CANTRELL WORLDWIDE INC.

- 200 SAW DELINTER

SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

CANTRELL INTERNATIONAL RECOMMENDS THAT A COPY OF THESE SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

BE GIVEN TO EVERYONE WHO WILL BE OPERATING OR SERVICING CANTRELL MACHINERY.
ALL PERSONNEL IN THE AREA ADJACENT TO THE MACHINERY SHOULD BECOME THOROUGHLY
FAMILIAR WITH THE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS SET FORTH BELOW:

∨ MACHINERY SHOULD NOT BE OPERATED UNLESS ALL GUARDS ARE IN PLACE

AND EVERY DRIVE IS ENCLOSED BY SOME TYPE OF GUARD OR PROTECTION.

∨ ALWAYS OPERATE MACHINERY IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE INSTRUCTIONS

PROVIDED AND THE INSTRUCTIONS ON THE ATTACHED WARNING LABELS.

∨ DO NOT ATTEMPT TO MAINTENANCE OR REPAIR THE MACHINERY UNTIL POWER

HAS BEEN LOCKED OUT.

∨ DO NOT PLACE HANDS, FEET OR ANY BODY PART INTO OPERATING

MACHINERY.

∨ NEVER INSERT BARS, STICKS OR ANY POKING OR PRODDING DEVICES INTO

OPERATING MACHINERY.

∨ KEEP AREAS AROUND MACHINERY, DRIVES AND CONTROLS CLEAN AND FREE
OF DEBRIS AND OBSTACLES.

∨ NEVER OPERATE MACHINERY WITHOUT COVERS, GUARDS AND OTHER SAFETY

DEVICES IN POSITION.

∨ NEVER ATTEMPT FIELD MODIFICATION ON MACHINERY OR COMPONENTS.

∨ DO NOT ATTEMPT TO CLEAR JAMMED OPERATING MACHINERY UNTIL POWER IS

LOCKED OUT.

CAUTION:

FAILURE TO FOLLOW THESE INSTRUCTIONS, AND ANY OTHER MANUFACTURER

REQUIREMENTS, MAY RESULT IN PERSONAL INJURY OR PROPERTY DAMAGE.
CANTRELL WORLDWIDE INC. - 200 SAW DELINTER

OPERATION

OPERATION LAYOUT OS-0032

THE CANTRELL 200 SAW DELINTER IS DESIGNED TO PRODUCE A CONTROLLED DELINTED

SEED WHILE ACHIEVING PRIMARY SEPARATION AND TRANSFER OF LINT AND MOTES.

THE MACHINE CONSISTS OF (1) MODULATING ROLL FEEDER WHICH WILL CONTROLL THE
FLOW OF SEED TO THE DELINTER. THE ROLL FEEDER FEEDS AND CONTROLS THE AMOUNT
OF SEED TO THE DELINTER IN TWO WAYS; THE FIRST WAY IS CONTROLLING THE SPEED
OF THE FEEDER BY PROVIDING A (D.C.) VARIABLE CONTROL UNIT ‘LOAD MAX’ WHICH
MONITORS SAW AMPERAGE AS A MEANS OF PROVIDING AN EVEN LOAD. THIS VARIABLE
SPEED CONTROLLER IS FULLY DESCRIBED IN A SEPARATE MANUAL. THE SECOND WAY IS
CONTROLLING THE VOLUME RATE BY MEANS OF A MOVABLE HINGED PANEL (2). THE PANEL
CAN BE MOVED CLOSER AND FARTHER FROM THE FEED ROLL WHICH WILL ALLOW HIGHER
AND LOWER VOLUME OF SEED PER REVOLUTION OF FEED ROLL. THE TWO ADJUSTMENTS
ALLOW INFINITE VARIATION OF FEED FOR THE EVER CHANGING SEED STREAM.

THE UNDELINTED SEED TRAVELS DOWN FROM THE FEEDER INTO A CHARGING CHUTE (3).
THIS CHARGING CHUTE FEATURES A LARGE VIEWING WINDOW FOR MONITORING EVEN FEED
FLOWS. THE CHARGING CHUTE NOT ONLY DISTRIBUTES SEED TO THE DELINTER, IT HAS
BEEN ENGINEERED TO PROVIDE A SEED WEIGHT FORCE TO IMPROVE CAPACITY AND
UNIFORMITY OF DELINTED SEED.

