ACRONYMS

NTDC : Nepal Tea Development Corporation

GON: Government of Nepal
NPK: Nitrogen,phosphorous,potassium
NTIS : National Trade Integration Strategy (NTIS
SWMRM Solid waste (Management and Resource Mobilization
WTO world Trade organization
CTC Cut, Torn and Curl
CTC Tea Manufacturing and Environmental Impacts – A specific
Waste Management Study in Tea Estates, Jhapa

Submitted to:
COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES NEPAL
Anamnagar, Kathmandu

Submitted by:
Laxmi Koirala
M.Sc., Second Semester, 2013
ROLL No-60
Email: laxmikoirala_bdp@yahoo.co
 Table of Contents

1. Background.......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 History of Tea...................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Types of Tea ........................................................................................................................................ 2
1.2.1 White Tea...................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.2 Green Tea ..................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.3 Black Tea ...................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.4 Oolong Tea ................................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Tea industries, Nepal ........................................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Favorable Condition for Tea Production in Nepal .............................................................................. 4
1.5 Characteristics of Tea Was .................................................................................................................. 4
1.6 Uses of tea Waste ................................................................................................................................ 4
1.6.1 Tea as Potting Mix ....................................................................................................................... 4
1.6.2 Tea as Vermi Compost ................................................................................................................. 4
1.6.3 Tea as Compost Tea ..................................................................................................................... 5
1.6.4 Tea as Source of Potassium.......................................................................................................... 5
1.6.5 Tea as Medium for Mushroom Cultivation .................................................................................. 5
1.6.6 The other Uses of Tea Waste ........................................................................................................ 5
1.7 Tea Manufacturing, Brief .................................................................................................................... 6
1.8 Waste Management (Air, Water, Wastewater, Solid Waste) .............................................................. 6
1.9 Rationale of the Study ......................................................................................................................... 7
1.10 Objectives ............................................................................................................................................ 7
1.11 Scope of the Study............................................................................................................................... 8

2. Literature Review.............................................................................................................................. 10
.1 Relevant Studies ................................................................................................................................ 11
1.2 Legislative Outcomes ........................................................................................................................ 12

3. Methodology……………………………………………………………………………………….14
3.1 sampling size……………………………………………………………………………………14
3.2.study variables……………………………………………………………………………………………………………14
3.3.Data analysis
4. Expected Result……………………………………………………………………………………15
5. Study Schedule & Budget ................................................................................................................. 16
 Chapter I: Introduction

1.Background
Tea is an aromatic beverage commonly prepared by pouring hot or boiling water over cured leaves of the
plant. After water, tea is the most widely consumed beverage in the world. Tea is originated in china
during the Shang Dynasty as medicinal drink. The IUPAC name of caffeine is 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine,
and is obtained from tea waste or coffee, or from the dried leaves
of Cameeliasinensis. Chemical composition of caffeine suggests that it is an
alkaloid, which is primarily a class of naturally occurring compounds
containing nitrogen. They have the properties of an organic amine base
together with nitrogen hence it is an alkaloid. Some of the typical alkaloids
are caffeine, nicotine, morphine, codeine, and cocaine. The agro-climatic
conditions prevailing in the eastern districts of Nepal are highly conducive
for growing the crop - Terai plains for assamica and the Hills for sinensis.
Nepal produces both Orthodox and CTC type of tea. The total area under
tea in the country is about 16420 ha with small growers' share of 45% and it
produces some15168 Mt of made tea (both orthodox and CTC) with small Figure 1: A Tea
Plant
growers' share of 38%. Out of total tea production, the country produces some 13% of orthodox tea and
rest is CTC.
The tea plants (Figure 1) require a specific ratio of carbon to nitrogen. If the nitrogen is too high, the soil
is more acidic, and if the carbon is too high plant have a more difficult time extracting
the other nutrients required for growth. Most expert’s say that a 25:1 ratio is ideal and that the ratio very
nearly matches the ratio provided by tealeaves. Where fertilizers have a tendency to cause root burn,
natural alternatives such as tealeaves won't concentrate the chemicals the same way, which means that the
roots are safe from harm.
Kizilkaya and Ekberli (2007) studied the effects of 5% treatment of hazelnut husk (HH) and tea
production waste (TEW) to clay loam soil on urease enzyme activity and its kinetics, they stated that the
treatments of soil with hazelnut husk and tea waste increased urease activity in soil, the reaction velocity
increased as substrate concentration increased, however this increase continued up to 8% substrate
concentration level in control soil and 10% substrate concentration level in organic waste amendment soil
concentration level, it became constant at 12% substrate concentration level in organic waste amendment
soil.
The health benefits of green tea for a wide variety of ailments, including different types of cancer, heart
disease, and liver disease, were reported. Many of these beneficial effects of green tea are related to its
catechin, particularly (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, content. There is evidence from in vitro and animal
studies on the underlying mechanisms of green tea catechins and their biological actions. There are also
human studies on using green tea catechins to treat metabolic syndrome, such as obesity, type II diabetes,
and cardiovascular risk factors.Long-term consumption of tea catechins could be beneficial against high-
fat diet-induced obesity and type II diabetes and could reduce the risk of coronary disease. Further
research that conforms to international standards should be performed to monitor the pharmacological and
clinical effects of green tea and to elucidate its mechanisms of action.The tea wastes have an important
effect in decreasing soil salinity and pH.The tea wastes play a major influence in reducing bulk density
and increasing porosity for the same soil

