.06 k 9 3 0.2 l 0.07 3 0.4
3 Study each example.
Given that 15 3 23 ¼ 345, evaluate each product.
a 1.5 × 2.3 = 3.45
1 dp + 1 dp = 2 dp (Estimate: 1.5 × 2.3 ≈ 2 × 2 = 4)

b 150 × 0.23 = 15 × 10 × 0.23 = 15 × 0.23 × 10 = 3.45 × 10 = 34.5
0 dp + 2 dp = 2 dp
(Estimate: 150 × 0.23 ≈ 150 × 0.2 = 150 × 1 = 30)
5
c 0.15 × 2300 = 0.15 × 23 × 100 = 3.45 × 100 = 345
2 dp + 0 dp = 2 dp
(Estimate: 0.15 × 2300 ≈ 0.2 × 2300 = 15 × 2300 = 460)
4 Now given that 39 3 17 ¼ 663, evaluate each product.
a 3.9 3 17 b 39 3 170 c 39 3 0.17 d 0.39 3 1.7
e 3.9 3 1.7 f 390 3 1.7 g 3.9 3 0.17 h 3.9 3 170
i 3900 3 1.7 j 39 3 1.7 k 39 3 0.017 l 0.39 3 0.17
Puzzle sheet
7-05 Equations and formulas Getting the right
formula
A formula is an equation that describes a relationship between variables. For example, the formula MAT10NAPS10044
for the perimeter of a rectangle is P ¼ 2(l þ w), where P is the subject of the formula and appears
on the LHS of the ‘¼’ sign.
Example 12
The cost, $C, of a taxi trip is C ¼ 5 þ 2.4d, where d is the distance travelled in kilometres.
a Find the cost of a taxi trip if the distance travelled is 15 km.
b Find the distance travelled by the taxi if the cost of the trip was $78.20.
Solution
a When d ¼ 15: b When C ¼ 78.20:
C ¼ 5 þ 2:4 3 15 78:20 ¼ 5 þ 2:4d
¼ 41 73:20 ¼ 2:4d
The cost was $41. 73:20
d¼ ¼ 30:5
2:4
The distance travelled was 30.5 km.
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Example 13
The surface area of a sphere is SA ¼ 4pr 2, where r is the radius. Find, correct to one decimal
place, the radius of a sphere with surface area 40 m 2.
Solution
When r ¼ 40:
40 ¼ 4pr 2
10 ¼ pr 2
10
r2 ¼
p
¼ 3:183 . . .
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
r ¼ 3:183 r is positive
¼ 1:784 . . .
1:8 m
The radius of the sphere is 1.8 m.
Exercise 7-05 Equations and formulas

See Example 12 1 The formula for the circumference of a circle is C ¼ 2pr, where r is the radius. Find, correct to
one decimal place:
a the circumference of a circle with radius 2.4 m
b the radius of a circle whose circumference is 200 cm
2 The perimeter of a rectangle is P ¼ 2(l þ w). Find the width of a rectangle whose perimeter is
58 m and length is 12 m.
3 The formula for converting speed expressed in m/s to a speed expressed as km/h is k ¼ 3.6M,
where M is the speed in m/s. Calculate in m/s the speed of a car travelling at 110 km/h.
4 Use the formula from question 3 to convert each speed to km/h.
a 10 m/s b 24 m/s c 50 m/s
5 The average of m and n is A ¼ þ n. If two numbers have an average of 28 and one of them
m
2
is 13, find the other number.
6 The formula for converting a temperature recorded in °F to a temperature in °C is
5
C ¼ ðF 32Þ. Convert each temperature to °C, correct to the nearest degree.
9
a 80°F b 32°F c 212°F d 102°F
M
7 The body mass index (BMI) of an adult is B ¼ 2 , where M is the mass in kilograms and h is
See Example 13
h
the height in metres. Find, correct to one decimal place:
a the BMI of Dean who is 1.85 m tall and has a mass of 72 kg
b the mass of a person with a BMI of 24, who is 2.1 m tall.
8 The volume of a sphere is V ¼ 4 pr 3 , where r is the radius. Find, correct to one decimal place,
3
the radius of a sphere with a volume of 500 m 3.
260 9780170194662
9 The average speed in km/h of a car is given by the formula S ¼ D, where D is the distance
T
covered in kilometres and T is the time taken in hours. Find, correct to the nearest whole
number:
a the distance travelled, if a car maintains a speed of 87.2 km/h for 5 hours
b the time taken, if a distance of 650 km is covered at a speed of 91 km/h
10 The cost, $C, of hiring a car is C ¼ 45 þ 0.15d, where d is the number of kilometres travelled.
Calculate:
a the cost of hiring a car to travel 350 km
b the distance travelled, if the cost is $138.
11 The surface area of a cylinder is given by the formula SA ¼ 2pr 2 þ 2prh. Calculate, correct to
one decimal place, the height of a cylinder with surface area 1255.38 cm 2 and radius 9 cm.
Stage 5.3
7-06 Changing the subject of a formula
NSW
Video tutorial
Example 14
Changing the subject
of a formula
Change the subject of the formula:
MAT10NAVT10005
a A ¼ 1 bh to h b v 2 ¼ u 2 þ 2as to s c a þ 2 ¼ k to a
2 a þ 10 Worksheet
Solution Changing the subject

