Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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Borders, Boundaries,and Citizenship
Democratic Citizenship and the self-governancein increasinglycomplexsociet-
Crisis of Territoriality ies.
This relativelysuccessfulsynthesisof
Modemliberaldemocraciesowe theirstabil-
republicanandliberal-democratic ideals,or of
ity andrelativesuccessto the comingtogether publicandprivateautonomy,is todayin crisis.
of two idealswhichoriginatein distincthistori- The crisisis not the crisisof democracyin the
cal periods:the idealsof self-governanceand
firstplacebutratherthe crisisof the territorially
territorially circumscribed nation-state. Self- circumscribed nation-stateformation.
governancedefinesfreedomas the ruleof law It has now becomecommonplacein norma-
amonga communityof equalswho arecitizens tive politicalthoughtas well as in the social
of the polis andwho havethe rightto ruleand sciencesto foretell"theend of the nation-state"
to be ruled.This idealemergesin 5th-century and "thedemiseof Westphalianconceptionsof
Athensandis revivedthroughouthistoryin Yetcontemporary
sovereignty." developments
episodessuchas the experienceof self-govem- aremuchmorecomplicatedthanthese phrases
ing city-statesin the Renaissance,the Paris suggest,for even in the face of the collapseof
communeof 1871,the anarchistandsocialist traditionalconceptionsof state-sovereignty,
communesof the RussianRevolution,andthe
monopolyoverterritoryis exercisedthrough
SpanishCivil War. immigrationandcitizenshippolicies.All pleas
The idealof the territoriallycircumscribed to develop"post-Wetsphalian" conceptionsof
nation-state,by contrast,conceivesof the citizen
firstandforemostas the subjectof state-ad- sovereignty(Buchanan2000; 2001) areempty,
therefore,if theydo not also addressthe norma-
ministration, or more positively, as the subject tive regulationof peoples' movementacross
of rights and entitlements. Originating with the territorialboundaries.
transitionfromfeudalismto the absolutiststate, Froma normativepointof view, transnational
this experimentwith good governancein a self-
migrationsbringto the fore the constitutive
regulatingcivil societyhas been the defining dilemmaat the heartof liberaldemocracies:
conceptionof the social contractin the worksof betweensovereignself-determination claims
ThomasHobbesandJohnLocke. on the one handandadherenceto universalhu-
Since the 17th cen- manrightsprincipleson the other.I arguethat
tury,democracyand practicesof politicalmembershipmay bestbe
the consolidationof the illuminated through an internal reconstruction
by modernm nation-statehave
and critiqueof these dualcommitments(See
Seyla Benhabib, marchedtogether,at Benhabib2004).
Yale University timescontradictingand The UN estimatesthatin 1910 roughly33
at times supplementing millionindividualslived in countriesother
each other.The demo- thantheirown as migrants;by the year2000
craticstrugglesof propertylessmales,artisans, thatnumberhadreached175 million.During
farmers,andworkersto win suffragegave way this sameperiod(1910-2000), the population
in the early20thcenturyto the struggleof wom- of the worldhas grownthreefold,from 1.6 to
en, andnon-Christian andnon-Whitecolonial 5.3 billion.Migrations,by contrast,increased
peoplesto be includedwithinthe boundariesof almostsix-foldoverthe courseof these 90
the demos.Along withthe formalexpansionof
years.Strikingly,morethanhalf of the increase
citizenshiprightscamethe enrichmentof the of migrantsfrom 1910 to 2000 occurredin the
scope of rightsfromcivil to politicalto social last threedecadesof the 20thcentury,between
(Marshall1950).In this process,the ideal of 1965 and2000. In this period,75 millionpeople
self-governancewas increasinglyinterpreted undertookcross-bordermovementsto settle
as the formalequalityof citizenswho now in countriesotherthanthatof theirorigin(UN
sought to realize the equal value of their liberty International Migration Report 2002).
in termsof an equivalentscheduleof rights While migratorymovementsin the latter
andentitlements.The civic-republican ideal of half of the 20th centuryhaveaccelerated,the
self-governance,the exerciseof freedomamong plightof refugeeshas also grown.Thereare
equalsin a publicspace,is connected--andI almost20 millionrefugees,asylumseekers,
wouldarguenecessarily--tothe liberalideal and"internallydisplacedpersons"in the world.
of citizenshipas the practiceandenjoymentof The resource-richcountriesof Europeandthe
rightsandbenefits.Moderndemocraciesseek northernhemisphereface a growingnumberof
to integratetheserepublicanandliberalideals
migrants,butit is mostlynationssuch as Chad,
into the practicesof "private"and"public" Pakistan,andIngushetiathatarehometo hun-
autonomy.The privateautonomyof citizenspre- dredsof thousandsof refugeesfleeingfromwars
supposesthe exerciseandenjoymentof liberty in the neighbouringcountriesof CentralAfrican
througha rights-framework whichunderwrites
Republican,Afghanistan,andChechnya,respec-
the equalvalueof theirliberty;publicautonomy tively (Reiff2003).
is realizedthroughthe institutionsof democratic To ascertainsuchtrendsone need not commit
References
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