THE SEED CONTINUES DOWN FROM THE CHARGING CHUTE INTO A FLOAT CHAMBER (4). THE
FLOAT CHAMBER ROLLS THE SEED AROUND A CENTER PADDLE WHEEL INPELLER CALLED A
FLOAT CYLINDER (5). THE CHAMBER AND THE FLOAT CYLINDER’S JOB IS TO EXPOSE THE
UNDELINTED SEED TO THE ROTATING 200 SAW CYLINDER (6) THAT IS PENETRATING INTO
THE CHAMBER THROUGH A SERIES OF 201 FIXED GRATES (7). AS THE SAW CYLINDER
ROTATES THROUGH THE GRATES IT CUTS AND DISTRIBUTES THE LINT TAKEN FROM THE
SEED THROUGH THE GRATES AND INTO A MOTING CHAMBER (8). TO CONTROL THE AMOUNT
OF LINT TAKEN FROM THE SEED AS IT ROTATES IN THE FLOAT CHAMBER, THERE IS A
ADJUSTABLE ALUMINUM ‘RAKE’ (9) MOUNTED TOWARD THE BOTTOM OF THE CHAMBER. THIS
RAKE SLIDES IN AND OUT TO CONTROL THE OPENING THAT THE SEED CAN EVACUATE. BY
CONTROLLING THIS DISCHARGE SPACE, THE AMOUNT OF LINT LEFT ON SEED CAN BE
CONTROLLED. THE DELINTED SEED THEN CONTINUES DOWN VIA GRAVITY TO A MEANS OF
CONVEYING THE DELINTED SEED AWAY, IN THIS CASE A SCREW CONVEYOR (10).

THE COLLECTION, PRECLEANING AND TRANSFER OF LINT STARTS WITH A ROTATING BRUSH
CYLINDER (11). THIS BRUSH CYLINDER IS ADJUSTED UP TO THE ROTATING SAW
CYLINDER (6) AND HELPS IN ‘DOFFING’ AND CONVEYING CUT LINT TO THE MOTING
CHAMBER (8). THIS MOTING CHAMBER IS CHARGED WITH NEGATIVE AIR FLOW
ORIGINATING FROM AN EXTERNAL TRANSFER FAN AND SYSTEM THAT CAN ACCOMMODATE ONE
DELINTER OR MULTIPLE DELINTERS. THE AMOUNT OF NEGATIVE TRANSFER AIR TO THE
DELINTER IS CONTROLLED AT A DAMPER (12). BY CONTROLLING THIS AIR FLOW, A
PRIMARY SEPARATION OF LINT FROM HULL, STICK, BRAN, AND LEAF CAN OCCUR. THE
AIR THAT ENTERS THE DELINTER IS DESIGNED TO FLOW FROM AND ACCROSS THE FRONT
OPENING (13) WHERE THE VELOCITY OF AIR CAN HELP MOVE LOOSE FLY LINT AND
CANTRELL WORLDWIDE INC. - 200 SAW DELINTER

CONTAMINATION FROM THE DISCHARGING SEED STREAM AND CONVEY IT BACK TO THE
LOWER MOTING AREA (14). THIS LIGHT LINT CAN BE BLENDED WITH OTHER PROCESSED
LINT AND WILL BE CONVEYED UP AND OUT OF THE DELINTER THROUGH THE AIR TRANSFER
SYSTEM. AT THE BOTTOM SECTION OF THE MOTING CHAMBER (14) A CONTROLLED
SEPARATION OF HEAVIER TRASH FROM LIGHTER LINT CAN BE ACHIEVED. THE TRASH
BEING HEAVIER THAN LINT WILL HAVE A TENDENCY TO FALL, WHILE LIGHTER LINT CAN
BE LIFTED AWAY AND INTO THE LINT TRANSFER SYSTEM. BECAUSE THE MOTING PROCESS
IS VERY SENSITIVE, A SMALL AMOUNT OF MAKE-UP AIR SHOULD BE ALLOWED TO ENTER
AT THE BOTTOM OF THE MOTING CHAMBER. THIS MAKE-UP AIR CAN BE CONTROLLED WITH
A DAMPER (15) WHICH CAN OPEN AND CLOSE THE AREA OF THE AIR INLET. THE MOTED
TRASH WILL CONTINUE DOWNWARD VIA GRAVITY TO A MEANS OF CONVEYING THE TRASH
‘MOTES’ AWAY, IN THIS CASE A SCREW CONVEYOR (16).
CANTRELL WORLDWIDE INC. - 200 SAW DELINTER

INSTALLING THE SAW CYLINDER

INSTALLING SAW CYLINDER OS-0031

THE CANTRELL 200 SAW DELINTER IS SHIPPED WITH THE SAW CYLINDER INSTALLED
WITHOUT TEETH. THE PURPOSE IS TO CUT THE TEETH WITH THE DEDICATED GUMMER THAT
WILL PROVIDE SHARPENING FOR THE LIFE OF THE SAWS. TO START THIS SHARPENING
PROCEEDURE THE FOLLOWING NEEDS TOP BE ACCOMPLISHED;