of a formula
1
a A ¼ bh MAT10NAWK10211
2
1
bh ¼ A Swapping sides so that h appears on the LHS.
2
bh ¼ 2A Multiplying both sides by 2.
2A
h¼ Dividing both sides by b.
b
2 2
b v ¼ u þ 2as
u 2 þ 2as ¼ v 2 Swapping sides so that s appears on the LHS.
2as ¼ v 2 u 2 Subtracting u 2 from both sides.
v2 u2
s¼ Dividing both sides by 2a.
2a
c aþ2
¼k
a þ 10
a þ 2 ¼ kða þ 10Þ Multiplying both sides by a þ 10.
¼ ak þ 10k Expanding
a ak ¼ 10k 2 Moving the a-terms to the LHS, the 2 to the RHS.
að1 kÞ ¼ 10k 2 Factorising a from the LHS.
10k 2
a¼ Dividing both sides by 1 k.
1k
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Stage 5.3
Exercise 7-06 Changing the subject of a formula
See Example 14 1 Make y the subject of each formula.
a x þ 2y ¼ 5 b m þ py ¼ k c P ky ¼ 8
y 5 þ 8y
d m¼ e D ¼ K My f ¼4
3 5 d
ay k y þ 3 4m
g ¼c h ¼ i xy 2 þ 5 ¼ w
2 rffiffiffi 5 3 rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
y yþk
j x¼ k n¼ d l T¼
k 5y c
2 Change the subject of each formula to the variable indicated in brackets.
a a 2 þ b 2 ¼ c 2 [b] b s ¼ ut þ 1 at 2 [a] c v ¼ u þ at [a]
2
d V ¼ 4 pr 3 [r] e A ¼ p(R 2 r 2) [R] f A ¼ prl þ pr 2 [l]
3
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
g S ¼ 180(n 2) [n] h 1 þ 1 ¼ 1 [r] i x ¼ b 2 4ac [b]
x r s
aðp 1Þ
j x þ y ¼ 5 3x [x] k m ¼ 5A [A] l S¼ [p]
2A þ n p
m X(a þ b) ¼ Y(a b) [a] n 5 þ x ¼ 2 [x] o y ¼ u þ bx [b]
3x þ a u þ ab
Investigation: Restricting values of variables
1 Consider the formula x 2 þ y 2 ¼ 4.

a Explain why the least value that x can take is 2 and the largest value that x can take is 2.
b Does the same restriction apply to the values that ffithe variable y can take? Explain why.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
c By making y the subject, show that y ¼ 4p x2 . ffi
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
d Are the values that x and y can take in y ¼ 4 x2 different from the values that
they can take in x 2 þ y 2 ¼ 4? Give reasons.
2 a If Z ¼ raxffiffiffi2, what range of values can Z, a and x take?
b If x ¼ Z , what range of values can Z, a and x take?
a
3 a In the formula A ¼ pr 2, explain why there are no restrictions on r but A 0.
b Make r the subject of the formula given that the formula is for the area of a circle.
Have the restrictions on the variables r and A changed? pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4 a What are the restrictions on the variables x and y in the formula y ¼ 16 x2 ?
b Change the subject of the formula to x. Are the restrictions on the variables the same
as for part a? Explain.
5 Consider the formula y ¼ 1 .
x3
a What are the restrictions on the variables x and y? Give reasons.
b Make x the subject of the formula. Are the restrictions on the variables the same as in
part a or different? Explain.
c Compare your answers to the above questions with those of other students in
your class.
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Worksheet
7-07 Graphing inequalities on a number line Graphing inequalities
MAT10NAWK10045
An inequality looks like an equation except that the equals sign (¼) is replaced by an inequality
symbol >, , < or .
2x 7 ¼ 15 is an equation. There is only one value of x that makes it true.
2x 7 15 is an inequality. There is a range of values of x that make it true.
Summary
> means ‘is greater than’ means ‘is greater than or equal to’
< means ‘is less than’ means ‘is less than or equal to’
The inequality x 3 is read ‘x is greater than or equal to 3’ and includes 3 and all the numbers
above 3, such as 3.01, 4, 10, 20 000, etc.
The inequality x > 3 is read ‘x is greater than 3’ and means all the numbers above 3, but not 3.
Inequality In words Meaning
x>3 x is greater than 3 Values above 3
x<3 x is less than 3 Values below 3
x3 x is greater than or equal to 3 Values above and including 3
x3 x is less than or equal to 3 Values below and including 3
For convenience, we can represent all the values in an inequality using a number line.
Example 15
Graph each inequality on a number line.
a x1 b x<5 c x > 3
Solution
a x 1 means that x can be any number greater than 1 or equal to 1.
x The filled circle at 1
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 means we include 1.
b x < 5 means that x can be any number less than 5, but not including 5.
x The open circle on 5 means
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 that 5 is not included.
c x > 3 means that x can be any number greater than 3, but not including 3.
x
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
9780170194662 263
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Exercise 7-07 Graphing inequalities on a number line