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1.1.History of Tea

Little did Chinese Emperor Shen Nung realize that in 2737B.C., when dried leaves blew intohis cup of
hot water, the beverage he discovered would cause sensations around the world.During this time, water
was always boiled for hygienic reasons. The pleasant aroma andrefreshing taste enchanted him and soon
everyone in the realm was drinking tea. Yensei, a returning Buddhist priest residing in China at the time
of the discovery, introduced Japan to tea. Tea was immediately embraced by Japanese society and
resulted in the creation of the intricate Japanese Tea Ceremony, elevating tea to an art form. Portuguese
priests and merchants in china first introduced tea to Europe during the 16th century. Drinking tea became
popular in Britain during17th century.
1.2.Types of Tea

Once the tea leaf is plucked, it is processed in the factory to bring out the flavors in it. There are
essentially two types of teas: Orthodox, and CTC. The Orthodox tea is the whole leaf tea that is generally
popular in the west, but in India, CTC tea is wildly popular for the type of tea they make there, called
Chai, involving boiling the tea over and over to extract the most out of it.

1.2.1White Tea
Recently popular, white tea is produced when two leaves and a bud are picked just before sunrise to
preserve the moisture in the leaf. This tea (Figure 1.2.1) is characterized by a delicate flavor with very
little color, however it is highly priced because a days picking produces only about 1 - 2kgs. Although it
is called white tea, the tea does have some light green color charactersitic of the newest buds originating
on the bush. The buds are steamed to destroy the enzymes that would otherwise destroy the tea and dried
either in the dryer.

Fig:1.1.white tea
1.2.2Green Tea
Green tea (Figure 1.2.2) is produced by steaming the leaves to destroy the enzymes that might otherwise
ferment the leaves. The leaves are then rolled either by hand or by mechanical
rollers, to bring out the juices in the leaves that are responsible for its flavor.
The rolled leaves are then fired to dry them. The entire process of rolling and
firing is repeated several times until the leaves are completely dry. The process
of producing green tea is very exacting because variation in the drying time
can result in fermentation of the leaves which spoils its flavor. Figure 1.3. Green

1.2.3.Black Tea
The most widely consumed beverage, black tea (Figure 1.2.3) is a close
cousin to the Oolong in that if the tea is fermented long enough, the leaves

Figure ;1.2. Black Tea

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turn black, hence the term "black tea". The exact time of rolling is determined by the size of the leaf, with
smaller leaf being rolled for shorter period than larger leaf. Rolling induces fermentation of the leaf, and
when the leaf is judged to be appropriately fermented, the process is slowed by allowing the leaves to
cool off on ventilated trays for 3 to 4 hours. Finally, the fermentation process is stopped by drying the teas
under hot blowers, at which point the tea leaves turn from reddish hue to black. The teas are then passed
through various sieves to grade them.

1.2.4.Oolong Tea
Oolong teas (Figure 1.2.4) are semi fermented teas that are partially fermented befor drying to preserve
the natural flavors. The process of producing Oolongs begins with picking of the two leaves and a bud,
generally early in the morning. The leaves are then partially dried indoors to promote fermentation. When
the leaves start turning red - at a stage, when 30% of the leaves are red, and the rest 70% are green, the
leaves are rubbed repeatedly by hand or mechanically to generate flavor and
aroma, and finally dried over charcoal. The final stage in production of
Oolong teas is blending the teas to produce the characteristic flavor of the
garden or the brand.

Figure 1.2.4: Oolong

Tea

1.3.Tea industries, Nepal

Sometime around 1864, the powerful Prime Minister of Nepal, Junga Bahadur Rana, while on tour to
China brought Tea seeds as a token of gift from the Chinese Emperor and instructed Colonel Gajraj Singh
Thapa to plant those seeds. Colonel Thapa was then the Governor General of the eastern region of Nepal.
Colonel Thapa with his Royal Army soon set up two plantations - THE ILAM TEA ESTATE AND THE
SOKTIM TEA ESTATE which are now under Nepal Tea Development Corporation Ltd. Famous
Chinese Tea seeds were planted in these tea gardens. So began Nepal's tea industry. Tea plantation in
Nepal dates back to the year 1863,with the first tea processing factory was established in the year 1878 in

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Illam estates. In 1959 Budhkaran Tea estates was established at Jhapa which was first tea estate in private
sector.