REMOVE UNSHARPENED SAW CYLINDER FROM DELINTER

1. CONNECT HYDRAULIC PUMPING UNIT TO THE MANIFOLD (14). THE PUMPING UNIT
SHOULD BE SET TO A MINIMUM OF 800 PSI FOR PROPER OPERATION OF
GRATEFALL. OPEN THE SAW DRIVE GUARD AND REMOVE THE COVER. ROTATE THE
SAW TENSIONING JACK (1) TO RELIEVE SLACK IN THE DRIVE BELT(2)AND
REMOVE. REMOVE THE SAW DRIVEN PULLEY (3). UNLOCK THE SAW BEARINGS (9)
BY TURNING THE KNOB (8) ON BOTH ENDS TO RELEASE THE HOLD DOWN LUGS
(10) ON BOTH ENDS OF SAW CYLINDER.
2. OPEN THE GRATEFALL (15) BY PULLING THE VALVE HANDLE (12) TOWARD YOU,
OR TOWARD THE DIRECTION YOU WANT THE GRATEFALL TO TRAVEL. TO CONTROL
THE TRAVEL SPEED, BOTH IN AND OUT, UNLOCK THE SET SCREWS AND TURN THE
KNURLED KNOBS (13) TO DESIRED SPEED (IT IS BEST TO KEEP THE TRAVEL
SPEED TO A MINIMUM FOR SAFETY. THE KNOB POINTING DOWN WILL CONTROL THE
SPEED TO OPEN, AND THE KNOB POINTING UP WILL CONTROL THE SPEED TO
CLOSE.
3. REMOVE THE SAW CYLINDER (4) BY OPENING THE GRATEFALL USING THE
HYDRAULIC LEVER (12). AS THE GRATEFALL OPENS THE PIVOT LIFTING ARMS
(11) WILL CAPTURE THE SAW CYLINDER STUB SHAFTS IN THE ADJUSTABLE
SADDLES (5) ON BOTH SIDES. AS THE TRAVEL CONTINUES THE SAW CYLINDER
WILL CONTINUE UNTIL THE FULL STROKE IS COMPLETED AND THE SAW CYLINDER
IS PROPERLY PRESENTED FOR OVERHEAD PICK-UP. INSTALL THE LIFTING YOKE
(6) INTO THE OVERHEAD TROLLEY HOIST (7). POSITION THE ‘J’ HOOKS
BETWEEN THE DELINTER SIDE PLATES AND THE SAW CYLINDER END HEADS (16).
REMOVE THE SAW CYLINDER BY LIFTING UP AND OUT, PAYING CLOSE ATTENTION
TO NOT BUMP CYLINDER WHICH COULD CAUSE DAMAGE TO SAWS.

INSTALL SHARPENED SAW CYLINDER TO DELINTER

1. INSTALL SAW CYLINDER (4) BY POSITIONING THE LIFTING YOKE ‘J’ HOOKS
JUST TO THE INSIDE OF THE DELINTER SIDE PLATES. LOWER SAW CYLINDER
SLOWLY UNTIL THE STUB SHAFTS ON BOTH ENDS ARE CRADLED FIRMLY ON THE
ADJUSTABLES SADDLES (5) ON BOTH SIDES OF THE DELINTER. WITH THE
ADJUSTABLE SADDLES FIRMLY SUPPORTING THE SAW CYLINDER CONTINUE
LOWERING THE ‘J’ HOOKS UNTIL CLEAR AND REMOVE. HOLD THE HYDRAULIC
CANTRELL WORLDWIDE INC. - 200 SAW DELINTER