See Example 15 1 Graph each inequality on a separate number line.
a x2 b x < 3 c x1 d x>7
e x4 f x>0 g x 2 h x < 10
2 Write the inequality illustrated by each number line.
a b
x x
–2 0 2 4 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
c d x
x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2
3 Which inequality is graphed below? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.

x
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2
A x > 2.5 B x < 2.5 C x < 3.5 D x > 3.5
4 Write the inequality represented on each number line.
a –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x b –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
c 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
x d –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
x
e –9 –6 –3 0 3 6 9
x f –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
x
g –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2
x h –5 0 5 10 15 20 25
x
i –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
Investigation: The language of inequalities
Work in pairs to complete this activity.

Use inequality symbols to write each statement algebraically.
a The minimum height (H) for rides at an amusement park is 1.3 m.
b The speed limit in a school zone is 40 km/h.
c To be eligible to vote, you must be at least 18 years old (A ¼ age).
d The overseas tour is only for people whose age (A) is from 18 to 35.
e The cost (A) of a tennis racquet will be at least $95 but no more than $360.
f A new flute (F) costs at least $475.
g The price of units (U) in a new block start at $240 000.
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Investigation: Solving inequalities
We have solved equations by doing the same thing to both sides (keeping the equation
‘balanced’). Will this method work with inequalities, such as x þ 4 > 10 or 6x < 13?
1 Start with an inequality that is true, such as 7 > 4.
2 Add 5 (or any number you choose) to both sides of the inequality; for example 7 > 4
becomes 12 > 9. Is the new inequality true or false?
3 Subtract 9 (or any number you choose) from each side of the original inequality; for
example 7 > 4 becomes 2 > 5. Is the new inequality true or false?
4 Multiply both sides of the original inequality by 4 (or any positive number you choose);
for example 7 > 4 becomes 28 > 16. Is the new inequality true or false?
5 Divide both sides of the original inequality by 2 (or any positive number you choose);
2
6 Multiply both sides of the original inequality by 3 (or any negative number you choose);
7 Divide both sides of the original inequality by 4 (or any negative number you choose),
4
8 Which of the six operations used in questions 2 to 7 can be used on inequalities to give
a true result?
9 Which of the six operations used in questions 2 to 7 cannot be used with inequalities
because they give a false result?
10 Copy and complete the following inequality statements.
a 6<8
6 3 3 < 8 3 ___ (multiplying both sides by 3)
[ 18 __ 24
b 10 > 4
10 4 2 __ 4 4 __ (dividing both sides by 2)
[ __________
Does the inequality sign (< or >) stay the same when multiplying or dividing by a
positive number?
11 a Is it true that 5 < 8?
b Multiply both sides by 2. Is it true that 10 < 16?
c What needs to be reversed to change 10 < 16 into a true inequality statement?
d Copy and complete the following to make a true inequality statement: 10 ______ 16.
12 a Is it true that 18 > 6?
b Divide both sides by 3. Is it true that 6 > 2?
c What needs to be reversed to change 6 > 2 into a true inequality statement?
d Copy and complete the following to make a true inequality statement: 6 ____ 2.
13 Copy and complete:
When multiplying or d__________ both sides of an inequality by a n__________
number, the inequality sign must be r__________.
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
7-08 Solving inequalities

Worksheet
Inequalities review Example 16

MAT10NAWK10046
Solve each inequality and graph its solution on a number line.
a 2x 10 16 b 2(y 1) 12 c w þ 3 > 1
2
Solution
a 2x 10 16
2x 10 þ 10 16 þ 10
2x 26
2x 26

2 2
x 13
x
10 11 12 13 14 15
b 2ðy 1Þ 12
2y 2 12
2y 2 þ 2 12 þ 2
2y 14
2y 14

2 2
y7
y
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
c wþ3
> 1
2
wþ3
3 2 > 1 3 2
2
w þ 3 > 2
w þ 3 3 > 23
w > 5
w
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1
Summary
Inequalities can be solved algebraically in the same way as equations, by using inverse
operations. However, when multiplying or dividing both sides of an inequality by a negative
number, you must reverse the inequality sign.
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Example 17
Solve each inequality.
a 1 2x 11 b 4r<7 c aþ5>4
3
Solution
a 1 2x 11
1 2x1 111
2x 12
2x 12 Dividing both sides by a negative number

2 2 reverses the inequality sign.
x6
b 4r <7
4r4<74
r < 3
r 3 Dividing both sides by a negative number
>
1 1 reverses the inequality sign.
r > 3
c aþ5
>4
3
aþ5
3 ð3Þ < 4 3 ð3Þ Multiplying both sides by a negative
3
number reverses the inequality sign.
a þ 5 < 12
a þ 55 < 125
a < 17
Exercise 7-08 Solving inequalities

