Volume 3, Issue 2, February – 2018 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456 –2165

Electronic Passport using RFID

Prof. Snehal Honade, Ayesha Sarwar, Suyog Kanawade, Akshay Hawle

Department of Electronic and Telecommunication,
Keystone School of Engineering, Pune, India.

Abstract:-A technique of programming the system for

creating the valid and an electronic identification document
are provided. Where in the electronic certificate or
identification an electronic sign/mark is received from the
user and attached to the electronic document .An electronic
license/signature is attached to the document, and the whole
a data is encrypted. An electronic passport act as a legal
usable form of identification. The data is uploaded from the
universal computing device to an approving machine which
decrypts the documents. The digital license and electronic
signature involved to the document are the confirmed for
authenticity. Smart cards provide portable containers for
an account, public key, and biometric data. They are
increasingly prevalent for payment mechanisms (e.g.,
mobile telephone SIMs and credit cards). GSM mobile
phone network million smart cards, on many cellular
telephone networks, a subscriber uses a (subscriber identity
module) SIM card can also provide transactional services
such as remote banking, cash machines, bill paying, and
bridge tolls. Our proposal uses one of these smart card
methods to automate and popularize the e-passport system.
Keywords:-RFID tags, Biometric (fingerprints),
Microcontroller.
I. INTRODUCTION
An electronic passport (E-Passport) is an ID document which
possesses related Biographic or biometric information of its
bearer. It is embedded in Radio Frequency Identification chip
(RFID Tag) which is accomplished of cryptographic
functionality. The successful implementation of biometric
techniques in documents such as E-Passports aims to the
strength of border security by decreasing the possibility of copy
or fake passport and creating without hesitation of identity of
the documents' holder.
The e-Passport also offers substantial benefits to the rightful
holder by providing a more sophisticated means of confirming
that the passport belongs to that person and that it is authentic,
without jeopardizing privacy. The states are currently issuing e-
Passports, which corresponds to more than 50% of all passports
being issued worldwide. This represents a great enhancement
in national and international security as it improves the
integrity of passports by the need to match the information
contained in the chip to the one printed in the document and to
the physical characteristics of the holders; and enables
machine-assisted verification of biometric and biographic
information to confirm the identity of travelers.
Fig 1. Symbol of Electronic Passport Defined by ICAO
For Electronic passport there is an international standard
ICAO. ICAO stands for International Civil Aviation
Organization. The ICAO provides boundary security standards
or set of rules. Each country follows this standard but the
verification method may differ for different countries.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
An E-Passport holder holds an electronic chip such as RFIDs’.
The chip holds the similar data that is printed on the passport
information page such as the passport holder's name, date of
birth, and other biographic information. An E-Passport holds a
biometric identification. The United States (US)needs that the
chip should contain a digital photograph of the passport owner.
All E-Passports issued by Visa Waiver Program (VWP)
countries and the United States have security features to
prevent the unlicensed analysis or "scanning" of data stored on
the E-Passport chip.
This Radio frequency Identification (RFID) and Biometrics
technologies was proposed in paper “The study of recent
technologies used in E-passport system”. Personal credentials
and bearers biometric data is stored on RFID chip which is
used in verification process by border security officers. The
next generation of e-passports will implement more advanced
cryptographic mechanisms, collectively known as Extended
Access Control, and in particular a protocol referred to as Chip
Authentication that protects an e-passport against cloning and
transferability attacks. The Extended Access Control suite of
protocols has found minor attention in the literature until now.
The paper analyses the study of various technologies used in E-
passport design. Acryptographic security analysis of the e-
passport using face fingerprint, palm print and iris biometric
that are intended to provide improved security in protecting