VALVE LEVER (12) AND PUSH THE DIRECTION TO CLOSE THE GRATEFALL.
2. AS THE GRATEFALL IS TRAVELING IN, YOU WILL NEED TO ROTATE THE PILLOW
BLOCK BEARINGS (9) ON BOTH SIDES SO THEY WILL WALK OVER THE HOLD DOWN
LUGS (10) AND POSITION THEM SQUARE TO THE BEARING MOUNTS (17) ON BOTH
SIDES. MAKE SURE BOTH PILLOW BLOCK BEARING HOUSINGS FIT INTO THE
INTERLOCK BEARING MOUNT 17).
3. ONCE THE PILLOW BLOCK BEARINGS (9) ARE FIRMLY PLACED ON THE BEARING
MOUNTS (17) CONTINUE TO LOWER THE GRATEFALL SLOWLY WHILE ROTATING THE
SAW CYLINDER BY HAND UNTIL THE SAWS ARE ‘TRAINED’ BETWEEN THE GRATES.
ONCE THE SAWS ARE CLEARLY STARTING INTO EACH SPACE BETWEEN EACH GRATE
FINISH CLOSING THE GRATEFALL. *CARE SHOULD BE GIVEN AT THIS STAGE TO
MAKE SURE THE ALIGNMENT IS CORRECT BETWEEN THE GRATES AND SAWS, IT IS
NORMAL TO MAKE SMALL ADJUSTMENTS UNTIL ALL SAWS ARE ‘TRAINED’ INTO THE
GRATES. PAY CLOSE ATTENTION TO BENT GRATES, BENT SAWS AND TWO SAWS IN
ONE SPACE.
4. LOCK THE SAW CYLINDER IN PLACE BY TURNING THE KNOB (8) TO BRING THE
LOCKING LUGS (10) INTO POSITION. RE-INSTALL THE SAW PULLEY (3).
5. RE-INSTALL SAW DRIVE ASSEMBLY BY CHECKING ALIGNMENT OF DRIVEN PULLEY
(3). RE-INSTALL DRIVE BELT (2) AND RE-TIGHTEN BY TURNING THE SAW
TENSIONING JACK (1). RE-INSTALL THE DRIVE GUARD COVER AND CLOSE THE
FRONT LID

NOTE THAT CHANGING THE SAW CYLINDER GIVES THE OPERATOR AN OPPORTUNITY TO
INSPECT AND CLEAN THE INTERNAL COMPONENTS AND SURFACES OF THE DELINTER.
CANTRELL RECOMMENDS THIS TO BECOME A REGULAR MAINTENANCE EXERCISE WITH
EVERY SAW CHANGING.
CANTRELL WORLDWIDE INC. - 200 SAW DELINTER

START UP PROCEDURE

1) VERIFY THAT ALL PROCESS SYSTEMS ARE COMPLETE AND IN

OPERATING ORDER.
A. CONVEYING
- MAKE CERTAIN THAT THE CORRECT HAND SCREW (FLIGHT) IS
IN ALL CONVEYOR TROUGHS.
B. SPOUTS
- VERIFY THAT ALL SPOUTS DISCHARGE TO THE PROPER PRODUCT
STREAM.
- VERIFY THAT ALL BURRS AND LOOSE DEBRIS HAVE BEEN
REMOVED FROM INSIDE SURFACES.
C. ELECTRICAL
- VERIFY THAT ALL COMPONENTS ARE IN PLACE.
- CANTRELL SUGGESTS THE USE OF INTERLOCKS FOR PROPER
OPERATION AND PROTECTION OF EQUIPMENT. INTERLOCKING
SHOULD BE COMPLETED AFTER INITIAL START-UP AND
TROUBLESHOOTING OF EQUIPMENT, OR PROVISIONS SHOULD BE
MADE TO START INDIVIDUAL MOTORS OUT OF NORMAL START
SEQUENCE.
- VERIFY THAT PROPER SIZE HEATERS ARE IN PLACE AND THAT
SPARES ARE ON SITE.
D. COMPRESSOR
- VERIFY THAT ROOM HAS COMPRESSED AIR FOR HOUSEKEEPING
PURPOSES.
E. PNEUMATIC (AIR) SYSTEMS
- VERIFY THAT ALL PIPING IS IN PLACE WITH APPROPRIATE
DAMPERS
- AND SLIP JOINTS INSTALLED.
- VERIFY THAT PIPE JOINTS ARE SEALED.

2) DRIVES AND HARDWARE.

- VERIFY BELT TENSION AND ALIGNMENT
- MAKE CERTAIN THAT ALL HARDWARE (BOLTS) ARE SECURE AND
DRIVE GUARDS ARE IN PLACE.

3) LUBRICANTS
A GEAR REDUCER
FILL WITH PROPER LUBRICANT. SEE MAINTENANCE SECTION FOR APPROVED
LUBRICANTS. FILL GEAR REDUCER HOUSING TO THE CENTERLINE OF UPPER
MOST GEAR.

B GREASE BEARINGS
DO NOT OVER GREASE. TOO MUCH GREASE WILL CAUSE BEARING
TO RUN HOT, REDUCING OPERATING LIFE.
CANTRELL WORLDWIDE INC. - 200 SAW DELINTER

4) CHECK ROTATION OF MOTORS.

5) CLEAN OUT CONVEYING SYSTEMS

- CLEAN OUT WITH SMALL AMOUNTS OF SEED PRODUCT. DO NOT PUT
USED PRODUCT BACK INTO PROCESS SEED. DAMAGE TO MACHINERY
COULD RESULT.

6) OPERATE MACHINE WITHOUT PRODUCT AND CHECK MOTOR AMPERAGE.

7) PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
DRILL A HOLE AND INSERT A PITOT TUBE IN THE 11" DIA. RISER
PIPE ABOVE THE TRANSITION AND BETWEEN THE AIR VOLUME
CONTROL VALVE TO OBTAIN A VELOCITY PRESSURE OF
APPROXIMATELY .75" (OF WATER). THIS READING WILL ASSURE A
3484 FPM VELOCITY IN THE TRANSFER PIPE AND 2200 CFM VOLUME
OF AIR. AT 3384 FPM VELOCITY, YOU WILL PROBABLY LIFT TOO
MUCH MOTES AND TRASH PRODUCT WITH LINT AND WILL NEED TO
DAMPER BACK THIS VELOCITY WHEN YOU SET THE AIR TO THE
PROPER LINT VOLUME THAT WILL CONVEY FROM THE MOTING
CHAMBER. THE SETTING OF AIR WILL VARY ACCORDING TO EACH
INDIVIDUAL SEED REQUIREMENT.
CANTRELL WORLDWIDE INC. - 200 SAW DELINTER

USE LAYOUT OS-0033

ITEM DESCRIPTION MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS

1 MOTORS KEEP COOLING FANS CLEAN AND HOUSINGS FREE OF BUILDUP.

CHECK OIL LEVEL AND FILL AS NEEDED. CHANGE OIL AS DESCRIBED IN LUBRICATION SECTION OF
2 GEAR REDUCERS
THIS MANUAL.

3 BELTS AND SHEAVES CHECK FOR TENSION, WEAR, AND ALIGNMENT. REPAIR AS NEEDED.

4 BEARINGS ADD GREASE AS NEEDED. REFER TO LUBRICATION SECTION OF THIS MANUAL.

MAKE CERTAIN THAT THE BOLTS & NUTS ARE SECURE. CHECK VIBRATION FOR SMOOTH MOTION AND
5 MAIN BODY & GRATEFALL
SYMETRY. INSPECT WELDS FOR FATIGUE CRACKS.

6 BEARING MOUNTS INSPECT AND KEEP SIDE DOVETAIL SET SCREWS SNUG FOR SMOOTH OPERATION.

CHECK FOR WEAR. BROKEN AND BENT GRATES MUST BE REPAIRED OR REPLACED. CLEAN STICKS &
7 GRATES
STEMS AT EACH SAW CHANGE.

CHECK FOR WEAR. MISSING BRISTLES AND BUILD-UP OF LINT. CHECK ALIGNMENT WITH
8 BRUSH CYLINDER
SAW CYLINDER. REPLACE BRISTLE STRIPS WHEN NECESSARY. CHECK CUT-OFF ALIGNMENT

CHECK FOR WEAR. KEEP UP WITH SHARPENING SCHEDULE. INSPECT FOR ANY BENT OR CHIPPED SAWS.
9 SAW CYLINDER
CHECK CUT-OFF ALIGNMENT WITH EACH SHARPENING.

CHECK FOR LEAKS, FRAYED HOSES. INSPECT VALVES FOR CREAPING OR STICKING, WHICH INDICATE
10 HYDRAULICS
INTERNAL SEAL FAILURE. REPLACE AND REPAIR AS NECESSARY.

11 AIR MOTING INTERIOR INSPECT FOR MATERIAL BUILD-UP AND CLEAN AS NECESSARY.

12 RUBBER SEAL (SKIRTING) INSPECT FOR WEAR AND REPAIR AS NEEDED.

13 AIR SYSTEM PIPING INSPECT FOR WEAR HOLES AND AIR LEAKS. REPAIR AS NECESSARY.

INSPECT FOR FLIGHTING AND TROUGH FOR WEAR AND REPLACE AS NEEDED. CHECK COVERS WEAR AND
14 CONVEYING
MAKE CERTAIN THEY ARE SECURE.
 ENGINEERING

Lubrication
LUBRICATING GREASES penetrates (measured in millimeters in a specific time ) is the penetration
DEFINITION number.
According to the ASTM definition, lubricating grease is a “solid to semi- The National Lubricating Grease Institute (N.L.G.I.) classification of
fluid product of the dispersion of a thickening agent in a liquid lubricant; grease consistency is shown below:
other ingredients imparting special properties may be included.” If this
definition were laid out in the manner a chemist would use to illustrate a NLGI Grease Grades Penetration Number
chemical reaction, the composition of a grease could be described by
0 355-385
the formula below.
1 310-340
Fluids + Thickening Agents + Special Ingredients = Lubricating Grease 2 265-295
3 220-250
By expanding this formula, it is possible to show the combinations possible for formulating greases to 4 175-205
meet a wide range of operating conditions. 5 130-160
6 85-115
Fluids + Thickening Agents + Special Ingredients = Lubricating Greases