1 Solve each inequality and graph its solution on a number line. See Example 16
a x1>6 b 3y 12 c mþ42
d x 20 e 12x < 60 f 5y > 20
5
g 4a 2 h 3w 30 i 8a þ 5 45
j 3a þ 1 10 k 6a þ 4 2 l 3w 3 < 12
2 Solve each inequality.
a 3(x þ 2) 9 b 5(m 4) 10 c 2(y þ 5) 6
d x12 e w 2 > 1 f 2a þ 1 < 3
2 5 3
2ðm þ 1Þ 4ðm 2Þ
g 3 h 6 i 3 þ x < 10
3 3 5
j 3 þ 2x < 9 þ x k 11 5y 9 6y l 2(3 þ 5a) 5(4 þ a)
9780170194662 267
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
3ðx 2Þ
3 What is the solution to 1 ? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
5
A x0 B x 1 C x1 D x 11
3 3
See Example 17 4 Solve each inequality and graph its solution on a number line.
a 5x2 b 15 > 7 y c 1 k < 12
d 7m7 e 2p>8 f t þ 6 10
5 Solve each inequality.
a 2x < 6 b k 4 c 5t >12
3
d x 4 e 4 3w > 7 f 4y þ 3 11
3
g 8 5a < 3 h 2d 3 > 8 i 5þw>2
3
p þ 2
j < 2 k 1 3m < 9 5m l 3(3x þ 4) 6(1 2x)
3
Just for the record Film and game classification

In Australia, films, publications and computer games are rated by the Classification Board.
Films and videos are rated G, PG, M, MA15þ or R18þ, with each category containing a list of
guidelines related to the film’s use of violence, coarse language, adult themes, sex and nudity.
General (G) means suitable for all ages. Children can watch films
classified G without adult supervision.
Parental guidance (PG) means that parental guidance is recommended

for persons under 15 years of age. These films contain material that may
be confusing or upsetting to children, but not harmful or disturbing.
Parents should watch the film with their children or preview it to check
elements such as language used or inappropriate themes.
Mature (M) means recommended for mature audiences, 15 years and
over. The film or computer game may contain material that is harmful
or disturbing to children, but the impact is not so strong as to require
restriction.
Mature accompanied (MA15þ) means legal restrictions apply to persons
under the age of 15. Children are not allowed to see MA15þ films unless
accompanied by a parent or guardian, because they contain material
that is likely to be harmful or disturbing to them.
Restricted (R18þ) means legally restricted to adults, 18 years and over.

It applies to films that deal with issues and scenes that require an
adult perspective, and so are unsuitable for persons under 18 years
of age. A person will be asked for proof of age before buying, hiring
or viewing films or computer games in this category.
1 Each of the classifications is represented by a logo (as shown) with the letter inside
a particular shape. What shape is each logo?
2 Write each classification category as an inequality.
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Investigation: Power tables
1 Copy and complete this table of powers of 2 from 0 to 20.

x 0 1 2 … 20
2x
2 Use the table to calculate 32 3 128. Explain the method you used.
3 Use the table to calculate:
a 16 3 1024 b 128 3 2048 c 256 3 64 d 4096 3 32
4 Use the table to calculate 262 114 4 8192. Explain the method you used.
5 Use the table to calculate:
a 16 384 4 512 b 128 4 8 c 8192 4 1024 d 1 048 576 4 65 536
When powers are used this way in calculations, they may be called logarithms.
Stage 5.3
7-09 Logarithms Puzzle sheet
Logarithms 1
The logarithm of a number is the power of the number, to a given positive base.
For example, the logarithm of 256 to the base 2 is 8, written log2 256 ¼ 8, because 2 8 ¼ 256. MAT10NAPS00059
Puzzle sheet
Example 18 Logarithms 2
MAT10NAPS00060
Evaluate each expression.
a log3 81 b log4 16 c log10 10 000
Solution
a log3 81 means 3 ? ¼ 81 b log4 16 means 4 ? ¼ 16
‘3 to the power of what equals 81?’ ‘4 to the power of what equals 16?’
4
Since 3 ¼ 81 Since 4 2 ¼ 16
then log3 81 ¼ 4. then log4 16 ¼ 2.
c log10 10 000 means 10 ? ¼ 10 000

Since 10 4 ¼ 10 000
then log10 10 000 ¼ 4.
Summary
If y ¼ a x, then loga y ¼ x
where a is the base, a > 0, x is the power, and y > 0.
Since a > 0, a x > 0 and y > 0.