1.4.Favorable Condition for Tea Production in Nepal

Warm and humid climate with plenty of rainfall and long duration sunlight is best for the effective growth
of tea bushes. The type of soil necessary for the tea plantation is characterized by the pH value ranging
from 4.5 to 5.5 having good drainage facility, good water holding capacity and ample organic matter,
about 1m soil depth. The temperature ranging 12.5 0-30 0 Celsius is the best for tea cultivation (Gate,
1990). Tea is a deep-rooted plant and its roots penetrate through all strata of soil and hold the soil
strongly. Tea growing is the best option to these huge ruggedly built hills (upto1800m from mean sea
level) in order to prevent soil erosion. Nepal's middle and eastern Himalayan corridor and the Terai is
endowed with several qualities for organic tea production related to soil, climate, topography,
temperature, and humidity.

1.5.Characteristics of Tea Waste

Tea manufacturing wastes include high value of Carbon and Nitrogen chemicals but amonut of
phosphorus is unsufficient. Carbon/Nitrogen (C/N) rate is acceptable as 26. Phosphurus rate is 0,18%. pH
value is 5,3. Tea wastes are processed in very powerfull klin, so microorganismas are unobtainable on tea
waste. Moisture rate is 6,6% and tea wastes can take water 2,6 times more than their capacities. Tea waste
must be processed for using as animal feed. In general tea manufacturig waste is dry material at the rate of
93%. Tea wastes cause include perfect refuse-derived fule material. Sulphur and another materials which
is cause air pollution materials are not existing in tea wastes.After process of combustion, ash rate is just
2-5%. This ash is very rich of potassium for nurture. Ash is very good potassium source for the tea
gardens and basic potassium value has a positive effect on soil’s pH value.45% of world cafein usage is
provided from the coffe and tea by naturel ways. Cafein is used drug and drinking sector rarely, in the tea
waste, cafein (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) rate is between 3,1-3,8%. Tea wastes can be used as a actived
carbon, for cleaning the high metals which are in the drinking and potable water. Tea wastes can be used
in absortion high metals. It is cheaper and more efficient material than activated carbon.

1.6.Uses of tea Waste

1.6.1.Tea as Potting Mix

In all industries there are always left over or waste products. Tea manufacturing industries throw out lots
of waste teas, daily, as left over. The employees working in tea industry would take the waste home for
their gardens, however, some tea manufacturing industries selling these wastes to employees or farmers!
Nowadays, the waste tea has been mixed with horse stable manure from the local racing stables,
sandstone sawdust from a nearby stand stone quarry and sand. This mixture constitutes a fertile potting
mix that is utilized in their nursery where they cultivate the tea plants from seed harvested from the full-
grown tea plants on the cultivated area.

1.6.2.Tea as Vermi Compost

India is one of the leading nations, which produces bio fertilizers in huge amount. Tata companies in
India are reprocessing and using their waste in innovative ways. The used tea waste from the instant tea

4
processes of the company is transformed to vermi compost on the estates. The method of
vermicomposting that the industry attempts ensures a plant–soil cycle thereby facilitating to build vital
soil fauna and flora as well as adding to the organic matter content of the soil for enhanced nutritional
effectiveness and uptake.

1.6.3.Tea as Compost Tea

All the gardeners know compost is wonderful stuff; however, there is something still better than simple
old compost, and that is compost tea. The compost tea is prepared by immersing compost in water. Based
on where your plant has problems, it is used as either a foliar spray or a soil drench. Tea waste is also
used to prepare compost tea. Compost tea assists to inhibit foliar diseases, increases the quality and
quantity of nutrients accessible to the plant, and accelerates the breakdown of toxins. It will influence the
plant more rapidly than compost mixed into the soil. The conversion of compost into compost tea cannot
ameliorate on the actual quality of the compost.

1.6.4.Tea as Source of Potassium

Ash of old tea plants is a prospective resource of potassium, an essential nutrient for plant growth. Since
ash is alkaline, tea plants do not profit from the supplementary alkalinity, except for extremely acidic
soils. Rather than using the ash on the plantations, it should be used on the soil of the trees grown from
fuel plantations, which will enhance fertility in the fuel-wood farming. The use of compost and organic
matter can decrease the necessity for inorganic fertilizers.

1.6.5.Tea as Medium for Mushroom Cultivation

By growing mushrooms on tea waste, you can maintain double-figure economic growth without wearing
natural resources. Mushrooms grow much faster in tea waste than in the normal method. It is not
necessary to cut down trees to cultivate mushrooms. A mixture of tea waste with peat in 1:1 (v:v) ratio
improved the yield of mushroom.

1.6.6The other Uses of Tea Waste

Tea waste is virtually as rich in effective antioxidants, such as catechins (Figure 1.6.6). Chagra, the used
tealeaves, is used to enhance the roses. Remnant brewed tea may be cooled and used to water houseplants
on occasion, and infused tea leaves may be scattered in the flower garden for a nutrient hike. It may be
scattered all around the gardens. Tea waste can be used as a fertilizer for both indoor and outdoor plants.