Mineral Oils Soaps Oxidation Inhibitors

Grease consistency is not fixed; it normally becomes softer when
Esters Lithium, Sodium Rust Inhibitors
Organic Barium, Calcium VI Improver
sheared or “worked”. In the laboratory this “working” is accomplished by
Esters Strontium Tackiness forcing a perforated plate up and down through a closed container of this
Glycols Non-Soap (Inorganic) Perfumes grease. This “working” does not compare with the violent shearing action
Silicones Microgel (Clay) Dyes that takes place in a ball bearing and does not necessarily correlate with
Carbon Black Metal Deactivator
actual performance.
Silica-gel
Non-Soap (Organic)
Urea compounds Low Temperatures
Terepthlamate Starting torque in a grease lubricated ball bearing at low temperatures
Organic Dyes can be critical. Some greases may function adequately as long as the
bearing is operating, but resistance to initial movement is such that the
At this time there is no known universal anti-friction bearing grease.
starting torque is excessive. In certain smaller machines, starting is an
Each individual grease has certain limiting properties and characteristics.
impossibility when very cold. Under such operating circumstances the
Synthetic lubricating fluids, such as esters, organic esters and
greases containing low temperature characteristic oils are generally
silicones, are used with conventional thickeners or chemical additives to
required.
provide greases capable of performing over an extremely wide range of
If the operating temperature range is wide, synthetic fluid greases
temperatures, from as low as -100°F (-73°C) to a high of 550°F (288°C).
The successful use of lubricating grease in roller bearings depends on offer definite advantages. Greases are available to provide very low
the physical and chemical properties of the lubricant as they pertain starting and running torque at temperatures as low as -100°F (173°C). In
to the bearing, its application, installation and general environmental certain instances these greases perform better in this respect than oil.
factors. Because the choice of a lubricating grease for a particular bearing An important point concerning lubricating greases is that the starting
under certain service conditions is often difficult to make, our engineering torque is not necessarily a function of either the consistency or the
department should be consulted for proper recommendations. channeling properties of the grease. It appears to be more a function of
the individual properties of the particular grease and is difficult to
CHARACTERISTICS AND OPERATING ENVIRONMENTS measure. Experience alone will indicate whether one grease is superior
to another in this respect.
Table 1 lists general characteristics of prominent rolling bearing greases.
High Temperatures
Table 1 The high temperature limit for modern grease is generally a function of
Typical Usable** Typical the thermal and oxidation stability of the fluid and the effectiveness of the
Dropping PT Temperature Water oxidation inhibitors. The graph, page E62, was prepared using military
Thickener F C F C Resistance specification greases to illustrate the thermal limitations of mineral oil,
Sodium Soap 500 + 260 + 250 121 Poor ester, silicone, and flouronated ether greases. the limits as shown apply
only to prelubricated bearings or to applications where relubrication is not
Lithium Soap 380 193 220 104 Good
possible. Where provisions have been made for relubrication the
Polyurea 460 238 300 149 Excellent
temperature limits may be extended providing the interval between cycles
Lithium Complex is reduced accordingly.
Soap 500 + 260 + 325 163 Good A rule of thumb, developed from years of testing grease lubricated
* The properties of a grease may vary considerably depending on the particular oil, bearings, indicates that grease life is halved for every 25°F (14°C)
thickener and additives used in the formulation. increase in temperature. For example, if a particular grease is providing,
** Continuous operation with no relubrication. Depending opon the formulation the service say 2000 hours of life at 200°F (93°C) by raising the temperature to
limits may vary. The usable limit can be extended significantly with relubrication. 225°F (107°C) reduction in life to approximately 1000 hours would result.
On the other hand, 4000 hours could be expected by lowering the
Polyurea as a thickener for lubricating fluids is one of the most significant temperature to 175°F (79°C).
lubrication developments in over 30 years. Polyurea grease performance It becomes obvious that the reactions started by the normal reaction
in a wide range of bearing applications is outstanding, and in a relatively of lubricant with oxygen increases rapidly at higher temperatures. The
short time it has gained acceptance as a factory packed lubricant for ball lubricants undergo a series of chemical reactions which ultimately result
bearings. in the development of viscous or hard residues which interfere with the
operation of the bearing.
Consistency Thermal stability, oxidation resistance, and temperature limitations
Greases may vary in consistency from semifluids, hardly thicker than a must be considered when selecting greases for high temperature
viscous oil, to solid grades almost as hard as a soft wood. applications. In non-relubricatable applications highly refined mineral oils
Consistency is measured by a pentrometer in which a standard or chemically stable synthetic fluids are required as the oil component of
weighted cone is dropped into the grease. The distance the cone greases for operation at temperatures above 250° F (121°C).