Logarithms are only meaningful for positive numbers, y.
9780170194662 269
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Stage 5.3 Example 19

Write each expression as a logarithm.
1
a 243 ¼ 3 5 b 0.01 ¼ 10 2 c 2 ¼ 83 d p ¼ qr
Solution
a 243 ¼ 3 5 b 0.01 ¼ 10 2
[ log3 243 ¼ 5 [ log10 0.01 ¼ 2
1
c 2 ¼ 83 d p ¼ qr
1 [ logq p ¼ r
) log8 2 ¼
3
Example 20
Rewrite logn m ¼ x in index form.
Solution
logn m ¼ x
[ m ¼ nx n is the base, x is the power.
Exercise 7-09 Logarithms

See Example 18 1 Evaluate each expression.
a log5 25 b log2 8 c log7 49 d log2 16
e log3 243 f log10 1000 g log5 125 h log6 36
i log2 64 j log3 6561 k log10 1000 000 l log8 512
See Example 19 2 Write each expression in logarithmic form.
1
a 5 2 ¼ 25 b 4 3 ¼ 64 c 10 000 ¼ 10 4 d 252 ¼ 5
e 1 ¼ 24 f 32 ¼ 1
2
g 83 ¼ 4 h 0.01 ¼ 10 2
16ffiffiffi
p 9
l p1ffiffiffi ¼ 62
1 1 3 1
i 2 ¼ 44 j 162 ¼ 4 k 92 ¼ 27
6
See Example 20 3 Write each expression in index form.
pffiffiffi
a log5 125 ¼ 3 b log10 10 ¼ 1 c logp3ffiffi 27 ¼ 6 d log2 8 2 ¼ 3:5
pffiffiffi
e log2 64 ¼ 6 f log3 1 ¼ 4 g log5 1 ¼ 3 h log8 2 ¼ 1
81pffiffiffi 125 6
1 3 1 1
i log100 10 ¼ j log5 5 5 ¼ k log8 2 ¼ l log100 ¼ 1
2 2 3 100
4 Why can’t you find the logarithm of a negative number or zero?
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Stage 5.3
7-10 Logarithm laws
The index laws from Chapter 5, Products and factors, are related to the logarithm laws.
Summary
The logarithm of a product is equal to the sum of the logarithm of each factor.
loga (xy) ¼ loga x þ loga y
For example, log2 (8 3 4) ¼ log2 8 þ log2 4.

This law corresponds to the index law a m 3 a n ¼ a mn.
Proof:
Let m ¼ loga x and n ¼ loga y.
[ x ¼ a m and y ¼ a n
[ xy ¼ a m 3 a n ¼ a m þ n
) loga ðxyÞ ¼ m þ n
¼ loga x þ loga y
Summary
The logarithm of a quotient is equal to the difference between the logarithm of each term.

x
loga ¼ loga x loga y
y

For example, log3 243 ¼ log3 243 log3 27
27
This law corresponds to the index law a m 4 a n ¼ a mn.
Proof:
Let m ¼ loga x and n ¼ loga y.
[ x ¼ a m and y ¼ a n
x am
) ¼ n ¼ amn
y a

x
) loga ¼mn
y
¼ loga x loga y
Summary
The logarithm of a term raised to a power is equal to the power multiplied by the logarithm
of the term.
loga x n ¼ n loga x
9780170194662 271
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Stage 5.3 For example, log4 8 2 ¼ 2 log4 8

This law corresponds to the index law (a m) n ¼ a mn.
Proof:
Let m ¼ loga x
[ x ¼ am
) xn ¼ ðam Þn
¼ amn
) loga xn ¼ mn
¼ loga x 3 n
¼ n loga x
Summary
Properties of logarithms
loga a x ¼ x loga 1 ¼ 0, because a 0 ¼ 1

loga a ¼ 1, because a 1 ¼ a 1
loga ¼ loga x
x
Proof:

1
loga ¼ log x1
x
¼ loga x Using the law loga x n ¼ n logax
Example 21
Video tutorial
Logarithm laws
Evaluate each expression.
MAT10NAVT10001 a log5 0.04 b log2 5 log2 10 c 2 log3 6 log3 4 d log5 10 þ log5 2 log5 4
Solution
4 5
a log5 0:04 ¼ log5 b log2 5 log2 10 ¼ log2
100 10

1 1
¼ log5 ¼ log2
25 2

1 ¼ log2 21
¼ log5 2
5 ¼ 1
¼ log5 52
¼ 2
c 2 log3 6 log3 4 ¼ log3 6 2 log3 4 d log5 10 þ log5 2 log5 4 ¼ log5 ð10 3 2Þ log5 4
¼ log3 36 log3 4 ¼ log5 20 log5 4

36 20
¼ log3 ¼ log5
4 4
¼ log3 9 ¼ log5 5
¼2 ¼1
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Example 22 Stage 5.3
Simplify each expression.

