`

ESSENC
CE - Interna
ational Jourrnal for Envvironmentaal Rehabilitaation and Conservation
n
Volume VI: No. 2 2015 [09
[ – 13] [ISS
SN 0975 - 62722]
[ww
ww.essence-jouurnal.com]

Use of biodegrad
b dable alkalline salt in
n exhaust dyeing
d proocess of cootton fabriic with
direct dye
d

Rastogi, Shivi and Jain,

J Bhavya

Received: August 12, 2015

2  Accep
pted: October 19, 2015  Online: Deceember 31, 20115

Abstractt
The textiile coloration
n and finishhing industryy is
one of thhe major conntributors to environmenntal
pollutionn. The inorganic salts suuch as Sodiuum
chloride or Sodium m sulphate commerciaally
used for better dye penetration into the fibber
during direct
d dyeingg. While inorganic alkaali,
such as sodium
s bicarrbonate, soddium carbonnate
or sodium m hydroxidee is requiredd for dye-fibber
reaction. The use off these saltss and alkalii is
drained which conttributes to environmenntal
pollutionn. Substantiial remediees are beiing
considereed within thhe textile proocessing secctor
to reducee the efflueent pollutionn and to fullfill
the envirronmental reegulations. Thus
T this stuudy
is a part of
o such efforts and resullts showed thhat
biodegradable alkalin ne salt nameely magnesiuum
acetate tetrahydratee can be used as an
alternativve to trraditionally used noon-
biodegradable inorgaanic salt and alkali in
For corresp
pondence:
Home Scieence Departmeent, Clothing annd Textiles,
Banasthalii University, Rajasthan
R
Email: shiivi_rastogi27@@yahoo.co.in
dyeing solutionn. The dyeing was carrried out
usinng the exhauust method.. It has beeen found
thatt the color-yield obtained
o b
by the
bioddegradable salts were bright and dark as
com
mpared to inoorganic non--biodegradabble salts.
Afteer dyeing with
w biodeggradable sallt direct
dyes effluent was
w also asseessed and it showed
highh reductionn in color unit annd total
susppended solidds.
Keyywords: inorganic salts | Subbstantial
rem
medies | bioddegradable alkaline sallt | total
susppended solidds
Intrroduction
Diaatom Textile industry invvolves wide range of
raw
w materials, machineries and proceesses to
enggineer the reequired shappe and propeerties of
the final produuct. Waste stream
s geneerated in
this industry is essentiallyy based onn water-
baseed effluentt generatedd in the various
activities of wet
w processinng of textilles. The
maiin cause of generation
g o this effluent is the
of
use of huge volume
v of water
w eitherr in the
actuual chemicaal processing or durring re-
proccessing in prreparatory, dyeing,
d printing and

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 Rastogi & Jain/Vol. VI [2] 2015/9 – 13
finishing. In fact, in practical estimate it is
found that about 33% industries are involved in
dyeing.
Direct dyes are normally applied from a neutral
or slightly alkaline bath containing an
electrolyte (dye bath assistant e.g., sodium
chloride or sodium sulfate). The inorganic salt,
such as sodium chloride or sodium sulphate,
for dye transfer and penetration into the fibre,
and inorganic alkali, such as sodium
bicarbonate, sodium carbonate or sodium
hydroxide, for dye-fibre reaction, are required
in substantial quantities to accomplish the
dyeing process. The use of these salts,
electrolytes and alkali is drained which
contributes to environmental pollution. The
effluent treatment is expensive and produce
highly concentrated solid wastes. Therefore,
the better approach would be to improve the
textile processing chemistry for reducing the
discharge pollution.
Now at the use of inorganic salts in dyeing are
replaced by using biodegradable alkaline salts
which are commonly used in the detergent and
the cosmetic industries as chelating agents.
“Biodegradable means capable of being
decomposed back into elemental components
by biological agents, especially bacteria.
Biodegradability is associated with the use of
an item as a nutrient source by some organism
within the environment”. Tetrasodium ethylene
diamine tetraacetate (sodium edate) is a
biodegradable alkaline polycarboxylic salt and
has been studied as an alternative to inorganic
salt and alkali in dyeing of cotton by exhaust
method.
 
This present study showed the result where
Magnesium acetate tetra hydratehave been
used in the exhaust dyeing of cotton with direct
dye to improve effluent quality by replacing
the traditional inorganic salt and alkali.
Materials and Method:
Material: A commercially available cotton
fabric of fabric count 85.6 X 48.4 and direct
dye were used in this study. Magnesium
acetate tetrahydrate [(CH3COO2)2.Mg.4H2O],
Sodium chloride (NaCl) and Sodium carbonate
(Na2CO3) were used as analytical grade.
Method: The fabric was first scoured then
used for dyeing. First sample was dyed with
the commercially used inorganic salts viz.
Sodium chloride (NaCl) and Sodium carbonate
(Na2CO3). Second and third sample were dyed
with Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate
[(CH3COO2)2.Mg.4H2O] with varying
concentration of 30g/l and 40 g/l respectively.
The dyed fabrics were rinsed with cold water
then with hot water, then soaped at 50˚C (15
min), and then rinse with hot water until dye
desorption stopped. Finally, the fabrics were
washed with cold water and oven dried.
Testing: The dye effluent of all three samples
were first cooled at room temperature and then
PH, Total solid (TS), Total dissolved solids
(TDS), Total suspended solids (TSS) and color
unit were determined as per American Public
Health Association, Washington, 1998. And
the dyed samples were determined for K/S
value by the use of CCM (Computer Color
Matching System), Colorfastness to washing
(ISO-105-C10-A1), to rubbing (IS-766), to
ironing (IS-689-1988) and to light (IS- 2454).
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 Rastogi & Jain/Vol. VI [2] 2015/9 – 13 