Engineering / 61
ENGINEERING
Lubrication
In order to help maintain a rolling bearing’s anti-friction characteristics,
lubrication is needed to minimize rolling resistance due to deformation of
the rolling elements and raceway under load, and to minimize sliding
friction occurring between rolling elements, raceways and cage. Modern
lubricants do this very effectively, although in many applications the
means by which they accomplish this are extremely complex and not
completely understood. Because the principles involved with lubricating
rolling element bearings are complex and do not have to be known to
employ lubricants successfully, this discussion will stress the practical
rather than the theoretical aspects of lubrication.
LUBRICATION SELECTION
The wide range of bearing types and operating conditions precludes any
simple, all inclusive statement or guideline allowing the selection of the
proper lubricant. At the design level, the first consideration is whether oil
or grease is the best for the particular operation. The advantages of oil
and grease are outlined in Table 1. Where heat must be carried away fro
the bearing, oil must be used, and it is nearly always preferred for very
high speed applications. For limiting speeds of grease and oil lubricated
bearings refer to the section entitled “Limiting Speeds”.
Table 1
ADVANTAGES OF OIL AND GREASE
Oil Grease
Carries heat away from the Simplifies seal design and acts as
bearings a sealant
Carries away moisture and Permits prelubrication of sealed or
particular matter shielded bearings
Easily controlled lubrication Generally requires less frequent
lubrication
OIL LUBRICATION
Oils used for bearing lubrication should be high quality, non-oxidizing
mineral oils. Selection of the proper type of oils depends on bearing
speed, load, operating temperature, and method of lubrication.
Some features and advantages of oil lubrication in addition to the
above are as follows:
(1) Oil is a better lubricant for high speeds or high temperatures. It
can be cooled to help reduce bearing temperature.
(2) Oil is easier to handle and control the amount of lubricant
reaching the bearing. It is harder to retain in the bearing.
Lubricant losses may be higher than with grease.
(3) As a liquid, oil can be introduced to the bearing in many ways,
such as drip-feed, wick feed, pressurized circulating systems, oil-
bath, or air-oil mist. Each is suited to certain types of applications.
(4) Oil is easier to keep clean for recirculating systems.
Engineering / 60
Oil may be introduced to the bearing housing in many ways. The
most common systems are:
(1) Oil bath. The housing is designed to provide a sump through
which the rolling elements of the bearing will pass. Generally, the
oil level should be no higher than the center point of the lowest
rolling element. If speed is high, lower oil levels should be used to
reduce churning. Gauges or controlled elevation drains are used
to achieve and maintain the proper oil level.
(2) Circulating system. This system has the advantages of:
(a) An adequate supply of oil for both cooling and lubrication.
(b) Metered control of the quantity of oil delivered to each
bearing.
(c) Removal of contaminants and moisture from the bearing by
flushing action.
(d) Suitability for multiple bearing installations.
(e) Large reservoir which reduces deterioration; increased
lubricant life provides economical efficiency.
(f) Incorporation of oil filtering devices.
(g) Positive control to deliver the lubricant where needed.
A typical circulating oil system consists of an oil reservoir, pump,
piping, and filter. A cooler may be required.
Oil-Mist Lubrication
OIl-mist lubrication systems are used in high speed, continuous
operation applications. This system permits close control of the amount
of lubricant reaching the bearings. The oil may be metered, atomized by
compressed air and mixed with air, or it may be picked up from a
reservoir using a venturi effect. In either case, the air is filtered and
supplied under sufficient pressure to assure adequate lubrication of the
bearings. Control of this type of lubrication system is accomplished by
monitoring the operating temperatures of the bearings being lubricated.
The continuous passage of the pressurized air and oil through the
labyrinth seals used in the system prevents the entrance of contami-
nants from the atmosphere to the system.
The successful operation of this type of system is based upon the
following factors: proper location of the lubricant entry ports in relation to
the bearings being lubricated, avoidance of excessive pressure drops
across void spaces within the system, the proper air pressure and oil
quantity ratio to suit the particular application, the adequate exhaust of
the air-oil mist after lubrication has been accomplished.
To insure “wetting” of the bearings and to prevent possible damage
to the rolling elements and races, it is imperative that the oil-mist system
be turned on for several minutes before the equipment is started. The
importance of “wetting the bearing before starting cannot be overstated
and has particular significance for equipment that has been idled for
extended periods of time.
ENGINEERING

Lubrication Prelubricated Torrington bearings are prepacked with greases which

have chemical and mechanical stability and have demonstrated long life
characteristics in rotating bearings. Greases are filtered several times to
LUBRICATION GREASE TEMPERATURE RANGES
remove all harmful material and accurately metered so that each bearing
receives the proper amount of grease.