log3 a 3
a 6 loga a þ loga a 4 loga a 9 b log2 x þ log2 w 2 log2 y c
5 log3 a
Solution
a 6 loga a þ loga a 4 loga a 9 ¼ 6 3 1 þ 4 9
¼1
b log2 x þ log2 w 2 log2 y ¼ log2 ðxwÞ log2 y 2

xw
¼ log2 2
y
3
c log3 a 3 log3 a
¼
5 log3 a 5 log3 a
3
¼
5
Example 23
Given log10 7 0.8451, find the value of each expression.
a log10 49 b log10 700 c log10 (0.07)
Solution
a log10 49 ¼ log10 7 2 b log10 700 ¼ log10 ð7 3 100Þ
¼ 2 log10 7 ¼ log10 7 þ log10 100
2 3 0:8451 0:8451 þ 2
¼ 1:6902 ¼ 2:8451

7
c log10 ð0:07Þ ¼ log10
100
¼ log10 7 log10 100
0:8451 2
¼ 1:1549
Exercise 7-10 Logarithm laws

1 Evaluate each expression. See Example 21
a log2 128 b log10 1000 c log8 64 d log5 1
5
pffiffiffi
e log2 2 f log3 1 g log10 0.0001 h log2 1
9 16
i log8 2 þ log8 4 j log4 32 log4 2 k log10 4 þ log10 25
l log5 200 log5 8 m log2 18 2 log2 3 n 3 log10 2 þ log10 12.5
9780170194662 273
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Stage 5.3 2 Simplify each expression.

a logx 5 þ logx 6 b logx 10 logx 2 c 3 logx 2
See Example 22
d 2 logx 4 logx 8 e logx 10 þ logx 4 f 1 logx 100
2
g logx 4 h logx 8 (logx 10 þ logx 4) i 1 ðlogx 8 þ logx 18Þ
2
See Example 23 3 If log10 4 ¼ 0.6021, find the value of each expression.
a log10 16 b log10 400 c log10 4000 d log10 p
2 ffiffiffiffiffi
e log10 0.4 f log10 160 g log10 2.5 h log10 40
4 Evaluate each expression.
a log3 4 þ log3 15 log3 20 b log3 270 (log3 2 þ log3 5)
c log4 20 þ (log4 32 log4 10) d 2 log10 25 log10 6.25
e 2 log10 2 (log10 5 þ log10 8) f log100 50 log100 5
g 2 log5 10 þ (log5 50 log5 40) h 5 log8 2 þ 1 log8 4
pffiffiffiffiffi 2 pffiffiffiffiffi
1 1
i log4 25 2 log4 20 j log2 125 3 log2 3 80
2 3
5 Simplify each expression.
a loga a 2 þ 3 loga a b loga ða 3 Þ c 5 loga a loga a 4
loga ðx 7 Þ pffiffiffi
d e loga y 3 3 loga y f loga x loga 1
loga x x
7-11 Exponential and logarithmic equations

Worksheet
Exponential equations are equations like 3 x ¼ 243, where the variable is a power.
Logarithms review
Logarithms can be used to solve exponential equations rather than using a ‘guess-and-check’ method.
MAT10NAWK10212
The log key on your calculator can be used to evaluate log10 x, that is, logarithms to the base 10.
Puzzle sheet
Exponential equations Example 24

MAT10NAPS00040
Solve each exponential equation.
1
a 3 x ¼ 243 b 4mþ1 ¼ pffiffiffi
8 2
Solution
a 3 x ¼ 243
log10 3x ¼ log10 243 Taking log10 of both sides.
x log10 3 ¼ log10 243
log10 243 Enter on a calculator:
x¼ log 243 ÷ log 3
log10 3 =
¼5
Note: The log key means log10, and for
convenience we will write log to mean log10.
274 9780170194662
b 1 Stage 5.3
4mþ1 ¼ pffiffiffi
8 2