Figure 1.6: Uses of

Tea Waste

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1.7.Tea Manufacturing, Brief

The major tea manufacturing process includes withering of fresh tea leaves, rolling / sieving, cutting,
tearing, curling, fermentation, drying, sorting and grinding and final packing. One of the methods used in
processing tea is withering the tea leaves. The leaves are spread out on long, enclosed troughs, and air is
blown through them. This causes them to dry and lose water. The process takes 16 to 20 hours, and then
the leaves are sifted to remove impurities. Tea leaves are then rolled in a machine called a rotovene. The
leaves are twisted and broken in this machine to release juice. Tea oxidation or fermentation is the next
step, and takes 90 minutes or more. The tea leaves are in trolleys or large trays where humidified air is
blown onto them to produce oxidation. Rollers treated with the compound polyphenol break the leaves
down when oxygen hits them. The leaves turn from green to red, then brown to black in the process. This
is an important step which develops the flavor and composition of black tea.

The leaves are dried in machines. They are exposed to hot air from dryers and then sent to different parts
of the factory to be sorted. Green tea is dried on bamboo trays in the sun, then roasted in hot pans to
further dry the leaves. They are rolled and dried again in large, hot pans. Qualified tasters then taste the
tea and examine it for color, flavor, and texture. A grading machine is round in shape. It sorts out grades
of tea by shaking and vibrating different levels of screens. After the tea is sorted it is sent on the conveyor
belts to storage bins for packing (Russel …Year).

1.8.Waste Management (Air, Water, Wastewater, Solid Waste)

The industry does not generate much waste. It has been seen that a significant portion of the waste are
being re-used in some way or the other. However, the industry should take up certain measures/actions,

6
which may be useful in improving & maintain the environmental performance of the industry. Products
which can be produced from tea waste are shown below :

 Caffeine
 Polyphenols (valuable anti-oxidant)
 Pigments (Edible colours)
 Polymers (tea polyphenols can be used to replace some of the phenol in phenol formaldehyde
resins)
 Animal feeds (under investigation)
 Foaming agent
 Vinegar
 Tea seed oil (alternative to groundnut and olive oils for cooking, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals)
 Furfural.

Solid wastes are produced in the tea production process. In the withering process rejected green tea uses
are the major waste when the leaves are spread loaded on the troughs. Small quantities of leaf loved and
litter are also generated in the rolling and CTC processes. On the average the tea industry generate about
100 kg of waste green leaves or utter per ton of made During the drying, tea leaves fiber could be brown
from the dryer. The average blown out is about 2-% of made tea. In heaters the use of firewood, cool and
briquettes generate the ashes and clinkers. Coal or firewood fired heaters produce about 100kg of ash per
tonof made tea on
Waste management is a greater challenge in tea processing industries. The raw materials energy labor and
water are the major inputs in tea processing generate solid waste as dusts and stalks liquid waste as
fermented liquor and exhaust off tea dryer. The tea industries contribution to environment pollution in
comparison with other core industries is very small. It generates neither liquid effluent nor hazardous
wastes material. However, the thermal energy use generate the pollutant that are air borne which have
substantial impact on the environment in terms of green house gas emission.
1.9.Rationale of the Study

The tea estates have been emerging industries in eastern Nepal. The entrepreneurs have been attracted
towards the production of organic tea. The study is required to find out the basic tea manufacturing
process and to find out the generated waste management system in the industry. It needs to know the
beneficial use of the tea waste in the local soil.

1.10.Objectives

The general objectives of the study will focus to find the waste management practices at the tea
manufacturing industry. Besides, the specific objectives of the study will be as follows:
 To find out the fundamental soil quality parameters of the tea farmland.

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  To assess the probability of application of tea waste as soil vitalizer
 To recommend the best waste management option for tea industry and find out the beneficial use
of waste.

1.11.Scope of the Study

 The study will be carried out only in the concerned tea estate.
 The soil quality will be assessed only on the basis of quality parameters like pH, texture, organic
matter & NPK
 The fertilizer characteristic of the tea waste will be assessed on the basis of NPK.
4.Study Site

he study will be carried at Budhakaran and Khusbu Tea Estate at Maheshpur VDC, ward No. 6 from
Jhapa (26° 32' 0" N; 88° 5' 0" E) district. The
district, with Chandragadhi as its district
headquarters, covers an area of 1,606 km² and
has a population (2011) of 688,109. Jhapa is the
eastern district of Nepal and lies in the fertile
Terai plains. It borders Ilam district in the
north, Morang district in the west, the Indian
state of Bihar in the south and east, and the
Indian. Jhapa is the easternmost district of
Nepal and lies in the fertile Terai plains. It
borders. Ilam district in the north, Morang
district in the west, the Indian state of Bihar in
the south and east, and the Indian state of West
Bengal is in the east.

Chapter 2: Literature Review

In Nepal, the history of tea cultivation began in 1863 with the establishment of the Ilam Tea Estate in the
hills and later in the mid hills of Skim. The first tea plantation in the private sector was Budhhakaran Tea
Estate, which was established in 1959 in the plains of the Terai. With the establishment of the Nepal Tea
Development Corporation (NTDC) in 1966 by the Government of Nepal, the commercial cultivation of
tea increased. In 1982, the government realized the potential of tea as a viable crop and export

8
commodity. The GON declared five districts - Jhapa, Ilam, Panchthar, Tehrathum and Dhankuta as
Nepal’s “Tea Zone” and provide support to the tea growers and processors.