Petroleum MIL-G-25537
GREASE LUBRICATION FOR BEARING ⁄ HOUSING
ASSEMBLIES
Ester MIL-G-23827
Polyurea and lithium base greases are normally preferred for general
purpose bearing lubrication and are advantageous in high moisture
Ester+- MoS2 MIL-G-21164
applications. Both greases have good water resistant characteristics. For
temperature ranges of standard greases see chart below.
Synthetic Hydrocarbon MIL-G-81322
The grease must be carefully selected with regard to its consistency
at operating temperature. It should not exhibit thickening, separation of
Silicone MIL-G-25013 oil, acid formation or hardening to any marked degree. It should be
smooth, non-fibrous, and entirely free from chemically active ingredients.
Perfluoroalkylpolether MIL-G-27617 Its melting point should be considerably higher than the operating
temperature.
-100°F -0°F 100°F 200°F 300°F 400°F 500°F
Frictional torque is influenced by the quantity and the quality of
-73°C 18°C 38°C 93°C 149°C 204°C 260°C lubricant present. Excessive quantities of grease cause churning. This
Temperature Range results in excessive temperatures, separation of the grease components,
and break down in lubrication values. On normal speed applications the
Wet Conditions
housings should be kept approximately 1⁄3 to 1⁄2 full.
Water and moisture can be particularly conducive to bearing failure.
Only on low speed applications may the housing be entirely filled with
Lubricating greases may provide a measure of protection from this
grease. This method of lubrication is a safeguard against the entry of
contamination. Certain greases, the calcium, lithium and non-soap type, for
foreign matter, where sealing provisions are inadequate for exclusion of
example, are highly water resistant. However, these greases exhibit poor
contaminants or moisture.
rut preventative characteristics unless properly inhibited.
During periods of non-operation, it is often wise to completely fill the
Sodium soap greases emulsify with small amounts of moisture that may
housings with grease to protect the bearing surfaces. Prior to subse-
be present and prevent the moisture from coming in contact with the
quent operation, the excess grease should be removed and the proper
bearing surfaces. In certain applications this characteristic may be
level restored.
advantageous; however, emulsions are generally considered undesirable.
Applications utilizing grease lubrication should have a grease fitting
Many bearing applications require lubricants with special properties or
and a vent at opposite ends of the housing near the top. A drain plug
lubricants formulated specifically for certain environments, such as :
should be located near the bottom of the housing to allow purging the
old grease from the bearing.
Friction Oxidation (Fretting Corrosion)
Relubricate at regular intervals to prevent damage to the bearing.
Chemical and Solvent Resistance
Relubrication intervals are difficult to determine. If plant practice or
Food Handling
experience with other applications is not available, consult your lubricant
Quiet Running
supplier.
Space and/or Vacuum
Electrical Conductivity
STANDARD LUBRICATION - FAFNIR BALL BEARINGS
For assistance with these or other areas requiring special lubricants, Bearing Type Grease type Grease Temperature
contact the Torrington engineering department. Range

Radial Bearings
GREASES - APPLICATIONS AND LUBRICATING METHODS (Double shielded and Polyurea thickener
Single and Double Sealed) Petroleum oil -30° to +275°F
Grease lubrication is generally applicable to the following conditions, and
features low to moderate speed applications within operating temperature Wide Inner Ring Bearings Polyurea thickener
limits of the grease: (Contact Seal Types) Petroleum oil -30° to +275°F

(1) Easily confined in the housing. This is important in the food, textile Wide Inner Ring Bearings Synthetic thickener
and chemical industries. (Labyrinth Seal Types) Synthetic hydrocarbon fluid -65° to +325°F

(2) Bearing enclosure and seal design simplified. Airframe Control Bearings
(MIL-B-7949)
(3) Improves the efficiency of external mechanical seals to give better Bearing Suffix FS428 MIL-G-23827 -100° to +250°F
protection to the bearing. Bearing Suffix FS464 MIL-G-81322 -65° to +325°F
Bearing Suffix FS235 MIL-G-25537 -65° to +160°F
(4) Successfully used for integrally-sealed prelubricated ball bearings.
Note: Open type bearings and single shielded types are NOT prelubricated. They have a rust preventative
coating only and must be lubricated by the customer or end-user before operation.
Advantages of prelubricated ball Bearings
Prelubricated shielded and sealed bearings are extensively used with
much success on applications where:
1. Grease might be injurious to other parts of the mechanism.
2. Costs and space limitations preclude the use of a grease filled
housing.
3. Housings cannot be kept free of dirt and grit, water or other contami-
nants.
4. Relubrication is impossible or would be a hazard to satisfactory use.

Engineering / 62