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Volume 3, Issue 2, February – 2018 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
biometric information of the e-passport bearer. Together, RFID
and biometric technologies promise to reduce fraud, ease
identity checks, and enhance security. At the same time, these
techniques increase new hazards. They explore the privacy and
security implications of this worldwide implementing next-
generation authentication technology: e-passport. We describe
privacy and security issues that apply to e-passports, and then
analyze these issues in the context of the International Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO) standard for e-passports.
The paper presented, “Design and Implementation of secure
Electronic passport system”. In the Electronic passport is the
digital version of the paper passport to provide stronger identity
authentication. Passport verification and checking which a very
time consuming process. To be ease identity checks, Lessen the
amount of human errors, protect against manipulation of travel
documents and improve border security issues hence, new
passport turned out to be much more intrusive than the
traditional one. The proposed system simplifies this process
with RFID card where the unique identification number is
stored which corresponds to the information of the person. The
information includes the name, nationality, address etc. along
with attach the copy of the required certificates required
according to the application. The information is transferred to
computer with the help of RF transceiver. It may also include
some other features such as buzzer for audio visual indication
and system to lock the door. This proposed system uses Radio
Frequency Identification (RFID) is a technology that uses
wireless communication for identification purposes. The key
characteristic that differentiates one RFID application from
another is the purpose of identification.
The paper was presented on, “Biometric Passport Validation
Scheme using Radio Frequency Identification”. The E-Passport
or a digital passport is a combination of paper passport and
electronic passport, which contains biometric information that
can be used to authenticate the identity of traveler. It uses
contactless but less smart card technology, including a
microprocessor chip and antenna is used for powering the chip
and for communicating. The antenna is embedded in front or
back, or in center page of the passport. The Electronic
passports include RFID cards which stores personal data of the
passport owner, information about the passport such as the
issuing institution, the date of issuing. In the modest form an
electronic passport contains just collection of read-only
documents; more advanced variants can include urbane
cryptographic machines for protecting the security of the
document and for the privacy of the passport owner. The
passport's precarious in formation is printed on the data page of
the passport and also stored in the chip. Public Key
Infrastructure (PKI) is used to validate the data kept
electronically in the passport chip building it luxurious and
tough to fake when all security tools are fully and properly
implemented. The definite choice every country as biometric
security structures to be included makes a key difference in the
equality of security and privacy protection.
This paper “RFID Technology Principles, Advantages,
Limitations & Its Applications”, give an overview of the
current state of radio frequency identification (RFID)
technology. Aside from a brief introduction to the principles of
IJISRT18FB125 www.ijisrt.com
ISSN No:-2456 –2165
the technology, major current and envisaged fields of
application, as well as advantages, and limitations of use are
discussed. Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a generic
term that is used to describe a system that transmits the identity
(in the form of a unique serial number) of an object or person
wirelessly, using radio waves. It's grouped under the broad
category of automatic identification technologies. RFID is
increasingly used with biometric technologies for security. In
this paper Basic Principles of RFID technology along with its
types are discussed.
The paper presented was, “The Electronic Passport and the
Future of Govt. Issued RFID based Identification”. In this
paper, an explanation of How identification documents can be
enhanced using recent advancements in technology. Various
national and international airports are pursuing machine
readable approaches with biometric information. The ICAO has
adopted whereby the passport can store biometric identifiers
Countries that participated in the Visa Waiver Program (VAP)
began issuing electronic passport in 2006. However, how the
usage of such advance technologies in passport is still
questionable due to privacy and security concerns. This paper
examines different policy regarding the electronic approaches
for passport and development toward data storage and
transmission using storing and transmission devices.
III. METHODOLOGY
Fig 2. Architecture of Electronic Passport
The main functionality of this project is to access the passport
details of a passport holder through RFID technology. For this
purpose the authorized person is given an RFID card. This card
contains an integrated circuit that is used for storing, processing
information through modulating and demodulating of the radio
frequency signal that is being transmitted. Thus, the data stored
in this card is referred as the passport details of the person. The
system architecture of the research work is shown in fig.. In
this the details of the person would be fed into the
microcontroller and a unique number is allocated to the person
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that number is printed of RFID tag. The RFID reader reads the
details of the RFID passport and sends the data to controller
with the help of RF reader. Here, the controllers compares with
the data already there. If it matches than the person is allowed
to pass gate1 (motor 1 is ON).
The LCD displays give the guidance to the person to scan the
finger. The fingerprint sensor is used to for biometric
verification of the person. When the fingerprint is scanned it is
compare to with the fingerprint stored in the controller to the
respective card.
If the fingerprint match with the fingerprint stored in controller
the gate2 (motor 2 is ON) is opened and when person exits it is
closed. When the fingerprint are not matched the person is
given are try option and still the finger is not matched the
buzzer is rang indicating fraud or criminal activity.
A. RFID Technology
Radio Frequency Identification is an automatic identification
whose concept is based on retrieving data from radio waves.
RFID technology can be used in form of barcode and
embedded chip. The RFID tagsis a small microchip designed
for wireless data transmission. It contains the same information
as the passport- a unique passport ID number, passport holder’s
name, nationality, gender, place of birth and digitalized photo.
In this implementation we have used a passive RFID card. To
read the information on the chip, the RFID energized the chip
circuitry by wirelessly emanating power reader communicating
through its antenna which usually built into the RFID reader
and the RFID tags to improve signal. The designed operating
range of the chip circuitry is very small; it must be held within
10 centimeters of reader.
B. Biometrics
“Biometrics is the automated measurement of biological or
behavioral features that identify a person”
The major components of biometric system used in E-passport
are:
• Capture
• Extract
• Create Template
• Compare
ICAO defines three biometric features for E-passport that is:
• Fingerprint Recognition
• Palm Recognition
• Face Recognition
• IRIS Recognition
The fingerprint recognition technique is used to implement and
realized this project.
C. Fingerprint Recognition
A fingerprint is a pattern of ridges and furrows located tips of
each finger. Compact sensor is used to obtain digital images of
these patterns. In fingerprint recognition the initial image is
IJISRT18FB125 www.ijisrt.com
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456 –2165
compared with live scan image of the finger by direct contact
with a reader device.
IV. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
1. OTP option or pin can be provided if biometric fail to work.
2. Face recognition can be used for better security purpose.
3. All data can be clouded/ stored in data base for verification.
4. Eye scan technology can also be added to increase
biometric identification for advance security.
V. CONCLUSION
This project gives clear idea about the Electronic passport
system which is much more beneficial for the airports and
universities. It also reduces the burden of documentation as
well as it reduces the time consumption. We analyzed the
major current and potential uses of RFID in identifying
documents and the most important feature of this project is
security, this will make the system centralized. The security of
the system can be further increased by adding more biometric
information such as palm scan, iris scan, digital signature and
other active authentication in the passport system.
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is my pleasure to get this opportunity to thank my respective
Guide Prof. Snehal Honade, who imparted valuable basic
knowledge of Electronics. We are great full Electronic and
Telecommunication department of Keystone School of
Engineering, Pune for providing us infrastructure facilities and
moral support.
REFERENCES
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[3]. Shivani Kundra, Aman Dureja, Riya Bhatnagar, “The
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[4]. Mandeep Kaur, Manjeet Sandhu, Neeraj Mohan and
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[5]. Mrs. M.S.Vinmathi, Pugazhendhi.C., Dr. M. Helda Mercy,
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ISSN No:-2456 –2165

[7]. Nikita Maria, “RFID chips and EU e-passports: the end of

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