Tea cultivation and processing Industry in Nepal

Currently, in Nepal 134 tea states and tea gardens were recorded and among them 89were already
registered at NTCDB to the year 2006. Tea industries in Nepal mainly falls into three categories i.e. the
industries which only process tea, tea industries having teagarden as well as processing and tea packaging
industries concerned to tea export and import. There are 13 industries in first categories out of them 6 are
registered on NTCDB, 28 in second categories out of them 18 are registered and 20 are in third categories
registered to NTCDB. The tea states still remain to register to NTCDB Accounts for fourty-six. Among
the registered tea states and gardens 57 are situated onJhapa district, 10 tea states are in Illam, 5 are on
Dhankuta and 17 in other districts of Nepal. The total land used for tea plantation occupy 16012 hectare
and total production ismore than 13.68 million kg. The land used for orthodox tea production comprises
7036hectare and 8976 hectare for CTC tea plantation (NTCDB, 2006). The major CTC tea plantation area
represent mainly Jhapa district and for orthodox tea plantation and production area in Nepal are hilly
district like Illam, Terhathum, Dhankuta and it isexpanding to other hilly area particularly in
Sindhupalchowk and Nuwakot.Sindhupalchwok, Dolakha, Ramechhap, Sankhuwasabha, Bhojpur,
Gorkha, Kaski andSolokhumbu where the tea plantation was recently started but not growth progressively
due to lack of financial adequacy and effective policy implementation for the small producers, tea
cultivation has not been very popular at the farmer's levee.

Export and Import scenario of Tea

The total tea production in the year 2005/06 is 13.68 million kg, of which orthodox tea production covers
more than 1.65 million kg and CTC tea covers 12.03 million kg. Among them more than 95 % orthodox
tea was exported while the CTC tea market is limited to domestic consumption only. The tea consumption
rate is 0.35 kg per person per year in Nepal (NTCDB 2006). The Nepalese tea export has increased from
the year from 2000 to 2005 but in 2006 it was decreased by 80.67 % in the comparison of last year. The
international market for Nepal CTC tea is limited to India and Pakistan only while The international
demand to Nepal Orthodox Tea expand to Japan, Germany, US and even to European nation due to its
health benefits and good quality. On other hand continuous efforts of private sector engaged to promote
Nepalese tea in international market particularly in Europe, Japan and boost up the cultivators and
processor to acquire organic certification. Again the introduced tea policy in 2000 is expected to
encourage the tea industry in Nepal (AEC/ FNCCI 2004).

Soil organic matter

The benefits of increased soil organic matter content in terms of crop yield and nutrient uptake have been
demonstrated by the long-term experiments at Rothamsted (Johnston, 1986). A literature review by
-1
McConnell et al. (1993) reported that compost applied at rates varying from18 to 146 t ha produced a 6
to 163% increase in soil organic matter. A more recent study by Zebarth et al. (1999) over a three-year
period showed increases in soil organic matter from 5 different organic sources including biosolids, food
waste and composted pig manure. Effects on soil organic matter will differ between one-off and regular
applications. The long-term experiments at Rothamsted demonstrate the build up of organic matter over
time. For example, the Woburn Market Garden Experiment showed increases in percent C from 0.87% to
1.46 % from FYM additions and 2 % from composted FYM additions over a 25 year period (Johnston et
-1 -1
al., 1989). Vitosh et al. (1973) calculated that applying fresh cattle manure at 67.2 Mg ha yr increased
the organic matter content of a sandy loam soils by 0.1% each year. The effects of manure and compost
use on Csequestration are of interest in relation to the ability of agriculture to contribute to meeting the
Kyoto protoco. Eghball (2002) reported that 25% applied manure C remained in the soil after a four year

9
period compared with 36% applied compost C suggesting that compost may have greater benefits for C
sequestration than manure.

Tea production is commercially by nutrient supply through inorganic fertilizers at rates between 150 –300
kg N ha-1 for black tea (fermented tea) (Tsujiand Kinshita, 2001; Wanyoko et al., 1997) and up to1000 kg
N ha-1 for green tea (unfermented tea)(Toyomasa, 2001). These rates are high and required a bout 50 %
of the total annual farm variable inputs(Owuor, 1996). Presently there is a global short supply and high
procurement cost of inorganic fertilizers and the poor resource farmers cannot afford this. There is need to
lock for alternative nutrient sources, that are cheap, readily available and affordable to the farmers. Heavy
application of inorganic fertilizers leads to deterioration of soil cation exchange capacity(CEC) and clay
contents of the soil, high concentration of Al and silicate in drainage water in addition to air pollution
through nitrous gas emission, excessive leaching leads to underground water pollution (Jarvis,
1996; Prasad and Power, 1995). Most tropical soils are low in organic matter content and they need
proper organic matter management by way of organic fertilizer application for sustainable long term land
use. This oil base to plant tip, girth at soil base with verniercaliper, number of leaves by visual counting
and leaf area with leaf area meter. After 12 months, tea seedlings were pruned at 30 cm height from the
plant base,oven dried to constant weight at 650 C. Samples were separated into leaf and stem, weighed,
milled and analyzed for the N, P, K, Ca, Mg and organic carbon contents.