Result and Discussion

Effect of dyeing using biodegradable salts versus conventional salts on effluent
Comparative effect on pH

Dye Chemical concentration pH

Sodium chloride 20g/l 9.83
Direct dye Sodium carbonate 10g/l
Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate 30g/l 10.00
Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate 40g/l 8.48
Table 1: Comparison table of effect of magnesium acetate
tetrahydrate and conventional salts on pH

This table shows the effect of biodegradable 30g/l it increases the pH of effluent slightly
salt on pH in of conventional used salts and but it decrease the pH of dyeing effluent or it
biodegradable salts in direct dyeing, and the is moves towards neutrality of water if we
results shows that when magnesium acetate use magnesium acetate tetrahydrate at 40g/l
tetrahydrate alkaline salt used in dyeing at concentration.
Dye Chemical concentration TS (mg/l) TSS (mg/l) TDS (mg/l)
Sodium chloride 20g/l 37600 6900 30700
Direct dye Sodium carbonate 10g/l
Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate 30g/l 46000 100 45900

Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate 40g/l 51600 2600 49000

Table 2: Comparison table of effect of magnesium acetate

tetrahydrate and conventional salts on TS, TSS and
TDS

This comparative analysis shows a higher biodegradable salt in dyeing showed drastically
change in the TS, TSS, and TDS of effluent decreases in the TSS present in effluent but it
assessed after dyeing. The sample using increases the value of TDS and TS.

Dye Chemical concentration Color unit (Hzn)

Sodium chloride 20g/l 250
Direct dye Sodium carbonate 10g/l
Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate 30g/l 80

Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate 40g/l 99

Table 3: Comparison table of effect of magnesium acetate

tetrahydrate and conventional salts on color unit.

This table depicted that the use of magnesium effluent. Thus we can say that the dye was
acetate tetrahydrate highly decreases the absorbed by the fabric better due to the use of
presence of color unit in the effluent in the magnesium acetate tetrahydrate during
comparison to the conventional dyed sample dyeing procedure.

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 Rastogi & Jain/Vol. VI [2] 2015/9 – 13 

Effect of dyeing using biodegradable salts versus conventional salts on dyed samples
Comparative effect on k/s value
Dye Chemical concentration K/S
Direct dye Sodium chloride 20g/l 12.05
Sodium carbonate 10g/l
Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate 30g/l 17.59
Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate 40g/l 17.67

Table 4: Comparison table of effect of magnesium acetate

tetrahydrate and conventional salts on K/S

It is clear from the table that the color yields of treated with biodegradable salt. However, the
the dyed fabrics from biodegradable salts and magnesium acetate tetrahydrate gives the
conventional salt. Comparable change in the higher color yield at both the concentration i.e.
color yield was observed in dyed samples 30g/l and 40g/l with direct dye.

Comparative effect on colorfastness

Dye Chemical concentration Ironing Fastness Rubbing Fastness Light
Dry Wet Dry Wet Fastness
CC SC CC SC CC SC CC SC
Sodium chloride 20g/l 5 4-5 4 1 5 5 5 3-4 3-4
Sodium carbonate 10g/l
Direct dye Magnesium acetate 5 4-5 4 1 5 4-5 5 3-4 4
tetrahydrate 30g/l
Magnesium acetate 5 5 4-5 1 5 4-5 5 3-4 4
tetrahydrate 40g/l
Table 5: Comparison table of effect of magnesium acetate
tetrahydrate and conventional salts on ironing,
rubbing and light colorfastness.

DYE Chemical concentration WASH FASTNESS

CC SC
W ACR P N C ACE
Direct dye Sodium chloride 20g/l 3 3 5 5 4 2 4
Sodium carbonate 10g/l
Magnesium acetate 3 3 3-4 5 4 1 4
tetrahydrate 30g/l
Magnesium acetate 3 3 4-5 5 3 1 4-5
tetrahydrate 40g/l
Table 6: Comparison table of effect of magnesium acetate
tetrahydrate and conventional salts on washing
colorfastness.

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 Rastogi & Jain/Vol. VI [2] 2015/9 – 13
Table no 5 and 6 shows the comparative
analysis of colorfastness of fabrics dyed with
conventionally used salts and biodegradable
salt. Results showed that there is no effect or
slight effect on the colorfastness properties of
the treated samples. Only in case of washing
colorfastness noticeable staining was found
when samples dyed with magnesium acetate
tetrahydrate.
Conclusion
This research has revealed that the
biodegradable alkaline salt i.e. magnesium
acetate tetrahydrate can effectively use for
direct dyeing of cotton fabric by exhaust
process of dyeing to reduce the dyeing effluent
pollution. There was also the higher increase in
color yield without any change in colorfastness
properties of the dyed samples in comparison
to conventional direct dyeing methods.
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