mþ1 1
log 4 ¼ log p ffiffi
ffi Taking log10 of both sides.
8 2

1
ðm þ 1Þ log 4 ¼ log pffiffiffi
8 2
pffiffiffi
ðm þ 1Þ log 4 ¼ log 8 2
pffiffiffi
log 8 2
mþ1¼
log 4
¼ 1:75
m ¼ 2:75
Example 25
Solve 5 x ¼ 17, writing the solution correct to three decimal places.
Solution
5 x ¼ 17
log 5x ¼ log 17
x log 5 ¼ log 17
log 17
x¼
log 5
¼ 1:7603 . . .
1:760
Logarithmic equations are equations like log5 x ¼ 3, which can be solved by rewriting the NSW
equation in index form.
Example 26
Solve each logarithmic equation.
a log5 x ¼ 3 b logx 18 ¼ 3
Solution
a log5 x ¼ 3 b logx 18 ¼ 3
3
)x¼5 [ 18p¼ffiffiffiffiffix 3
1 x ¼ 3 18
¼ 3
5 ¼ 2:6207 . . .
1 2:62
¼
125
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Stage 5.3
Exercise 7-11 Exponential and logarithmic equations
See Example 24 1 Solve each exponential equation.
a 2 k ¼ 512 b 5 m ¼ 78 125 c 3 d ¼ 59 049
p ffiffi
ffi
d 5x ¼ 25 5 e 2y ¼ 1pffiffiffi f 4 a ¼ 128
16 2
p ffiffi
ffi
g 3kþ2 ¼ 27 3 h 6n2 ¼ 1pffiffiffi i 91d ¼ 1pffiffiffi
216 6 27 3
See Example 25 2 Solve each exponential equation, writing the solution correct to three decimal places.
a 7 x ¼ 16 b 5 x ¼ 36 c 11 x ¼ 420 d 2 x ¼ 0.52
e 3 x ¼1.6 f 4x ¼ 2 g 2 x2 ¼ 47 h 3 xþ4 ¼ 72
5
i 6 xþ3 ¼ 29 j 8 5x ¼ 4000 k 5 y ¼ 4.8 l 7 kþ5 ¼ 300
3 Solve each exponential equation by expressing both sides to base 2.
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
a 2 xþ2 ¼ 16 b 8 x ¼ 32 c 4x1 ¼ 2 d 81x ¼ 16 2
1x pffiffiffi x
e 42x ¼ 1 f 8xþ1 ¼ p 1 ffiffiffi g 1 ¼ 2 h 5 1 ¼ 20
8 8 2 4 2
See Example 26 4 Solve each logarithmic equation, expressing your answer correct to three decimal places where
necessary.
a log2 x ¼ 3 b log10 x ¼ 3 c log5 x ¼ 2 d log4 x ¼ 3
1 1
e log27 x ¼ 3 f log4 x ¼ 2 g log10 x ¼ 3 h log8 x ¼ 32
i log10 x ¼ 12 j log4 x ¼ 32 k log4 x ¼ 3 12 l logpffiffi x ¼ 4
5
m logx 4 ¼ 2 n logx 5 ¼ 1 o logx 14 ¼ 2 p logx 0.01 ¼ 2
q logx 16 ¼ 1 r logx 8 ¼ 3 s logx 60 ¼ 3 t logx 4:8 ¼ 12
5 Use the compound interest formula A ¼ P(1 þ r) n to determine the number of years (to the
nearest year) it will take an investment of $1000 to grow to $2000, if it earns compound
interest at a rate of 6% p.a.
6 Penny invests $12 000 at 1% per month compound interest. How many whole months will it
take for Penny’s investment to grow to $15 000?
7 A radioactive
tsubstance
with a mass of 150 grams decays according to the equation
A ¼ 150 3 220 , where A (grams) is the amount remaining after t days. Find, correct to the
nearest whole number:
a the mass of substance remaining after 10 days
b the time taken for the substance to decay to half its original mass
c the time taken for the substance to decay to a mass of 20 g.
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Power plus

a 2xx5¼5þxþx2 b 1 þ 2 ¼0
3 6 4 3 x1 xþ1
c x 2(x 2) 2(x þ 1) ¼ x(x 2 3) 2(5 þ x 2)
2 Graph each inequality on a number line.
a 1x4 b 2 x 3 c 12 < 4x 4
3 The number of diagonals, D, in a polygon with n sides is D ¼ 12 nðn 3Þ. Show that there
is no polygon that has exactly 100 diagonals.
pffiffiffi
4 The two solutions of x 2 8x 11 ¼ 0 are in the form x ¼ p q 3, where p and q are
integers. Find p and q.
5 Solve each logarithmic equation.
a log a þ log 3 ¼ log 21 b log x log 4 ¼ log 5
c log 7 þ log m ¼ log (m þ 12) d log (h þ 7) log 3 ¼ log (h 1)
9780170194662 277
Chapter 7 review
n Language of maths
Puzzle sheet check cubic equation exact expand
Equations and
exponential equation factorise formula fraction
inequalities crossword
greater than inequality LHS less than
MAT10NAPS10047
logarithm logarithmic equation lowest common multiple (LCM) number line
quadratic equation RHS solution solve
subject surd variable
1 What type of equation has 2 as the highest power of x? Write an example of this type of
equation.
2 Write log7 a ¼ 3 in index form.
3 What is the difference between an equation and an inequality?
4 Why is it possible for a quadratic equation to have more than one solution?
5 When checking the solution to an equation, you need to show that ‘LHS ¼ RHS’. What does
that mean?
6 What does the inequality symbol ‘’ mean?
n Topic overview
Quiz
Copy and complete this mind map of the topic, adding detail to its branches and using pictures,
Equations
symbols and colour where needed. Ask your teacher to check your work.
MAT10NAQZ00011
Equations with Quadratic and