2.1.Relevant Studies

National Trade Integration Strategy (NTIS), 2010 has prioritized 19 commodities with export potential,
among them, tea is one (MoCS, 2010).

Mauskar, J. M. 2007: Tea soils vary in their OM contents ranging from less than 1% to over 30%. It is
generally agreed that optimum range of soil pH for the tea plant is 5.0 to 5.6. Soil those above pH 5.6
require correcting with acid materials such as Aluminium sulphate, Sulphate of ammonia, elemental
Sulphur. On the lower end of the scale tea grows in as low a pH as 4.0 or below.

Cay et al. 2007 found that the adsorption percentages are very low at strong acidic medium. After pH 3,
uptakes increase sharply up to pH 5.5 and thereafter they stay almost constant for greater pHs. No pH
values over 8.0 were studied since precipitation of heavy metals occurs. The optimum pH for Cu(II) and
Cd(II) in single and binary systems was graphically determined as 5.5 . TFW were successfully used for
the removal of various toxic metals (Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb). TFW characterization shows high surface
area for the adsorption.

Nowbuth, Rita Devi 2005: Substrate mixture containing 75% sugarcane bagasse and 25% tea waste
showed promising results in terms of mycelial growth and fructification. This substrate mixture was
selected for further trials with lime and crushed maize. Highest yield of mushroom was obtained with
substrate mixture supplemented with 5% lime. When assessed with crushed maize seeds, the substrate
mixture gave the highest yield at 0% crushed maize. This is probably due to the fact that tea waste is rich

10
in nitrogen (0.43%/g of dry matter) and the use of crushed maize as a source of nitrogen is non
significant. It is concluded that tea waste can be successfully used to cultivate oyster mushroom when
mixed with sugarcane bagasse. Substrate mixture containing 75% sugarcane bagasse and 25% tea waste,
supplemented with 6.1% lime, can yield about 202.9 g of mushroom.

The other relevant study outcomes will be reviewed during the study period.

2.2.Legislative Provisions

EPA (1996) & EPR (1997 with amnd.): The Environmental Protection Act (EPA), 1996 and
Environmental Protection Regulations (EPR), 1997 is the umbrella legislation for the protection of the
environment and prevention and control of the pollution. The legislations have the provision of IEE and
EIA, Prevention and Control of Pollution, Pollution Control Certificate, Environmental Inspector &
environmental Laboratory. Especially, prevention and control pollution section, the regulations prohibit
the discharge of pollution beyond prescribed standards and allow affected parties to file complaints to the
concerned agency if standards are not met.
 Section 7(1) of the Act refers to Prevention and Control of Pollution.
 Rule - 15 refer to prohibition of emitting waste.
 Rule - 16 have enforced the industries to install equipment to reduce the pollution under
prescribed standard and to take provisional or permanent pollution certificate from the concerned
party.
 Rule - 17 - 20 has given provision of lodging complained against pollution and empowered the
concerned body to issue notice to control pollution and to carry out sanitation & cleanliness
activities.

The Solid waste (Management and Resource Mobilization) Act, 2068 BS (2011): The main objective of
the SWMRM Act is to provide facilities for waste disposal system and to minimize adverse impact of
solid wastes on the public health and environment. A Section 4(5) of the act mandates to any industry,
institution and individual for permission to manage and recycle the solid waste and the center can grant
permission with charging a reasonable fee.

Trade Policy 2067 BS (2009): With the changed context, the Government has introduced a new Trade
Policy in April 2009 replacing the existing Trade Policy, 1992. It is a comprehensive and updated policy,
which was framed and brought into implementation after Nepal became a member of the WTO. It is
consistent with the principles of WTO and adheres to the principles of liberal, open and transparent
economic system. It emphasizes on private sectored competitive economy. The main objective of this
policy is to increase contribution of trade sector in national economy and thereby reduce poverty and

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accelerate economic growth. The new Trade Policy, besides emphasizing trade in goods, has also duly
recognized trade in services and intellectual property equally as potential trade sectors for Nepal.

National Tea Policy B.S. 2057 (2000 A.D.): It spells out about major incentive packages and
commitments for the existing and potential stakeholders in commercial tea development. Emphasis has
been given to restructure the composition and functioning of the Tea Board with more participation of the
private sector stakeholders. Some of the major incentives include:
 Priority lending, principle repayment and interest payment schedule facilitation.
 Rebate on the land registration tax.
 Up to 50 year's lease prospect of government land for tea cultivation. o Creation of tea
development fund.
 Introduction of cuss (service fee) to manufactures and traders (importers/exporters)
 Establishment of research and training institute in collaboration with private sector.
 Incentives to ancillary industries.
 Some export promotion activity supports.

Industrial Enterprises Act, 2049 BS (1992): Section 13 grants right to the Board to force the industry for
the adoption of measures, and to make necessary arrangements to prevent environmental pollution for the
purpose of preventing adverse impact on the public health and environment.

The Labor Act 2048 BS (1991): The Ministry of Labor administrates this act, which is the main regulate
regulating the working environment. Chapter 5 of this Act deals with occupational health and safety.

The Pesticide Act 2048 BS (1991): The act outlines the functions and duties of the board which include
the formulation of national policies, encouraging the private sector in pesticide trade, coordination
between private sector government agencies in the production and distribution of pesticide and
establishment of quality control standards.

The other relevant acts, regulations, policies, plan, etc. will be reviewed during the study period.

Chapter:iii: Methodology

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 Before carrying out the study,the sampling size will be identified statically in jhapa district. The study
will aim to examine and identifying the types of waste which are produced from the industry and close
look towards waste management system. The method
Literature Review
adopted in the study relied on semi-structured informal
interviews with key informants and a number of participants
Data for the preparation of this report will collect from both Site Identification
primary and secondary sources. For the primary sources of
data questionnaire survey will be conducted within Field visit and data Collection
employers. Similarly, for secondary data journal articles,
booklets will be referred. Standard operating procedures
will be followed for soil and tea wastes sampling and Tabulation and Analysis
analysis. The entire study will be carried out as per the study
protocol.
Result and Discussion
3.1. Sampling size:
The environmental impact assessment in jhapa district,tea
estate will be carried out in statically sampling size through Draft Report
questionnaire survey/ pre tested checklist survey.

Confidence level: 95%

Population size : 26
Proportion: 0.5
Confidence interval (+_p): 0.2613
Standard error: 0.1333
Sample size: 10
So among calculated survey size at least one orthodox type and one green tea manufactures were
included.Besides the characterstices of tea waste and soil wre determined in randomaly selected four soil
sample and three tea waste sample.
3.2.Study variables
Soil quality: heavy metal, NPK, OC,
Waste quality: NPK,OC,Mn,Cu, Fe, etc.

Standard operating Procedure will be applied for sampling and analysis of soil sample and tea waste
sample.
3.3.Data analysis

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The collected primary and secondary data will be tabulated and analysed besides stastically tools like
correlation ,regression,ANOVA etc will be applied.The observed result will be expressed in excell graph
and diagram.

Chapter III:Expected Result

The result regarding to the stipulated objectives will be known.

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 Chapter IV:Study Schedule & Budget

S. No. Activities 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th

Month month month month month Month

1. Literature review

2. Field work

3. Lab work

4. Data
compliation,analysis
and draft report
5. Correction and
Preparation of final
report
Presentation and
submission of final
report

Particulates NRs
Transportation 9000
Communication 1000
Laboratory cost 25000
Miscellaneous 5000
Total 40000.00

Annex:

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 1. Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms (Put “Tick Mark”)

(A) Primary Nutrients (NPK) (B) Secondary Nutrients (Mg, S)

Nutrient Symptoms Nutrient Symptoms
 Young flush shows a lighter than  Leaves appear bright yellow
normal green colour-yellowing Magnesium with a conspicuous inverted
Nitrogen (Seen on mature
dark green “V” down the mid
 Marked decline in crop leaves)
rib
 Glossiness loose by mature leaves
Phosphorous and dull appearance  Chlorotic symptoms
 Stunted plant appearance (yellowing) occur in younger
 Mature leaves marginal necrosis and recently formed leaves –
Premature leaf fall leaving a Tea yellows
crown of tender foliage
Sulphur
Potassium  Poor recovery after plucking and
pruning
 Formation of narrow laves
 Development of thin and twiggy
wood
(C) Micronutrients (B)
 Development of translucent oil spots on the lower
 Terminal bud remains dormant and early death
surface of mature leaves
 Upper axils development of clusters of small
 Formation of cork mound on the leaf stalk
shoots

2. Fertilizer Application:
Which type of fertilizers are applied in tea estate?
a) Chemical Fertilizer only
b) Organic Fertilizer only
c) Tea waste compost only
d) Chemical and organic
e) Green Manure
f) None of the above
If chemical fertilizers are used, how much quantity are applied in which frequency?

Composition Quantity Frequency

Fertilizers Types
Ammonium sulphate
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate
Urea
Rock phosphate
Ammonium phosphate (16:20)
Ammonium phosphate (20:20)
Potassium chloride
Potassium sulphate
Magnesium sulphate hepthahydrate
Magnesite (80% MgCO3)
Zinc sulphate hepthahydrate
Tea Compost
Green Manure

3. Pruning
3.1) When and how many times is the pruning applied in tea estate?

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3.2) How is the prune waste managed?
a) Not required b) Collected and dumped for manure preparation c) Used for domestic purpose

3.3) Why is prune applied? (Apply “Tick” mark)

Shaping the tree to make the best use of space between trees
Initial vigor of the shoot system to stimulate growth
Control undue rise in bush frame and plucking
Removing dead, diseased and overage wood to rejuvenate bushes for productivity rise
Conductive to maximum
Crop production
Minimizes the spread of pests and diseases
Easy and cheap harvesting
Renewing the actively growing branches
Maintaining quality in made tea