Equation problems
algebraic fractions cubic equations
Exponential and Equations and Equations and

logarithmic equations logarithms formulas
Graphing inequalities
Logarithms Solving inequalities
on a number line
278 9780170194662
Chapter 7 revision
1 Solve each equation. See Exercise 7-01

y
a 3w þ 2 ¼ 4 b ¼7 c 2a þ 1 ¼ 3a 1
5 5 4 2 4
d 3m þ 5 ¼ 10 m e 2s s ¼ 2 f x þx¼1
6 3 3 6 10 2
2 Solve each equation. Stage 5.3
yþ1 y1 1
a m1þm¼6 b þ ¼ c 2m 1 m 4 ¼ 4 See Exercise 7-01
4 2 3 4 2 4 3 3
3 Solve each quadratic equation. See Exercise 7-02
a y2 ¼ 4 b p 2 100 ¼ 0 c 4x 2 ¼ 36
2
d 3m 2 3 ¼ 0 e 2w ¼ 10 f x 2 þ 8x þ 7 ¼ 0
5
g h 2 8h 9 ¼ 0 h u 2 þ 4u 77 ¼ 0 i k 2 þ 5k ¼ 0
4 Solve each cubic equation, correct to one decimal place. Stage 5.3
x3
a u3 7 ¼ 0 b 5m 3 125 ¼ 0 c ¼ 1:5 See Exercise 7-03
2
5 Grace is three years younger than her sister Jane. Twice the sum of their ages is 4 more than See Exercise 7-04
their father’s age. If their father is 54, find the ages of Grace and Jane.
6 The braking distance (in metres) of a bicycle travelling at a speed of v metres/second is See Exercise 7-05
vðv þ 1Þ
d¼ : Calculate the braking distance when the speed of the bicycle is 15 m/s.
2
7 Make a the subject of each formula.
qffiffiffiffi See Exercise 7-06
a y ¼ ax þ b b P¼ a c M(1 þ a) ¼ 1 a
m
8 Graph each inequality on a number line. See Exercise 7-07
a x0 b x<3 c x 2 d x > 5

9 Solve each inequality. See Exercise 7-08
a y 6 10 b 2y 15 c 3a þ 10 > 5
d 10 6x < 28 e aþ2>7 f 3 5x 9
4 2 2
10 Write each expression in index form. Stage 5.3
1
pffiffiffi
a log6 216 ¼ 3 b log2 16 ¼ 4 c log7 7 7 ¼ 32 See Exercise 7-09
11 Evaluate each expression. See Exercise 7-10
a log7 84 log7 12 b log2 3 þ log2 13 c 2 log3 9 þ log3 2 log3 6

12 If log10 3 0.4771, find the value of: See Exercise 7-10
pffiffiffiffiffi
a log10 9 b log10 300 c log10 10
3 d log10 90
13 Solve each exponential equation, correct to three decimal places. See Exercise 7-11
a 5 x ¼ 11 b 2 x ¼ 0.52 c 3 xþ4 ¼ 105 d 16 2x ¼ 5
9780170194662 279

Chapter 07 Equations and Logarithms PDF

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Number and algebra

n In this chapter you will:

Equations code puzzle Solve each equation.

Exercise 7-01 Equations with algebraic fractions

2 Solve each equation.

The quadratic equation x 2 ¼ c (where c is a positive number) has two solutions,

Exercise 7-02 Quadratic equations x 2 þ bx þ c ¼ 0

7-04 Equation problems

Exercise 7-04 Equation problems

Mental skills 7 Maths without calculators

0 dp + 1 dp = 1 dp (dp = decimal places)

b 6 × 5 = 30, so 0.6 × 0.5 = 0.30 = 0.3

1 dp + 1 dp = 2 dp (Estimate: 1.5 × 2.3 ≈ 2 × 2 = 4)

Exercise 7-05 Equations and formulas

Solution Changing the subject

Investigation: Restricting values of variables

1 Consider the formula x 2 þ y 2 ¼ 4.

Exercise 7-07 Graphing inequalities on a number line

3 Which inequality is graphed below? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.

Investigation: The language of inequalities

Work in pairs to complete this activity.

7-08 Solving inequalities

Inequalities review Example 16

Exercise 7-08 Solving inequalities

Just for the record Film and game classification

Parental guidance (PG) means that parental guidance is recommended

Restricted (R18þ) means legally restricted to adults, 18 years and over.

1 Copy and complete this table of powers of 2 from 0 to 20.

c log10 10 000 means 10 ? ¼ 10 000

Since a > 0, a x > 0 and y > 0.

Stage 5.3 Example 19

Exercise 7-09 Logarithms

For example, log2 (8 3 4) ¼ log2 8 þ log2 4.

Stage 5.3 For example, log4 8 2 ¼ 2 log4 8

Simplify each expression.

Exercise 7-10 Logarithm laws

Stage 5.3 2 Simplify each expression.

7-11 Exponential and logarithmic equations

Exponential equations Example 24

1 Solve each equation.

Equations with Quadratic and

Exponential and Equations and Equations and

1 Solve each equation. See Exercise 7-01

a x0 b x<3 c x 2 d x > 5

11 Evaluate each expression. See Exercise 7-10

a log7 84 log7 12 b log2 3 þ log2 13 c 2 log3 9 þ log3 2 log3 6

a 5 x ¼ 11 b 2 x ¼ 0.52 c 3 xþ4 ¼ 105 d 16 2x ¼ 5

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