Types of Prune (Use “Tick”)

Prune Types Reasons Cut Height Frequency (State Remarks
Months also) (Advantages /
Disadvantages)
Collar Pruning  Due to low dormancy  15 to 45 cm above
period the ground
 To provide a new  Other, if mention
fame to the plant ……………….
 To avoid
unproductive
branches affected
 By diseases and
pests
Medium  to reduce height of the  Below 50cm from
Pruning bushes (maintenance knot
of fixed height, i.e.  Above 50cm knot
80cm / …….  Other, if mention
 To avoid congestion on ……………….
the top
 For increasing
productivity
Top / Light  to renew the leaf  2 to 3 cm above
Pruning bearing branches (bush the last prune
cleaning).  Below 2 to 3cm
the last prune
Lung Pruning  to enable optimal 
growth of the plants
Skiffing  
Tipping  

Plucking Intervals
Pluck Type Plucked Month / Duration Frequency / plucking Remarks (Quantity)
(Mention the order season
as I, II, III in
brackets)
Fine / Medium ( )

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Coarse
( )
Very Coarse
( )

Characteristic of CTC Tea

Grade Name
(Apply codes Production
Category Size Appearance
given in Quantity
notes)
 Biggest granular size tea with embedded
> 10 mesh fibre or clean appearance
 Bolder grade with granulation and black
> 12 mesh and clean appearance
CTC Leaf
 Medium sized and granular clean teas
Grade > 16 mesh  Medium granulation with a little flaky
particles
 Small sized and granular shape with a
> 24 mesh little flackiness
 Granular fine particles with clean
= 24 mesh appearances
> 30 mesh 
 Finer particles of dust with clan
CTC Dust > 40 mesh appearance smaller than PD
Grade  Black and clean powdery appearance
> 50 mesh smaller than RD
 Black clean very fine particles with heavy
= 50 mesh density
 Finer powdery dust clean fibre

Notes: Flower Pekoe (FP); Pekoe (PEK); Broken Orange Pekoe (BOP); Broken Pekoe (BP); Pekoe Fannings (PF);
Pekoe Fannings one (PF1); Pekoe Dust one (PD1); Pekoe Dust (PD); Red Dust (RD); Super Red Dust (SRD); Super
Fine Dust (SFD); Fine Dust (FD)

Farmer Perceptions of the change in soil properties with tea cultivation

Indicators No Change Increase Decrease No Idea
Soil organic matter
Soil chemical fertility
Soil acidity
Soil compaction
Moisture in dry season
Top soil thickness
Soil erosion
Soil structure
Earthworm Numbers
Weed incidence

References:

19
 Agarwal, k.k., 2009, assignment of food beverages, mahatma gandhi chitrakootgramodaya
university, chitrakootsatna

Abdulghani, Emad Telfah (2010):Effect of Black Tea Wastes on some of soil Properties and
Barley(Hordium vulgar L.) Growth and Yield,Department of Soil Science-College of Agriculture-
Anbar University

Cay S, Uyanik A and Ozasik A (2004: Single and binary component adsorption on copper (II)
and cadmium (II) from aqueous solution using tea industry waste. Sep. Purif. Technol.; 38: 273-
280.

Ipinmoroti*1,r.r, g. o. adeoye2 and e. a. makinde3 effects of urea-enriched organic manures on

soil fertility, tea seedling growth and pruned yield nutrient uptake in ibadan, Bulgarian Journal
of Agricultural Science, 14 (No 6) 2008, 592-597,Agricultural AcademyNigeria,Japan
International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan,
Agronomy Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria 3. Lagos State University,
Lagos,Nigeria

Kizilkaya Rdvan, Manverdi Ekberl. 2008. Determination of the Effects of Hazelnut Husk and Tea Waste
Treatments on Urease Enzyme Activity and Its Kinetics in Soil. Turk J Agric For 32 (2008) 299-310

National Tea Policy 2000, Salient Features of National Tea policy 2000,

Thapa ANS (2005): Concept Paper on Study of Nepalese Tea Industry -Vision 20, March 2005

Outreach Nepal for Nepal Tea Development Corporation Ltd., 2004

Thapa, A. N. S. (2005): Outreach Nepal for Nepal Tea Development Corporation Ltd., 2004,
NTCGDA
Thapa ANS (2005): Concept Paper on Study of Nepalese Tea Industry -Vision 20, March 2005

Thapa ANS (2005): Concept Paper on Study of Nepalese Tea Industry -Vision 20, March 2005

Uma Devi, 1989.Plantation economy of the third world Delhi : Himalaya

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www.streetdirectory.com/food_editorials/.../teas/tea_as_fertilizer.html (visited on 2013/12/.)
www.femurarenewable.com/?p=98www.doityourself.com/stry/using-tea-leaves-in-soi
en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/1056690z
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http://www.teauction.com(2014)
http://www.teaandcoffee.net/0602/world.html(2014)
www.faculty.ait.ac.th/visual/prof%20visu%20cvl/tea%20nep
www.ukessays.com.>Essay>management

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